Assignment 0: Lambda Calculus (130 public + 150 private points)

Overview : Lambda Calculus

The objective of this assignment is for you to understand the lambda-calculus, and the notion of computation-by-substitution i.e. substituting equals for equals.

The assignment is in the files:

1. tests/01_bool.lc
2. tests/02_plus.lc
3. tests/03_minus.lc

You can edit these files and then run them,

• either through the web interface, OR
• by running $ elsa path/to/file.lc (e.g. elsa tests/01_bool.lc) on codespaces, OR
• by locally installing elsa following these instructions

You can access Codespaces by clicking "Code" in the top right of the repo, clicking Codespaces, and creating a Codespace.

If you work on your code in the web interface, be sure to copy back the result into the corresponding source file locally or on codespaces. Whether you are working locally or on codespaces, do not forget to commit and push all your changes to your GitHub repo.

Assignment Testing and Evaluation

All the points will be awarded automatically, by evaluating your functions against a given test suite.

When you run

$ make

or

$ stack test

Your last lines should have

All N tests passed (...)
OVERALL SCORE = ... / ...

or

K out of N tests failed
OVERALL SCORE = ... / ...

If your output does not have one of the above your code will receive a zero

The other lines will give you a readout for each test. You are encouraged to try to understand the testing code, but you will not be graded on this.

Submission Instructions

To submit your code, just do:

$ make turnin

If you are comfortable with command line git you can run these commands separately to commit and push your work:

$ git commit -a -m "turnin"
$ git push origin master

If you are working on this assignment with a partner, please put both your and your partner's GihHub handles into the file COLLABORATORS.md in the root of the repository (each on a separate line). If you are working alone, you can leave this file empty.

REMARK: For problems 1 and 2, when using =d>, you don't need to unfold every definition. It is often easier to keep some definitions folded until their code is needed.

Problem 1: 01_bool.lc

NOTE: DO NOT use the =*> or =~> operators anywhere in your solution for this problem, or you will get 0 points for the assignment.

NOTE: YOU MAY replace =d> with =b> in the last line.

Part (a) (5 points)

Complete the sequence of =a>, =b> and =d> steps needed to reduce NOT TRUE to FALSE.

Part (b) (5 points)

Complete the sequence of =a>, =b> and =d> steps needed to reduce AND TRUE FALSE to FALSE.

Part (c) (5 points)

Complete the sequence of =a>, =b> and =d> steps needed to reduce OR FALSE TRUE to TRUE.

Problem 2: 02_plus.lc

NOTE: DO NOT use the =*> or =~> operators anywhere in your solution for this problem, or you will get 0 points for the assignment.

NOTE: YOU MAY replace =d> with =b> in the last line.

Part (a) (10 points)

Complete the sequence of =a>, =b> and =d> steps needed to reduce INC ONE to TWO.

Part (b) (10 points)

Complete the sequence of =a>, =b> and =d> steps needed to reduce ADD ZERO ZERO to ZERO.

Part (c) (10 points)

Complete the sequence of =a>, =b> and =d> steps needed to reduce ADD TWO TWO to FOUR.

Problem 3: 03_minus.lc

NOTE: You only need to write lambda-calculus definitions for SKIP1, DEC, SUB, ISZ and EQL. If you modify any other other part of the file you will get 0 points for the assignment.

Part (a) (20 points)

Replace the definition of SKIP1 with a suitable lambda-term (i.e. replace TODO with a suitable term) so that the following reductions are valid:

eval skip1_false :
  SKIP1 INC (PAIR FALSE ZERO)
  =~> (\b -> b TRUE ZERO)         --  PAIR TRUE ZERO

eval skip1_true_zero :
  SKIP1 INC (PAIR TRUE ZERO)
  =~> (\b -> b TRUE ONE)          -- PAIR TRUE ONE

eval skip1_true_one :
  SKIP1 INC (PAIR TRUE ONE)
  =~> (\b -> b TRUE TWO)          -- PAIR TRUE TWO

SKIP1 is a helper function used in part (b) below. You are supposed to infer the intended meaning of SKIP1 from the examples above.

Part (b) (15 points)

Replace the definition of DEC (decrement-by-one) with a suitable lambda-term (i.e. replace TODO with a suitable term) so that the following reductions are valid:

eval decr_zero :
  DEC ZERO
  =~> ZERO

eval decr_one :
  DEC ONE
  =~> ZERO

eval decr_two :
  DEC TWO
  =~> ONE

You must use SKIP1 in your definition of DEC.

Part (c) (20 points)

Replace the definition of SUB (subtract) with a suitable lambda-term (i.e. replace TODO with a suitable term) so that the following reductions are valid:

eval sub_two_zero :
  SUB TWO ZERO
  =~> TWO

eval sub_two_one :
  SUB TWO ONE
  =~> ONE

eval sub_two_two :
  SUB TWO TWO
  =~> ZERO

eval sub_two_three :
  SUB ONE TWO
  =~> ZERO

Part (d) (10 points)

Replace the definition of ISZ (is-equal-to-zero) with a suitable lambda-term (i.e. replace TODO with a suitable term) so that the following reductions are valid:

eval isz_zero :
  ISZ ZERO
  =~> TRUE

eval isz_one :
  ISZ ONE
  =~> FALSE

Part (e) (20 points)

Replace the definition of EQL (is-equal) with a suitable lambda-term (i.e. replace TODO with a suitable term) so that the following reductions are valid:

eval eq_zero_zero :
  EQL ZERO ZERO
  =~> TRUE

eval eq_zero_one :
  EQL ZERO ONE
  =~> FALSE

eval eq_one_two :
  EQL ONE TWO
  =~> FALSE

eval eq_two_two :
  EQL TWO TWO
  =~> TRUE