Optimize SimpleTopLevelIndex by using a StringCache to canonicalize s…

…trings

The idea is to prevent allocation lots of duplicate strings, by exploiting the fact that most class files in a JAR have a lot of common path segments.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 689988172

java/com/google/turbine/binder/lookup/SimpleTopLevelIndex.java

@@ -78,6 +78,10 @@ public static class Node {
   /** A builder for {@link TopLevelIndex}es. */
   public static class Builder {
 
+    // If there are a lot of strings, we'll skip the first few map sizes. If not, 1K of memory
+    // isn't significant.
+    private final StringCache stringCache = new StringCache(1024);
+
     public TopLevelIndex build() {
       // Freeze the index. The immutability of nodes is enforced by making insert private, doing
       // a deep copy here isn't necessary.
@@ -94,7 +98,7 @@ public void insert(ClassSymbol sym) {
       int end = binaryName.indexOf('/');
       Node curr = root;
       while (end != -1) {
-        String simpleName = binaryName.substring(start, end);
+        String simpleName = stringCache.getSubstring(binaryName, start, end);
         curr = curr.insert(simpleName, null);
         // If we've already inserted something with the current name (either a package or another
         // symbol), bail out. When inserting elements from the classpath, this results in the
@@ -105,6 +109,7 @@ public void insert(ClassSymbol sym) {
         start = end + 1;
         end = binaryName.indexOf('/', start);
       }
+      // Classname strings are probably unique so not worth caching.
       String simpleName = binaryName.substring(start);
       curr = curr.insert(simpleName, sym);
       if (curr == null || !Objects.equals(curr.sym, sym)) {

java/com/google/turbine/binder/lookup/StringCache.java

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.turbine.binder.lookup;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
+
+/**
+ * A cache for canonicalizing strings and string-like data.
+ *
+ * <p>This class is intended to reduce GC overhead in code where lots of duplicate strings might be
+ * allocated. As such, the internals are optimized not make allocations while searching for cached
+ * string instances.
+ *
+ * <p>Searches can be made with a variety of keys, without materializing the actual string they
+ * represent. Materialization only happens if the search fails.
+ */
+public final class StringCache {
+
+  /**
+   * A map from strings to themselves.
+   *
+   * <p>The key-type is {@link Object} so that {@link SubstringKey} can be used to search the map.
+   * Otherwise we could use a {@link Set}.
+   *
+   * <p>This approach exploits the (documented!) fact that {@link HashMap#get} only ever calls
+   * {@link #equals} on the key parameter, never the stored keys. This allows us to inject our own
+   * definition of equality, without needing to wrap the keys at rest.
+   */
+  private final HashMap<Object, String> cache;
+
+  private final SubstringKey substringKey = new SubstringKey();
+
+  public StringCache(int expectedSize) {
+    this.cache = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(expectedSize);
+  }
+
+  public String get(String str) {
+    String result = cache.putIfAbsent(str, str);
+    return (result == null) ? str : result;
+  }
+
+  public String getSubstring(String superstring, int start, int end) {
+    checkArgument(0 <= start && start <= end && end <= superstring.length());
+
+    this.substringKey.fill(superstring, start, end);
+    String result = cache.get(this.substringKey);
+    if (result == null) {
+      result = superstring.substring(start, end);
+      cache.put(result, result);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A key based on a substring view.
+   *
+   * <p>There is only one instance of SubstringKey per cache. This is possible because it's only
+   * ever used for searches, never to store values. This reuse prevents a lot of garbage generation.
+   */
+  private static final class SubstringKey {
+    String superstring;
+    int start;
+    int end;
+    int length;
+
+    public void fill(String superstring, int start, int end) {
+      this.superstring = superstring;
+      this.start = start;
+      this.end = end;
+      this.length = end - start;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings({"EqualsBrokenForNull", "EqualsUnsafeCast", "dereference"})
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object that) {
+      String thatString = (String) that;
+      return (thatString.length() == this.length)
+          && thatString.regionMatches(0, this.superstring, this.start, this.length);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      // This implementation must exactly match the documented behavior of String.hashCode().
+      int result = 0;
+      for (int i = this.start; i < this.end; i++) {
+        result = 31 * result + this.superstring.charAt(i);
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+}

