[v24.1.x] admin: add cloud_storage_cache_size check to config_multi_property_validation()

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #23337 to branch v24.1.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.1.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-23337-v24.1.x-403
git cherry-pick -x ff73a966aecec459328db7b056ebcb81dfc2ba95 d4674d6974d8bd661819a42ffa7149008ba0c20b 0df8fddd9e16e6a19d4021f488702961206f5b02

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-23337-v24.1.x-403
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.1.x] `admin`: add `cloud_storage_cache_size` check to `config_multi_property_validation()`" \
  --base "v24.1.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-23337-v24.1.x-403" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.1.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/23337 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-7339](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-7339)