diff --git a/src/Clause.ts b/src/Clause.ts
index b6ae5b2c..105a76ef 100644
--- a/src/Clause.ts
+++ b/src/Clause.ts
@@ -86,6 +86,10 @@ export default class Clause extends Builder {
       this.buildStructuredHeader(header);
     }
     this.header = header;
+    if (header == null) {
+      this.title = 'UNKNOWN';
+      this.titleHTML = 'UNKNOWN';
+    }
   }
 
   buildStructuredHeader(header: Element) {
@@ -240,26 +244,6 @@ export default class Clause extends Builder {
   static exit({ node, spec, clauseStack, inAlg, currentId }: Context) {
     const clause = clauseStack[clauseStack.length - 1];
 
-    const header = clause.header;
-    if (header == null) {
-      clause.title = 'UNKNOWN';
-      clause.titleHTML = 'UNKNOWN';
-    } else {
-      const headerClone = header.cloneNode(true) as Element;
-      for (const a of headerClone.querySelectorAll('a')) {
-        a.replaceWith(...a.childNodes);
-      }
-      clause.titleHTML = headerClone.innerHTML;
-      clause.title = headerClone.textContent;
-      if (clause.number) {
-        const numElem = clause.spec.doc.createElement('span');
-        numElem.setAttribute('class', 'secnum');
-        numElem.textContent = clause.number;
-        header.insertBefore(clause.spec.doc.createTextNode(' '), header.firstChild);
-        header.insertBefore(numElem, header.firstChild);
-      }
-    }
-
     clause.buildExamples();
     clause.buildNotes();
 
diff --git a/src/H1.ts b/src/H1.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a47459d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/H1.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import Builder from './Builder';
+import type { Context } from './Context';
+
+export default class H1 extends Builder {
+  static elements = ['H1'];
+
+  static async enter() {
+    // do nothing
+  }
+
+  static async exit({ spec, node, clauseStack }: Context) {
+    const parent = clauseStack[clauseStack.length - 1] || null;
+    if (parent === null || parent.header !== node) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const headerClone = node.cloneNode(true) as Element;
+    for (const a of headerClone.querySelectorAll('a')) {
+      a.replaceWith(...a.childNodes);
+    }
+    parent.titleHTML = headerClone.innerHTML;
+    parent.title = headerClone.textContent;
+    if (parent.number) {
+      const numElem = spec.doc.createElement('span');
+      numElem.setAttribute('class', 'secnum');
+      numElem.textContent = parent.number;
+      node.insertBefore(spec.doc.createTextNode(' '), node.firstChild);
+      node.insertBefore(numElem, node.firstChild);
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/Meta.ts b/src/Meta.ts
index f7dd996d..561cff0e 100644
--- a/src/Meta.ts
+++ b/src/Meta.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ import type { Context } from './Context';
 
 import Builder from './Builder';
 
-import { validateEffects } from './utils';
+import { validateEffects, doesEffectPropagateToParent } from './utils';
+import { maybeAddClauseToEffectWorklist } from './Spec';
 
 export default class Meta extends Builder {
   static elements = ['EMU-META'];
@@ -20,13 +21,13 @@ export default class Meta extends Builder {
         node
       );
       for (const effect of effects) {
-        if (!parent.effects.includes(effect)) {
-          parent.effects.push(effect);
-          if (!spec._effectWorklist.has(effect)) {
-            spec._effectWorklist.set(effect, []);
-          }
-          spec._effectWorklist.get(effect)!.push(parent);
+        if (!doesEffectPropagateToParent(node, effect)) {
+          continue;
         }
+        if (!spec._effectWorklist.has(effect)) {
+          spec._effectWorklist.set(effect, []);
+        }
+        maybeAddClauseToEffectWorklist(effect, parent, spec._effectWorklist.get(effect)!);
       }
     }
     spec._emuMetasToRender.add(node);
diff --git a/src/Spec.ts b/src/Spec.ts
index ab774f9a..a1b5ef5a 100644
--- a/src/Spec.ts
+++ b/src/Spec.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import Xref from './Xref';
 import Eqn from './Eqn';
 import Biblio from './Biblio';
 import Meta from './Meta';
+import H1 from './H1';
 import {
   autolink,
   replacerForNamespace,
@@ -78,6 +79,7 @@ const builders: BuilderInterface[] = [
   ProdRef,
   Note,
   Meta,
+  H1,
 ];
 
 const visitorMap = builders.reduce((map, T) => {
@@ -258,7 +260,11 @@ function isEmuImportElement(node: Node): node is EmuImportElement {
   return node.nodeType === 1 && node.nodeName === 'EMU-IMPORT';
 }
 
