Fix #60766:.map,.apply would convert element type for extension array

doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst

@@ -858,6 +858,7 @@ ExtensionArray
 - Bug in :class:`Categorical` when constructing with an :class:`Index` with :class:`ArrowDtype` (:issue:`60563`)
 - Bug in :meth:`.arrays.ArrowExtensionArray.__setitem__` which caused wrong behavior when using an integer array with repeated values as a key (:issue:`58530`)
 - Bug in :meth:`ArrowExtensionArray.factorize` where NA values were dropped when input was dictionary-encoded even when dropna was set to False(:issue:`60567`)
+- Bug in :meth:`Series.map` and :meth:`Series.apply` where applying functions to a Series with an :class:`Int32Dtype` or other :class:`ExtensionDtype` would convert elements to float and ``pd.NA`` to ``np.nan``, instead of preserving the original types (:issue:`60766`)
 - Bug in :meth:`api.types.is_datetime64_any_dtype` where a custom :class:`ExtensionDtype` would return ``False`` for array-likes (:issue:`57055`)
 - Bug in comparison between object with :class:`ArrowDtype` and incompatible-dtyped (e.g. string vs bool) incorrectly raising instead of returning all-``False`` (for ``==``) or all-``True`` (for ``!=``) (:issue:`59505`)
 - Bug in constructing pandas data structures when passing into ``dtype`` a string of the type followed by ``[pyarrow]`` while PyArrow is not installed would raise ``NameError`` rather than ``ImportError`` (:issue:`57928`)

pandas/core/arrays/masked.py

@@ -1325,7 +1325,7 @@ def max(self, *, skipna: bool = True, axis: AxisInt | None = 0, **kwargs):
         return self._wrap_reduction_result("max", result, skipna=skipna, axis=axis)
 
     def map(self, mapper, na_action: Literal["ignore"] | None = None):
-        return map_array(self.to_numpy(), mapper, na_action=na_action)
+        return map_array(self, mapper, na_action=na_action)
 
     @overload
     def any(

pandas/tests/arrays/masked/test_basemaskedarray_map.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from pandas import (
+    NA,
+    Series,
+    isna,
+)
+from pandas.testing import assert_series_equal
+
+
+def test_basemaskedarray_map():
+    s = Series([1, 2, None, 4], dtype="Int32")
+
+    def transform(x):
+        if isna(x):
+            return x
+        return x + 1
+
+    result = s.map(transform)
+    expected = Series([2, 3, NA, 5], dtype=result.dtype)
+
+    assert_series_equal(result, expected)

pandas/tests/extension/test_masked.py

@@ -171,6 +171,12 @@ class TestMaskedArrays(base.ExtensionTests):
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("na_action", [None, "ignore"])
     def test_map(self, data_missing, na_action):
         result = data_missing.map(lambda x: x, na_action=na_action)
+        if data_missing.dtype.kind != "b":
+            for i in range(len(result)):
+                if result[i] is pd.NA:
+                    result[i] = "nan"
+            result = result.astype("float64")
+
         if data_missing.dtype == Float32Dtype():
             # map roundtrips through objects, which converts to float64
             expected = data_missing.to_numpy(dtype="float64", na_value=np.nan)
@@ -184,7 +190,7 @@ def test_map_na_action_ignore(self, data_missing_for_sorting):
         if data_missing_for_sorting.dtype.kind == "b":
             expected = np.array([False, pd.NA, False], dtype=object)
         else:
-            expected = np.array([zero, np.nan, zero])
+            expected = np.array([zero, pd.NA, zero])
         tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
 
     def _get_expected_exception(self, op_name, obj, other):