diff --git a/pandas/core/generic.py b/pandas/core/generic.py
index 8708de68c0860..6424589843d76 100644
--- a/pandas/core/generic.py
+++ b/pandas/core/generic.py
@@ -4569,6 +4569,8 @@ def drop(
             axis_name = self._get_axis_name(axis)
             axes = {axis_name: labels}
         elif index is not None or columns is not None:
+            if axis == 1:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot specify both 'axis' and 'index'/'columns'")
             axes = {"index": index}
             if self.ndim == 2:
                 axes["columns"] = columns
diff --git a/pandas/tests/frame/methods/test_drop.py b/pandas/tests/frame/methods/test_drop.py
index d9668ce46c943..48c5d3a2e982b 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/frame/methods/test_drop.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/frame/methods/test_drop.py
@@ -346,6 +346,18 @@ def test_drop_multiindex_other_level_nan(self):
         )
         tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
 
+    def test_drop_raise_with_both_axis_and_index(self):
+        # GH#61823
+        df = DataFrame(
+            [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5], [5, 6, 7]],
+            index=["a", "b", "c"],
+            columns=["d", "e", "f"],
+        )
+
+        msg = "Cannot specify both 'axis' and 'index'/'columns'"
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+            df.drop(index="b", axis=1)
+
     def test_drop_nonunique(self):
         df = DataFrame(
             [