diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE
index a42f6df04..aac23c2b9 100644
--- a/NAMESPACE
+++ b/NAMESPACE
@@ -246,6 +246,11 @@ S3method(three_white_soldiers,data.frame)
 S3method(three_white_soldiers,default)
 S3method(three_white_soldiers,matrix)
 S3method(three_white_soldiers,plotly)
+S3method(trading_volume,data.frame)
+S3method(trading_volume,default)
+S3method(trading_volume,matrix)
+S3method(trading_volume,numeric)
+S3method(trading_volume,plotly)
 S3method(two_crows,data.frame)
 S3method(two_crows,default)
 S3method(two_crows,matrix)
@@ -369,9 +374,11 @@ export(three_line_strike)
 export(three_outside)
 export(three_stars_in_the_south)
 export(three_white_soldiers)
+export(trading_volume)
 export(triangular_moving_average)
 export(triple_exponential_moving_average)
 export(two_crows)
 export(ultimate_oscillator)
+export(volume)
 export(weighted_moving_average)
 useDynLib(talib, .registration = TRUE)
diff --git a/R/chart.R b/R/chart.R
index 9199a2632..862d00819 100644
--- a/R/chart.R
+++ b/R/chart.R
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 #'
 #' @param x An OHLC object to be charted.
 #' @param type A [character] of [length] 1. Either `candlestick` or `ohlc`.
+#' @param idx A [vector] with the same [length] of `x`. If passed it will replace the x-axis labels. See `vignette("charting")` for more details.
+#' @param title An optional [character] vector of [length] 1.
 #' @param ... Parameters passed into [plotly::plot_ly]
 #'
 #' @example man/examples/charting.R
@@ -31,6 +33,8 @@
 chart <- function(
 	x,
 	type = "candlestick",
+	idx = NULL,
+	title,
 	...
 ) {
 	## clear env if called
@@ -54,6 +58,7 @@ chart.default <- function(
 	x,
 	type = "candlestick",
 	idx = NULL,
+	title,
 	...
 ) {
 	## default chart function
@@ -71,6 +76,15 @@ chart.default <- function(
 	##    3. chart: The user-facing TA chart.
 	##              This is empty and is constructed on the fly
 	##              via plotly::subplot.
+
+	## extract title
+	if (missing(title)) {
+		chart_title <- input_name(
+			substitute(x)
+		)
+	} else {
+		chart_title <- title
+	}
 	.color_values <- .chart_theme()
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- .plotting_environment$chart <- list()
 
@@ -81,8 +95,27 @@ chart.default <- function(
 	## NOTE: it is also a hard requirement on
 	##       {plotly} side
 	x <- as.data.frame(x)
-	x$idx <- if (is.null(idx)) 1:nrow(x) else idx
+	x$idx <- if (is.null(idx)) {
+		## check if rownames can be
+		## converted to integer
+		is_valid <- suppressWarnings(
+			!is.na(as.integer(rownames(x)[1]))
+		)
+		if (is_valid) {
+			as.integer(
+				rownames(x)
+			)
+		} else {
+			rownames(x)
+		}
+	} else {
+		idx
+	}
 	.plotting_environment$x <- data_frame <- x
+	.plotting_environment$idx <- list(
+		label = x$idx,
+		index = seq_along(x$idx)
+	)
 
 	## generate price chart
 	## based on type. can be either
@@ -129,18 +162,50 @@ chart.default <- function(
 				alpha = 1 ## This should be controlled from .chart_theme()
 			)
 		),
+
+		## remove legend
+		## there is no reason to display
+		## it in the legend.
+		##
+		## If there is demand for it we can
+		## implement a heuristic to determine intervals
+		## for 1h, 2h, etc. Similar to {cryptoQuotes}
+		showlegend = FALSE,
 		...
 	)
 
+	## construct chart meta data
+	##
+	## There is no relevant information in the range 1:N
+	## so if the rownames only contrains integers the chart will
+	## skip it
+	if (is.integer(.plotting_environment$idx$label)) {
+		title_text <- sprintf(
+			fmt = "<b>Ticker:</b> %s <br><sub><b>N:</b> %d </sub>",
+			chart_title,
+			nrow(x)
+		)
+	} else {
+		title_text <- sprintf(
+			fmt = "<b>Ticker:</b> %s <br><sub><b>N:</b> %d <b>Period:</b> %s </sub>",
+			chart_title,
+			nrow(x),
+			paste(
+				.plotting_environment$idx$label[1],
+				"-",
+				.plotting_environment$idx$label[length(
+					.plotting_environment$idx$label
+				)]
+			)
+		)
+	}
+
 	## store in main chart
 	## (see description)
 	.plotting_environment$main <- .chart_layout(
 		x = price_chart,
-		title_text = sprintf(
-			"<b>Ticker:</b> %s <br><sub><b>Period:</b> %s</sub>",
-			deparse(substitute(x)),
-			"Period Value"
-		)
+		title_text = title_text,
+		idx = idx
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/chart_elements.R b/R/chart_elements.R
index 83b8ce6a7..051451b27 100644
--- a/R/chart_elements.R
+++ b/R/chart_elements.R
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
-.chart_layout <- function(x, title_text, ...) {
+.chart_layout <- function(
+	x,
+	title_text,
+	idx = NULL,
+	...
+) {
 	## extract chart theme
 	## from R/chart_options.R
 	chart_theme <- .chart_theme()
 
 	## hardcoded layout elements
 	## and added flexibility in ellipsis
-	plotly::layout(
+	plotly_object <- plotly::layout(
 		p = x,
 		paper_bgcolor = chart_theme$paper_bgcolor,
 		plot_bgcolor = chart_theme$plot_bgcolor,
@@ -18,9 +23,11 @@
 			color = chart_theme$font_color
 		),
 		yaxis = list(
+			title = '',
 			gridcolor = chart_theme$grid_color
 		),
 		xaxis = list(
+			title = '',
 			gridcolor = chart_theme$grid_color,
 			rangeslider = list(
 				visible = getOption(
@@ -31,7 +38,10 @@
 					"talib.chart.slider.size",
 					default = 0.05
 				)
-			)
+			),
+			tickvals = seq_along(idx),
+			tickmode = "auto",
+			ticktext = idx
 		),
 
 		## legend start
@@ -75,6 +85,29 @@
 
 		...
 	)
+
+	## add chart configurations
+	## for TA
+	plotly::config(
+		p = plotly_object,
+
+		## options for support
+		## and resistance lines
+		modeBarButtonsToAdd = c(
+			"drawline",
+			"drawrect",
+			"eraseshape"
+		),
+
+		## remove {plotly} logo
+		## to reduce clutter
+		##
+		## NOTE: Some of the other
+		##       buttons is most likely
+		##       redundant too. These will be
+		##       removed later (TM)
+		displaylogo = FALSE
+	)
 }
 
 
@@ -101,3 +134,187 @@ add_title <- function(
 		)
 	)
 }
+
+#' @title subchart
+#'
+#' @details
+#' A helper function for creating subcharts with prespecified
+#' xaxis and x values
+#'
+#' @param data [data.frame]
+#' @param ... arguments passed onto [plotly::plot_ly]
+#'
+#' @keywords internal
+subchart <- function(
+	data,
+	...
+) {
+	## main plotly object to
+	## be added to the chart
+	plotly_object <- plotly::plot_ly(
+		data = data,
+		x = ~idx,
+		...
+	)
+
+	## finalize subcart
+	plotly_object <- plotly::layout(
+		plotly_object,
+
+		## if this part is not added
+		## there is mismatch between the
+		## main chart and the subscharts
+		xaxis = list(
+			tickvals = seq_along(data$idx),
+			ticktext = data$idx,
+			ticmode = "auto"
+		)
+	)
+
+	## readd configuations
+	##
+	## NOTE: This is repeated code
+	##       from .chart_layout()
+	##       - should be consolidated at
+	##         some point (TM)
+	plotly_object <- plotly::config(
+		p = plotly_object,
+
+		## options for support
+		## and resistance lines
+		modeBarButtonsToAdd = c(
+			"drawline",
+			"drawrect",
+			"eraseshape"
+		),
+
+		## remove {plotly} logo
+		## to reduce clutter
+		##
+		## NOTE: Some of the other
+		##       buttons is most likely
+		##       redundant too. These will be
+		##       removed later (TM)
+		displaylogo = FALSE
+	)
+
+	return(plotly_object)
+}
+
+add_ribbons <- function(
+	plotly_object,
+	data,
+	x,
+	y,
+	ymin,
+	ymax,
+	color,
+	alpha,
+	showlegend,
+	legendgroup,
+	name,
+	dash
+) {
+	## this function adds ribbons
+	## to existing plots. It addresses the following
+	## issue with plotly::add_ribbons: When adding lines it will
+	## box on the right, but not on the left.
+
+	## check if y have been passed
+	## and
+	y_passed <- as.numeric(
+		!missing(y)
+	)
+
+	## the name can apply to to each
+	## line
+	if (length(name) < 3) {
+		name <- rep(name, 3)
+	}
+
+	if (length(dash) < 3) {
+		dash <- rep(dash, 3)
+	}
+
+	## add ribbon without lines
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_ribbons(
+		p = plotly_object,
+		inherit = FALSE,
+		data = data,
+		x = x,
+		ymin = ymin,
+		ymax = ymax,
+		line = list(
+			color = "transparent"
+		),
+		fillcolor = plotly::toRGB(
+			x = color,
+			alpha = alpha * 0.5
+		),
+		showlegend = showlegend,
+		legendgroup = legendgroup,
+		name = name[1]
+	)
+
+	if (!missing(y)) {
+		plotly_object <- plotly::add_lines(
+			p = plotly_object,
+			x = x,
+			y = y,
+			line = list(
+				color = plotly::toRGB(
+					x = color,
+					alpha = alpha
+				),
+				dash = dash[1]
+			),
+			showlegend = FALSE,
+			legendgroup = legendgroup,
+			inherit = FALSE,
+			name = name[1]
+		)
+	}
+
+	## add lower line to the
+	## plot
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_lines(
+		p = plotly_object,
+		x = x,
+		y = ymin,
+		line = list(
+			color = plotly::toRGB(
+				x = color,
+				alpha = alpha
+			),
+			dash = dash[2]
+		),
+		showlegend = FALSE,
+		legendgroup = legendgroup,
+		inherit = FALSE,
+		name = name[2]
+	)
+
+	## add upperline to the
+	## plot
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_lines(
+		p = plotly_object,
+		x = x,
+		y = ymax,
+		line = list(
+			color = plotly::toRGB(
+				x = color,
+				alpha = alpha
+			),
+			dash = dash[3]
+		),
+		showlegend = FALSE,
+		legendgroup = legendgroup,
+		inherit = FALSE,
+		name = name[3]
+	)
+
+	## return plot
+	return(
+		plotly_object
+	)
+}
diff --git a/R/chart_indicator.R b/R/chart_indicator.R
index b978af695..a7ce14797 100644
--- a/R/chart_indicator.R
+++ b/R/chart_indicator.R
@@ -19,6 +19,21 @@
 #'
 #' @author Serkan Korkmaz
 indicator <- function(FUN, ...) {
+	## resolve function name of no
+	## title have been passed
+	title <- input_name(
+		substitute(
+			FUN
+		)
+	)
+
+	## clean up title
+	if (any(grepl(x = title, pattern = "_"))) {
+		title <- to_title(
+			title
+		)
+	}
+
 	## plotting environment
 	## does exist
 	chart_called <- TRUE
@@ -39,10 +54,39 @@ indicator <- function(FUN, ...) {
 		## object to trigger .plotly
 		## method downstream
 		plt <- plotly::plot_ly()
+
+		if (has_arg(idx)) {
+			idx <- eval.parent(
+				match.call()[["idx"]]
+			)
+		} else {
+			idx <- NULL
+		}
+
+		.plotting_environment$idx$label <- idx
+
+		if (has_arg(data)) {
+			data <- eval.parent(
+				match.call()[["data"]]
+			)
+		} else {
+			stop("'data'-argument has to be provided.")
+		}
 	}
 
