@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ def fetch_markets(self, query: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs) -> List[UnifiedMa
336336 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
337337 return [_convert_market (m ) for m in data ]
338338 except ApiException as e :
339- raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch markets: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
339+ raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch markets: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
340340
341341 def fetch_events (self , query : Optional [str ] = None , ** kwargs ) -> List [UnifiedEvent ]:
342342 """
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ def fetch_events(self, query: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs) -> List[UnifiedEve
383383 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
384384 return [_convert_event (e ) for e in data ]
385385 except ApiException as e :
386- raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch events: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
386+ raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch events: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
387387
388388 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
389389 # Filtering Methods
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ def fetch_ohlcv(
664664 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
665665 return [_convert_candle (c ) for c in data ]
666666 except ApiException as e :
667- raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch OHLCV: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
667+ raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch OHLCV: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
668668
669669 def fetch_order_book (self , outcome_id : str ) -> OrderBook :
670670 """
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ def fetch_order_book(self, outcome_id: str) -> OrderBook:
693693 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
694694 return _convert_order_book (data )
695695 except ApiException as e :
696- raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch order book: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
696+ raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch order book: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
697697
698698 def fetch_trades (
699699 self ,
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ def fetch_trades(
742742 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
743743 return [_convert_trade (t ) for t in data ]
744744 except ApiException as e :
745- raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch trades: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
745+ raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch trades: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
746746
747747 # WebSocket Streaming Methods
748748
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ def watch_order_book(self, outcome_id: str, limit: Optional[int] = None) -> Orde
789789 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
790790 return _convert_order_book (data )
791791 except ApiException as e :
792- raise Exception (f"Failed to watch order book: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
792+ raise Exception (f"Failed to watch order book: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
793793
794794 def watch_trades (
795795 self ,
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ def watch_trades(
842842 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
843843 return [_convert_trade (t ) for t in data ]
844844 except ApiException as e :
845- raise Exception (f"Failed to watch trades: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
845+ raise Exception (f"Failed to watch trades: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
846846
847847 def watch_prices (self , market_address : str , callback : Optional [Any ] = None ) -> Any :
848848 """
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ def watch_prices(self, market_address: str, callback: Optional[Any] = None) -> A
872872
873873 return self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
874874 except ApiException as e :
875- raise Exception (f"Failed to watch prices: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
875+ raise Exception (f"Failed to watch prices: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
876876
877877 def watch_user_positions (self , callback : Optional [Any ] = None ) -> List [Position ]:
878878 """
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ def watch_user_positions(self, callback: Optional[Any] = None) -> List[Position]
903903 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
904904 return [_convert_position (p ) for p in data ]
905905 except ApiException as e :
906- raise Exception (f"Failed to watch user positions: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
906+ raise Exception (f"Failed to watch user positions: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
907907
908908 def watch_user_transactions (self , callback : Optional [Any ] = None ) -> Any :
909909 """
@@ -933,7 +933,7 @@ def watch_user_transactions(self, callback: Optional[Any] = None) -> Any:
933933
934934 return self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
935935 except ApiException as e :
936- raise Exception (f"Failed to watch user transactions: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
936+ raise Exception (f"Failed to watch user transactions: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
937937
938938 # Trading Methods (require authentication)
939939
@@ -1002,7 +1002,7 @@ def create_order(
10021002 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
10031003 return _convert_order (data )
10041004 except ApiException as e :
1005- raise Exception (f"Failed to create order: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
1005+ raise Exception (f"Failed to create order: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
10061006
10071007 def cancel_order (self , order_id : str ) -> Order :
10081008 """
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ def cancel_order(self, order_id: str) -> Order:
10321032 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
10331033 return _convert_order (data )
10341034 except ApiException as e :
1035- raise Exception (f"Failed to cancel order: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
1035+ raise Exception (f"Failed to cancel order: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
10361036
10371037 def fetch_order (self , order_id : str ) -> Order :
10381038 """
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ def fetch_order(self, order_id: str) -> Order:
10621062 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
10631063 return _convert_order (data )
10641064 except ApiException as e :
1065- raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch order: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
1065+ raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch order: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
10661066
10671067 def fetch_open_orders (self , market_id : Optional [str ] = None ) -> List [Order ]:
10681068 """
@@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@ def fetch_open_orders(self, market_id: Optional[str] = None) -> List[Order]:
10961096 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
10971097 return [_convert_order (o ) for o in data ]
10981098 except ApiException as e :
1099- raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch open orders: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
1099+ raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch open orders: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
11001100
11011101 # Account Methods
11021102
@@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ def fetch_positions(self) -> List[Position]:
11251125 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
11261126 return [_convert_position (p ) for p in data ]
11271127 except ApiException as e :
1128- raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch positions: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
1128+ raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch positions: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
11291129
11301130 def fetch_balance (self ) -> List [Balance ]:
11311131 """
@@ -1154,7 +1154,7 @@ def fetch_balance(self) -> List[Balance]:
11541154 data = self ._handle_response (response .to_dict ())
11551155 return [_convert_balance (b ) for b in data ]
11561156 except ApiException as e :
1157- raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch balance: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
1157+ raise Exception (f"Failed to fetch balance: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
11581158
11591159 def get_execution_price (
11601160 self ,
@@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ def get_execution_price_detailed(
12251225 data = self ._handle_response (data_json )
12261226 return _convert_execution_result (data )
12271227 except Exception as e :
1228- raise Exception (f"Failed to get execution price: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " )
1228+ raise Exception (f"Failed to get execution price: { self ._extract_api_error (e )} " ) from None
12291229
12301230
12311231class Polymarket (Exchange ):
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