diff --git a/enhydris/admin/__init__.py b/enhydris/admin/__init__.py
index 505f177e..864e56dd 100644
--- a/enhydris/admin/__init__.py
+++ b/enhydris/admin/__init__.py
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib import admin
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
-from parler.admin import TranslatableAdmin
-
 from enhydris import models
 
 from .garea import GareaAdmin  # NOQA
@@ -32,14 +29,15 @@ class EventTypeAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     list_display = ("id", "descr")
 
 
+class VariableTranslationInline(admin.TabularInline):
+    model = models.VariableTranslation
+    extra = 1
+
+
 @admin.register(models.Variable)
-class VariableAdmin(TranslatableAdmin):
+class VariableAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     list_display = ("id", "descr", "last_modified")
-
-    def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return models.Variable.objects.translated(settings.LANGUAGE_CODE).order_by(
-            "translations__descr"
-        )
+    inlines = [VariableTranslationInline]
 
 
 @admin.register(models.UnitOfMeasurement)
diff --git a/enhydris/api/serializers.py b/enhydris/api/serializers.py
index 4ff7fd8f..5a7c32e8 100644
--- a/enhydris/api/serializers.py
+++ b/enhydris/api/serializers.py
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@
 from django.utils import translation
 from rest_framework import serializers
 
-from parler_rest.fields import TranslatedFieldsField
-from parler_rest.serializers import TranslatableModelSerializer
-
 from enhydris import models
 
 
@@ -104,13 +101,16 @@ class Meta:
         fields = "__all__"
 
 
-class VariableSerializer(TranslatableModelSerializer):
-    translations = TranslatedFieldsField(shared_model=models.Variable, required=False)
+class VariableSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
+    translations = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
 
     class Meta:
         model = models.Variable
         fields = "__all__"
 
+    def get_translations(self, obj: models.Variable) -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
+        return {t.language_code: {"descr": t.descr} for t in obj.translations.all()}
+
 
 class UnitOfMeasurementSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
     class Meta:
diff --git a/enhydris/api/tests/test_serializers.py b/enhydris/api/tests/test_serializers.py
index 1014e46a..268a43bb 100644
--- a/enhydris/api/tests/test_serializers.py
+++ b/enhydris/api/tests/test_serializers.py
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ def test_type_deserialization_for_checked(self):
 class TimeseriesSerializerUniqueTypeTestCase(APITestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.timeseries_group = baker.make(
-            models.TimeseriesGroup,
-            variable__descr="Temperature",
+        cls.timeseries_group = baker.make(models.TimeseriesGroup)
+        cls.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="Temperature"
         )
 
     def test_only_one_initial_timeseries_per_group(self):
diff --git a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_misc.py b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_misc.py
index 3478ba07..53788ce1 100644
--- a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_misc.py
+++ b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_misc.py
@@ -49,11 +49,25 @@ def test_get_event_type(self):
 @override_settings(ENHYDRIS_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED=False)
 class VariableTestCase(APITestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.variable = baker.make(models.Variable, descr="Temperature")
+        self.variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        self.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="Temperature")
+        self.variable.translations.create(language_code="el", descr="Θερμοκρασία")
 
     def test_get_variable(self):
         r = self.client.get("/api/variables/{}/".format(self.variable.id))
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            r.json()["translations"],
+            {"en": {"descr": "Temperature"}, "el": {"descr": "Θερμοκρασία"}},
+        )
+
+    def test_list_variable(self):
+        r = self.client.get("/api/variables/")
+        self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            r.json()["results"][0]["translations"],
+            {"en": {"descr": "Temperature"}, "el": {"descr": "Θερμοκρασία"}},
+        )
 
 
 @override_settings(ENHYDRIS_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED=False)
diff --git a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_search.py b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_search.py
index 6e4cbd04..18a369c3 100644
--- a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_search.py
+++ b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_search.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
 
 from model_bakery import baker
-from parler.utils.context import switch_language
 
 from enhydris import models
 
@@ -101,10 +100,6 @@ class SearchByRemarksWithAccentsTestCase(SearchByRemarksTestCase):
 
 language_settings = {
     "LANGUAGE_CODE": "en",
-    "PARLER_LANGUAGES": {
-        settings.SITE_ID: ({"code": "en"}, {"code": "fr"}),
-        "default": {"fallbacks": ["en"], "hide_untranslated": False},
-    },
 }
 
 
@@ -119,13 +114,10 @@ def _create_models(self):
         self._create_timeseries(station1, "Rain", "Pluie")
         self._create_timeseries(station2, "Humidity", "Humidité")
 