 	## construct {plotly}-object
 	## based on FUN
+	##
+	## Note to future self:
+	##
+	## You could add chart layouting here
+	## to avoid having to do it for each plotly method
+	## but it would require you to add an identifier
+	## of whether its a subplot or not.
+	##
+	## `outcome` by itself is just directly returned
+	## and is not attached to the plotting environment
+	## downstream
 	outcome <- do.call(
 		what = FUN,
 		args = list(
@@ -75,17 +119,27 @@ indicator <- function(FUN, ...) {
 				margin = 0.02,
 				heights = heights
 			),
-			showlegend = TRUE
+			showlegend = TRUE,
+			yaxis = list(title = ''),
+			xaxis = list(
+				title = '',
+				tickmode = "auto"
+			)
 		)
 		.plotting_environment$chart <- fig
 
-		return(fig)
+		return(
+			fig
+		)
 	}
 
 	## reconstruct charting
 	## as if called from chart()
-	.chart_layout(
+	outcome <- .chart_layout(
 		x = outcome,
-		title_text = "title_text"
+		title_text = title,
+		idx = if (is.null(idx)) 1:nrow(data) else idx
 	)
+
+	outcome
 }
diff --git a/R/chart_pattern.R b/R/chart_pattern.R
index bf2ddb8ee..e52990172 100644
--- a/R/chart_pattern.R
+++ b/R/chart_pattern.R
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ pattern <- function(
 	x, # pattern
 	high,
 	low,
-	pattern_name = "Doji"
+	pattern_name = "Doji",
+	agnostic = FALSE
 ) {
 	## chart theme controls
 	chart_theme <- .chart_theme()
@@ -50,17 +51,40 @@ pattern <- function(
 		p <- plotly::add_trace(
 			p = p,
 			x = idx_bull,
-			y = low[idx_bull] - offset[idx_bull],
+			y = if (agnostic) {
+				high[idx_bull] - offset[idx_bull]
+			} else {
+				low[idx_bull] - offset[idx_bull]
+			},
 			type = "scatter",
 			mode = "markers+text",
 			marker = list(
-				symbol = "triangle-up",
-				color = chart_theme$bull_color,
+				symbol = if (agnostic) {
+					"triangle-down"
+				} else {
+					"triangle-up"
+				},
+				color = if (agnostic) {
+					chart_theme$font_color
+				} else {
+					chart_theme$bull_color
+				},
 				size = 10
 			),
 			text = bull_text,
-			textposition = "bottom center",
-			textfont = list(color = chart_theme$bull_color, size = 10),
+			textposition = if (agnostic) {
+				"top center"
+			} else {
+				"bottom center"
+			},
+			textfont = list(
+				color = if (agnostic) {
+					chart_theme$font_color
+				} else {
+					chart_theme$bull_color
+				},
+				size = 10
+			),
 			hoverinfo = "skip",
 			name = "Bearish",
 			inherit = FALSE,
diff --git a/R/series.R b/R/series.R
index 7e241db0b..97705dfe1 100644
--- a/R/series.R
+++ b/R/series.R
@@ -40,13 +40,19 @@ series.plotly <- function(
 		dotsQ$data <- quote(.plotting_environment$x)
 	}
 
-	as.data.frame(
+	out <- as.data.frame(
 		do.call(
 			series.formula,
 			c(list(x = formula, default = default), dotsQ),
 			quote = FALSE
 		)
 	)
+
+	## set subset attribute
+	## for the
+	attr(out, "subset") <- eval(dotsQ$subset)
+
+	out
 }
 
 #' @export
@@ -96,6 +102,10 @@ series.formula <- function(
 		)
 	}
 
+	## set subset attribute
+	## for the
+	attr(out, "subset") <- eval(dotsQ$subset)
+
 	as.data.frame(
 		out
 	)
diff --git a/R/ta_ACCBANDS.R b/R/ta_ACCBANDS.R
index b693b4315..b193cb1a4 100644
--- a/R/ta_ACCBANDS.R
+++ b/R/ta_ACCBANDS.R
@@ -124,10 +124,12 @@ acceleration_bands.plotly <- function(
 	x,
 	cols,
 	n = 10,
+	color = "steelblue",
+	alpha = 0.5,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare HLC series
+	## for the acceleration bands
 	HLC <- series(
 		x = x,
 		formula = cols,
@@ -135,20 +137,28 @@ acceleration_bands.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	)
 
-	## calculate acceleration
-	## bands and return as
-	## data.frame
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(
-		.Call(
-			"impl_ta_ACCBANDS",
-			HLC[[1]],
-			HLC[[2]],
-			HLC[[3]],
-			as.integer(n)
-		)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- acceleration_bands.default(
+		x = HLC,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(HLC)
+		),
+		n = n
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HLC
+	)
+
+	## acceleration bands by itself
+	## makes no sense - throw an error
+	## if not provided
+	if (is.null(.plotting_environment$main)) {
+		stop("No existing chart found.", call. = FALSE)
+	}
 
 	## add upper, middle and lower bands
 	## to the main chart - wrapped in local
@@ -156,46 +166,19 @@ acceleration_bands.plotly <- function(
 	##
 	## NOTE: Otherwise it will only evaluate
 	##       and add the last element
-	for (i in seq_len(ncol(HLC))) {
-		local({
-			j <- i
-
-			.plotting_environment$main <- plotly::add_lines(
-				.plotting_environment$main,
-				data = .indicator,
-				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
-				inherit = FALSE,
-				line = list(
-					color = '#4682b4'
-				),
-				showlegend = FALSE,
-				legendgroup = 'acceleration_band',
-				name = c(
-					"Upper Band",
-					"Middle Band",
-					"Lower Band"
-				)[j],
-			)
-		})
-	}
-
-	.plotting_environment$main <- plotly::add_ribbons(
-		p = .plotting_environment$main,
-		inherit = FALSE,
+	.plotting_environment$main <- add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object = .plotting_environment$main,
 		data = .indicator,
 		x = ~idx,
-		ymin = ~ .indicator[, 3],
-		ymax = ~ .indicator[, 1],
-		fillcolor = plotly::toRGB("#4682b4", alpha = 0.2),
-		line = list(
-			color = "transparent"
-		),
+		y = ~middle,
+		ymin = ~lower,
+		ymax = ~upper,
+		color = color,
+		alpha = alpha,
 		showlegend = TRUE,
 		legendgroup = 'acceleration_band',
-		name = paste0(
-			"Acceleration Bands"
-		)
+		name = c("Acceleration Bands", "B", "C"),
+		dash = NULL
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_AD.R b/R/ta_AD.R
index a80034e45..dd521589d 100644
--- a/R/ta_AD.R
+++ b/R/ta_AD.R
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ chaikin_AD_line.plotly <- function(
 	...
 ) {
 	## prepare HLCV series
+	## for the chaikin A/D line
 	HLCV <- series(
 		x = x,
 		formula = cols,
@@ -128,51 +129,42 @@ chaikin_AD_line.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	)
 
-	## construct the chaikin A/D
-	## line and store as data.frame
-	## for plotly
-	.indicator <- data.frame(
-		AD_line = .Call(
-			"impl_ta_AD",
-			HLCV[[1]],
-			HLCV[[2]],
-			HLCV[[3]],
-			HLCV[[4]]
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.grame
+	.indicator <- chaikin_AD_line.default(
+		x = HLCV,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(HLCV)
 		)
 	)
 
-	## add idx for the axis
-	## TODO: this should be passed
-	## upstream instead
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HLCV
+	)
 
-	## chart indicator
-	## as subplot
-	output <- add_title(
-		## generate plot
-		## as line
-		plotly::plot_ly(
-			data = .indicator,
-			x = ~idx,
-			y = ~AD_line,
-			type = "scatter",
-			mode = "lines",
-			showlegend = FALSE
-		),
-		## add title to
-		## the plot
-		text = "Chaikin A/D Line"
+	## construct chart
+	## element
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
+		data = .indicator,
+		y = ~AD_line,
+		type = "scatter",
+		mode = "lines",
+		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
 
-	## pass to sub as
-	## list to preserve
-	## types
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Chaikin A/D Line"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	## return plot
-	## if called directly
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_ADOSC.R b/R/ta_ADOSC.R
index ae59d9803..0643cb3a4 100644
--- a/R/ta_ADOSC.R
+++ b/R/ta_ADOSC.R
@@ -129,9 +129,11 @@ chaikin_AD_oscillator.plotly <- function(
 	cols,
 	fast = 3,
 	slow = 10,
+	color = "steelblue",
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
+	## prepare HLCV series
+	## for the chaikin A/D line
 	HLCV <- series(
 		x = x,
 		formula = cols,
@@ -139,53 +141,67 @@ chaikin_AD_oscillator.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	)
 
-	.indicator <- data.frame(
-		AD_line = .Call(
-			"impl_ta_ADOSC",
-			HLCV[[1]],
-			HLCV[[2]],
-			HLCV[[3]],
-			HLCV[[4]],
-			as.integer(fast),
-			as.integer(slow)
-		)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- chaikin_AD_oscillator.default(
+		x = HLCV,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(HLCV)
+		),
+		fast = fast,
+		slow = slow
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
-	ad_col <- "#1f77b4"
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HLCV
+	)
 
-	ad_plot <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
-		y = ~AD_line,
+		y = ~AD_oscillator,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
-		line = list(color = ad_col),
+		line = list(
+			color = plotly::toRGB(
+				x = color,
+				alpha = 1
+			)
+		),
 		name = "AD",
 		legendgroup = "ChaikinOscillator",
 		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
 
-	# dashed y = 0 line in the same color
-	ad_plot <- plotly::add_lines(
-		p = ad_plot,
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_lines(
+		p = plotly_object,
 		x = .indicator$idx,
 		y = 0,
-		line = list(color = ad_col, dash = "dash"),
+		line = list(
+			color = plotly::toRGB(
+				x = color,
+				alpha = 1
+			),
+			dash = "dot"
+		),
 		showlegend = FALSE,
 		hoverinfo = "skip",
 		legendgroup = "ChaikinOscillator",
 		name = "Zero"
 	)
 
-	ad_plot <- add_title(
-		x = ad_plot,
-		text = "Chaikin A/D Oscillator"
-	)
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Chaikin A/D Oscillator"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(ad_plot)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	ad_plot
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_AROON.R b/R/ta_AROON.R
index 8bdd3e0bb..b33296d8c 100644
--- a/R/ta_AROON.R
+++ b/R/ta_AROON.R
@@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ aroon.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
+	## prepare HL series
+	## for the aroon oscillator
 	HL <- series(
 		x = x,
 		formula = cols,
@@ -128,49 +130,53 @@ aroon.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	)
 
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(
-		.Call(
-			"impl_ta_AROON",
-			HL[[1]],
-			HL[[2]],
-			as.integer(n)
-		)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- aroon.default(
+		x = HL,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(HL)
+		),
+		n = n
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HL
+	)
 
-	ad_plot <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## construct chart
+	## element
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~aroon_down,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
-		# line = list(color = ad_col),
 		name = "AD",
 		legendgroup = "Aroon",
 		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
 
-	# dashed y = 0 line in the same color
-	ad_plot <- plotly::add_lines(
-		p = ad_plot,
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_lines(
+		p = plotly_object,
 		x = .indicator$idx,
 		y = ~aroon_up,
-		# line = list(color = ad_col, dash = "dash"),
 		showlegend = FALSE,
-		hoverinfo = "skip",
-		legendgroup = "Aroon",
-		name = "Zero"
+		legendgroup = "Aroon"
 	)
 
-	ad_plot <- add_title(
-		x = ad_plot,
-		text = "Aroon"
-	)
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Aroon"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(ad_plot)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	ad_plot
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_AROONOSC.R b/R/ta_AROONOSC.R
index a481a16a3..9fc14e166 100644
--- a/R/ta_AROONOSC.R
+++ b/R/ta_AROONOSC.R
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ aroon_oscillator.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
+	## prepare HL series
+	## for the aroon oscillator
 	HL <- series(
 		x = x,
 		formula = cols,
@@ -127,37 +129,48 @@ aroon_oscillator.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	)
 
-	.indicator <- data.frame(
-		aroon_oscillator = .Call(
-			"impl_ta_AROONOSC",
-			HL[[1]],
-			HL[[2]],
-			as.integer(n)
-		)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- aroon_oscillator.default(
+		x = HL,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(HL)
+		),
+		n = n
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HL
+	)
 
