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IsUserInUrlOrStaff.has_permission returned the expression `IsStaff | IsUserInUrl`, which under DRF 3.9+ evaluates to a composite permission class object rather than a boolean. A class object is always truthy, so the permission check unconditionally granted access to any authenticated caller regardless of whether the request user matched the username in the URL or held staff status. The defect was introduced in PR #28663 (Oct 2021, commit 9e787a0) when the dependency on rest_condition was removed: `C(IsStaff) | IsUserInUrl` was replaced with `IsStaff | IsUserInUrl` under the assumption that native DRF composition would apply, but native composition only works at the view-level permission_classes attribute, not inside a has_permission method body. Exploitation was prevented in practice by a defense-in-depth check in openedx/core/djangoapps/user_api/preferences/api.py::_check_authorized, which independently rejects cross-user access. This fix restores the intended behaviour at the DRF layer so the API no longer relies solely on the internal check. Instantiate IsStaff and IsUserInUrl and delegate to their has_permission methods, OR-ing the boolean results. Adds regression tests for staff, owner-matching, mismatched, and anonymous cases.
Closed.