-    def _create_timeseries(self, station, var_en, var_fr):
-        variable = models.Variable()
-        with switch_language(variable, "en"):
-            variable.descr = var_en
-        with switch_language(variable, "fr"):
-            variable.descr = var_fr
-        variable.save()
+    def _create_timeseries(self, station: models.Station, var_en: str, var_fr: str):
+        variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr=var_en)
+        variable.translations.create(language_code="fr", descr=var_fr)
         baker.make(
             models.Timeseries,
             timeseries_group__gentity=station,
diff --git a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_search_by_ts_has_years.py b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_search_by_ts_has_years.py
index c408cd06..bae5dbd9 100644
--- a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_search_by_ts_has_years.py
+++ b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_search_by_ts_has_years.py
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ def _make_timeseries(self, station, variable_descr, datastr):
         result = baker.make(
             models.Timeseries,
             timeseries_group__gentity=station,
-            timeseries_group__variable__descr=variable_descr,
+        )
+        result.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr=variable_descr
         )
         result.set_data(StringIO(datastr), default_timezone="Etc/GMT-2")
         return result
diff --git a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_station.py b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_station.py
index ca8cfcd7..89984dfa 100644
--- a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_station.py
+++ b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_station.py
@@ -225,8 +225,9 @@ def _create_timeseries_groups(self):
         self._create_timeseries_group(self.station_agios_athanasios, "Humidity")
 
     def _create_timeseries_group(self, station, variable_descr):
-        baker.make(
-            models.TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station, variable__descr=variable_descr
+        timeseries_group = baker.make(models.TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station)
+        timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr=variable_descr
         )
 
     def test_station_csv(self):
@@ -247,8 +248,8 @@ def test_station_with_geometry_with_no_srid_is_included(self):
 
     def test_num_queries(self):
         self._create_timeseries_groups()
-        # There should be seven queries: one for stations, one for timeseries_groups,
-        # one for timeseries. The other four are two for django_session and two
-        # for a savepoint.
-        with self.assertNumQueries(7):
+        # There should be eight queries: one for stations, one for timeseries_groups,
+        # one for timeseries, one for prefetching variable translations. The
+        # other four are two for django_session and two for a savepoint.
+        with self.assertNumQueries(8):
             self.client.get("/api/stations/csv/")
diff --git a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_timeseries.py b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_timeseries.py
index 066ad858..a480e082 100644
--- a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_timeseries.py
+++ b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_timeseries.py
@@ -469,9 +469,11 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.timeseries_group = baker.make(
             models.TimeseriesGroup,
             gentity=self.station,
-            variable__descr="irrelevant",
             precision=2,
         )
+        self.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="irrelevant"
+        )
         self.timeseries = baker.make(
             models.Timeseries,
             timeseries_group=self.timeseries_group,
@@ -583,7 +585,8 @@ class TimeseriesPostTestCase(APITestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.user1 = baker.make(User, is_active=True, is_superuser=False)
         self.user2 = baker.make(User, is_active=True, is_superuser=False)
-        self.variable = baker.make(models.Variable, descr="Temperature")
+        self.variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        self.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="Temperature")
         self.unit_of_measurement = baker.make(models.UnitOfMeasurement)
         self.station = baker.make(models.Station, creator=self.user1)
         self.timeseries_group = baker.make(models.TimeseriesGroup, gentity=self.station)
@@ -629,7 +632,8 @@ def test_returns_proper_error_when_creating_second_initial_timeseries(self):
 class TimeseriesPostWithWrongStationOrTimeseriesGroupTestCase(APITestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.user = baker.make(User, is_active=True, is_superuser=False)
-        self.variable = baker.make(models.Variable, descr="Temperature")
+        self.variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        self.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="Temperature")
         self.unit_of_measurement = baker.make(models.UnitOfMeasurement)
         self.station1 = baker.make(models.Station, creator=self.user)
         self.timeseries_group_1_1 = baker.make(
@@ -690,7 +694,8 @@ def test_create_timeseries_with_everything_correct(self):
 class TimeseriesPostWithWrongTimeseriesTypeTestCase(APITestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.user = baker.make(User, is_active=True, is_superuser=False)
-        self.variable = baker.make(models.Variable, descr="Temperature")
+        self.variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        self.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="Temperature")
         self.unit_of_measurement = baker.make(models.UnitOfMeasurement)
         self.station = baker.make(models.Station, creator=self.user)
         self.timeseries_group = baker.make(models.TimeseriesGroup, gentity=self.station)
diff --git a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_timeseries_group.py b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_timeseries_group.py
index 511e3c37..9bf0586a 100644
--- a/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_timeseries_group.py
+++ b/enhydris/api/tests/test_views/test_timeseries_group.py
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ class TimeseriesGroupPostTestCase(APITestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.user1 = baker.make(User, is_active=True, is_superuser=False)
         self.user2 = baker.make(User, is_active=True, is_superuser=False)
-        self.variable = baker.make(models.Variable, descr="Temperature")
+        self.variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        self.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="Temperature")
         self.unit_of_measurement = baker.make(models.UnitOfMeasurement)
         self.station = baker.make(models.Station, creator=self.user1)
         self.station2 = baker.make(models.Station, creator=self.user1)
diff --git a/enhydris/api/views.py b/enhydris/api/views.py
index 1bb12d41..ac6e5694 100644
--- a/enhydris/api/views.py
+++ b/enhydris/api/views.py
@@ -56,7 +56,13 @@ def csv(self, request: Request):
                     queryset=models.TimeseriesGroup.objects.select_related(
                         "variable", "unit_of_measurement"
                     )
-                    .prefetch_related("timeseries_set")
+                    .prefetch_related(
+                        "timeseries_set",
+                        Prefetch(
+                            "variable__translations",
+                            to_attr="prefetched_translations",
+                        ),
+                    )
                     .order_by("variable__id"),
                 )
             )
@@ -90,7 +96,7 @@ class EventTypeViewSet(ReadOnlyModelViewSet[models.EventType]):
 
