Update 09.Dict.md

09.Dict.md

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ my_dict = {
 
 # Option 2: Pass keyword parameters
 my_dict = dict(name='John', age=30, occupation='developer')
+
+print(my_dict)
 ```
 
 #### Output
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ John
 
 The `min()` and `max()` functions can be used with dictionaries to find the minimum or maximum key or value.
 
-***Note***: By default, these functions operate on the dictionary keys, but you can specify to operate on the values by using the `key` parameter.
+***Note***: By default, these functions operate on the dictionary keys, but you can specify to operate on the values by using the `values()` method.
 
 #### Example
 
@@ -307,7 +309,7 @@ True
 
 ***NOTE***: Although `dict_a` and `dict_b` were defined in different orders, they are considered equal.
 
-***NOTE***: Order does not matterm since Python 3.7, dictionaries maintain the insertion order of items. However, the order does not influence the outcome of equality comparisons.
+***NOTE***: Order does not matter since Python 3.7, dictionaries maintain the insertion order of items. However, the order does not influence the outcome of equality comparisons.
 
 ### 4.2 Inequality (`!=`)
 
@@ -348,6 +350,7 @@ family = {
 }
 
 print(family['john']['job'])
+print(family.get('jane').get('age'))
 ```
 
 #### Output
@@ -385,6 +388,11 @@ This can be done using the `.setdefault()` method or checking for the existence
 #### Example
 
 ```python
+family = {
+    'john': {'age': 30, 'job': 'developer'},
+    'jane': {'age': 28, 'job': 'designer'}
+}
+
 # Adding a new key-value pair for John
 family['john']['hobby'] = 'painting'
 
@@ -434,9 +442,17 @@ To remove items either from default or a nested dictionary, use the `del` statem
 #### Example
 
 ```python
+family = {
+    'john': {'age': 30, 'job': 'developer', 'hobby': 'painting'}, 
+    'jane': {'age': 28, 'job': 'designer'}, 
+    'alice': {'age': 24, 'job': 'engineer'}
+}
+
 # Deleting a key-value pair
 del family['john']['hobby']
 
+print(family)
+
 # Removing an entire nested dictionary
 removed_person = family.pop('alice', None)
 print(f"Removed: {removed_person}")
@@ -445,7 +461,7 @@ print(f"Removed: {removed_person}")
 #### Output
 
 ```
-{'john': {'age': 30, 'job': 'developer'}, 'jane': {'age': 28, 'job': 'designer'}}
+{'john': {'age': 30, 'job': 'developer'}, 'jane': {'age': 28, 'job': 'designer'}, 'alice': {'age': 24, 'job': 'engineer'}}
 Removed: {'age': 28, 'job': 'designer'}
 ```
 

10.Functions.md

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Let's write the same code, but **with functions** this time.
 In Python functions are defined by `def` keyword <span style="color: orange">_followed by the name_</span> of the function
 , then curly brackets `()` and semicolon `:`.
 
-***NOTE***: Take a look at **_indentation_**, in case it's wrong the `Pyhton` interpreter will not be able to compile the
+***NOTE***: Take a look at **_indentation_**, in case it's wrong the `Python` interpreter will not be able to compile the
 code.
 
 #### Example
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ print_cake_recipe()
 
 #### Explanation
 
-We created a function `print_cake_recipe()` and then called it 4 times, lets see what
+We created a function `print_cake_recipe()` and then called it 4 times, let's see what
 happens when we run it.
 
 #### Output
@@ -152,15 +152,15 @@ addition(1, 3)
 
 #### Explanation
 
-Define function `addition` and in curly brackets we declared the parameters: `a` and `b`. 
+We defined function `addition` and inside parentheses we declared the parameters: `a` and `b`. 
 
-Then we called the function and passed arguments `1` and `3`, as `a` and `b` accordingly
+Then we called the function and passed arguments `1` and `3`, as `a` and `b` accordingly.
 