-	ad_plot <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## construct chart
+	## element
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~aroon_oscillator,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
-		# line = list(color = ad_col),
-		name = "AD",
+		name = sprintf(
+			fmt = "AD(%d)",
+			n
+		),
 		legendgroup = "Aroon",
 		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
 
-	ad_plot <- add_title(
-		x = ad_plot,
-		text = "Aroon Oscillator"
-	)
+	if (!is.null(.plotting_environment$main)) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Aroon Oscillator"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(ad_plot)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	ad_plot
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_BBANDS.R b/R/ta_BBANDS.R
index efb634342..11fb25d97 100644
--- a/R/ta_BBANDS.R
+++ b/R/ta_BBANDS.R
@@ -185,10 +185,13 @@ bollinger_bands.plotly <- function(
 	ma = SMA(n = 10),
 	up = 2,
 	down = 2,
+	color = "steelblue",
+	alpha = 0.5,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for the bollinger
+	## bands
 	x <- series(
 		x = x,
 		formula = cols,
@@ -196,61 +199,46 @@ bollinger_bands.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	)
 
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(
-		.Call(
-			"impl_ta_BBANDS",
-			as.double(x[[1]]),
-			ma$n,
-			as.numeric(up),
-			as.numeric(down),
-			as.integer(ma$maType)
-		)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- bollinger_bands.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		),
+		ma = ma,
+		up = up,
+		down = down
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
-
-	## constuct chart
-	## element
-	for (i in seq_len(ncol(.indicator) - 1)) {
-		local({
-			j <- i
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
-			.plotting_environment$main <- plotly::add_lines(
-				.plotting_environment$main,
-				data = .indicator,
-				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
-				inherit = FALSE,
-				line = list(
-					color = '#4682b4'
-				),
-				showlegend = FALSE,
-				legendgroup = 'bollinger_band',
-				name = c(
-					"Upper Band",
-					"Middle Band",
-					"Lower Band"
-				)[j],
-			)
-		})
+	## acceleration bands by itself
+	## makes no sense - throw an error
+	## if not provided
+	if (is.null(.plotting_environment$main)) {
+		stop("No existing chart found.", call. = FALSE)
 	}
 
-	.plotting_environment$main <- plotly::add_ribbons(
-		p = .plotting_environment$main,
-		inherit = FALSE,
+	## constuct chart
+	## element
+	.plotting_environment$main <- add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object = .plotting_environment$main,
 		data = .indicator,
 		x = ~idx,
-		ymin = ~ .indicator[, 3],
-		ymax = ~ .indicator[, 1],
-		fillcolor = plotly::toRGB("#4682b4", alpha = 0.2),
-		line = list(
-			color = "transparent"
-		),
+		y = ~middle,
+		ymin = ~lower,
+		ymax = ~upper,
+		color = color,
+		alpha = alpha,
 		showlegend = TRUE,
-		legendgroup = 'bollinger_band',
-		name = paste0(
-			"BBand"
-		)
+		legendgroup = "Bollinger Bands",
+		name = c("Bollinger Bands", "middle", "upper"),
+		dash = NULL
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CCI.R b/R/ta_CCI.R
index c399d1d33..a0e0db43e 100644
--- a/R/ta_CCI.R
+++ b/R/ta_CCI.R
@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ commodity_channel_index.matrix <- function(
 	x,
 	cols,
 	n = 10,
+	upper = 100,
+	lower = -100,
 	...
 ) {
 	as.matrix(
@@ -123,10 +125,12 @@ commodity_channel_index.plotly <- function(
 	x,
 	cols,
 	n = 10,
+	lower = -100,
+	upper = 100,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from {plotly}-object
+	## prepare HLC series
+	## for the commodity channel index
 	HLC <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -136,23 +140,32 @@ commodity_channel_index.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## construct indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(
-		.Call(
-			"impl_ta_CCI",
-			HLC[[1]],
-			HLC[[2]],
-			HLC[[3]],
-			as.integer(n)
-		)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- commodity_channel_index.default(
+		x = HLC,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(HLC)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HLC
 	)
 
-	colnames(.indicator) <- "CCI"
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## commodity channels by itself
+	## makes no sense - throw an error
+	## if not provided
+	if (!main_chart_exists()) {
+		stop("No existing chart found.", call. = FALSE)
+	}
 
 	## construct plot with ribbons
 	## on upper and lower limits
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	plotly_object <- plotly::plot_ly(
 		data = .indicator,
 		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~CCI,
@@ -161,30 +174,34 @@ commodity_channel_index.plotly <- function(
 		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_ribbons(
-		output,
-		x = ~idx,
-		ymin = rep(-100, nrow(.indicator)),
-		ymax = rep(100, nrow(.indicator)),
-		line = list(width = 0),
-		fillcolor = plotly::toRGB(
-			x = "lightgray",
-			alpha = 0.2
-		)
+	plotly_object <- add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object = plotly_object,
+		data = .indicator,
+		x = ~ 1:nrow(.indicator),
+		ymin = rep(lower, nrow(.indicator)),
+		ymax = rep(upper, nrow(.indicator)),
+		color = "lightgray",
+		alpha = 0.1,
+		showlegend = FALSE,
+		legendgroup = "placeholder",
+		name = "CCI",
+		dash = "dot"
 	)
 
-	output <- add_title(
-		x = output,
-		text = sprintf(
-			"Commodity Channel Index (%d)",
-			n
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = sprintf(
+				"Commodity Channel Index (%d)",
+				n
+			)
 		)
-	)
+	}
 
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_CDL2CROWS.R b/R/ta_CDL2CROWS.R
index 6fb58d88c..af9a06b7f 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDL2CROWS.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDL2CROWS.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ two_crows.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- two_crows.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ two_crows.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Two Crows"
+		pattern_name = "Two Crows",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDL3BLACKCROWS.R b/R/ta_CDL3BLACKCROWS.R
index 4f91c148c..b46864d7d 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDL3BLACKCROWS.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDL3BLACKCROWS.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ three_black_crows.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- three_black_crows.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ three_black_crows.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Three Black Crows"
+		pattern_name = "Three Black Crows",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDL3INSIDE.R b/R/ta_CDL3INSIDE.R
index a16a3cffd..6875a2854 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDL3INSIDE.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDL3INSIDE.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ three_inside.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- three_inside.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ three_inside.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Three Inside"
+		pattern_name = "Three Inside",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDL3LINESTRIKE.R b/R/ta_CDL3LINESTRIKE.R
index b02176815..eb9bcf824 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDL3LINESTRIKE.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDL3LINESTRIKE.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ three_line_strike.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- three_line_strike.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ three_line_strike.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Three Line Strike"
+		pattern_name = "Three Line Strike",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDL3OUTSIDE.R b/R/ta_CDL3OUTSIDE.R
index 53339b54b..34055e2d4 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDL3OUTSIDE.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDL3OUTSIDE.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ three_outside.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- three_outside.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ three_outside.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Three Outside"
+		pattern_name = "Three Outside",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDL3STARSINSOUTH.R b/R/ta_CDL3STARSINSOUTH.R
index c8722d037..ef4dc9a7d 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDL3STARSINSOUTH.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDL3STARSINSOUTH.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ three_stars_in_the_south.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- three_stars_in_the_south.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ three_stars_in_the_south.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Three Stars in the South"
+		pattern_name = "Three Stars in the South",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDL3WHITESOLDIERS.R b/R/ta_CDL3WHITESOLDIERS.R
index 5ff1c524e..6918b4d0e 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDL3WHITESOLDIERS.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDL3WHITESOLDIERS.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ three_white_soldiers.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- three_white_soldiers.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ three_white_soldiers.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Three White Soldiers"
+		pattern_name = "Three White Soldiers",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLABANDONEDBABY.R b/R/ta_CDLABANDONEDBABY.R
index c2dde44d0..bbfd635d7 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLABANDONEDBABY.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLABANDONEDBABY.R
@@ -150,10 +150,16 @@ abandoned_baby.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- abandoned_baby.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -161,7 +167,8 @@ abandoned_baby.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Abandoned Baby"
+		pattern_name = "Abandoned Baby",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLADVANCEBLOCK.R b/R/ta_CDLADVANCEBLOCK.R
index 9ddfeda8a..6cf3a61fb 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLADVANCEBLOCK.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLADVANCEBLOCK.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ advance_block.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- advance_block.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ advance_block.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Advance Block"
+		pattern_name = "Advance Block",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLBELTHOLD.R b/R/ta_CDLBELTHOLD.R
index 00ed85df0..3a977d6d7 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLBELTHOLD.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLBELTHOLD.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ belt_hold.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- belt_hold.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ belt_hold.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Belt Hold"
+		pattern_name = "Belt Hold",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLBREAKAWAY.R b/R/ta_CDLBREAKAWAY.R
index 946013d8a..4dd1fabd3 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLBREAKAWAY.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLBREAKAWAY.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ break_away.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- break_away.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ break_away.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Break Away"
+		pattern_name = "Break Away",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLCLOSINGMARUBOZU.R b/R/ta_CDLCLOSINGMARUBOZU.R
index 4eae5cc36..3f9627661 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLCLOSINGMARUBOZU.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLCLOSINGMARUBOZU.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ closing_marubozu.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- closing_marubozu.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ closing_marubozu.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Closing Marubozu"
+		pattern_name = "Closing Marubozu",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLCONCEALBABYSWALL.R b/R/ta_CDLCONCEALBABYSWALL.R
index 307ca485b..e874465c9 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLCONCEALBABYSWALL.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLCONCEALBABYSWALL.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ concealing_baby_swallow.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- concealing_baby_swallow.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ concealing_baby_swallow.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Concealing Baby Swallow"
+		pattern_name = "Conceal Baby Swallow",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLCOUNTERATTACK.R b/R/ta_CDLCOUNTERATTACK.R
index 430a03e3f..dabf26c7f 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLCOUNTERATTACK.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLCOUNTERATTACK.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ counter_attack.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- counter_attack.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ counter_attack.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Counter Attack"
+		pattern_name = "Counter Attack",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLDARKCLOUDCOVER.R b/R/ta_CDLDARKCLOUDCOVER.R
index 11512d9ec..b3872e61c 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLDARKCLOUDCOVER.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLDARKCLOUDCOVER.R
@@ -150,10 +150,16 @@ dark_cloud_cover.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- dark_cloud_cover.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -161,7 +167,8 @@ dark_cloud_cover.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Dark Cloud Cover"
+		pattern_name = "Dark Cloud Cover",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLDOJI.R b/R/ta_CDLDOJI.R
index a3e1daa28..f547d5ff0 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLDOJI.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLDOJI.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ doji.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- doji.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ doji.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Doji"
+		pattern_name = "Doji",
+		agnostic = TRUE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLDOJISTAR.R b/R/ta_CDLDOJISTAR.R
index d0138897a..ab4d89996 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLDOJISTAR.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLDOJISTAR.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ doji_star.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- doji_star.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ doji_star.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Doji Star"
+		pattern_name = "Doji Star",
+		agnostic = TRUE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLDRAGONFLYDOJI.R b/R/ta_CDLDRAGONFLYDOJI.R
index ff3e89736..4982583e6 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLDRAGONFLYDOJI.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLDRAGONFLYDOJI.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ dragonfly_doji.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- dragonfly_doji.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ dragonfly_doji.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Dragonfly Doji"
+		pattern_name = "Dragonfly Doji",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLENGULFING.R b/R/ta_CDLENGULFING.R
index ee0b47adc..e90405b70 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLENGULFING.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLENGULFING.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ engulfing.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- engulfing.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ engulfing.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Two Crows"
+		pattern_name = "Engulfing",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLEVENINGDOJISTAR.R b/R/ta_CDLEVENINGDOJISTAR.R
index 9db7e8f20..5c2543a6c 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLEVENINGDOJISTAR.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLEVENINGDOJISTAR.R
@@ -150,10 +150,16 @@ evening_doji_star.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- evening_doji_star.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -161,7 +167,8 @@ evening_doji_star.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Evening Doji Star"
+		pattern_name = "Evening Doji Star",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLGAPSIDESIDEWHITE.R b/R/ta_CDLGAPSIDESIDEWHITE.R
index b6d9b50b3..5c47e46d6 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLGAPSIDESIDEWHITE.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLGAPSIDESIDEWHITE.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ gaps_side_white.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- gaps_side_white.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ gaps_side_white.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Gaps-side White"
+		pattern_name = "Gap-side White",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLGRAVESTONEDOJI.R b/R/ta_CDLGRAVESTONEDOJI.R
index a13c7c592..707f0db3e 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLGRAVESTONEDOJI.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLGRAVESTONEDOJI.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ gravestone_doji.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- gravestone_doji.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ gravestone_doji.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Gravestone Doji"
+		pattern_name = "Gravestone Doji",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLHAMMER.R b/R/ta_CDLHAMMER.R
index 5b36e1251..f2277e706 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLHAMMER.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLHAMMER.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ hammer.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- hammer.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ hammer.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Hammer"
+		pattern_name = "Hammer",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLHANGINGMAN.R b/R/ta_CDLHANGINGMAN.R
index e405f8e27..e1931a7fc 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLHANGINGMAN.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLHANGINGMAN.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ hanging_man.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- hanging_man.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ hanging_man.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Hanging Man"
+		pattern_name = "Hanging Man",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CDLHARAMI.R b/R/ta_CDLHARAMI.R
index de5183daf..d8ad96f61 100644
--- a/R/ta_CDLHARAMI.R
+++ b/R/ta_CDLHARAMI.R
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@ harami.plotly <- function(
 	## indicators
 	.indicator <- harami.default(
 		x = OHLC,
-		cols = ~ open + high + low + close
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(OHLC)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		OHLC
+	)
 