 class VariableViewSet(ReadOnlyModelViewSet[models.Variable]):
     serializer_class = serializers.VariableSerializer
-    queryset = models.Variable.objects.all()  # type: ignore
+    queryset = models.Variable.objects.prefetch_related("translations")  # type: ignore
 
 
 class UnitOfMeasurementViewSet(ReadOnlyModelViewSet[models.UnitOfMeasurement]):
diff --git a/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_admin.py b/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_admin.py
index 5de99b05..8f2a247d 100644
--- a/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_admin.py
+++ b/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_admin.py
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ def _create_data(cls):
         cls.organization = enhydris.models.Organization.objects.create(
             name="Serial killers SA"
         )
-        cls.variable = baker.make(enhydris.models.Variable, descr="myvar")
+        cls.variable = enhydris.models.Variable.objects.create()
+        cls.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="myvar")
         cls.unit = baker.make(enhydris.models.UnitOfMeasurement)
         cls.station = baker.make(
             enhydris.models.Station, creator=cls.user, owner=cls.organization
diff --git a/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_aggregation.py b/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_aggregation.py
index 0fa675da..6276fb2d 100644
--- a/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_aggregation.py
+++ b/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_aggregation.py
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
 class AggregationTestCase(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.station = baker.make(Station)
-        variable = baker.make(Variable, descr="Irrelevant")
+        variable = Variable.objects.create()
+        variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="irrelevant")
         self.timeseries_group = baker.make(
             TimeseriesGroup, gentity=self.station, variable=variable
         )
@@ -59,7 +60,8 @@ def test_str(self):
 
     def test_no_extra_queries_for_str(self):
         self._baker_make_aggregation()
-        with self.assertNumQueries(1):
+        # One query for the aggregation, one for prefetching of variable translations
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             str(Aggregation.objects.first())
 
     def test_wrong_resulting_timestamp_offset_1(self):
@@ -225,12 +227,14 @@ def _execute(self, max_missing):
         self.aggregation = baker.make(
             Aggregation,
             timeseries_group__gentity=station,
-            timeseries_group__variable__descr="Hello",
             target_time_step="1h",
             method="sum",
             max_missing=max_missing,
             resulting_timestamp_offset="1min",
         )
+        self.aggregation.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="Hello"
+        )
         self.aggregation._htimeseries = HTimeseries(self.source_timeseries)
         self.aggregation._htimeseries.time_step = "10min"
         return self.aggregation.process_timeseries().data
@@ -283,9 +287,8 @@ class AggregationProcessTimeseriesWhenNoTimeStepTestCase(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         station = baker.make(Station)
-        timeseries_group = baker.make(
-            TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station, variable__descr="hello"
-        )
+        timeseries_group = baker.make(TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station)
+        timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="hello")
         cls.aggregation = baker.make(
             Aggregation,
             timeseries_group=timeseries_group,
@@ -319,9 +322,8 @@ class AggregationRegularizationModeTestCase(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         station = baker.make(Station)
-        timeseries_group = baker.make(
-            TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station, variable__descr="hello"
-        )
+        timeseries_group = baker.make(TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station)
+        timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="hello")
         cls.aggregation = baker.make(
             Aggregation,
             timeseries_group=timeseries_group,
@@ -389,12 +391,8 @@ class AggregationRecalculatesLastValueIfNeededTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         station = baker.make(Station, name="Hobbiton", display_timezone="Etc/GMT-2")
-        timeseries_group = baker.make(
-            TimeseriesGroup,
-            gentity=station,
-            variable__descr="h",
-            precision=0,
-        )
+        timeseries_group = baker.make(TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station, precision=0)
+        timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="h")
         source_timeseries = baker.make(
             Timeseries,
             timeseries_group=timeseries_group,
@@ -482,12 +480,8 @@ class AggregationTooFewValuesTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         station = baker.make(Station, name="Hobbiton", display_timezone="Etc/GMT-2")
-        timeseries_group = baker.make(
-            TimeseriesGroup,
-            gentity=station,
-            variable__descr="h",
-            precision=0,
-        )
+        timeseries_group = baker.make(TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station, precision=0)
+        timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="h")
         source_timeseries = baker.make(
             Timeseries,
             timeseries_group=timeseries_group,
diff --git a/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_autoprocess.py b/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_autoprocess.py
index 15987bf2..ca41beb2 100644
--- a/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_autoprocess.py
+++ b/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_autoprocess.py
@@ -81,10 +81,9 @@ def test_auto_process_is_not_triggered_before_commit(self):
 class AutoProcessExecuteTestCase(ClearCacheMixin, TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         station = baker.make(Station, display_timezone="Etc/GMT-2")
-        self.timeseries_group = baker.make(
-            TimeseriesGroup,
-            gentity=station,
-            variable__descr="irrelevant",
+        self.timeseries_group = baker.make(TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station)
+        self.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="irrelevant"
         )
         self.checks = baker.make(Checks, timeseries_group=self.timeseries_group)
         self.range_check = baker.make(RangeCheck, checks=self.checks)
@@ -115,10 +114,9 @@ class AutoProcessRecalculateTestCaseBase(TestCase):
     def setUp(self, m: mock.MagicMock):
         self.mock_process_timeseries = m
         station = baker.make(Station, display_timezone="Etc/GMT-2")
-        self.timeseries_group = baker.make(
-            TimeseriesGroup,
-            gentity=station,
-            variable__descr="h",
+        self.timeseries_group = baker.make(TimeseriesGroup, gentity=station)
+        self.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="h"
         )
         self.source_timeseries = baker.make(
             Timeseries, timeseries_group=self.timeseries_group, type=Timeseries.INITIAL
diff --git a/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_checks.py b/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_checks.py
index 60e332ab..18c453ab 100644
--- a/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_checks.py
+++ b/enhydris/autoprocess/tests/test_models/test_checks.py
@@ -92,23 +92,29 @@ def test_target_timeseries_has_same_time_step_as_source(self):
     @mock.patch("enhydris.models.Timeseries.insert_or_append_data")
     def test_runs_range_check(self, m1, m2):
         station = baker.make(Station, display_timezone="Etc/GMT")
-        range_check = baker.make(
-            RangeCheck,
-            checks__timeseries_group__gentity=station,
-            checks__timeseries_group__variable__descr="Temperature",
+        range_check = baker.make(RangeCheck, checks__timeseries_group__gentity=station)
+        range_check.checks.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="Temperature"
         )
         range_check.checks.execute(recalculate=False)
         m2.assert_called_once()
 