 ### 2.2  Parameters vs Arguments
 
 As irrelevant as it might seem, there is a difference between these two key terms.  The function <span style="color:orange">***parameters*** are the names listed in the function's definition</span> and the function <span style="color:green">***arguments*** are the real values passed to the function</span>.
 
-You just need to understand that once you pass value `11` to the parameter `a` into the function, it becomes and argument.
+You just need to understand that once you pass value `11` to the parameter `a` into the function, it becomes an argument.
 
 ## 3. Positional vs Key Arguments
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ Here, even though the order of arguments is ***different*** from the order of
 parameters in the function definition, Python knows which argument corresponds
 to which parameter, thanks to the keyword parameters.
 
-Personally I prefer the following approach, following it, your codebase becomes much cleaner.
+Personally I prefer the following (????) approach, following it, your codebase becomes much cleaner.
 
 ## 4. Scopes
 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ NameError: name 'summ' is not defined.
 #### Explanation
 
 In this case we declare variable `suma` and since we created it **inside** the function
-it has **local** scope, therefore we wouldn't be able to call it from outside:
+it has **local** scope, therefore we wouldn't be able to call it from outside.
 
 
 ### 4.2 Global scope
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ Good morning, Bob!
 In the `greet` function above, `name` is a **mandatory** parameter, while `message` is **optional** with a *<u>default value</u>* of `"Hello"`. If no `message` is provided when the function is called, it uses the *<u>default value</u>*.
 
 
-***Important***: You can only assign default values to parameters ***After*** you have declared your positional arguments, more on this in ***args/kwargs*** section
+***Important***: You can only assign default values to parameters ***after*** you have declared your positional arguments, more on this in ***args/kwargs*** section
 
 ## 7. `Args` and `Kwargs`
 
@@ -466,8 +466,8 @@ positional arguments into a tuple called `numbers`.
 
 ### 7.1.1 Unpacking parameters
 
-As we learned previously in data types, you can use `*` to unpack the elements of an iterable, it is relevant as if you 
-will try to pass an iterable to a function without unpacking it, it will be treated as a whole object.
+As we learned previously in data types, you can use `*` to unpack the elements of an iterable. Be aware that if you 
+pass an iterable to a function without unpacking it, you will pass the iterable as a whole unpacked object (rather than passing the individual elements in the iterable).
 
 ***NOTE***: Same applies for `**kwargs`
 
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ x = 10
 
 def print_number():
     x = 5
-    print("Inside function:", x)
+    print("Inside function:", x, end=", ")
 
 print_number()
 print("Outside function:", x)

11.Exceptions.md

@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
 
 Error handling is an important component of programming that provides opportunity for code to adequately respond to unexpected situations. In Python, errors are managed through the use of exceptions, which are special objects that represent error conditions.
 
-When Python interpreter stumbles upon a situation, it cannot cope with, it raises an exception. If the exception isn't handled, the program will terminate abruptly, which can lead to a poor user experience or even loss of data.
+When Python interpreter stumbles upon a situation it cannot cope with, it raises an exception. If the exception isn't handled, the program will terminate abruptly, which can lead to a poor user experience or even loss of data.
 
 ## 2 The `try` & `except` Block
 
-In python, error handling is managed with the use of `try` and `except` keywords.
+In Python, error handling is managed with the use of `try` and `except` keywords.
 
 ### 2.1 How do `try` and `except` work?
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ In this example, the code inside the `try` block successfully completes without
 The `else` block is useful when you want to separate the code that might raise an exception from the code that should 
 only be executed if no exceptions occur. This separation can improve the readability of your code and make it easier to understand the flow of execution.
 
-Though, I must admit that the following approach is not really popular among Python society. Have no idea why, to be honest...
+Though, I must admit that the following approach (??? huh what approach) is not really popular among Python society. Have no idea why, to be honest...
 