javatests/com/google/turbine/binder/lookup/StringCacheTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.turbine.binder.lookup;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public final class StringCacheTest {
+
+  private final StringCache cache = new StringCache(16);
+
+  @Test
+  public void get_string_canonicalizes() {
+    String foo0 = unique("foo");
+    String foo1 = unique("foo");
+    String bar0 = unique("bar");
+
+    String cacheFoo0 = cache.get(foo0);
+    String cacheFoo1 = cache.get(foo1);
+    String cacheBar0 = cache.get(bar0);
+
+    assertThat(cacheFoo0).isSameInstanceAs(foo0);
+    assertThat(cacheFoo1).isSameInstanceAs(foo0);
+    assertThat(cacheBar0).isSameInstanceAs(bar0);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getSubstring_string_checksBounds() {
+    String length10 = "0123456789";
+
+    assertThrows(Exception.class, () -> cache.getSubstring(length10, -1, 0));
+    assertThrows(Exception.class, () -> cache.getSubstring(length10, -2, -1));
+    assertThrows(Exception.class, () -> cache.getSubstring(length10, 0, 11));
+    assertThrows(Exception.class, () -> cache.getSubstring(length10, 11, 12));
+    assertThrows(Exception.class, () -> cache.getSubstring(length10, 6, 5));
+    assertThat(cache.getSubstring(length10, 5, 6)).isNotNull();
+    assertThat(cache.getSubstring(length10, 0, 0)).isNotNull();
+    assertThat(cache.getSubstring(length10, 10, 10)).isNotNull();
+    assertThat(cache.getSubstring(length10, 0, 10)).isNotNull();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getSubstring_string_canonicalizes() {
+    String foobarfoobar0 = unique("foobarfoobar");
+
+    String cacheFoo0 = cache.getSubstring(foobarfoobar0, 0, 3);
+    String cacheBar0 = cache.getSubstring(foobarfoobar0, 3, 6);
+    String cacheFoo1 = cache.getSubstring(foobarfoobar0, 6, 9);
+    String cacheBar1 = cache.getSubstring(foobarfoobar0, 9, 12);
+
+    assertThat(cacheFoo0).isEqualTo("foo");
+    assertThat(cacheFoo0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheFoo1);
+    assertThat(cacheBar0).isEqualTo("bar");
+    assertThat(cacheBar0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheBar1);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void crossCanonicalization() {
+    String foo0 = unique("foo");
+    String foofoo0 = unique("foofoo");
+
+    String cacheFoo0 = cache.get(foo0);
+    String cacheFoo1 = cache.getSubstring(foofoo0, 0, 3);
+    String cacheFoo2 = cache.getSubstring(foofoo0, 3, 6);
+
+    assertThat(cacheFoo0).isSameInstanceAs(foo0);
+    assertThat(cacheFoo0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheFoo1);
+    assertThat(cacheFoo0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheFoo2);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void hashCollision() {
+    String nulnulnul0 = unique("\0\0\0");
+
+    String cacheEpsilon0 = cache.getSubstring(nulnulnul0, 0, 0);
+    String cacheEpsilon1 = cache.getSubstring(nulnulnul0, 1, 1);
+    String cacheEpsilon2 = cache.getSubstring(nulnulnul0, 2, 2);
+    String cacheEpsilon3 = cache.getSubstring(nulnulnul0, 3, 3);
+    String cacheNul0 = cache.getSubstring(nulnulnul0, 0, 1);
+    String cacheNul1 = cache.getSubstring(nulnulnul0, 1, 2);
+    String cacheNul2 = cache.getSubstring(nulnulnul0, 2, 3);
+    String cacheNulnul0 = cache.getSubstring(nulnulnul0, 0, 2);
+    String cacheNulnul1 = cache.getSubstring(nulnulnul0, 1, 3);
+    String cacheNulnulnul0 = cache.get(nulnulnul0);
+
+    assertThat(cacheEpsilon0).isEqualTo("");
+    assertThat(cacheEpsilon0.hashCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+    assertThat(cacheEpsilon0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheEpsilon1);
+    assertThat(cacheEpsilon0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheEpsilon2);
+    assertThat(cacheEpsilon0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheEpsilon3);
+
+    assertThat(cacheNul0).isEqualTo("\0");
+    assertThat(cacheNul0.hashCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+    assertThat(cacheNul0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheNul1);
+    assertThat(cacheNul0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheNul2);
+
+    assertThat(cacheNulnul0).isEqualTo("\0\0");
+    assertThat(cacheNulnul0.hashCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+    assertThat(cacheNulnul0).isSameInstanceAs(cacheNulnul1);
+
+    assertThat(cacheNulnulnul0.hashCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+    assertThat(cacheNulnulnul0).isSameInstanceAs(nulnulnul0);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("StringCopy") // String literals are already canonicalized per class
+  private static String unique(String s) {
+    return new String(s);
+  }
+}