diff --git a/.changeset/perf-actionlist-has-selector.md b/.changeset/perf-actionlist-has-selector.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ace58e0d124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/perf-actionlist-has-selector.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+'@primer/react': patch
+---
+
+perf(ActionList): Optimize CSS `:has()` selectors for better INP
+
+**Performance improvements:**
+- Replace `:has([aria-disabled], [disabled])` with `[data-disabled]` attribute on `<li>` - avoids descendant scan
+- Replace `:has([data-loading])` with `[data-loading]` on `<li>` - avoids descendant scan  
+- Scope TrailingAction loading selector to direct child: `:has(> .TrailingAction[data-loading])`
+- Add documentation comments explaining acceptable `:has()` patterns (mixed descriptions, SubGroup active state)
+
+**Why this matters:**
+CSS `:has()` selectors that scan descendants can cause expensive style recalculations during user interactions, impacting INP (Interaction to Next Paint). By using data attributes set via JS on the parent `<li>`, we eliminate descendant traversal.
+
+Part of #7312
diff --git a/packages/react/src/ActionList/ActionList.module.css b/packages/react/src/ActionList/ActionList.module.css
index f8007fb3e63..c6d178d6cae 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/ActionList/ActionList.module.css
+++ b/packages/react/src/ActionList/ActionList.module.css
@@ -86,7 +86,14 @@
     display: none;
   }
 
-  /* if a list has a mix of items with and without descriptions, reset the label font-weight to normal */
+  /*
+   * If a list has a mix of items with and without descriptions, reset the label font-weight.
+   * NOTE: Uses double descendant :has() - traverses list twice per recalc.
+   * This is acceptable because:
+   * 1. ActionLists are typically small (10-50 items)
+   * 2. Alternative would require JS to detect mixed state and set data attribute
+   * 3. The visual impact is subtle (font-weight change), not critical styling
+   */
   &:has([data-has-description='true']):has([data-has-description='false']) {
     & .ItemLabel {
       font-weight: var(--base-text-weight-normal);
@@ -121,7 +128,8 @@
     }
   }
 
-  &:not(:has([aria-disabled], [disabled]), [data-has-subitem='true']) {
+  /* PERFORMANCE: Use data-disabled on <li> instead of :has([aria-disabled], [disabled]) which scans descendants */
+  &:not([aria-disabled], [data-disabled='true'], [data-has-subitem='true']) {
     @media (hover: hover) {
       &:hover,
       &:active {
@@ -276,8 +284,8 @@
       }
     }
 
-    &:where([data-loading='true']),
-    &:has([data-loading='true']) {
+    /* PERFORMANCE: data-loading is set on the <li> by JS, avoiding :has() descendant scan */
+    &:where([data-loading='true']) {
       & * {
         color: var(--fgColor-muted);
       }
@@ -322,10 +330,9 @@
     }
   }
 
-  /* disabled */
-
+  /* PERFORMANCE: data-disabled is set on the <li> by JS, avoiding :has() descendant scan */
   &[aria-disabled='true'],
-  &:has([aria-disabled='true'], [disabled]) {
+  &[data-disabled='true'] {
     & .ActionListContent * {
       color: var(--control-fgColor-disabled);
     }
@@ -366,7 +373,8 @@
   }
 
   /* When TrailingAction is in loading state, keep labels and descriptions accessible */
-  &:has(.TrailingAction [data-loading='true']):not([aria-disabled='true']) {
+  /* PERFORMANCE: scoped to direct child TrailingAction */
+  &:has(> .TrailingAction[data-loading='true']):not([aria-disabled='true']) {
     /* Ensure labels and descriptions maintain accessibility contrast */
     & .ItemLabel {
       color: var(--fgColor-default);
@@ -540,7 +548,11 @@
       display: none;
     }
 