     def test_no_extra_queries_for_str(self):
-        baker.make(Checks, timeseries_group__variable__descr="Temperature")
-        with self.assertNumQueries(1):
+        checks = baker.make(Checks)
+        checks.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="Temperature"
+        )
+        # One query for the checks, one for prefetching of variable translations
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             str(Checks.objects.first())
 
 
 class ChecksAutoDeletionTestCase(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.checks = baker.make(Checks, timeseries_group__variable__descr="pH")
+        self.checks = baker.make(Checks)
+        self.checks.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="pH"
+        )
         self.range_check = baker.make(RangeCheck, checks=self.checks)
         self.roc_check = baker.make(RateOfChangeCheck, checks=self.checks)
 
diff --git a/enhydris/migrations/0121_remove_parler_part1.py b/enhydris/migrations/0121_remove_parler_part1.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..170cf02a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enhydris/migrations/0121_remove_parler_part1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import django.db.models.deletion
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    dependencies = [
+        ("enhydris", "0120_remove_gpoint_original_srid"),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="NewVariableTranslation",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "language_code",
+                    models.CharField(max_length=15, verbose_name="Language"),
+                ),
+                ("descr", models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name="Description")),
+                (
+                    "variable",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
+                        related_name="translations",
+                        to="enhydris.variable",
+                        verbose_name="Variable",
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "unique_together": {("variable", "language_code")},
+            },
+        ),
+    ]
diff --git a/enhydris/migrations/0122_remove_parler_part2.py b/enhydris/migrations/0122_remove_parler_part2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adc71954
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enhydris/migrations/0122_remove_parler_part2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from django.apps.registry import Apps
+from django.db import migrations
+
+
+def forward(apps: Apps, _) -> None:
+    VariableTranslation = apps.get_model("enhydris", "VariableTranslation")
+    NewVariableTranslation = apps.get_model("enhydris", "NewVariableTranslation")
+
+    for vt in VariableTranslation.objects.all():
+        NewVariableTranslation.objects.create(
+            variable_id=vt.master_id,
+            language_code=vt.language_code,
+            descr=vt.descr,
+        )
+
+
+def backward(apps: Apps, _) -> None:
+    VariableTranslation = apps.get_model("enhydris", "VariableTranslation")
+    NewVariableTranslation = apps.get_model("enhydris", "NewVariableTranslation")
+    for nvt in NewVariableTranslation.objects.all():
+        VariableTranslation.objects.create(
+            master_id=nvt.variable_id,
+            language_code=nvt.language_code,
+            descr=nvt.descr,
+        )
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    dependencies = [
+        ("enhydris", "0121_remove_parler_part1"),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.RunPython(forward, backward),
+    ]
diff --git a/enhydris/migrations/0123_remove_parler_part3.py b/enhydris/migrations/0123_remove_parler_part3.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0194771f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enhydris/migrations/0123_remove_parler_part3.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from django.db import migrations
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    dependencies = [
+        ("enhydris", "0122_remove_parler_part2"),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.DeleteModel(
+            name="VariableTranslation",
+        ),
+        migrations.RenameModel(
+            old_name="NewVariableTranslation",
+            new_name="VariableTranslation",
+        ),
+    ]
diff --git a/enhydris/models/__init__.py b/enhydris/models/__init__.py
index d16b3ca7..d3a28328 100644
--- a/enhydris/models/__init__.py
+++ b/enhydris/models/__init__.py
@@ -13,7 +13,12 @@
 )
 from .lentity import Lentity, Organization, Person
 from .timeseries import Timeseries, TimeseriesRecord, TimeseriesStorage, check_time_step
-from .timeseries_group import TimeseriesGroup, UnitOfMeasurement, Variable
+from .timeseries_group import (
+    TimeseriesGroup,
+    UnitOfMeasurement,
+    Variable,
+    VariableTranslation,
+)
 