 ### 3.2 Note
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ Where `ExceptionType` is the class of the exception you want to raise (e.g., `Va
 
 ### 5.3 Use Cases
 
-1.**Input Validation**: If a function requires inputs to meet certain conditions, you can raise an exception if the provided inputs are invalid.
+1. **Input Validation**: If a function requires inputs to meet certain conditions, you can raise an exception if the provided inputs are invalid.
 
    ```python
    def set_age(age):
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ Where `ExceptionType` is the class of the exception you want to raise (e.g., `Va
        print(e)
    ```
 
-2.**Enforcing Constraints**: When certain states or conditions must not occur within a program, raising exceptions can enforce these constraints explicitly.
+2. **Enforcing Constraints**: When certain states or conditions must not occur within a program, raising exceptions can enforce these constraints explicitly.
 
    ```python
    inventory = {'apple': 10, 'banana': 5}
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Where `ExceptionType` is the class of the exception you want to raise (e.g., `Va
        inventory[item] -= quantity
    ```
 
-3.**Signaling Unimplemented Features**: If a part of your code is not yet implemented, you can raise a `NotImplementedError` as a placeholder.
+3. **Signaling Unimplemented Features**: If a part of your code is not yet implemented, you can raise a `NotImplementedError` as a placeholder.
    ```python
    def future_feature():
        raise NotImplementedError("This feature is coming soon!")
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ There are no limits for your imagination in terms of handling errors, again this
 
 ### 5.5 Best Practices
 
-- **Be Specific**: Prefer raising and catching specific exceptions rather than the general `Exception` class. This makes error handling more predictable, robust and optimised.
+- **Be Specific**: Prefer raising and catching specific exceptions rather than the general `Exception` class. This makes error handling more predictable, robust, and optimised.
 
 - **Provide Useful Messages**: When raising exceptions, include a clear, descriptive message to make it easier to understand the cause of the error.
 

12.Imports.md

@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ The module name is the same as the file name with the `.py` extension added at t
 
 ### 1.1 Why do we need modules?
 
-Generally, if we were to write everything into one file, we wouldn't be able to maintain our application, making it hard for other developers to use.
+Generally, if we were to write everything into one file, we wouldn't be able to maintain our application, making it hard for other developers to use it.
 
 Using modules helps us to do the following:
 
-- **Organizing Code**: By dividing a program into modules you can separate parts and concerns making it easier to manage and understand the program.
+- **Organizing Code**: By dividing a program into modules, you can separate parts and concerns making it easier to manage and understand the program.
 
-- **Reusable Components**: Functions, classes and variables defined in a module can be easily reused across sections of a program or different programs.
+- **Reusable Components**: Functions, classes, and variables defined in a module can be easily reused across sections of a program or in different programs.
 
 - **Managing Namespaces**: Modules help prevent conflicts between names by providing a separate namespace, for each module.
 
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ In `Python`, a simple `.py` file can be considered and used as a module to store
 2. **Add Code to the File**: Write the necessary functions, classes, and variables in the file. Here’s an example of what `mymodule.py` might look like:
 
 ```python
+# mymodule.py
+
 def say_hello(name):
     print(f"Hello, {name}!")
 
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@ Thanks to `as` you can use `time` from both `x` and `y` modules, without any con
 
 ## 4. `if __name__ == "__main__"`
 
-When writing Python scripts, you'll often see a code block guarded by at the bottom: 
+When writing Python scripts, you'll often see a code block at the bottom guarded by: 
 
 ```
 if __name__ == "__main__"
@@ -241,7 +243,7 @@ Instead of raw theory, let's take a look at the real application and try to come
 
 #### Example
 
-Consider a package named `finance` designed to handle various financial calculations and data processing
+Consider a package named `finance` designed to handle various financial calculations and data processing.
 
