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Merge pull request #1455 from open-ideas/issue1436_addPvtModel
Issue1436 add pvt model
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‎.gitattributes‎

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# Set default behaviour, in case users don't have core.autocrlf set.
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* text=auto
3-
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# Explicitly declare text files we want to always be normalized and converted
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# to native line endings on checkout.
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*.mo text
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*.mos text
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*.mop text
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*.py text
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*.txt text
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# Declare files that will always have CRLF line endings on checkout.
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#*.sln text eol=crlf
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# Denote all files that are truly binary and should not be modified.
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*.png binary
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*.jpg binary
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IDEAS/Resources/Data/Fluid/PVTCollectors/Validation/PVT_UN/PVT_UN_measurements.txt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

‎.github/workflows/github-actions.yml‎

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run: make test-dymola PACKAGE=\"IDEAS.Fluid.MixingVolumes\" INTERACTIVE=false
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- name: Test IDEAS.Fluid.Movers
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run: make test-dymola PACKAGE=\"IDEAS.Fluid.Movers\" INTERACTIVE=false
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- name: Test IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors
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run: make test-dymola PACKAGE=\"IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.BaseClasses.Examples\" INTERACTIVE=false
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&& make test-dymola PACKAGE=\"IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.Examples\" INTERACTIVE=false
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- name: Test IDEAS.Fluid.Sensors
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run: make test-dymola PACKAGE=\"IDEAS.Fluid.Sensors\" INTERACTIVE=false
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- name: Test IDEAS.Fluid.SolarCollectors

