feat: introduce `PuffinMetadataCache` #21486

Job	Run time
Build GreptimeDB binaries (ubuntu-20.04)	3m 19s
Build GreptimeDB binary (profile-CI) (ubuntu-20.04)	3m 23s
Check (windows-2022)	3m 9s
Check (ubuntu-20.04)	2m 53s
Check typos and docs	12s
Clippy	3m 21s
coverage	3m 25s
Rustfmt	58s
Check License Header	2m 26s
Toml Check	2m 21s
Sqlness Test (${{ matrix.mode.name }})	1s
Fuzz Test	1s
Unstable Fuzz Test	1s
Fuzz Test with Chaos (Distributed, ${{ matrix.mode.name }}, ${{ matrix.target }})	1s
Fuzz Test (Distributed, ${{ matrix.mode.name }}, ${{ matrix.target }})	1s
	25m 32s

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