Pyarrow data type, default to small type and fix large type override

[kevinjqliu]

Rationale for this change

#1669 made the change to infer the type when reading, and not default pyarrow data types to the large type. Originally, default to large type was introduced by #986.

I found a bug in #1669 where type promotion from string->binary defaults to large_binary (#1669 (comment)). Which led to to find that we still use large type in _ConvertToArrowSchema. Furthermore, I found that we did not respect PYARROW_USE_LARGE_TYPES_ON_READ=True when reading.

This PR is a continuation of #1669.

• Change docs for pyarrow.use-large-types-on-read to default value False
• Change _ConvertToArrowSchema to use small data type instead of large
• When PYARROW_USE_LARGE_TYPES_ON_READ is enabled (set to True), ArrowScan and ArrowProjectionVisitor and should cast to large type
• Add back test for setting PYARROW_USE_LARGE_TYPES_ON_READ to True

This PR should help us infer the data type when reading while keeping the PYARROW_USE_LARGE_TYPES_ON_READ override behavior until deprecation.

Are these changes tested?

Yes

Are there any user-facing changes?

No

[Fokko]

I'm not convinced that we need to change this. We use schema_to_pyarrow in many places:

• Schema.as_arrow(), this can be problematic when people already allocate buffers that are larger than what fits in the small ones.
• _ConvertToArrowExpression.{visit_in,visit_not_in}, I checked manually, and it looks like we can mix large and normal types here :)
• ArrowProjectionVisitor has the issue similar to what you've described in Arrow: Infer the types when reading #1669 (comment). I think the other way around is also an issue. If you would promote a large_string, it would now produce a binary and not a large_binary.
• ArrowScan.to_table()will return the schema when there is no data, both small and large are okay.
• DataScan.to_arrow_batch_reader(), I think we should always update to the large type. Since this is streaming, we don't know upfront if the small buffers are big enough, therefore it is safe to go with the large ones.

[kevinjqliu]

@Fokko Just coming back to this PR. Is there a reason why we'd want to default to large_list?

The difference between list_ and large_list is the number of elements supported by the list. According to the large_list docs,

Unless you need to represent data larger than 2**31 elements, you should prefer list_().

2**31 is 2_147_483_648, 2 billion items in the list seems pretty rare.

I did a small experiment, this works with list_

import pyarrow as pa
import numpy as np

size = 2**31 - 2
pa.array([np.zeros(size, dtype=np.int8)], type=pa.list_(pa.int8()))

but this will crash python, and would require large_list

import pyarrow as pa
import numpy as np

size = 2**31 - 1
pa.array([np.zeros(size, dtype=np.int8)], type=pa.list_(pa.int8()))