Add Huld PV model (#1940)

* implement Huld

* documents

* is not, not not is

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Kevin Anderson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Adam R. Jensen <[email protected]>

* edit docstring

* move to pvarray, address review comments

* formatting

* fix look-up parameters

* fix test

* add Note to docstring

* edit the Note

* edit the Note some more

* edit the Note a third time

* Update pvlib/pvarray.py

Co-authored-by: Kevin Anderson <[email protected]>

* Update pvlib/pvarray.py

* Update pvlib/pvarray.py

Co-authored-by: Anton Driesse <[email protected]>

* Apply suggestions from code review

* Update pvlib/pvarray.py

* add note about negative power at low irradiance

* Update docs/sphinx/source/whatsnew/v0.10.4.rst

Co-authored-by: Adam R. Jensen <[email protected]>

* Update pvlib/pvarray.py

* tweak the note

---------

Co-authored-by: Kevin Anderson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Adam R. Jensen <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Anton Driesse <[email protected]>

Author: 4 people

docs/sphinx/source/reference/pv_modeling/system_models.rst

@@ -47,3 +47,11 @@ ADR model
 
    pvarray.pvefficiency_adr
    pvarray.fit_pvefficiency_adr
+
+PVGIS model
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: ../generated/
+
+    pvarray.huld

docs/sphinx/source/whatsnew/v0.10.4.rst

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ v0.10.4 (Anticipated March, 2024)
 
 Enhancements
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+* Added the Huld PV model used by PVGIS (:pull:`1940`)
 
 
 Bug fixes
@@ -29,5 +30,6 @@ Requirements
 
 Contributors
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+* Cliff Hansen (:ghuser:`cwhanse`)
 * :ghuser:`matsuobasho`
 * Adam R. Jensen (:ghuser:`AdamRJensen`)

pvlib/pvarray.py

@@ -223,3 +223,128 @@ def adr_wrapper(xdata, *params):
         return dict(zip(P_NAMES, popt))
     else:
         return popt
+
+
+def _infer_k_huld(cell_type, pdc0):
+    # from PVGIS documentation, "PVGIS data sources & calculation methods",
+    # Section 5.2.3, accessed 12/22/2023
+    # The parameters in PVGIS' documentation are for a version of Huld's
+    # equation that has factored Pdc0 out of the polynomial:
+    #  P = G/1000 * Pdc0 * (1 + k1 log(Geff) + ...) so these parameters are
+    # multiplied by pdc0
+    huld_params = {'csi': (-0.017237, -0.040465, -0.004702, 0.000149,
+                           0.000170, 0.000005),
+                   'cis': (-0.005554, -0.038724, -0.003723, -0.000905,
+                           -0.001256, 0.000001),
+                   'cdte': (-0.046689, -0.072844, -0.002262, 0.000276,
+                            0.000159, -0.000006)}
+    k = tuple([x*pdc0 for x in huld_params[cell_type.lower()]])
+    return k
+
+
+def huld(effective_irradiance, temp_mod, pdc0, k=None, cell_type=None):
+    r"""
+    Power (DC) using the Huld model.
+
+    The Huld model [1]_ is used by PVGIS and is given by
+
+
+    .. math::
+
+        P_{dc} &= G' ( P_{dc0} + k_1 \log(G') + k_2 \log^2 (G') + k_3 T' +
+                 k_4 T' \log(G') + k_5 T' \log^2 (G') + k_6 T'^2)
+
+        G' &= \frac{G_{poa eff}}{1000}
+
+        T' &= T_{mod} - 25^{\circ}C
+
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    effective_irradiance : numeric
+        The irradiance that is converted to photocurrent. [:math:`W/m^2`]
+    temp_mod: numeric
+        Module back-surface temperature. [C]
+    pdc0: numeric
+        Power of the modules at reference conditions 1000 :math:`W/m^2`
+        and :math:`25^{\circ}C`. [W]
+    k : tuple, optional
+        Empirical coefficients used in the power model. Length 6. If ``k`` is
+        not provided, ``cell_type`` must be specified.
+    cell_type : str, optional
+        If provided, must be one of ``'cSi'``, ``'CIS'``, or ``'CdTe'``.
+        Used to look up default values for ``k`` if ``k`` is not specified.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pdc: numeric
+        DC power. [W]
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If neither ``k`` nor ``cell_type`` are specified.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The equation for :math:`P_{dc}` is from [1]_. The expression used in PVGIS
+    documentation differs by factoring :math:`P_{dc0}` out of the
+    polynomial:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        P_{dc} = G' P_{dc0} (1 + k'_1 \log(G') + k'_2 \log^2 (G') + k'_3 T' +
+                 k'_4 T' \log(G') + k'_5 T' \log^2 (G') + k'_6 T'^2)
+
+
+    PVGIS documentation shows a table of default parameters :math:`k'` for
+    different cell types. The parameters :math:`k'` differ from the parameters
+    :math:`k` for :py:func:`huld` by the factor ``pdc0``, that is,
+
+    .. math::
+
+        k = P_{dc0} k'
+
+    With default values for :math:`k`, at very low irradiance, i.e.,
+    :math:`G' < 20 W/m^2`, :math:`P_{dc}` may be negative
+    due to the terms involving :math:`\log(G')`.
+
+    :py:func:`huld` is a component of the PV performance model implemented in
+    PVGIS. Among other components, the full PVGIS model includes:
+        - the Faiman model for module temperature
+          :py:func:`pvlib.temperature.faiman`
+        - the Martin and Ruiz model for the incidence angle modifier (IAM)
+          :py:func:`pvlib.iam.martin_ruiz`
+        - a custom model for a spectral adjustment factor
+    The PVGIS API (see :py:func:`pvlib.iotools.get_pvgis_hourly`) returns
+    broadband plane-of-array irradiance (``poa_global``) and DC power (``P``).
+    ``poa_global`` is irradiance before applying the IAM and spectral
+    adjustments. In contrast the ``effective_irradiance`` for :py:func:`huld`
+    should have the IAM and spectral adjustments. Users comparing output of
+    :py:func:`huld` to PVGIS' ``P`` values should expect differences unless
+    ``effective_irradiance`` is computed in the same way as done by PVGIS.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] T. Huld, G. Friesen, A. Skoczek, R. Kenny, T. Sample, M. Field,
+           E. Dunlop. A power-rating model for crystalline silicon PV modules.
+           Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, (2011), pp. 3359-3369.
+           :doi:`10.1016/j.solmat.2011.07.026`.
+    """
+    if k is None:
+        if cell_type is not None:
+            k = _infer_k_huld(cell_type, pdc0)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Either k or cell_type must be specified')
+
+    gprime = effective_irradiance / 1000
+    tprime = temp_mod - 25
+    # accomodate gprime<=0
+    with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+        logGprime = np.log(gprime, out=np.zeros_like(gprime),
+                           where=np.array(gprime > 0))
+    # Eq. 1 in [1]
+    pdc = gprime * (pdc0 + k[0] * logGprime + k[1] * logGprime**2 +
+                    k[2] * tprime + k[3] * tprime * logGprime +
+                    k[4] * tprime * logGprime**2 + k[5] * tprime**2)
+    return pdc