 	## chart patterns
 	.plotting_environment$main <- pattern(
@@ -156,7 +162,8 @@ harami.plotly <- function(
 		x = .indicator,
 		high = OHLC[[2]],
 		low = OHLC[[3]],
-		pattern_name = "Harami"
+		pattern_name = "Harami",
+		agnostic = FALSE
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$main
diff --git a/R/ta_CMO.R b/R/ta_CMO.R
index cfd7d95aa..669ac3201 100644
--- a/R/ta_CMO.R
+++ b/R/ta_CMO.R
@@ -157,10 +157,14 @@ chande_momentum_oscillator.plotly <- function(
 	x,
 	cols,
 	n = 10,
+	upper = 50,
+	lower = -50,
+	alpha = 0.7,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from {plotly}-object
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for the chande momentum
+	## indicator
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -170,56 +174,60 @@ chande_momentum_oscillator.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## construct indicator
-	## NOTE: NextMethod might be risky
-	##       here
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(
-		.Call(
-			"impl_ta_CMO",
-			x[[1]],
-			as.integer(n)
-		)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- chande_momentum_oscillator.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
 	)
 
-	colnames(.indicator) <- "CMO"
-
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	## construct plot with ribbons
 	## on upper and lower limits
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~CMO,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
 		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_ribbons(
-		output,
-		x = ~idx,
-		ymin = rep(-50, nrow(.indicator)),
-		ymax = rep(50, nrow(.indicator)),
-		line = list(width = 0),
-		fillcolor = plotly::toRGB(
-			x = "lightgray",
-			alpha = 0.2
-		)
+	plotly_object <- add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object = plotly_object,
+		data = .indicator,
+		x = ~ 1:nrow(.indicator),
+		ymin = rep(lower, nrow(.indicator)),
+		ymax = rep(upper, nrow(.indicator)),
+		alpha = alpha,
+		color = "lightgray",
+		showlegend = FALSE,
+		legendgroup = "cmo_area",
+		name = "cmo_area",
+		dash = "dot"
 	)
 
-	output <- add_title(
-		x = output,
-		text = sprintf(
-			"Chande Momentum Indicator (%d)",
-			n
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = sprintf(
+				"Chande Momentum Indicator (%d)",
+				n
+			)
 		)
-	)
+	}
 
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_DEMA.R b/R/ta_DEMA.R
index 1d1c1ceeb..645adf678 100644
--- a/R/ta_DEMA.R
+++ b/R/ta_DEMA.R
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ DEMA.default <- function(
 
 	colnames(x) <- paste0("dema_", colnames(x))
 
-	x
+	as.data.frame(x)
 }
 
 #' @rdname DEMA
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ DEMA.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for DEMA
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -165,9 +165,21 @@ DEMA.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- DEMA.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)
+		),
+		n = 10
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@ DEMA.plotly <- function(
 				.plotting_environment$main,
 				data = .indicator,
 				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
+				y = ~ .indicator[[j]],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
 				name = sprintf("DEMA(%d)", n),
diff --git a/R/ta_EMA.R b/R/ta_EMA.R
index bbd228407..c906e687a 100644
--- a/R/ta_EMA.R
+++ b/R/ta_EMA.R
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ EMA.default <- function(
 
 	colnames(x) <- paste0("ema_", colnames(x))
 
-	x
+	as.data.frame(x)
 }
 
 #' @rdname EMA
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ EMA.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for EMA
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -164,9 +164,21 @@ EMA.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- EMA.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
@@ -175,7 +187,7 @@ EMA.plotly <- function(
 				.plotting_environment$main,
 				data = .indicator,
 				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
+				y = .indicator[[j]],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
 				name = sprintf("EMA(%d)", n),
diff --git a/R/ta_HT_DCPERIOD.R b/R/ta_HT_DCPERIOD.R
index 437a84a18..3c9628c25 100644
--- a/R/ta_HT_DCPERIOD.R
+++ b/R/ta_HT_DCPERIOD.R
@@ -160,22 +160,38 @@ ht_dcperiod.plotly <- function(
 	##
 	.indicator <- ht_dcperiod.default(
 		x = x,
-		cols = cols
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## construct plotly object
+	## as lines + markers
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		name = "Dominant Cycle Period",
-		x = ~idx,
-		y = ~dominant_cycle_period
+		y = ~dominant_cycle_period,
+		type = "scatter",
+		mode = "lines+markers",
+		name = "DC Period"
 	)
 
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Dominant Cycle Period"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_HT_DCPHASE.R b/R/ta_HT_DCPHASE.R
index 21cfd6a84..0307d4eee 100644
--- a/R/ta_HT_DCPHASE.R
+++ b/R/ta_HT_DCPHASE.R
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ ht_dc_phase.plotly <- function(
 	cols,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for DC phase
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -156,26 +156,42 @@ ht_dc_phase.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## construct indicator
-	##
+	## construct DC phase
+	## as data.frame
 	.indicator <- ht_dc_phase.default(
 		x = x,
-		cols = cols
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## construct indicator
+	## as plotly object
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		name = "Dominant Cycle Phase",
-		x = ~idx,
-		y = ~dominant_cycle_phase
+		y = ~dominant_cycle_phase,
+		type = "scatter",
+		mode = "markers",
+		name = "DC Phase"
 	)
 
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Dominant Cycle Phase"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_HT_PHASOR.R b/R/ta_HT_PHASOR.R
index 7dfd6ad98..6d3a4dca4 100644
--- a/R/ta_HT_PHASOR.R
+++ b/R/ta_HT_PHASOR.R
@@ -143,8 +143,9 @@ ht_phasor.plotly <- function(
 	cols,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for phasor
+	## components
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -154,34 +155,52 @@ ht_phasor.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## construct indicator
-	##
+	## construct phasor indicators
+	## as data.frame
 	.indicator <- ht_phasor.default(
 		x = x,
-		cols = cols
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## construct plotly
+	## object
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		name = "Phasor Components",
-		x = ~idx,
-		y = ~inphase
+		y = ~inphase,
+		type = "scatter",
+		mode = "lines",
+		name = "Inphase",
+		legendgroup = "phasor_components"
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_lines(
-		output,
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_lines(
+		p = plotly_object,
+		data = .indicator,
 		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~quadrature,
-		data = .indicator,
-		inherit = FALSE
+		name = "Quadrature",
+		legendgroup = "phasor_components"
 	)
 
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Phasor Components"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_HT_SINE.R b/R/ta_HT_SINE.R
index ff7ac7a0c..c1305a522 100644
--- a/R/ta_HT_SINE.R
+++ b/R/ta_HT_SINE.R
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ ht_sine_wave.plotly <- function(
 	cols,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## seris for sine wave
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -155,35 +155,52 @@ ht_sine_wave.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## construct indicator
-	##
+	## construct sine wave
+	## as data.frame
 	.indicator <- ht_sine_wave.default(
 		x = x,
-		cols = cols,
-		...
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## construct plotly
+	## object
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		name = "Sine Wave",
-		x = ~idx,
-		y = ~sine
+		y = ~sine,
+		type = "scatter",
+		mode = "lines",
+		name = "Sine",
+		legendgroup = "sinewave"
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_lines(
-		p = output,
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_lines(
+		p = plotly_object,
 		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~leadsine,
 		data = .indicator,
-		inherit = FALSE
+		name = "Lead Sine",
+		legendgroup = "sinewave"
 	)
 
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Sine Wave"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_HT_TRENDLINE.R b/R/ta_HT_TRENDLINE.R
index d27982db4..e1c550c06 100644
--- a/R/ta_HT_TRENDLINE.R
+++ b/R/ta_HT_TRENDLINE.R
@@ -146,8 +146,8 @@ ht_trendline.plotly <- function(
 	cols,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate series
+	## for the trendline
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -157,13 +157,22 @@ ht_trendline.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
+	## calculate trendline indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
 	.indicator <- ht_trendline.default(
 		x = x,
-		cols = cols
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		)
+	)
+
+	## add idx conditional
+	## on whether idx is passed
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
 	)
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
 
+	## construct plotly object
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
 			j <- i
@@ -174,7 +183,7 @@ ht_trendline.plotly <- function(
 				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
-				name = sprintf("Trendline"),
+				name = "Trendline",
 				inherit = FALSE
 			)
 		})
diff --git a/R/ta_HT_TRENDMODE.R b/R/ta_HT_TRENDMODE.R
index 942f98f08..a8e8daa6c 100644
--- a/R/ta_HT_TRENDMODE.R
+++ b/R/ta_HT_TRENDMODE.R
@@ -145,44 +145,53 @@ ht_trendmode.plotly <- function(
 	cols,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for the the
+	## trendmode
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
-			formula = ~ open + high + low + close,
-			default = ~ open + high + low + close,
+			formula = cols,
+			default = ~open,
 			...
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
+	## calculate the trendmode
+	## and return as data.frame
 	.indicator <- ht_trendmode.default(
 		x = x,
-		cols = cols
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
-	.indicator$mid_price <- rowMeans(
-		x[, c(2, 4)]
+	## add idx based on the
+	## univariate series
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
 	)
 
-	## locate all trend modes
-	trend_idx <- which(.indicator[[1]] == 1)
-
-	.plotting_environment$main <- plotly::add_trace(
-		.plotting_environment$main,
-		x = ~ idx[trend_idx],
-		y = ~ .indicator$mid_price[trend_idx],
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
+		data = .indicator,
+		y = ~dominant_cycle_period,
 		type = "scatter",
-		mode = "markers",
-		marker = list(
-			symbol = "star",
-			size = 10
-		),
-		name = sprintf("KAMA(%d)", 3),
-		inherit = FALSE
+		mode = "lines",
+		name = "Trendmode",
+		line = list(shape = "hvh")
+	)
+
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Trendmode"
+		)
+	}
+
+	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
+		.plotting_environment$sub,
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	.plotting_environment$main
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_KAMA.R b/R/ta_KAMA.R
index f66e85918..b84825d6a 100644
--- a/R/ta_KAMA.R
+++ b/R/ta_KAMA.R
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ KAMA.default <- function(
 
 	colnames(x) <- paste0("kama_", colnames(x))
 
-	x
+	as.data.frame(x)
 }
 
 #' @rdname KAMA
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ KAMA.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for KAMA
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -164,9 +164,21 @@ KAMA.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- KAMA.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
@@ -175,7 +187,7 @@ KAMA.plotly <- function(
 				.plotting_environment$main,
 				data = .indicator,
 				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
+				y = ~ .indicator[[j]],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
 				name = sprintf("KAMA(%d)", n),
diff --git a/R/ta_MACD.R b/R/ta_MACD.R
index c74db364b..fa7256830 100644
--- a/R/ta_MACD.R
+++ b/R/ta_MACD.R
@@ -261,8 +261,8 @@ moving_average_convergence_divergence.plotly <- function(
 	signal = 9,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for MACD
 	x <- series(
 		x = x,
 		formula = cols,
@@ -270,61 +270,86 @@ moving_average_convergence_divergence.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	)
 
