upath.core: remove chain_parser from overloads for upath class narrowing

[ap--]

Related to #435

This at least restores mypy behavior but not ty.

Will evaluate the other typecheckers for another PR.

todo add as a typesafety test...

from typing import Any, reveal_type

from upath.core import UPath
from upath._chain import DEFAULT_CHAIN_PARSER

params: dict[str, Any] = {}

path2 = UPath("foo/bar/baz", protocol="s3")
reveal_type(path2)
resolved2 = path2.resolve()
reveal_type(resolved2)

path3 = UPath("foo/bar/baz", protocol="s3", **params)
reveal_type(path3)
resolved3 = path3.resolve()
reveal_type(resolved3)

path0 = UPath("/foo/bar/baz", protocol="file")
reveal_type(path0)
resolved0 = path0.resolve()
reveal_type(resolved0)

path1 = UPath("/foo/bar/baz", protocol="file", **params)
reveal_type(path1)

resolved1 = path1.resolve()
reveal_type(resolved1)

❯ uv run mypy --cache-dir=/dev/null --no-incremental upath-435.py
upath-435.py:9: note: Revealed type is "upath.implementations.cloud.S3Path"
upath-435.py:11: note: Revealed type is "upath.implementations.cloud.S3Path"
upath-435.py:14: note: Revealed type is "upath.implementations.cloud.S3Path"
upath-435.py:16: note: Revealed type is "upath.implementations.cloud.S3Path"
upath-435.py:19: note: Revealed type is "upath.implementations.local.FilePath"
upath-435.py:21: note: Revealed type is "upath.implementations.local.FilePath"
upath-435.py:24: note: Revealed type is "upath.implementations.local.FilePath"
upath-435.py:27: note: Revealed type is "upath.implementations.local.FilePath"
Success: no issues found in 1 source file