feat: introduce PuffinMetadataCache

[WenyXu]

I hereby agree to the terms of the GreptimeDB CLA.

Refer to a related PR or issue link (optional)

What's changed and what's your intention?

Introduce PuffinMetadataCache

Checklist

• I have written the necessary rustdoc comments.
• I have added the necessary unit tests and integration tests.
• This PR requires documentation updates.

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 95.00000% with 8 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 83.80%. Comparing base (a801214) to head (00d0ab3).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #5148      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   84.05%   83.80%   -0.25%     
==========================================
  Files        1169     1170       +1     
  Lines      217746   217825      +79     
==========================================
- Hits       183029   182557     -472     
- Misses      34717    35268     +551