-	## construct indicator
-	##
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
 	.indicator <- moving_average_convergence_divergence.default(
 		x = x,
-		cols = cols,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		),
 		fast = fast,
 		slow = slow,
 		signal = signal
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
+
+	## calculate directions for bull
+	## and bear candles
 	.indicator$direction <- .indicator$signal >= .indicator$macd
 
-	## theme
+	## generate plotly object
+	## of the indicator
 	chart_theme <- .chart_theme()
-	## generate indicator plot
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+
+	## construct plotly object
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		showlegend = FALSE,
-		name = 'MACD',
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~histogram,
 		color = ~direction,
 		colors = c(
 			chart_theme$bull_color,
 			chart_theme$bear_color
 		),
-		type = 'bar'
+		type = 'bar',
+		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_lines(
-		output,
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_lines(
+		plotly_object,
 		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~signal,
 		data = .indicator,
-		inherit = FALSE
+		inherit = FALSE,
+		name = sprintf(
+			fmt = "Signal(%d)",
+			if (is.list(signal)) signal$n else signal
+		)
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_lines(
-		output,
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_lines(
+		plotly_object,
 		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~macd,
 		data = .indicator,
-		inherit = FALSE
+		inherit = FALSE,
+		name = sprintf(
+			fmt = "MACD(%d, %d)",
+			if (is.list(fast)) fast$n else fast,
+			if (is.list(slow)) slow$n else slow
+		)
 	)
 
-	output <- add_title(
-		x = output,
-		text = "MACD"
-	)
+	if (!is.null(.plotting_environment$main)) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = sprintf(
+				fmt = "MACD(%d, %d, %d)",
+				if (is.list(fast)) fast$n else fast,
+				if (is.list(slow)) slow$n else slow,
+				if (is.list(signal)) signal$n else signal
+			)
+		)
+	}
 
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_MAMA.R b/R/ta_MAMA.R
index d6a0e0d21..c3d2f9bef 100644
--- a/R/ta_MAMA.R
+++ b/R/ta_MAMA.R
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ MAMA.default <- function(
 
 	colnames(x) <- paste0("mama_", colnames(x))
 
-	x
+	as.data.frame(x)
 }
 
 #' @rdname MAMA
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ MAMA.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for MAMA
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -164,9 +164,21 @@ MAMA.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- MAMA.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
@@ -175,7 +187,7 @@ MAMA.plotly <- function(
 				.plotting_environment$main,
 				data = .indicator,
 				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
+				y = ~ .indicator[[j]],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
 				name = sprintf("MAMA(%d)", n),
diff --git a/R/ta_MFI.R b/R/ta_MFI.R
index b7cbc3c8e..5793bf915 100644
--- a/R/ta_MFI.R
+++ b/R/ta_MFI.R
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ money_flow_index.plotly <- function(
 	x,
 	cols,
 	n = 10,
+	lower = -20,
+	upper = 80,
 	...
 ) {
 	## prepare series
@@ -131,40 +133,38 @@ money_flow_index.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	)
 
-	## calculate acceleration
-	## bands and return as
+	## calculate money flow index
+	## and return as
 	## data.frame
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(
-		.Call(
-			"impl_ta_MFI",
-			HLCV[[1]],
-			HLCV[[2]],
-			HLCV[[3]],
-			HLCV[[4]],
-			as.integer(n)
-		)
+	.indicator <- money_flow_index.default(
+		x = HLCV,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(HLCV)
+		),
+		n = n
 	)
 
-	colnames(.indicator)[1] <- "MFI"
-
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HLCV
+	)
 
 	## construct plot with ribbons
 	## on upper and lower limits
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~MFI,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
 		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_ribbons(
-		output,
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object,
 		x = ~idx,
-		ymin = rep(-20, nrow(.indicator)),
-		ymax = rep(70, nrow(.indicator)),
+		ymin = rep(lower, nrow(.indicator)),
+		ymax = rep(upper, nrow(.indicator)),
 		line = list(width = 0),
 		fillcolor = plotly::toRGB(
 			x = "lightgray",
@@ -172,18 +172,20 @@ money_flow_index.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	output <- add_title(
-		x = output,
-		text = sprintf(
-			"Money Flow Index (%d)",
-			n
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = sprintf(
+				"Money Flow Index (%d)",
+				n
+			)
 		)
-	)
+	}
 
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_OBV.R b/R/ta_OBV.R
index ccf840b69..1f1f811b5 100644
--- a/R/ta_OBV.R
+++ b/R/ta_OBV.R
@@ -128,42 +128,44 @@ on_balance_volume.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	)
 
-	## calculate acceleration
-	## bands and return as
-	## data.frame
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(
-		.Call(
-			"impl_ta_OBV",
-			CV[[1]],
-			CV[[2]]
-		)
+	## calculate on balance volume
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- on_balance_volume.default(
+		x = CV,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(CV)
+		),
+		n = n
 	)
 
-	colnames(.indicator)[1] <- "OBV"
-
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		CV
+	)
 
-	## Create
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## construct plot
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~OBV,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
-		# line = list(color = ad_col),
 		name = "On-Balance Volume",
 		legendgroup = "obv",
 		showlegend = TRUE
 	)
 
-	output <- add_title(
-		x = output,
-		text = "On-Balance Volume (OBV)"
-	)
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "On-Balance Volume (OBV)"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_RSI.R b/R/ta_RSI.R
index 8b2826a9d..9fbb4e302 100644
--- a/R/ta_RSI.R
+++ b/R/ta_RSI.R
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ relative_strength_index.default <- function(
 			paste0(
 				"'cols' has to be length 1. ",
 				"Got length ",
-				length(all.vars(cols))
+				length(all.vars(cols)),
+				paste(all.vars(cols), collapse = " and ")
 			)
 		)
 	}
@@ -143,10 +144,12 @@ relative_strength_index.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	lower_band = 20,
 	upper_band = 80,
+	color = "lightgray",
+	alpha = 0.2,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate series
+	## for RSI
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -156,31 +159,50 @@ relative_strength_index.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- relative_strength_index.default(
+		x = x,
+		## pass the column
+		## based on 'x'
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
 
-	rsi_plot <- plotly::plot_ly(
-		.indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
+
+	## generate plotly object
+	## of the indicator
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
+		data = .indicator,
 		y = ~RSI,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
 		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
-	rsi_plot <- plotly::add_ribbons(
-		rsi_plot,
+
+	plotly_object <- plotly::add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object,
 		x = ~idx,
 		ymin = rep(lower_band, nrow(.indicator)),
 		ymax = rep(upper_band, nrow(.indicator)),
 		line = list(width = 0),
-		fillcolor = "rgba(160,160,160,0.20)"
+		fillcolor = plotly::toRGB(
+			x = color,
+			alpha = alpha
+		)
 	)
 
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(rsi_plot)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	rsi_plot
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_SMA.R b/R/ta_SMA.R
index eae9a9968..9723ce37e 100644
--- a/R/ta_SMA.R
+++ b/R/ta_SMA.R
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ SMA.default <- function(
 
 	colnames(x) <- paste0("sma_", colnames(x))
 
-	x
+	as.data.frame(x)
 }
 
 #' @rdname SMA
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ SMA.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for SMA
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -156,9 +156,21 @@ SMA.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- SMA.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
@@ -167,7 +179,7 @@ SMA.plotly <- function(
 				.plotting_environment$main,
 				data = .indicator,
 				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
+				y = ~ .indicator[[j]],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
 				name = sprintf("SMA(%d)", n),
diff --git a/R/ta_STOCH.R b/R/ta_STOCH.R
index fbf4fdcc8..5ee4bdc46 100644
--- a/R/ta_STOCH.R
+++ b/R/ta_STOCH.R
@@ -135,15 +135,14 @@ stochastic.plotly <- function(
 	fastk = 5,
 	slowk = SMA(n = 10),
 	slowd = SMA(n = 8),
+	lower = 20,
+	upper = 80,
+	color = "lightgray",
+	alpha = 0.7,
 	...
 ) {
-	# slowk <- map_maType_call(substitute(slowk))
-	# slowd <- map_maType_call(substitute(slowd))
-	# slowk <- substitute(slowk)
-	# slowd <- substitute(slowd)
-	# slowk <- map_maType_call(slowk)
-	# slowd <- map_maType_call(slowd)
 	## construct HLC series
+	## for stochastic
 	HLC <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -153,52 +152,62 @@ stochastic.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(
-		.Call(
-			"impl_ta_STOCH",
-			HLC[[1]],
-			HLC[[2]],
-			HLC[[3]],
-			as.integer(fastk),
-			as.integer(slowk$n),
-			as.integer(slowk$maType),
-			as.integer(slowd$n),
-			as.integer(slowd$maType)
-		)
+	## calculate stochastic
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- stochastic.default(
+		x = HLC,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(HLC)
+		),
+		fastk = fastk,
+		slowk = slowk,
+		slowd = slowd
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HLC
+	)
 
-	## Create
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## generate plotly object
+	## of the indicator
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~slowk,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
-		# line = list(color = ad_col),
-		name = "Stochastic %K",
-		legendgroup = "stochastic",
+		name = "Stocastic %K",
+		legendgroup = "STOCH",
 		showlegend = TRUE
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_lines(
-		output,
+	plotly_object <- add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object = plotly_object,
+		data = .indicator,
 		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~slowd,
-		name = "Stochastic %D",
-		legendgroup = "stochastic",
-		showlegend = TRUE
+		ymin = rep(lower, nrow(.indicator)),
+		ymax = rep(upper, nrow(.indicator)),
+		color = color,
+		alpha = alpha,
+		showlegend = TRUE,
+		dash = c("solid", "dot", "dot"),
+		name = c("Stochastic %D", "Lower", "Upper"),
+		legendgroup = "STOCH"
 	)
 
-	output <- add_title(
-		x = output,
-		text = "Stochastic"
-	)
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Stochastic"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_STOCHF.R b/R/ta_STOCHF.R
index 9d01bb270..96a8c44ca 100644
--- a/R/ta_STOCHF.R
+++ b/R/ta_STOCHF.R
@@ -128,11 +128,18 @@ fast_stochastic.plotly <- function(
 	cols,
 	fast_k = 5,
 	fast_d_MAtype = SMA(n = 10),
+	lower = 20,
+	upper = 80,
+	color = "lightgray",
+	alpha = 0.7,
 	...
 ) {
+	## input arguments
 	slowk_ma <- fast_d_MAtype
 
-	## construct HLC series
+	## prepare HLC
+	## series for stochastic
+	## relative strength index
 	HLC <- as.data.frame(series(
 		x = x,
 		formula = cols,
@@ -140,49 +147,61 @@ fast_stochastic.plotly <- function(
 		...
 	))
 
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(
-		.Call(
-			"impl_ta_STOCHF",
-			HLC[[1]],
-			HLC[[2]],
-			HLC[[3]],
-			as.integer(fast_k),
-			as.integer(slowk_ma$n),
-			as.integer(slowk_ma$maType)
-		)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- fast_stochastic.default(
+		x = HLC,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(HLC)
+		),
+		fast_k = fast_k,
+		fast_d_MAtype = fast_d_MAtype
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HLC
+	)
 
-	## Create
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## generate plotly object
+	## of the indicator
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~fastk,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
-		# line = list(color = ad_col),
 		name = "Stochastic %K (Fast)",
 		legendgroup = "stochastic_fast",
 		showlegend = FALSE
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_lines(
-		output,
+	plotly_object <- add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object = plotly_object,
+		data = .indicator,
 		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~fastd,
+		ymin = rep(lower, nrow(.indicator)),
+		ymax = rep(upper, nrow(.indicator)),
+		color = color,
+		alpha = alpha,
+		dash = c("solid", "dot", "dot"),
 		legendgroup = "stochastic_fast",
-		name = "Stochastic %D (Fast)"
+		name = c("Stochastic %D (Fast)", "Lower", "Upper"),
+		showlegend = TRUE
 	)
 
-	output <- add_title(
-		x = output,
-		text = "Fast Stochastic"
-	)
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Fast Stochastic"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_STOCHRSI.R b/R/ta_STOCHRSI.R
index be8eed63b..8d65e336b 100644
--- a/R/ta_STOCHRSI.R
+++ b/R/ta_STOCHRSI.R
@@ -157,13 +157,18 @@ stochastic_relative_strength_index.plotly <- function(
 	n_rsi = 10,
 	fast_k = 5,
 	fast_d_MAtype = SMA(n = 10),
+	lower = 20,
+	upper = 80,
+	color = "lightgray",
+	alpha = 0.7,
 	...
 ) {
 	## input arguments
 	fast_d_MAtype <- fast_d_MAtype
 