-function maybeAddClauseToEffectWorklist(effectName: string, clause: Clause, worklist: Clause[]) {
+export function maybeAddClauseToEffectWorklist(
+  effectName: string,
+  clause: Clause,
+  worklist: Clause[]
+) {
   if (
     !worklist.includes(clause) &&
     clause.canHaveEffect(effectName) &&
diff --git a/src/Xref.ts b/src/Xref.ts
index 16fb973c..ca1475be 100644
--- a/src/Xref.ts
+++ b/src/Xref.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import type * as Biblio from './Biblio';
 import type Clause from './Clause';
 
 import Builder from './Builder';
-import { validateEffects } from './utils';
+import { validateEffects, doesEffectPropagateToParent } from './utils';
 
 /*@internal*/
 export default class Xref extends Builder {
@@ -91,36 +91,10 @@ export default class Xref extends Builder {
   shouldPropagateEffect(effectName: string) {
     if (!this.isInvocation) return false;
     if (this.clause) {
-      // Xrefs should not propagate past explicit fences in parent steps. Fences
-      // must be at the beginning of steps.
-      //
-      // Abstract Closures are considered automatic fences for the user-code
-      // effect, since those are effectively nested functions.
-      //
-      // Calls to Abstract Closures that can call user code must be explicitly
-      // marked as such with <emu-meta effects="user-code">...</emu-meta>.
-      for (let node = this.node; node.parentElement; node = node.parentElement) {
-        const parent = node.parentElement;
-        // This is super hacky. It's checking the output of ecmarkdown.
-        if (parent.tagName !== 'LI') continue;
-
-        if (
-          effectName === 'user-code' &&
-          parent.textContent?.includes('be a new Abstract Closure')
-        ) {
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        if (
-          parent
-            .getAttribute('fence-effects')
-            ?.split(',')
-            .map(s => s.trim())
-            .includes(effectName)
-        ) {
-          return false;
-        }
+      if (!doesEffectPropagateToParent(this.node, effectName)) {
+        return false;
       }
+
       if (!this.clause.canHaveEffect(effectName)) {
         return false;
       }
diff --git a/src/utils.ts b/src/utils.ts
index 81fca391..7c1cd564 100644
--- a/src/utils.ts
+++ b/src/utils.ts
@@ -244,3 +244,33 @@ export function validateEffects(spec: Spec, effectsRaw: string[], node: Element)
 
   return effects;
 }
+
+export function doesEffectPropagateToParent(node: Element, effect: string) {
+  // Effects should not propagate past explicit fences in parent steps.
+  //
+  // Abstract Closures are considered automatic fences for the user-code
+  // effect, since those are effectively nested functions.
+  //
+  // Calls to Abstract Closures that can call user code must be explicitly
+  // marked as such with <emu-meta effects="user-code">...</emu-meta>.
+  for (; node.parentElement; node = node.parentElement) {
+    const parent = node.parentElement;
+    // This is super hacky. It's checking the output of ecmarkdown.
+    if (parent.tagName !== 'LI') continue;
+
+    if (effect === 'user-code' && parent.textContent?.includes('be a new Abstract Closure')) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (
+      parent
+        .getAttribute('fence-effects')
+        ?.split(',')
+        .map(s => s.trim())
+        .includes(effect)
+    ) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/test/baselines/generated-reference/effect-user-code.html b/test/baselines/generated-reference/effect-user-code.html
index 16204416..e2f7f1d8 100644
--- a/test/baselines/generated-reference/effect-user-code.html
+++ b/test/baselines/generated-reference/effect-user-code.html
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ <h1><span class="secnum">20</span> ResultOfEvaluating()</h1>
 <emu-clause id="sec-fenced-effects" type="abstract operation" aoid="FencedEffects">
   <h1><span class="secnum">21</span> FencedEffects()</h1>
   <p>The abstract operation FencedEffects takes no arguments. Effects don't propagate past fences in parent steps. A fence must be at the beginning of a step. It performs the following steps when called:</p>
-  <emu-alg><ol><li fence-effects="user-code">Fence.<ol><li><emu-xref aoid="UserCode" id="_ref_18"><a href="#sec-user-code" class="e-user-code">UserCode</a></emu-xref>().</li></ol></li></ol></emu-alg>
+  <emu-alg><ol><li fence-effects="user-code">Fence.<ol><li><emu-xref aoid="UserCode" id="_ref_18"><a href="#sec-user-code" class="e-user-code">UserCode</a></emu-xref>().</li><li>Let <var>foo</var> be the result of <span class="e-user-code">evaluating <var>someUserCode</var></span>.</li></ol></li></ol></emu-alg>
 </emu-clause>
 
 <emu-clause id="sec-call-fenced-effects" type="abstract operation" aoid="CallFencedEffects">
diff --git a/test/baselines/sources/effect-user-code.html b/test/baselines/sources/effect-user-code.html
index ffcd5322..034b6c57 100644
--- a/test/baselines/sources/effect-user-code.html
+++ b/test/baselines/sources/effect-user-code.html
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@ <h1>FencedEffects()</h1>
   <emu-alg>
     1. [fence-effects="user-code"] Fence.
       1. UserCode().
+      1. Let _foo_ be the result of evaluating _someUserCode_.
   </emu-alg>
 </emu-clause>