 __all__ = (
     "DISPLAY_TIMEZONE_CHOICES",
@@ -35,5 +40,6 @@
     "check_time_step",
     "TimeseriesGroup",
     "Variable",
+    "VariableTranslation",
     "UnitOfMeasurement",
 )
diff --git a/enhydris/models/timeseries_group.py b/enhydris/models/timeseries_group.py
index 56ba0671..95805799 100644
--- a/enhydris/models/timeseries_group.py
+++ b/enhydris/models/timeseries_group.py
@@ -6,17 +6,14 @@
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.gis.db import models
 from django.core.cache import cache
-from django.db.models import FilteredRelation, Q
+from django.db.models import FilteredRelation, Q, Value
 from django.db.models.functions import Coalesce
 from django.db.models.manager import Manager
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.timezone import now
+from django.utils.translation import get_language
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
-from parler.managers import TranslatableManager
-from parler.models import TranslatableModel, TranslatedFields
-from parler.utils import get_active_language_choices
-
 from .base import Lookup
 from .gentity import Gentity
 
@@ -24,43 +21,29 @@
     from enhydris.models import Timeseries
 
 
-class VariableManager(TranslatableManager):
+class VariableManager(models.Manager["Variable"]):
     def get_queryset(self):
-        try:
-            langs = get_active_language_choices()
-            lang1 = langs[0]
-            lang2 = langs[1] if len(langs) > 1 else "nonexistent"
-        except ValueError:
-            lang1 = settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
-            try:
-                lang2 = settings.LANGUAGES[1][0]
-            except IndexError:
-                lang2 = "nonexistent"
+        lang1 = get_language()
+        lang2 = settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
         return (
             super()
             .get_queryset()
-            .annotate(
-                translation1=FilteredRelation(
-                    "translations", condition=Q(translations__language_code=lang1)
-                )
-            )
-            .annotate(
-                translation2=FilteredRelation(
-                    "translations", condition=Q(translations__language_code=lang2)
-                )
-            )
-            .annotate(descr=Coalesce("translation1__descr", "translation2__descr"))
-            .order_by("descr")
+            .annotate(t1=self._filtered_relation(lang1))
+            .annotate(t2=self._filtered_relation(lang2))
+            .annotate(sort_key=Coalesce("t1__descr", "t2__descr", Value("")))
+            .order_by("sort_key")
         )
 
+    def _filtered_relation(self, language_code: str | None):
+        return FilteredRelation(
+            "translations", condition=Q(translations__language_code=language_code)
+        )
+
+
+class Variable(models.Model):
+    translations: Manager["VariableTranslation"]
 
-class Variable(TranslatableModel):
     last_modified = models.DateTimeField(default=now, null=True, editable=False)
-    translations = TranslatedFields(
-        descr=models.CharField(
-            max_length=200, blank=True, verbose_name=_("Description")
-        )
-    )
 
     objects = VariableManager()
 
@@ -68,13 +51,63 @@ class Meta:
         verbose_name = _("Variable")
         verbose_name_plural = _("Variables")
 
+    @property
+    def descr(self) -> str:
+        # Return the VariableManager's annotation if it exists.
+        if "sort_key" in vars(self):
+            return vars(self)["sort_key"]
+
+        language_code = get_language()
+        descr_cache = vars(self).setdefault("_descr_cache", {})
+        if language_code in descr_cache:
+            return descr_cache[language_code]
+        prefetched_translations = getattr(self, "prefetched_translations", None)
+        if prefetched_translations is not None:
+            for preferred_language in (language_code, settings.LANGUAGE_CODE):
+                for t in prefetched_translations:
+                    if t.language_code == preferred_language:
+                        descr_cache[language_code] = t.descr
+                        return t.descr
+            descr_cache[language_code] = ""
+            return ""
+
+        try:
+            descr = self.translations.get(language_code=language_code).descr
+        except VariableTranslation.DoesNotExist:
+            try:
+                descr = self.translations.get(
+                    language_code=settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
+                ).descr
+            except VariableTranslation.DoesNotExist:
+                descr = ""
+        descr_cache[language_code] = descr
+        return descr
+
     def __str__(self):
-        # For an explanation of this, see
-        # enhydris.tests.test_models.VariableTestCase.test_translation_bug()
-        result = self.descr
-        if result is None:
-            return self.translations.first().descr
-        return result
+        return self.descr
+
+
+class VariableTranslation(models.Model):
+    variable: models.ForeignKey[Variable, Variable] = models.ForeignKey(
+        Variable,
+        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
+        related_name="translations",
+        verbose_name=_("Variable"),
+    )
+    language_code: models.CharField[str, str] = models.CharField(
+        max_length=15, verbose_name=_("Language")
+    )
+    descr: models.CharField[str, str] = models.CharField(
+        max_length=200, verbose_name=_("Description")
+    )
+
+    class Meta:
+        unique_together = (
+            (
+                "variable",
+                "language_code",
+            ),
+        )
 
 
 class UnitOfMeasurement(Lookup):
@@ -146,16 +179,7 @@ class TimeseriesGroup(models.Model):
     def get_name(self):
         if self.name:
             return self.name
-        try:
-            return self.variable.descr
-        except ValueError:
-            # Sometimes the current language is set to null; this happens particularly
-            # when the Django admin is recording what changes happened to an object (see
-            # django.contrib.admin.utils.construct_change_message). In that case,
-            # django-parler raises a ValueError exception when we attempt to access
-            # self.variable.descr. Not sure whether this is a Django problem or a
-            # django-parler problem. Working around by returning the group id.
-            return f"Timeseries group {self.id}"
+        return self.variable.descr
 
