replaced integer overflow rule with strong typing rule (#234)

* replaced old rule with new rule

* Apply suggestion from @rcseacord

update tags

* changed IDs

* fix: add indentation to fit rst format

* Update types-and-traits.rst

* Update types-and-traits.rst

---------

Co-authored-by: manhatsu <[email protected]>

Author: rcseacord

src/coding-guidelines/types-and-traits.rst

@@ -6,60 +6,131 @@
 Types and Traits
 ================
 
-.. guideline:: Avoid Implicit Integer Wrapping
-   :id: gui_xztNdXA2oFNB
-   :category: required
+.. guideline:: Use strong types to differentiate between logically distinct values
+   :id: gui_xztNdXA2oFNC
+   :category: advisory
    :status: draft
    :release: 1.85.0;1.85.1
    :fls: fls_cokwseo3nnr
-   :decidability: decidable
+   :decidability: undecidable
    :scope: module
-   :tags: numerics
+   :tags: types, safety, understandability
 
-   Code must not rely on Rust's implicit integer wrapping behavior that may occur in release
-   builds. Instead, explicitly handle potential overflows using the standard library's checked,
-   saturating, or wrapping operations.
+   Parameters and variables with logically distinct types must be statically distinguishable by the type system.
 
+   Use a newtype (e.g., ``struct Meters(u32);``) when:
+   
+   * Two or more quantities share the same underlying primitive representation but are logically distinct
+   * Confusing them would constitute a semantic error
+   * You need to improve type safety and encapsulation
+   * You need to enable trait-based behavior
+   * You need to establish new invariants
+   
    .. rationale::
-      :id: rat_kYiIiW8R2qD1
+      :id: rat_kYiIiW8R2qD2
       :status: draft
 
-      In debug builds, Rust performs runtime checks for integer overflow and will panic if detected.
-      However, in release builds (with optimizations enabled), unless the flag `overflow-checks`_ is
-      turned on, integer operations silently wrap around on overflow, creating potential for silent
-      failures and security vulnerabilities. Note that overflow-checks only brings the default panic
-      behavior from debug into release builds, avoiding potential silent wrap arounds. Nonetheless,
-      abrupt program termination is usually not suitable and, therefore, turning this flag on must
-      not be used as a substitute of explicit handling. Furthermore, the behavior in release mode is
-      under consideration by the The Rust Language Design Team and in the future overflow checking
-      may be turned on by default in release builds (it is a `frequently requested change`_).
+      This rule ensures that parameters and variables convey intent directly through the type system to avoid accidental misuse of values with identical primitives but different semantics.
+      In particular:
 
-      .. _overflow-checks: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/src/doc/rustc/src/codegen-options/index.md#overflow-checks
-      .. _frequently requested change: https://lang-team.rust-lang.org/frequently-requested-changes.html#numeric-overflow-checking-should-be-on-by-default-even-in-release-mode
+      * Prevents mixing logically distinct values.
+        Primitive types like ``u32`` or ``u64`` can represent lengths, counters, timestamps, durations, IDs, or other values.
+        Different semantic domains can be confused, leading to incorrect computations.
+        The Rust type system prevents such mistakes when semantics are encoded into distinct types.
+      * Improves static safety.
+        Statically distinct types allow the compiler to enforce domain distinctions.
+        Accidental swapping of parameters or returning the wrong quantity becomes a compile-time error.
+      * Improves readability and discoverability.
+        Intent-revealing names (``Meters``, ``Seconds``, ``UserId``) make code self-documenting.
+        Type signatures become easier to read and understand.
+      * Enables domain-specific trait implementations.
+        Statically distinct types allow you to implement ``Add``, ``Mul``, or custom traits in ways that match the domain logic.
+        Aliases cannot do this, because they are not distinct types.
+      * Supports API evolution.
+        Statically distinct types act as strong API contracts that can evolve independently from their underlying representations.
 
-      Safety-critical software requires consistent and predictable behavior across all build
-      configurations. Explicit handling of potential overflow conditions improves code clarity,
-      maintainability, and reduces the risk of numerical errors in production.
+   .. non_compliant_example::
+      :id: non_compl_ex_PO5TyFsRTlWw
+      :status: draft
+
+      This noncompliant example uses primitive types directly, leading to potential confusion between ``distance`` and ``time``.
+      Nothing prevents the caller from passing ``time`` as ``distance`` or vice-versa.
+      The units of each type are not clear from the function signature alone.
+      Mistakes compile cleanly and silently produce wrong results.
+
+       .. code-block:: rust
+
+         fn travel(distance: u32, time: u32) -> u32 {
+            distance / time
+         }
+
+         fn main() {
+            let d = 100;
+            let t = = 10;
+            let _result = travel(t, d);  // Compiles, but semantically incorrect
+         }
 
    .. non_compliant_example::
       :id: non_compl_ex_PO5TyFsRTlWv
       :status: draft
 
+      This noncompliant example uses aliases instead of distinct types.
+      Aliases do not create new types, so the compiler cannot enforce distinctions between ``Meters`` and ``Seconds``.
+     
+      Aliases cannot do this, because they are not distinct types.
+      This noncompliant example uses primitive types directly, leading to potential confusion between ``distance`` and ``time``.
+      Nothing prevents the caller from passing ``time`` as ``distance`` or vice-versa.
+      The units of each type are not clear from the function signature alone.
+      Mistakes compile cleanly and silently produce wrong results.
+
        .. code-block:: rust
 
-         fn calculate_next_position(current: u32, velocity: u32) -> u32 {
-             // Potential for silent overflow in release builds
-             current + velocity
+         type Meters = u32;
+         type Seconds = u32;
+         type MetersPerSecond = u32;
+
+         fn travel(distance: Meters, time: Seconds) -> MetersPerSecond {
+            distance / time
+         }
+
+         fn main() {
+            let d: Meters = 100;
+            let t: Seconds = 10;
+            let _result = travel(t, d);  // Compiles, but semantically incorrect
          }
 
    .. compliant_example::
-      :id: compl_ex_WTe7GoPu5Ez0
+      :id: compl_ex_WTe7GoPu5Ez1
       :status: draft
 
+      This compliant example uses newtypes to create distinct types for ``Meters``, ``Seconds``, and ``MetersPerSecond``.
+      The compiler enforces correct usage, preventing accidental swapping of parameters.
+      The function signature clearly conveys the intended semantics of each parameter and return value.  
+
        .. code-block:: rust
 
-         fn calculate_next_position(current: u32, velocity: u32) -> u32 {
-             // Explicitly handle potential overflow with checked addition
-             current.checked_add(velocity).expect("Position calculation overflowed")
-         }
+         use std::ops::Div;
+
+         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+         struct Meters(u32);
+
+         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+         struct Seconds(u32);
+
+         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+         struct MetersPerSecond(u32);
+
+         impl Div<Seconds> for Meters {
+             type Output = MetersPerSecond;
+
+             fn div(self, rhs: Seconds) -> Self::Output {
+                  MetersPerSecond(self.0 / rhs.0)
+             }
+          }
 
+          fn main() {
+              let d = Meters(100);
+              let t = Seconds(10);
+              let result = d / t;  // Clean and type-safe!
+              println!("{:?}", result);  // MetersPerSecond(10)
+          }