‎IDEAS/Fluid/PVTCollectors/BaseClasses/ElectricalPVT.mo‎

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within IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.BaseClasses;
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model ElectricalPVT
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"Calculate the electrical power output of a PVT using the PVWatts v5 approach"
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extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block;
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extends IDEAS.Fluid.SolarCollectors.BaseClasses.PartialParameters;
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// Parameters
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Irradiance HGloHorNom = 1000 "global horizontal irradiances";
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Efficiency eleLosFac = 0.09 "PV loss factor";
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Temperature TpvtRef = 298.15 "Reference cell temperature";
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parameter Real gamma "Temperature coefficient [1/K]";
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Power P_nominal "Nominal PV power";
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Area A "PV area";
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Efficiency eta0 "Zero-loss efficiency";
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.DimensionlessRatio tauAlpEff "Effective transmittance–absorptance product";
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer c1 "First-order heat loss coefficient";
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Efficiency etaEl "Electrical efficiency";
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parameter Modelica.Units.SI.CoefficientOfHeatTransfer UAbsFluid =
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((tauAlpEff - etaEl) * (c1 + abs(gamma)*HGloHorNom)) / ((tauAlpEff - etaEl) - eta0)
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"Heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the PV cells, calculated from datasheet parameters";
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// Inputs
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Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput Tflu[nSeg]
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"Fluid temperatures per segment [K]"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-140,40},{-100,80}}),
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iconTransformation(extent={{-140,40},{-100,80}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput Qth[nSeg]
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"Thermal power density per segment [W/m2]"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-140,-20},{-100,20}}),
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iconTransformation(extent={{-140,-20},{-100,20}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput HGloTil
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"Global tilted irradiance [W/m2]"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-140,-80},{-100,-40}}),
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iconTransformation(extent={{-140,-80},{-100,-40}})));
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// Outputs (user-facing)
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Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput Pel
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"Total electrical power output [W]"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{100,40},{140,80}}),
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iconTransformation(extent={{100,40},{140,80}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput TavgCel
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"Average PV module temperature [K]"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{100,-20},{140,20}}),
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iconTransformation(extent={{100,-20},{140,20}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput TavgFlu
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"Average fluid temperature [K]"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{100,-80},{140,-40}}),
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iconTransformation(extent={{100,-80},{140,-40}})));
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protected
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// internal variables (not exposed as connectors)
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Modelica.Units.SI.Temperature temMod "Average cell/module temperature ";
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Modelica.Units.SI.Temperature temMea "Average fluid temperature";
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Modelica.Units.SI.Temperature TCel[nSeg];
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Modelica.Units.SI.Temperature TDif[nSeg];
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Modelica.Units.SI.Power Pel_int[nSeg];
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equation
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for i in 1:nSeg loop
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TCel[i] = Tflu[i] +Qth[i] / UAbsFluid;
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TDif[i] = TCel[i] - TpvtRef;
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Pel_int[i] = (A_c/nSeg) * (P_nominal/A) * (HGloTil/HGloHorNom) *
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(1 + gamma * TDif[i]) * (1 - eleLosFac);
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end for;
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Pel = sum(Pel_int);
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temMod = sum(TCel) / nSeg;
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temMea = sum(Tflu) / nSeg;
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TavgCel = temMod;
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TavgFlu = temMea;
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annotation (
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defaultComponentName="eleGen",
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Documentation(info="<html>
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<p>
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This component computes the electrical power output of a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collector using the PVWatts v5 methodology (Dobos, 2014), adapted for PVT systems.
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It is part of a validated, open-source Modelica implementation that relies solely on manufacturer datasheet parameters, as described in Meertens et al. (2025).
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</p>
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<p>
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The model calculates the electrical output for each segment <i>i ∈ {1, ..., n<sub>seg</sub>}</i> as:
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</p>
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<p align=\"center\" style=\"font-style:italic;\">
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P<sub>el,i</sub> = (A<sub>c</sub> / n<sub>seg</sub>) &#183 (P<sub>nom</sub> / A)
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&#183 (G<sub>tilt</sub> / G<sub>nom</sub>) &#183 (1 + &gamma; &#183 &Delta;T<sub>i</sub>) &#183 (1 - eleLosFac)
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</p>
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<p>
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where:
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<ul>
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<li>
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<i>&Delta;T<sub>i</sub> = T<sub>cell,i</sub> - T<sub>ref</sub></i>: temperature difference between PV cell and reference temperature
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</li>
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<li>
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<i>P<sub>nom</sub></i>: nominal PV power under STC [W]
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</li>
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<li>