pvlib/tests/test_pvarray.py

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
+from .conftest import assert_series_equal
+import pytest
 
 from pvlib import pvarray
 
@@ -44,3 +47,25 @@ def test_pvefficiency_adr_round_trip():
     params = pvarray.fit_pvefficiency_adr(g, t, eta, dict_output=False)
     result = pvarray.pvefficiency_adr(g, t, *params)
     assert_allclose(result, eta, atol=1e-6)
+
+
+def test_huld():
+    pdc0 = 100
+    res = pvarray.huld(1000, 25, pdc0, cell_type='cSi')
+    assert np.isclose(res, pdc0)
+    exp_sum = np.exp(1) * (np.sum(pvarray._infer_k_huld('cSi', pdc0)) + pdc0)
+    res = pvarray.huld(1000*np.exp(1), 26, pdc0, cell_type='cSi')
+    assert np.isclose(res, exp_sum)
+    res = pvarray.huld(100, 30, pdc0, k=(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1))
+    exp_100 = 0.1 * (pdc0 + np.log(0.1) + np.log(0.1)**2 + 5 + 5*np.log(0.1)
+                     + 5*np.log(0.1)**2 + 25)
+    assert np.isclose(res, exp_100)
+    # Series input, and irradiance = 0
+    eff_irr = pd.Series([1000, 100, 0])
+    tm = pd.Series([25, 30, 30])
+    expected = pd.Series([pdc0, exp_100, 0])
+    res = pvarray.huld(eff_irr, tm, pdc0, k=(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1))
+    assert_series_equal(res, expected)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError,
+                       match='Either k or cell_type must be specified'):
+        res = pvarray.huld(1000, 25, 100)

pvlib/tests/test_pvsystem.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 import unittest.mock as mock
 
 from pvlib import inverter, pvsystem
-from pvlib import atmosphere
 from pvlib import iam as _iam
 from pvlib import irradiance
 from pvlib import spectrum