 ***Strucure***
 
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ finance/
 # Specify the public API for convenience
 __all__ = ['calculator', 'taxes', 'investments']
 
-# You may also initialize some package-wide constants or setup code, though its not a common practice nowdays
+# You may also initialize some package-wide constants or setup code, though it's not a common practice nowdays
 DEFAULT_TAX_BRACKET = '25%'
 ```
 
@@ -298,7 +300,7 @@ Sub-packages enable even more granular organization within a package, grouping t
 
 For instance, `finance/investments` is a sub-package grouping financial investment-related modules like `stocks.py` and `bonds.py`.
 
-When the project becomes extremely big, think about how you could re-structure to make it more maintainable, reusable and readable.  
+When the project becomes extremely big, think about how you could re-structure to make it more maintainable, reusable, and readable.  
 
 ### 5.3 Importing from Packages
 
@@ -407,11 +409,11 @@ source venv/bin/activate
 pip install requests
 ```
 
-Let's create an application and split everything into diffrent modules as it was already discussed above.
+Let's create an application and split everything into different modules as it was already discussed above.
 
 ### 7.2 Weather Fetcher App
 
-**Objective:**: Develop an application to display real-time weather information based on user input. 
+**Objective:** Develop an application to display real-time weather information based on user input. 
 
 ***NOTE***: The application will interact with the `OpenWeatherMap` `API` to obtain data for the specified city and present it to the user in a clear and concise format.
 

13.Files.md

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ The available modes are:
 | ---- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
 | r    | To read a file, open it. (default)                                                                                                |
 | w    | To write, open a file. if the file doesn't already exist, creates a new one; otherwise, truncates the existing one.               |
-| a    | Access a file without truncating it so that you can append data to the end of it. if the file does not already exist, creates it. |
+| a    | Access a file without truncating it so that you can append data to the end of it. If the file does not already exist, creates it. |
 | t    | Switch to text mode. (default)                                                                                                    |
 | x    | For exclusive creation, open a file. The operation fails if the file already exists.                                              |
 | b    | In binary mode, open.                                                                                                             |
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def display_menu():
     print("3. Exit")
 ```
 
-In python there is method `readlines()`, it can be used to read contents of a file as well as `read`, but instead of returning one string, it returns a list of small ones(lines of text in the document). 
+In Python there is method `readlines()`, it can be used to read contents of a file as well as `read`, but instead of returning one string, it returns a list of small ones(lines of text in the document). 
 
 #### Example
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ line 3
 
 ### 2.5 Renaming and Deleting a File
 
-To rename a file in Python, since there is no built-in way to do that in python, we need 'os' library, particularly
+To rename a file in Python, since there is no built-in way to do that in Python, we need 'os' library, particularly
 the `os.rename()` method.
 
 ```python
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ Base/06.Lists.md --> This is a relative path
 
 The path to a file relative to the active working directory is known as a complete path. You may use the os module to obtain the current working directory.
 
-If you clone this project, the it will be the following
+If you clone this project, the full path could be the path in the following example.
 
 #### Example
 
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ The syntax for using `with open` is as follows:
 
 ```python
 with open("file_name", "mode") as file:
-# code to work with file goes here
+    # code to work with file goes here
 ```
 
 When you use `with open`, `Python` automatically closes the file after the block of code included in the `with` statement completes running—even if an exception does.
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ with open("file.yaml", "r") as file:
 
 ### Pickle
 
-Pickle is a specificly designed for Python file type, which allows us to store or save Python objects in memory. It is particulary useful in machine learning as it allows to store and transfer heavy ai models in regular memory instead of operative.
+Pickle is a specificly designed for Python file type, which allows us to store or save Python objects in memory. It is particulary useful in machine learning as it allows to store and transfer heavy AI models in regular memory instead of operative.
 
 #### Example
 
@@ -632,4 +632,4 @@ D) `ValueError`
 - Only rename files (not directories).
 - Print the old and new names of the files as they are renamed.
 
-For additional functionality and tasks, try to use new modules and libs from the previous lesson, be creative, as it's high time you start developing your own applications!
+For additional functionality and tasks, try to use new modules and libs from the previous lesson, be creative, as it's high time you start developing your own applications!