     class Meta:
         verbose_name = _("Time series group")
diff --git a/enhydris/synoptic/tests/data.py b/enhydris/synoptic/tests/data.py
index ba90fbf6..6f9097d4 100644
--- a/enhydris/synoptic/tests/data.py
+++ b/enhydris/synoptic/tests/data.py
@@ -81,10 +81,15 @@ def _create_synoptic_group_stations(self):
         )
 
     def _create_variables(self):
-        self.var_rain = baker.make(Variable, descr="Rain")
-        self.var_temperature = baker.make(Variable, descr="Temperature")
-        self.var_wind_speed = baker.make(Variable, descr="Wind speed")
-        self.var_wind_gust = baker.make(Variable, descr="Wind gust")
+        self.var_rain = self._create_variable("Rain")
+        self.var_temperature = self._create_variable("Temperature")
+        self.var_wind_speed = self._create_variable("Wind speed")
+        self.var_wind_gust = self._create_variable("Wind gust")
+
+    def _create_variable(self, name: str):
+        variable = Variable.objects.create()
+        variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr=name)
+        return variable
 
     def _create_timeseries_groups(self):
         self._create_timeseries_groups_for_komboti()
diff --git a/enhydris/telemetry/tests/test_models.py b/enhydris/telemetry/tests/test_models.py
index 6182f670..71366a40 100644
--- a/enhydris/telemetry/tests/test_models.py
+++ b/enhydris/telemetry/tests/test_models.py
@@ -134,9 +134,11 @@ def setUpTestData(cls):
             TimeseriesGroup,
             id=42,
             gentity=cls.station,
-            variable__descr="Temperature",
             precision=1,
         )
+        cls.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="Temperature"
+        )
         cls.telemetry = baker.make(
             Telemetry,
             station=cls.station,
diff --git a/enhydris/tests/__init__.py b/enhydris/tests/__init__.py
index 01513a2b..30842eb2 100644
--- a/enhydris/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/enhydris/tests/__init__.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 import pandas as pd
 from htimeseries import HTimeseries
 from model_bakery import baker
-from parler.utils.context import switch_language
 
 from enhydris import models
 
@@ -58,10 +57,12 @@ def _create_test_timeseries(
             name="Daily temperature",
             gentity=cls.station,
             unit_of_measurement__symbol="mm",
-            variable__descr="Temperature",
             precision=1,
             remarks="This timeseries group rocks",
         )
+        cls.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="Temperature"
+        )
         more_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
         if publicly_available is not None:
             more_kwargs["publicly_available"] = publicly_available
@@ -100,10 +101,8 @@ def create_timeseries(cls, publicly_available: bool | None = None):
             geom=Point(x=21.00000, y=39.00000, srid=4326),
             display_timezone=cls.timezone,
         )
-        cls.variable = models.Variable()
-        with switch_language(cls.variable, "en"):
-            cls.variable.descr = "Beauty"
-            cls.variable.save()
+        cls.variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        cls.variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="Beauty")
         cls.timeseries_group = baker.make(
             models.TimeseriesGroup,
             gentity=cls.station,
diff --git a/enhydris/tests/admin/test_station.py b/enhydris/tests/admin/test_station.py
index 993bc147..85955330 100644
--- a/enhydris/tests/admin/test_station.py
+++ b/enhydris/tests/admin/test_station.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import os
 from io import StringIO
 from locale import LC_CTYPE, getlocale, setlocale
+from typing import Any
 from unittest import mock
 
 from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission, User
@@ -522,7 +523,9 @@ def test_form_is_valid(self):
 
 
 class TimeseriesUploadFileMixin:
-    def _get_basic_form_contents(self):
+    def _get_basic_form_contents(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="myvar")
         return {
             "name": "Hobbiton",
             "owner": models.Organization.objects.create(name="Serial killers SA").id,
@@ -532,9 +535,7 @@ def _get_basic_form_contents(self):
             **get_formset_parameters(self.client, "/admin/enhydris/station/add/"),
             "timeseriesgroup_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
             "timeseriesgroup_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
-            "timeseriesgroup_set-0-variable": baker.make(
-                models.Variable, descr="myvar"
-            ).id,
+            "timeseriesgroup_set-0-variable": variable.pk,
             "timeseriesgroup_set-0-unit_of_measurement": baker.make(
                 models.UnitOfMeasurement
             ).id,
@@ -699,7 +700,9 @@ def setUp(self):
         )
         self.client.login(username="alice", password="topsecret")
 