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<i>A</i>: gross collector area [m²]
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</li>
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<li>
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<i>A<sub>c</sub></i>: effective collector area (equal to A if not otherwise specified)
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</li>
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<li>
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<i>G<sub>tilt</sub></i>: global irradiance on the tilted collector plane [W/m²]
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</li>
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<li>
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<i>G<sub>nom</sub></i>: nominal irradiance (typically 1000 W/m²)
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</li>
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<li>
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<i>&gamma;</i>: temperature coefficient of power [%/K]
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</li>
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<li>
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<i>eleLosFac</i>: lumped system loss factor
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</li>
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</ul>
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</p>
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<p>
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The PV cell temperature is estimated from the fluid temperature and thermal power density using:
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</p>
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<p align=\"center\" style=\"font-style:italic;\">
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T<sub>cell,i</sub> = T<sub>m,i</sub> + q<sub>th,i</sub> / U<sub>AbsFluid</sub>
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</p>
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<p>
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The internal heat transfer coefficient <i>UAbsFluid</i> is approximately calculated from datasheet parameters.
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For the mathematical description and visualisation, see <a href='modelica://IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.UsersGuide'>IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.UsersGuide</a>.
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</p>
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<h5>Electrical performance and losses</h5>
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<p>
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The electrical submodel includes an overall system loss factor <code>eleLosFac</code>.
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PVWatts reports a total electrical power loss of 14%, resulting from the following mechanisms:
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</p>
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<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">
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<tr>
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<th style=\"text-align:left;\">Electrical power loss mechanism</th>
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<th style=\"text-align:center;\">Default value</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Soiling</td>
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<td style=\"text-align:center;\">2 %</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Shading</td>
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<td style=\"text-align:center;\">3 %</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Mismatch</td>
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<td style=\"text-align:center;\">2 %</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Wiring</td>
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<td style=\"text-align:center;\">2 %</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Connections</td>
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<td style=\"text-align:center;\">0.5 %</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Light‑induced degradation</td>
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<td style=\"text-align:center;\">1.5 %</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Nameplate rating</td>
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<td style=\"text-align:center;\">1 %</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style=\"text-align:left;\">Availability</td>
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<td style=\"text-align:center;\">3 %</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th style=\"text-align:left;\">Total</th>
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<th style=\"text-align:center;\">14 %</th>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>
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For well-maintained, unshaded modules, experimental validation (Meertens et al., 2025)
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found that using <code>eleLosFac = 9%</code> gives excellent agreement with
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measured electrical output. For PVT collectors with a high positive tolerance on the
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electrical output, this system loss factor can even be lower.
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Users may adjust <code>eleLosFac</code> to account for site-specific soiling or shading effects.
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</p>
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<h4>Implementation Notes</h4>
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<p>
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This model is designed for (unglazed) PVT collectors and supports discretization into multiple segments to capture temperature gradients along the flow path.
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It is compatible with the thermal model based on ISO 9806:2013 and is suitable for dynamic simulations where irradiance and fluid temperatures vary over time.
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</p>
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<h4>References</h4>
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<ul>
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<li>
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Dobos, A. P. (2014). <i><a href='https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/62641.pdf'>PVWatts Version 5 Manual</a></i>. NREL/TP-6A20-62641
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</li>
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<li>
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Meertens, L., Jansen, J., Helsen, L. (2025).
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<i>Development and Experimental Validation of an Unglazed Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector Modelica Model that only needs Datasheet Parameters</i>,
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submitted to the 16th International Modelica & FMI Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland, Sep 8–10, 2025.
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</li>
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</ul>
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</html>",
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revisions="<html>
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<ul>
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<li>
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July 7, 2025, by Lone Meertens:<br/>
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First implementation PVT model.
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This is for <a href=\"https://github.com/open-ideas/IDEAS/issues/1436\">#1436</a>.
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</li>
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</ul>
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</html>"));
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end ElectricalPVT;