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for stochastic
+	## relative strength index
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -173,22 +178,29 @@ stochastic_relative_strength_index.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
 	.indicator <- stochastic_relative_strength_index.default(
 		x = x,
-		cols = cols,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(x)
+		),
 		n = n,
 		n_rsi = n_rsi,
 		fast_k = fast_k,
 		fast_d_MAtype = fast_d_MAtype
 	)
 
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
-	# plot
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	## generate plotly object
+	## of the indicator
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~fastk,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
@@ -197,24 +209,32 @@ stochastic_relative_strength_index.plotly <- function(
 		showlegend = TRUE
 	)
 
-	output <- plotly::add_lines(
-		output,
+	plotly_object <- add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object = plotly_object,
+		data = .indicator,
 		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~fastd,
-		name = "StochRSI %D",
-		legendgroup = "stochrsi",
-		showlegend = TRUE
+		ymin = rep(lower, nrow(.indicator)),
+		ymax = rep(upper, nrow(.indicator)),
+		color = color,
+		alpha = alpha,
+		showlegend = TRUE,
+		dash = c("solid", "dot", "dot"),
+		name = c("StochRSI %D", "Lower", "Upper"),
+		legendgroup = "stochrsi"
 	)
 
-	output <- add_title(
-		x = output,
-		text = "StochRSI"
-	)
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "StochRSI"
+		)
+	}
 
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_T3.R b/R/ta_T3.R
index 43714a729..a478466e3 100644
--- a/R/ta_T3.R
+++ b/R/ta_T3.R
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ T3.default <- function(
 
 	colnames(x) <- paste0("T3_", colnames(x))
 
-	x
+	as.data.frame(x)
 }
 
 #' @rdname T3
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ T3.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for T3
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -164,9 +164,21 @@ T3.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- T3.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
@@ -175,7 +187,7 @@ T3.plotly <- function(
 				.plotting_environment$main,
 				data = .indicator,
 				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
+				y = ~ .indicator[[j]],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
 				name = sprintf("T3(%d)", n),
diff --git a/R/ta_TEMA.R b/R/ta_TEMA.R
index 88d4e1352..b63542f87 100644
--- a/R/ta_TEMA.R
+++ b/R/ta_TEMA.R
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ TEMA.default <- function(
 
 	colnames(x) <- paste0("tema_", colnames(x))
 
-	x
+	as.data.frame(x)
 }
 
 #' @rdname TEMA
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ TEMA.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for TEMA
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -164,9 +164,21 @@ TEMA.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- TEMA.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
@@ -175,7 +187,7 @@ TEMA.plotly <- function(
 				.plotting_environment$main,
 				data = .indicator,
 				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
+				y = ~ .indicator[[j]],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
 				name = sprintf("TEMA(%d)", n),
diff --git a/R/ta_TRIMA.R b/R/ta_TRIMA.R
index 1c5dd371a..7b8d03b18 100644
--- a/R/ta_TRIMA.R
+++ b/R/ta_TRIMA.R
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ TRIMA.default <- function(
 
 	colnames(x) <- paste0("trima_", colnames(x))
 
-	x
+	as.data.frame(x)
 }
 
 #' @rdname TRIMA
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ TRIMA.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for TRIMA
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -164,9 +164,21 @@ TRIMA.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- TRIMA.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
@@ -175,7 +187,7 @@ TRIMA.plotly <- function(
 				.plotting_environment$main,
 				data = .indicator,
 				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
+				y = ~ .indicator[[j]],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
 				name = sprintf("TRIMA(%d)", n),
diff --git a/R/ta_ULTOSC.R b/R/ta_ULTOSC.R
index eeeb93d29..bec46d420 100644
--- a/R/ta_ULTOSC.R
+++ b/R/ta_ULTOSC.R
@@ -109,11 +109,16 @@ ultimate_oscillator.plotly <- function(
 	x,
 	cols,
 	n = c(7, 14, 28),
+	lower = 30,
+	upper = 70,
+	color = "lightgray",
+	alpha = 0.7,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
-	x <- as.data.frame(
+	## prepare HLC
+	## series for ultimate
+	## oscillator
+	HLC <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
 			formula = cols,
@@ -122,14 +127,25 @@ ultimate_oscillator.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculate indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- ultimate_oscillator.default(
+		x = HLC,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			names(HLC)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		HLC
+	)
 
 	# plot
-	output <- plotly::plot_ly(
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
 		data = .indicator,
-		x = ~idx,
 		y = ~utimate_oscillator,
 		type = "scatter",
 		mode = "lines",
@@ -138,15 +154,31 @@ ultimate_oscillator.plotly <- function(
 		showlegend = TRUE
 	)
 
-	output <- add_title(
-		x = output,
-		text = "Ultimate Oscillator"
+	plotly_object <- add_ribbons(
+		plotly_object = plotly_object,
+		data = .indicator,
+		x = ~idx,
+		ymin = rep(lower, nrow(.indicator)),
+		ymax = rep(upper, nrow(.indicator)),
+		color = color,
+		alpha = alpha,
+		showlegend = TRUE,
+		dash = c("dot", "dot"),
+		name = c("Lower", "Upper"),
+		legendgroup = "stochrsi"
 	)
 
+	if (main_chart_exists()) {
+		plotly_object <- add_title(
+			x = plotly_object,
+			text = "Ultimate Oscillator"
+		)
+	}
+
 	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
 		.plotting_environment$sub,
-		list(output)
+		list(plotly_object)
 	)
 
-	output
+	plotly_object
 }
diff --git a/R/ta_VOLUME.R b/R/ta_VOLUME.R
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c272eb89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/ta_VOLUME.R
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+#' @export
+#' @family Volume Indicator
+#'
+#' @title Trading Volume
+#'
+#' @templateVar .title Trading Volume
+#' @templateVar .author Serkan Korkmaz
+#' @templateVar .fun trading_volume
+#'
+#' @param ma An optional list of moving average specifications.
+#'
+#' @template description
+trading_volume <- function(
+	x,
+	cols,
+	ma,
+	...
+) {
+	UseMethod(
+		"trading_volume"
+	)
+}
+
+#' @export
+#'
+#' @usage NULL
+#'
+#' @rdname trading_volume
+#' @aliases trading_volume
+volume <- trading_volume
+
+#' @rdname trading_volume
+#' @usage NULL
+#' @export
+trading_volume.default <- function(
+	x,
+	cols,
+	ma,
+	...
+) {
+	## default behaviour is to
+	## check if its a numeric vector
+	##
+	## No coercing here as it might
+	## lead to overflow
+	x <- series(
+		x = cols,
+		default = ~volume,
+		data = x,
+		...
+	)
+
+	## 0) validate input
+	##    and stop the script
+	##    if conditions are not
+	##    met
+	if (!missing(ma)) {
+		xx <- vapply(
+			ma,
+			FUN = function(ma_) {
+				.Call(
+					"impl_ta_MA",
+					x[[1]],
+					ma_$n,
+					ma_$maType
+				)
+			},
+			FUN.VALUE = double(nrow(x)),
+			USE.NAMES = TRUE
+		)
+
+		x <- as.data.frame(
+			cbind(x, xx)
+		)
+	}
+
+	x
+}
+
+#' @rdname trading_volume
+#' @usage NULL
+#' @export
+trading_volume.numeric <- function(
+	x,
+	cols,
+	ma,
+	...
+) {
+	if (!missing(cols)) {
+		warning(
+			"'cols' have been passed but is unused in for vectors"
+		)
+	}
+
+	NextMethod()
+}
+
+
+#' @rdname trading_volume
+#' @usage NULL
+#' @export
+trading_volume.data.frame <- function(
+	x,
+	cols,
+	ma,
+	...
+) {
+	as.data.frame(
+		NextMethod()
+	)
+}
+
+#' @rdname trading_volume
+#' @usage NULL
+#' @export
+trading_volume.matrix <- function(
+	x,
+	cols,
+	ma,
+	...
+) {
+	as.matrix(
+		NextMethod()
+	)
+}
+
+#' @rdname trading_volume
+#' @usage NULL
+#' @export
+trading_volume.plotly <- function(
+	x,
+	cols,
+	ma,
+	...
+) {
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for trading_volume
+	x <- as.data.frame(
+		series(
+			x = x,
+			formula = cols,
+			default = ~ open + close + volume,
+			...
+		)
+	)
+
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- trading_volume.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)[names(x) %in% "volume"]
+		),
+		ma = ma
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
+
+	.indicator$direction <- x$open >= x$close
+
+	## construct chart
+	chart_theme <- .chart_theme()
+
+	plotly_object <- subchart(
+		data = .indicator,
+		y = ~volume,
+		color = ~direction,
+		colors = c(
+			chart_theme$bull_color,
+			chart_theme$bear_color
+		),
+		type = 'bar',
+		showlegend = FALSE
+	)
+
+	## only chart the smoothing lines
+	## if passed
+	if (!missing(ma)) {
+		for (i in 2:(ncol(.indicator) - 2)) {
+			plotly_object <- plotly::add_trace(
+				plotly_object,
+				data = .indicator,
+				x = ~idx,
+				y = .indicator[[i]],
+				type = "scatter",
+				mode = "lines",
+				inherit = FALSE
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	.plotting_environment$sub <- c(
+		.plotting_environment$sub,
+		list(plotly_object)
+	)
+
+	plotly_object
+}
diff --git a/R/ta_WMA.R b/R/ta_WMA.R
index 08875c93c..b440a5664 100644
--- a/R/ta_WMA.R
+++ b/R/ta_WMA.R
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ WMA.default <- function(
 
 	colnames(x) <- paste0("wma_", colnames(x))
 
-	x
+	as.data.frame(x)
 }
 
 #' @rdname WMA
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ WMA.plotly <- function(
 	n = 10,
 	...
 ) {
-	## prepare series
-	## from
+	## prepare univariate
+	## series for WMA
 	x <- as.data.frame(
 		series(
 			x = x,
@@ -164,9 +164,21 @@ WMA.plotly <- function(
 		)
 	)
 
-	## indicator
-	.indicator <- as.data.frame(NextMethod())
-	.indicator$idx <- 1:nrow(.indicator)
+	## calculator indicator
+	## and return as data.frame
+	.indicator <- WMA.default(
+		x = x,
+		cols = rebuild_formula(
+			x = names(x)
+		),
+		n = n
+	)
+
+	## add x-axis conditional on whether
+	## the data have been subsetted or not
+	.indicator$idx <- add_idx(
+		x
+	)
 