-    def _get_basic_form_contents(self):
+    def _get_basic_form_contents(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="myvar")
         return {
             "name": "Hobbiton",
             "owner": models.Organization.objects.create(name="Serial killers SA").id,
@@ -709,9 +712,7 @@ def _get_basic_form_contents(self):
             **get_formset_parameters(self.client, "/admin/enhydris/station/add/"),
             "timeseriesgroup_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
             "timeseriesgroup_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
-            "timeseriesgroup_set-0-variable": baker.make(
-                models.Variable, descr="myvar"
-            ).id,
+            "timeseriesgroup_set-0-variable": variable.pk,
             "timeseriesgroup_set-0-unit_of_measurement": baker.make(
                 models.UnitOfMeasurement
             ).id,
diff --git a/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_gentity.py b/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_gentity.py
index f344c13d..4f2a8da6 100644
--- a/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_gentity.py
+++ b/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_gentity.py
@@ -169,9 +169,11 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.timeseries_group = baker.make(
             models.TimeseriesGroup,
             gentity=self.station,
-            variable__descr="irrelevant",
             precision=2,
         )
+        self.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="irrelevant"
+        )
 
     def _create_timeseries(
         self,
diff --git a/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_timeseries.py b/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_timeseries.py
index 06b4d9f6..2714a66b 100644
--- a/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_timeseries.py
+++ b/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_timeseries.py
@@ -438,6 +438,7 @@ def setUpClass(cls):
 
     def setUp(self):
         cache.clear()
+        self.timeseries.timeseries_group.variable.__dict__.pop("_descr_cache", None)
 
         # Make sure we've accessed gpoint already, otherwise it screws up the number of
         # queries later
@@ -450,20 +451,26 @@ def setUp(self):
     def test_cache(self):
         self.expected_result = self.original_expected_result
 
-        self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(1, start_date=None, end_date=None)
+        # Two queries: getting data and prefetching variable translations.
+        self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(2, start_date=None, end_date=None)
         self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(0, start_date=None, end_date=None)
 
         # Check cache invalidation
         self.timeseries.save()
+        # This time there's one query; the prefetched variable translations are
+        # still cached.
         self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(1, start_date=None, end_date=None)
 
     def test_refetches_if_does_not_include_everything_from_start_date(self):
         start_date_1 = dt.datetime(2017, 12, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc)
         self.expected_result = self.original_expected_result.iloc[1:]
-        self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(1, start_date=start_date_1, end_date=None)
+        # Two queries: getting data and prefetching variable translations.
+        self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(2, start_date=start_date_1, end_date=None)
 
         start_date_2 = dt.datetime(2017, 11, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc)
         self.expected_result = self.original_expected_result
+        # This time there's one query; the prefetched variable translations are
+        # still cached.
         self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(1, start_date=start_date_2, end_date=None)
 
         # Try again with start_date_1; this time we should have everything in cache
@@ -473,10 +480,13 @@ def test_refetches_if_does_not_include_everything_from_start_date(self):
     def test_refetches_if_does_not_include_everything_to_end_date(self):
         end_date_1 = dt.datetime(2018, 10, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc)
         self.expected_result = self.original_expected_result.iloc[:-1]
-        self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(1, start_date=None, end_date=end_date_1)
+        # Two queries: getting data and prefetching variable translations.
+        self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(2, start_date=None, end_date=end_date_1)
 
         end_date_2 = dt.datetime(2018, 12, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc)
         self.expected_result = self.original_expected_result
+        # This time there's one query; the prefetched variable translations are
+        # still cached.
         self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(1, start_date=None, end_date=end_date_2)
 
         # Try again with end_date_1; this time we should have everything in cache
@@ -526,8 +536,9 @@ def test_cached_empty_dataframe(self):
 
     @mock.patch("enhydris.models.timeseries.Timeseries._invalidate_cached_data")
     def test_race_condition(self, m: mock.MagicMock):
-        # Populate cache
-        self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(1, start_date=None, end_date=None)
+        # Populate cache. There are two queries: one for getting the data and
+        # one for prefetching variable translations.
+        self._get_data_and_check_num_queries(2, start_date=None, end_date=None)
 
         # Pretend there's a race condition. We delete the time series data, but
         # because we've mocked _invalidate_cached_data, the cache will not be deleted.
diff --git a/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_timeseries_group.py b/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_timeseries_group.py
index 6afb19b3..be0d1bd1 100644
--- a/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_timeseries_group.py
+++ b/enhydris/tests/test_models/test_timeseries_group.py
@@ -7,42 +7,24 @@
 from django.utils import translation
 
 from model_bakery import baker
-from parler.utils.context import switch_language
 
 from enhydris import models
 from enhydris.tests import TimeseriesDataMixin
 
 
 class VariableTestCase(TestCase):
-    def test_create(self):
-        gact = models.Variable(descr="Temperature")
-        gact.save()
-        self.assertEqual(models.Variable.objects.first().descr, "Temperature")
-
-    def test_update(self):
-        baker.make(models.Variable, descr="Irrelevant")
-        gact = models.Variable.objects.first()
-        gact.descr = "Temperature"
-        gact.save()
-        self.assertEqual(models.Variable.objects.first().descr, "Temperature")
-
-    def test_delete(self):
-        baker.make(models.Variable, descr="Temperature")
-        gact = models.Variable.objects.first()
-        gact.delete()
-        self.assertEqual(models.Variable.objects.count(), 0)
-
     def test_str(self):
         gact = self._create_variable("Temperature", "Θερμοκρασία")
         self.assertEqual(str(gact), "Temperature")
-        with switch_language(gact, "el"):
+        with translation.override("el"):
             self.assertEqual(str(gact), "Θερμοκρασία")
 
     def test_manager_includes_objects_with_missing_translations(self):
-        variable = baker.make(models.Variable, descr="hello")
+        variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="hello")
         self.assertEqual(str(variable), "hello")
-        with switch_language(variable, "el"):
-            models.Variable.objects.get(id=variable.id)  # Shouldn't raise anything
+        with translation.override("el"):
+            models.Variable.objects.get(id=variable.pk)  # Shouldn't raise anything
 
     def test_sort(self):
         self._create_variable("Temperature", "Θερμοκρασία")
@@ -57,10 +39,14 @@ def test_sort(self):
                 ["Θερμοκρασία", "Υγρασία"],
             )
 
