Modernize packaging metadata

[sawirricardo]

Summary

• Move package metadata and optional dependencies from setup.py into pyproject.toml.
• Add uv.lock and track it so dependencies can be reproduced with uv sync --locked.
• Update build, docs, and release helpers to read packaging data from pyproject.toml.

Validation

• uv lock
• uv sync --locked --all-extras
• uv run --locked --with build python -m build
• uv run --locked python -m pytest tests/core/web3-module/test_import_and_version.py
• uv run --locked python web3/scripts/parse_pygeth_version.py

Closes #3856