 	for (i in 1:ncol(x)) {
 		local({
@@ -175,7 +187,7 @@ WMA.plotly <- function(
 				.plotting_environment$main,
 				data = .indicator,
 				x = ~idx,
-				y = ~ .indicator[, j],
+				y = ~ .indicator[[j]],
 				type = "scatter",
 				mode = "lines",
 				name = sprintf("WMA(%d)", n),
diff --git a/R/utils.R b/R/utils.R
index 9bf1da01b..bc5bbf310 100644
--- a/R/utils.R
+++ b/R/utils.R
@@ -181,3 +181,88 @@ reclass <- function(x, ...) {
 is.formula <- function(x) {
 	inherits(x, "formula")
 }
+
+## extract input name
+input_name <- function(x) {
+	if (is.call(x) && as.character(x[[1L]]) %in% c("::", ":::")) {
+		x <- x[[3L]]
+	}
+	deparse(x)
+}
+
+rebuild_formula <- function(
+	x,
+	exclude = "idx"
+) {
+	if (!is.character(x)) {
+		x <- names(x)
+	}
+	## this function removes
+	## idx and rebuilds the passed
+	## series as formulas
+	idx <- grepl(
+		pattern = exclude,
+		x = x,
+		ignore.case = TRUE
+	)
+
+	stats::reformulate(
+		x[!idx]
+	)
+}
+
+add_idx <- function(x) {
+	## store idx
+	idx <- .plotting_environment$idx$label
+
+	if (!is.null(idx)) {
+		idx[
+			if (is.null(attributes(x)$subset)) {
+				1:nrow(x)
+			} else {
+				attributes(x)$subset
+			}
+		]
+	} else {
+		1:nrow(x)
+	}
+}
+
+to_title <- function(
+	x
+) {
+	## remove underscores
+	## if preset
+	x <- gsub(pattern = "_", replacement = " ", x = x)
+	gsub("\\b(.)", "\\U\\1", tolower(x), perl = TRUE)
+}
+
+
+has_arg <- function(name) {
+	## shamelessly stolen from
+	## {methods}
+	aname <- as.character(substitute(name))
+	fnames <- names(
+		formals(
+			sys.function(sys.parent())
+		)
+	)
+
+	if (is.na(match(aname, fnames))) {
+		if (is.na(match("...", fnames))) {
+			FALSE
+		} else {
+			dotsCall <- eval(quote(substitute(list(...))), sys.parent())
+			!is.na(match(aname, names(dotsCall)))
+		}
+	} else {
+		eval(substitute(!missing(name)), sys.frame(sys.parent()))
+	}
+}
+
+
+## main chart called
+## function
+main_chart_exists <- function() {
+	!is.null(.plotting_environment$main)
+}
diff --git a/README.Rmd b/README.Rmd
index 290bbabe9..c1a03a76e 100644
--- a/README.Rmd
+++ b/README.Rmd
@@ -6,19 +6,20 @@ output: github_document
 
 ```{r setup, include = FALSE}
 # set options
-Sys.setenv(OPENSSL_CONF="/dev/null")
+Sys.setenv(OPENSSL_CONF = "/dev/null")
 
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(
-  collapse = FALSE,
-  comment  = "#>",
-  fig.path = "man/figures/README-",
-  message  = FALSE,
-  warning  = FALSE,
-  echo     = FALSE 
+	collapse  = TRUE,
+	comment   = "#>",
+	fig.path  = "man/figures/README-",
+	fig.dpi   = 120,
+	message   = FALSE,
+	warning   = FALSE,
+	echo      = FALSE
 )
 ```
 
-# {talib}: R bindings for [TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib) <img src="man/figures/logo.png" align="right" height="170" alt="" />
+# {talib}: A Technical Analysis and Candlestick Pattern Library in R <img src="man/figures/logo.png" align="right" height="170" alt="" />
 
 <!-- badges: start -->
 [![R-CMD-check](https://github.com/serkor1/ta-lib-R/actions/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/serkor1/ta-lib-R/actions/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml)
@@ -27,85 +28,100 @@ knitr::opts_chunk$set(
 [![CRAN RStudio mirror downloads](https://cranlogs.r-pkg.org/badges/last-month/talib?color=blue)](https://r-pkg.org/pkg/talib)
 <!-- badges: end -->
 
-[{talib}]() provides high-performance R bindings to the [TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib) C-library for Technical Analysis indicators, Candlestick patterns and interactive charting via [{plotly}]().
+[{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) is an `R`-package for Technical Analysis and algorithmic Candlestick pattern recognition built on the `C` library [TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib). [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) extends [{TTR}](https://github.com/joshuaulrich/TTR) by adding Candlestick pattern recognition to the pool of available indicators, and interactive charts via [{plotly}](https://github.com/plotly/plotly.R).
 
-## Installation
+[TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib) supports 200+ indicators for Technical Analysis and Candlestick Patterns, all of which are available in [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/).
 
-### Stable version
-```{r devel_install, echo = TRUE, eval = FALSE}
-pak::pak("talib")
-```
+## Types of Indicators and Interface
 
-### Development version
+In the core C library functions are named as `TA_INDICATOR()` and `TA_CDLPATTERN()` for indicators and patterns respectively. In the `Python`-wrapper the functions are named `INDICATOR()` and `CDLPATTERN()`---but this `R` package follows the [tidyverse styleguide](https://style.tidyverse.org/) and therefore the naming is inconsistent with the core library and the Python wrapper. See below for an example of the mapping:
 
-The development version can be installed by recursive cloning the repository and using the available build tools as follows:
+<div align="center">
 
-```shell
-git clone --recursive https://github.com/serkor1/ta-lib-R.git
-cd ta-lib-R
-make build
+| Function Group        | TA-Lib (core)        | {talib}                    |
+|:----------------------|:---------------------|:---------------------------|
+| Overlap Studies       |`TA_BBANDS()`         | `bollinger_bands()`        |
+| Momentum Indicators   |`TA_CCI()`            | `commodity_channel_index()`|
+| Volume Indicators     |`TA_OBV()`            | `on_balance_volume()`      |
+| Volatility Indicators | `TA_ATR()`           | `average_true_range()`     |
+| Price Transform       | `TA_AVGPRICE()`      | `average_price()`          |
+| Cycle Indicators      | `TA_HT_SINE()`       | `ht_sine_wave()`           |
+| Pattern Recognition   | `TA_CDLHANGINGMAN()` | `hanging_man()`            |
+
+</div>
+
+However, each function in [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) is aliased so its consistent with the remaining ecosystem. See below:
+
+```{r, echo = TRUE}
+all.equal(
+	target = talib::bollinger_bands(talib::BTC),
+	current = talib::BBANDS(talib::BTC)
+)
 ```
 
-Use `make` to see package-level build-tools.
+The aliases are exported but are not a part of the documentation, but they behave exactly the same as the main functions as demonstrated above.
 
 ## Basic Usage
 
+Below are an example on how to use [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) to calculate an indicator and charting it.
+
 ### Indicators
-This is a basic example which shows you how to solve a common problem:
 
-```{r indicator, echo = TRUE}
+```{r, echo = TRUE}
 ## calculate bollinger
 ## bands
 tail(
-  talib::bollinger_bands(
-    talib::BTC
-  )
+	talib::bollinger_bands(
+		talib::BTC
+	)
 )
 ```
 
 ### Charting
 
-```{r charting, fig.align = 'center', fig.dpi = 180, echo = TRUE}
-library(talib)
-
-## calculate bollinger
-## bands
-x <- talib::BTC
+```{r charting, fig.align='center', echo=TRUE}
 
 {
-  ## chart Bitcoin
-  ## with candlesticks
-  talib::chart(
-    x = x
-  )
-
-  ## add bollinger bands
-  ## to the chart
-  talib::indicator(
-    FUN = talib::SMA,
-    cols = ~ close + open
-  )
-
-  ## add bollinger bands
-  ## to the chart
-  talib::indicator(
-    FUN = talib::bollinger_bands
-  )
-
-  ## add RSI indicator
-  ## to the chart
-  talib::indicator(
-    FUN = talib::relative_strength_index
-  )
-
-  ## add harami indicators
-  ## to the chart
-  talib::indicator(
-    FUN = talib::harami
-  )
+	## main chart
+	talib::chart(
+		talib::BTC,
+		## optional idx-argument
+		## for adding dates to chart
+		idx = rownames(talib::BTC)
+	)
+
+	## add bollinger bands
+	## to chart
+	talib::indicator(
+		talib::bollinger_bands
+	)
 }
+
 ```
 
+## Installation
+
+[TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib) is vendored in [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) via `CMake`, so it is not necessary to have [TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib) pre-installed.[^1]
+
+### Stable version
+```{r devel_install, echo = TRUE, eval = FALSE}
+pak::pak("talib")
+```
+
+### Development version
+
+The development version can be installed by recursive cloning the repository and using the available build tools as follows:
+
+```shell
+git clone --recursive https://github.com/serkor1/ta-lib-R.git
+cd ta-lib-R
+make build
+```
+
+Use `make` to see package-level build-tools.
+
 ## Code of Conduct
   
-Please note that [{talib}]() is released with a [Contributor Code of Conduct](https://contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html). By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.
\ No newline at end of file
+Please note that [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) is released with a [Contributor Code of Conduct](https://contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html). By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.
+
+[^1]: Some systems (Windows in particular) may require you to explicitly install and link `CMake` for [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) to build properly.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 94a8e0fbc..c9dc647c1 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
 <!-- README.md is generated from README.Rmd. Please edit that file -->
 
-# {talib}: R bindings for [TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib) <img src="man/figures/logo.png" align="right" height="170" alt="" />
+# {talib}: A Technical Analysis and Candlestick Pattern Library in R <img src="man/figures/logo.png" align="right" height="170" alt="" />
 
 <!-- badges: start -->
 
@@ -14,103 +14,138 @@ status](https://www.r-pkg.org/badges/version/talib)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/
 downloads](https://cranlogs.r-pkg.org/badges/last-month/talib?color=blue)](https://r-pkg.org/pkg/talib)
 <!-- badges: end -->
 
-[{talib}]() provides high-performance R bindings to the
-[TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib) C-library for Technical
-Analysis indicators, Candlestick patterns and interactive charting via
-[{plotly}]().
-
-## Installation
-
-### Stable version
+[{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) is an `R`-package for
+Technical Analysis and algorithmic Candlestick pattern recognition built
+on the `C` library [TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib).
+[{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) extends
+[{TTR}](https://github.com/joshuaulrich/TTR) by adding Candlestick
+pattern recognition to the pool of available indicators, and interactive
+charts via [{plotly}](https://github.com/plotly/plotly.R).
+
+[TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib) supports 200+ indicators for
+Technical Analysis and Candlestick Patterns, all of which are available
+in [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/).
+
+## Types of Indicators and Interface
+
+In the core C library functions are named as `TA_INDICATOR()` and
+`TA_CDLPATTERN()` for indicators and patterns respectively. In the
+`Python`-wrapper the functions are named `INDICATOR()` and
+`CDLPATTERN()`—but this `R` package follows the [tidyverse
+styleguide](https://style.tidyverse.org/) and therefore the naming is
+inconsistent with the core library and the Python wrapper. See below for
+an example of the mapping:
+
+<div align="center">
+
+| Function Group        | TA-Lib (core)        | {talib}                     |
+|:----------------------|:---------------------|:----------------------------|
+| Overlap Studies       | `TA_BBANDS()`        | `bollinger_bands()`         |
+| Momentum Indicators   | `TA_CCI()`           | `commodity_channel_index()` |
+| Volume Indicators     | `TA_OBV()`           | `on_balance_volume()`       |
+| Volatility Indicators | `TA_ATR()`           | `average_true_range()`      |
+| Price Transform       | `TA_AVGPRICE()`      | `average_price()`           |
+| Cycle Indicators      | `TA_HT_SINE()`       | `ht_sine_wave()`            |
+| Pattern Recognition   | `TA_CDLHANGINGMAN()` | `hanging_man()`             |
+
+</div>
+
+However, each function in [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/)
+is aliased so its consistent with the remaining ecosystem. See below:
 
 ``` r
-pak::pak("talib")
-```
-
-### Development version
-
-The development version can be installed by recursive cloning the
-repository and using the available build tools as follows:
-
-``` shell
-git clone --recursive https://github.com/serkor1/ta-lib-R.git
-cd ta-lib-R
-make build
+all.equal(
+    target = talib::bollinger_bands(talib::BTC),
+    current = talib::BBANDS(talib::BTC)
+)
+#> [1] TRUE
 ```
 
-Use `make` to see package-level build-tools.
+The aliases are exported but are not a part of the documentation, but
+they behave exactly the same as the main functions as demonstrated
+above.
 
 ## Basic Usage
 
-### Indicators
+Below are an example on how to use
+[{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) to calculate an indicator
+and charting it.
 
-This is a basic example which shows you how to solve a common problem:
+### Indicators
 
 ``` r
 ## calculate bollinger
 ## bands
 tail(
-  talib::bollinger_bands(
-    talib::BTC
-  )
+    talib::bollinger_bands(
+        talib::BTC
+    )
 )
+#>         upper   middle    lower
+#> 361 106812.14 99260.81 91709.48
+#> 362 104471.11 98218.27 91965.44
+#> 363 100874.66 97021.36 93168.05
+#> 364  99891.29 96519.09 93146.89
+#> 365  99875.94 96136.93 92397.91
+#> 366  99720.50 95622.57 91524.65
 ```
 
-    #>         upper   middle    lower
-    #> 361 106812.14 99260.81 91709.48
-    #> 362 104471.11 98218.27 91965.44
-    #> 363 100874.66 97021.36 93168.05
-    #> 364  99891.29 96519.09 93146.89
-    #> 365  99875.94 96136.93 92397.91
-    #> 366  99720.50 95622.57 91524.65
-
 ### Charting
 