-    def _create_variable(self, english_name, greek_name):
-        baker.make(models.Variable, descr=english_name)
-        variable = models.Variable.objects.get(translations__descr=english_name)
-        variable.translations.create(language_code="el", descr=greek_name)
+    def _create_variable(self, english_name: str, greek_name: str):
+        variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        models.VariableTranslation.objects.create(
+            variable=variable, language_code="el", descr=greek_name
+        )
+        models.VariableTranslation.objects.create(
+            variable=variable, language_code="en", descr=english_name
+        )
         return variable
 
     @override_settings(
@@ -69,28 +55,13 @@ def _create_variable(self, english_name, greek_name):
         LANGUAGES={("en", "English"), ("el", "Ελληνικά")},
     )
     def test_translation_bug(self):
-        # Normally Variable.__str__() should return a simple "return self.descr".
-        # However, there's a tricky bug somewhere, most probably in django-parler, but I
-        # can't nail it.  Sometimes, when there's no registered translation in the
-        # active language, self.descr is None (when it should fall back to the fallback
-        # language). It occurs when trying to visit /admin/enhydris/station/add/, the
-        # active language is Greek, and one of the variables has an English translation
-        # but not a Greek translation. We work around it by changing Variable.__str__()
-        # to return whatever translation exists.
-        #
-        # Unfortunately, PARLER_LANGUAGES seems to not be overridable in tests;
-        # therefore, if you change Variable.__str__() to a simple "return self.descr",
-        # the only way to make this test fail is by manually specifying this in the
-        # settings:
-        #     PARLER_LANGUAGES={
-        #         SITE_ID: [{"code": "en"}, {"code": "el"}],
-        #         "default": {"fallbacks": ["en"], "hide_untranslated": True},
-        #     }
+        # The admin must render even when active language has no translation.
         User.objects.create_user(
             username="alice", password="topsecret", is_active=True, is_staff=True
         )
         self.client.login(username="alice", password="topsecret")
-        baker.make(models.Variable, descr="pH")
+        variable = models.Variable.objects.create()
+        variable.translations.create(language_code="en", descr="pH")
         response = self.client.get(
             "/admin/enhydris/station/add/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="el"
         )
@@ -109,8 +80,9 @@ def test_str_when_symbol_is_empty(self):
 
 class TimeseriesGroupGetNameTestCase(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.timeseries_group = baker.make(
-            models.TimeseriesGroup, variable__descr="Temperature", name=""
+        self.timeseries_group = baker.make(models.TimeseriesGroup, name="")
+        self.timeseries_group.variable.translations.create(
+            language_code="en", descr="Temperature"
         )
 
     def test_get_name_when_name_is_blank(self):
@@ -122,18 +94,12 @@ def test_get_name_when_name_is_not_blank(self):
 
     def test_get_name_when_translations_are_inactive(self):
         with translation.override(None):
-            self.timeseries_group.variable._current_language = None
-            self.assertEqual(
-                self.timeseries_group.get_name(),
-                f"Timeseries group {self.timeseries_group.id}",
-            )
+            self.assertEqual(self.timeseries_group.get_name(), "Temperature")
 
 
 class TimeseriesGroupDefaultTimeseriesTestCase(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.timeseries_group = baker.make(
-            models.TimeseriesGroup, variable__descr="Temperature", name=""
-        )
+        self.timeseries_group = baker.make(models.TimeseriesGroup, name="")
         self.initial_timeseries = self._make_timeseries(models.Timeseries.INITIAL)
         self.checked_timeseries = self._make_timeseries(models.Timeseries.CHECKED)
         self.regularized_timeseries = self._make_timeseries(
diff --git a/enhydris_project/settings/__init__.py b/enhydris_project/settings/__init__.py
index d916f64e..83650661 100644
--- a/enhydris_project/settings/__init__.py
+++ b/enhydris_project/settings/__init__.py
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
     "grappelli",
     "django.contrib.admin",
     "rules.apps.AutodiscoverRulesConfig",
-    "parler",
     "nested_admin",
     "crequest",
     "bootstrap4",
diff --git a/enhydris_project/settings/ci.py b/enhydris_project/settings/ci.py
index e91cf75e..3686ad15 100644
--- a/enhydris_project/settings/ci.py
+++ b/enhydris_project/settings/ci.py
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@
     ("en", "English"),
     ("el", "Ελληνικά"),
 }
-PARLER_LANGUAGES = {
-    SITE_ID: [{"code": LANGUAGE_CODE}, {"code": "el"}],  # NOQA
-    "default": {"fallbacks": ["en"], "hide_untranslated": True},
-}
 
 headless = ChromeOptions()
 headless.add_argument("--headless")