-    /* show active indicator on parent collapse if child is active */
+    /*
+     * Show active indicator on parent collapse if child is active.
+     * NOTE: Uses adjacent sibling + descendant :has() - SubGroup is typically small (few nav items).
+     * This is acceptable because scope is limited to the collapsed SubGroup's children.
+     */
     &:has(+ .SubGroup [data-active='true']) {
       background: var(--control-transparent-bgColor-selected);
 
@@ -637,6 +649,7 @@ default block */
       word-break: normal;
     }
 
+    /* NOTE: Uses descendant :has() - scope is just this item's children (label + description). Acceptable. */
     &:has([data-truncate='true']) {
       & .ItemLabel {
         flex: 1 0 auto;
@@ -713,7 +726,8 @@ span wrapping svg or text */
   height: 100%;
 
   /* Preserve width consistency when loading state is active for text buttons only */
-  &[data-loading='true']:has([data-component='buttonContent']) {
+  /* PERFORMANCE: scoped to direct child for O(1) lookup */
+  &[data-loading='true']:has(> [data-component='buttonContent']) {
     /* Double the left padding to compensate for missing right padding */
     padding: 0 0 0 calc(var(--base-size-12) * 2);
 
@@ -731,6 +745,11 @@ span wrapping svg or text */
   }
 }
 
+/*
+ * NOTE: Uses descendant :has() - VisualComponent is nested inside Tooltip > button,
+ * which is 3 levels deep (> * > * > .TrailingVisual). This is acceptable since
+ * the search is scoped to this small wrapper element's subtree.
+ */
 .InactiveButtonWrap {
   &:has(.TrailingVisual) {
     grid-area: trailingVisual;
diff --git a/packages/react/src/ActionList/Group.module.css b/packages/react/src/ActionList/Group.module.css
index 201d3086b86..761b9ec15c4 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/ActionList/Group.module.css
+++ b/packages/react/src/ActionList/Group.module.css
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
   &:not(:first-child) {
     margin-block-start: var(--base-size-8);
 
-    /* If somebody tries to pass the `title` prop AND a `NavList.GroupHeading` as a child, hide the `ActionList.GroupHeading */
+    /*
+     * If somebody tries to pass the `title` prop AND a `NavList.GroupHeading` as a child, hide the `ActionList.GroupHeading`.
+     * NOTE: Uses descendant :has() - this is an edge case handler for developer errors.
+     * Scope is limited to group's children, not entire list. Acceptable performance cost.
+     */
     /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-specificity */
     &:has(.GroupHeadingWrap + ul > .GroupHeadingWrap) {
       /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-specificity */
diff --git a/packages/react/src/ActionList/Item.tsx b/packages/react/src/ActionList/Item.tsx
index ac917743fd5..90122ccf5b3 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/ActionList/Item.tsx
+++ b/packages/react/src/ActionList/Item.tsx
@@ -256,6 +256,8 @@ const UnwrappedItem = <As extends React.ElementType = 'li'>(
         data-variant={variant === 'danger' ? variant : undefined}
         data-active={active ? true : undefined}
         data-inactive={inactiveText ? true : undefined}
+        data-loading={loading && !inactive ? true : undefined}
+        data-disabled={disabled ? true : undefined}
         data-has-subitem={slots.subItem ? true : undefined}
         data-has-description={slots.description ? true : false}
         className={clsx(classes.ActionListItem, className)}
diff --git a/packages/react/src/ActionList/TrailingAction.tsx b/packages/react/src/ActionList/TrailingAction.tsx
index 933c3a6f584..bb1824cdedf 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/ActionList/TrailingAction.tsx
+++ b/packages/react/src/ActionList/TrailingAction.tsx
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export type ActionListTrailingActionProps = ElementProps & {
 export const TrailingAction = forwardRef(
   ({as = 'button', icon, label, href = null, className, style, loading, ...props}, forwardedRef) => {
     return (
-      <span className={clsx(className, classes.TrailingAction)} style={style}>
+      <span className={clsx(className, classes.TrailingAction)} style={style} data-loading={loading ? true : undefined}>
         {icon ? (
           <IconButton
             as={as}