 ``` r
-library(talib)
-
-## calculate bollinger
-## bands
-x <- talib::BTC
 
 {
-  ## chart Bitcoin
-  ## with candlesticks
-  talib::chart(
-    x = x
-  )
-
-  ## add bollinger bands
-  ## to the chart
-  talib::indicator(
-    FUN = talib::SMA,
-    cols = ~ close + open
-  )
-
-  ## add bollinger bands
-  ## to the chart
-  talib::indicator(
-    FUN = talib::bollinger_bands
-  )
-
-  ## add RSI indicator
-  ## to the chart
-  talib::indicator(
-    FUN = talib::relative_strength_index
-  )
-
-  ## add harami indicators
-  ## to the chart
-  talib::indicator(
-    FUN = talib::harami
-  )
+    ## main chart
+    talib::chart(
+        talib::BTC,
+        ## optional idx-argument
+        ## for adding dates to chart
+        idx = rownames(talib::BTC)
+    )
+
+    ## add bollinger bands
+    ## to chart
+    talib::indicator(
+        talib::bollinger_bands
+    )
 }
 ```
 
 <img src="man/figures/README-charting-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
+## Installation
+
+[TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib) is vendored in
+[{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) via `CMake`, so it is not
+necessary to have [TA-Lib](https://github.com/TA-Lib/ta-lib)
+pre-installed.[^1]
+
+### Stable version
+
+``` r
+pak::pak("talib")
+```
+
+### Development version
+
+The development version can be installed by recursive cloning the
+repository and using the available build tools as follows:
+
+``` shell
+git clone --recursive https://github.com/serkor1/ta-lib-R.git
+cd ta-lib-R
+make build
+```
+
+Use `make` to see package-level build-tools.
+
 ## Code of Conduct
 
-Please note that [{talib}]() is released with a [Contributor Code of
+Please note that [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) is
+released with a [Contributor Code of
 Conduct](https://contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html).
 By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.
+
+[^1]: Some systems (Windows in particular) may require you to explicitly
+    install and link `CMake` for
+    [{talib}](https://serkor1.github.io/ta-lib-R/) to build properly.
diff --git a/man/chaikin_AD_line.Rd b/man/chaikin_AD_line.Rd
index 26e94e7b5..dceacc987 100644
--- a/man/chaikin_AD_line.Rd
+++ b/man/chaikin_AD_line.Rd
@@ -62,7 +62,8 @@ utils::tail(output)
 \seealso{
 Other Volume Indicator: 
 \code{\link{chaikin_AD_oscillator}()},
-\code{\link{on_balance_volume}()}
+\code{\link{on_balance_volume}()},
+\code{\link{trading_volume}()}
 }
 \author{
 Serkan Korkmaz
diff --git a/man/chaikin_AD_oscillator.Rd b/man/chaikin_AD_oscillator.Rd
index 816cc45bc..9fa7e6129 100644
--- a/man/chaikin_AD_oscillator.Rd
+++ b/man/chaikin_AD_oscillator.Rd
@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ utils::tail(output)
 \seealso{
 Other Volume Indicator: 
 \code{\link{chaikin_AD_line}()},
-\code{\link{on_balance_volume}()}
+\code{\link{on_balance_volume}()},
+\code{\link{trading_volume}()}
 }
 \author{
 Serkan Korkmaz
diff --git a/man/chart.Rd b/man/chart.Rd
index 461c5672e..181c7ab9b 100644
--- a/man/chart.Rd
+++ b/man/chart.Rd
@@ -4,13 +4,17 @@
 \alias{chart}
 \title{Chart}
 \usage{
-chart(x, type = "candlestick", ...)
+chart(x, type = "candlestick", idx = NULL, title, ...)
 }
 \arguments{
 \item{x}{An OHLC object to be charted.}
 
 \item{type}{A \link{character} of \link{length} 1. Either \code{candlestick} or \code{ohlc}.}
 
+\item{idx}{A \link{vector} with the same \link{length} of \code{x}. If passed it will replace the x-axis labels. See \code{vignette("charting")} for more details.}
+
+\item{title}{An optional \link{character} vector of \link{length} 1.}
+
 \item{...}{Parameters passed into \link[plotly:plot_ly]{plotly::plot_ly}}
 }
 \description{
diff --git a/man/figures/README-charting-1.png b/man/figures/README-charting-1.png
index 92dee688f..a8b21d835 100644
Binary files a/man/figures/README-charting-1.png and b/man/figures/README-charting-1.png differ
diff --git a/man/figures/README-unnamed-chunk-3-1.png b/man/figures/README-unnamed-chunk-3-1.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bcf777dd0
Binary files /dev/null and b/man/figures/README-unnamed-chunk-3-1.png differ
diff --git a/man/on_balance_volume.Rd b/man/on_balance_volume.Rd
index 3c6b7e140..db9fcac69 100644
--- a/man/on_balance_volume.Rd
+++ b/man/on_balance_volume.Rd
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ utils::tail(output)
 \seealso{
 Other Volume Indicator: 
 \code{\link{chaikin_AD_line}()},
-\code{\link{chaikin_AD_oscillator}()}
+\code{\link{chaikin_AD_oscillator}()},
+\code{\link{trading_volume}()}
 }
 \author{
 Serkan Korkmaz
diff --git a/man/subchart.Rd b/man/subchart.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51db8b0fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/subchart.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/chart_elements.R
+\name{subchart}
+\alias{subchart}
+\title{subchart}
+\usage{
+subchart(data, ...)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{data}{\link{data.frame}}
+
+\item{...}{arguments passed onto \link[plotly:plot_ly]{plotly::plot_ly}}
+}
+\description{
+subchart
+}
+\details{
+A helper function for creating subcharts with prespecified
+xaxis and x values
+}
+\keyword{internal}
diff --git a/man/trading_volume.Rd b/man/trading_volume.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e42e39b1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/trading_volume.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/ta_VOLUME.R
+\name{trading_volume}
+\alias{trading_volume}
+\alias{volume}
+\alias{trading_volume.default}
+\alias{trading_volume.numeric}
+\alias{trading_volume.data.frame}
+\alias{trading_volume.matrix}
+\alias{trading_volume.plotly}
+\title{Trading Volume}
+\usage{
+trading_volume(x, cols, ma, ...)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{x}{An OHLC-V series that is coercible to \link{data.frame}. The function assumes that all columns are named in lowercase and order invariant.}
+
+\item{cols}{An optional \link{formula} passed into \link{model.frame}. If passed into indicators based on univariate series, the function calculates indicators for each element in 'cols'. For indicators based on multivariate series, it will alter the calculation itself. See \code{vignette("talib")} for more details.}
+
+\item{ma}{An optional list of moving average specifications.}
+
+\item{...}{Additional parameters passed into \link{model.frame}}
+}
+\description{
+The \code{trading_volume()} is a generic S3 function that builds upon 'type-safe'-esque workflows limited to classes in in base \code{R}, and the package-wide
+dependencies. Ie. \link{class} in, \link{class} out. Each method is a soft wrapper of \link{model.frame} and therefore the OHLC-V series must be coercible to a \link{data.frame}.
+This rule does not transfer to indicators that uses univariate series, unless passed as a 1-column \link{data.frame} or \link{matrix}. In such cases, if univariate series
+is passed as a \link{vector} the function calculates the indicator 'as is', and returns a \link{data.frame} if the indicator itself is also a univariate series.
+
+The indicator, by default, follows its mathematical definition. However, the \code{cols} argument allows for simple rearrangement of the definition by passing relevant
+columns in a custom order. Refer to the details-section for more on the calculation of the indicators.
+}
+\examples{
+## load Bitcoin (BTC)
+## series
+data(BTC, package = "talib")
+
+## calculate the indicator
+## for Bitcoin (BTC)
+output <- talib::trading_volume(BTC)
+
+## display the results
+utils::tail(output)
+
+## visualize the indicator
+## with candlesticks
+##
+## see ?talib::chart or ?talib::indicator
+## for more details
+{
+ ## chart OHLC-V
+ ## series with candlesticks
+ talib::chart(BTC)
+
+ ## chart indicator
+ ## with default values
+ talib::indicator(
+     talib::trading_volume
+ )
+}
+}
+\seealso{
+Other Volume Indicator: 
+\code{\link{chaikin_AD_line}()},
+\code{\link{chaikin_AD_oscillator}()},
+\code{\link{on_balance_volume}()}
+}
+\author{
+Serkan Korkmaz
+}
+\concept{Volume Indicator}
+\concept{algorithmic trading}
+\concept{finance}
+\concept{technical analysis}
+\concept{trading}
diff --git a/vignettes/charting.Rmd b/vignettes/charting.Rmd
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9ca7363e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vignettes/charting.Rmd
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+---
+title: "Interactive Financial Charts"
+output: rmarkdown::html_vignette
+vignette: >
+  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Interactive Financial Charts}
+  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
+  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
+author: Serkan Korkmaz
+---
+
+```{r, include = FALSE}
+knitr::opts_chunk$set(
+  collapse      = TRUE,
+  comment       = "#>",
+  out.width     = "100%",
+  out.height    = "680",
+  fig.align     = "center"
+)
+```
+
+## Price Charts
+
+### Candlestick Chart
+
+```{r}
+talib::chart(
+  x = talib::NVDA,
+  type = "candlestick"
+)
+```
+
+### OHLC Chart
+```{r}
+talib::chart(
+  x = talib::BTC,
+  type = "ohlc"
+)
+```
+
+By default the `chart`-function inherits name of the argument `x` as the title. This can be modified via the `title`-argument.
+
+```{r}
+talib::chart(
+  x = talib::BTC,
+  type = "ohlc",
+  title = "SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust"
+)
+```
+
+## Charting indicators
+
+The various indicators can be added to the price chart---or charted seperately---with the `indicator`-function. The `indicator`-function will attach itself to the last chart.
+
+```{r}
+talib::indicator(
+    FUN = talib::MACD
+)
+```
+
+If you have already called the `chart`-function, and want to plot the indicator seperately you will have to clear the existing chart---this is done by calling `talib::chart()` without any arguments. The indicator can now be re-charted using the `indicator`-function.
+
+```{r}
+{
+  ## clear the chart
+  ## by calling talib::chart()
+  ## without any arguments
+  talib::chart()
+
+  ## rechart the indicator
+  ## directly
+  talib::indicator(
+    FUN = talib::MACD,
+    data = talib::BTC
+  )
+}
+```
+
+Notice here that you have to pass a `data` argument via `...` which gets passed downstream to `MACD`.
+
+## Modifying charts
+
+The charts can be globally modified via `options` use `?talib::chart` to see the full range of modifications available for the charting. Below is an example on how to modify the color scheme of the charts.
+
+```{r}
+## modify options
+## to create charts in
+## light and color-deficiency mode
+options(
+  talib.chart.dark = FALSE,
+  talib.chart.deficieny = TRUE
+)
+
+{
+  ## price chart
+  ## with defaults
+  talib::chart(
+    talib::SPY
+  )
+
+  ## add RSI indicator
+  talib::indicator(
+    FUN = talib::RSI
+  )
+
+  ## add Bollinger Bands
+  talib::indicator(
+    FUN = talib::BBANDS
+  )
+  
+}
+```
+
+### Modifying x-axis labels
+
+Internally `chart()` and `indicator()` are working on the range of the the data---ie. `1:nrow(data)`---to easy the process of subsetting and for the efficiency. The x-axis can be labelled with dates from the data via the `idx`-argument.
+
+```{r}
+{
+  talib::chart(
+    x = talib::BTC,
+    idx = rownames(talib::BTC)
+  )
+}
+```
+
+### Charting Subsets
+
+The downstream indicator functions uses `model.frame` as the main function. This is useful in cases where the interest lies in indicators across a specific range without wanting to subset the data itself, or if you want to change indicators over time.
+
+```{r}
+{
+  talib::chart(
+    x = talib::BTC,
+    idx = rownames(talib::BTC)
+  )
+
+  talib::indicator(
+    talib::BBANDS,
+    subset = 1:nrow(talib::BTC) %in% c(50:100)
+  )
+
+  talib::indicator(
+    talib::ACCBANDS,
+    subset = 1:nrow(talib::BTC) %in% c(101:151)
+  )
+}
+```