The http repo used here: https://github.com/tpires/neo4j/blob/master/Dockerfile#L12 doesn't contain the latest 3.x versions of neo4j community. Instead it tops out at 2.2.3.
By changing the repo to https:// I was able to get the latest version of neo4j, but I had to also add the apt-transport-https package to get it to work.