[golang] bump to golang 1.24

[stuggi]

• bump in go.mod (base and api)
• bump go-toolset in Dockerfile
• bump golang version and custom_image in github jobs ('.github/workflows')
• Bump the golangci-lint version in the .pre-commit-config.yaml to v2.4.0
• Bump build_root_image in .ci-operator.yaml to ci-build-root-golang-1.24-sdk-1.31 (if set)

To test on existing env:

• update golang to 1.24
• delete current go.work* files
• init go work files go work init

Depends-On: openstack-k8s-operators/install_yamls#1082

Jira: OSPRH-12935

[openshift-ci]

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