[v23.3.x] tx: do not throw USE on expired transaction_ids

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #22912 to branch v23.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-22912-v23.3.x-803
git cherry-pick -x 84f42dba01dc3c1633145e14dd0c64a6ff61a59c

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-22912-v23.3.x-803
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.3.x] tx: do not throw USE on expired transaction_ids" \
  --base "v23.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-22912-v23.3.x-803" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/22912 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-6947](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-6947)