‎IDEAS/Fluid/PVTCollectors/BaseClasses/Examples/ISO9806HeatLoss.mo‎

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within IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.BaseClasses.Examples;
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model ISO9806HeatLoss
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"Example showing the use of ISO9806QuasiDynamicHeatLoss"
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extends Modelica.Icons.Example;
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replaceable package Medium = IDEAS.Media.Water "Medium in the system";
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parameter IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.Data.GenericQuasiDynamic per=
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IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.Data.Uncovered.UI_Validation()
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"Performance data" annotation (choicesAllMatching=true);
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Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Sine T1(
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amplitude=15,
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f=0.1,
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offset=273.15 + 10) "Temperature of the first segment"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-92,-22},{-72,-2}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Sine T2(
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f=0.1,
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amplitude=15,
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offset=273.15 + 15) "Temperature of the second segment"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-68,-36},{-48,-16}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Sine T3(
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f=0.1,
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amplitude=15,
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offset=273.15 + 20) "Temperature of the third segment"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-90,-52},{-70,-32}})));
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ISO9806QuasiDynamicHeatLoss heaLosQuaDyn(
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nSeg=3,
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redeclare package Medium = Medium,
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c1=per.c1,
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c2=per.c2,
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c3=per.c3,
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c4=per.c4,
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c6=per.c6,
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A_c=per.A) annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{18,-2},{38,18}})));
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IDEAS.Fluid.SolarCollectors.BaseClasses.EN12975HeatLoss heaLosSteSta(
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A_c=per.A,
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nSeg=3,
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redeclare package Medium = Medium,
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a1=per.c1,
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a2=per.c2)
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{18,-68},{38,-48}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Sine TEnv(
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f=0.01,
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offset=273.15 + 10,
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amplitude=15) "Temperature of the surrounding environment"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-80,24},{-60,44}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Sine winSpePla(
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f=1/(24*3600),
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phase=0,
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offset=3,
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amplitude=5) "wind speed in the collector plane"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{60,58},{80,78}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Sources.RealExpression HHorIR(y=400) "long wave irradiance"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{-1.5,58},{17.5,74}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput QLos_flow_QuaDyn[3]
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"Heat loss rate at current conditions"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{60,-2},{80,18}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput QLos_flow_SteSta[3]
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"Heat loss rate at current conditions"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{62,-68},{82,-48}})));
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Modelica.Blocks.Sources.RealExpression HGloTil(y=800) "Global irradiance on the tilted surface"
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annotation (Placement(transformation(extent={{26.5,58},{45.5,74}})));
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equation
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connect(winSpePla.y, heaLosQuaDyn.winSpePla);
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connect(HHorIR.y, heaLosQuaDyn.HHorIR);
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connect(HGloTil.y, heaLosQuaDyn.HGloTil);
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connect(T3.y, heaLosQuaDyn.TFlu[3]) annotation (Line(points={{-69,-42},{-44,-42},
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{-44,2},{-20,2},{-20,2.66667},{16,2.66667}},
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color={0,0,127}));
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connect(T2.y, heaLosQuaDyn.TFlu[2]) annotation (Line(points={{-47,-26},{-44,-26},
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{-44,2},{16,2}}, color={0,0,127}));
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connect(TEnv.y, heaLosQuaDyn.TEnv) annotation (Line(points={{-59,34},{8,34},{8,
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14},{16,14}}, color={0,0,127}));
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connect(heaLosSteSta.TEnv, TEnv.y) annotation (Line(points={{16,-52},{8,-52},{
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8,34},{-59,34}}, color={0,0,127}));
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connect(T1.y, heaLosSteSta.TFlu[1]) annotation (Line(points={{-71,-12},{-68,
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-12},{-68,2},{-44,2},{-44,-64.6667},{16,-64.6667}},
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color={0,0,127}));
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connect(T2.y, heaLosSteSta.TFlu[2]) annotation (Line(points={{-47,-26},{-44,-26},
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{-44,-64},{16,-64}}, color={0,0,127}));
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connect(T3.y, heaLosSteSta.TFlu[3]) annotation (Line(points={{-69,-42},{-44,
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-42},{-44,-63.3333},{16,-63.3333}},
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color={0,0,127}));
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connect(T1.y, heaLosQuaDyn.TFlu[1]) annotation (Line(points={{-71,-12},{-68,-12},
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{-68,1.33333},{16,1.33333}}, color={0,0,127}));
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connect(heaLosQuaDyn.QLos_flow, QLos_flow_QuaDyn)
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annotation (Line(points={{39,8},{70,8}}, color={0,0,127}));
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connect(heaLosSteSta.QLos_flow, QLos_flow_SteSta)
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annotation (Line(points={{39,-58},{72,-58}}, color={0,0,127}));
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annotation (
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Documentation(info="<html>
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<p>
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This example demonstrates the implementation of
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<a href=\"modelica://IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.BaseClasses.ISO9806QuasiDynamicHeatLoss\">
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IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.BaseClasses.ISO9806QuasiDynamicHeatLoss</a>,
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which calculates the quasi-dynamic heat loss of a PVT or solar thermal collector
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according to the ISO 9806:2013 standard.
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</p>
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<p>
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In addition to showcasing the ISO 9806-based model, this example also compares its behavior
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to the steady-state heat loss model
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<a href=\"modelica://IDEAS.Fluid.SolarCollectors.BaseClasses.EN12975HeatLoss\">
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IDEAS.Fluid.SolarCollectors.BaseClasses.EN12975HeatLoss</a>,
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which is based on the now-superseded EN 12975 standard.
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</p>
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<p>
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This comparison highlights the differences between the steady-state and quasi-dynamic
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approaches, particularly in how they account for environmental factors such as wind speed
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and long-wave irradiance.
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</p>
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</html>",
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revisions="<html>
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<ul>
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<li>
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July 2, 2025, by Lone Meertens:<br/>
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First implementation of ISO 9806 quasi-dynamic heat loss example.
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This is for <a href=\"https://github.com/open-ideas/IDEAS/issues/1436\">1436</a>.
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</li>
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</ul>
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</html>"),
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__Dymola_Commands(file="modelica://IDEAS/Resources/Scripts/Dymola/Fluid/PVTCollectors/BaseClasses/Examples/ISO9806HeatLoss.mos"
122+
"Simulate and plot"),
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experiment(
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StartTime=0,
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StopTime=86400,
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Interval=60,
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Tolerance=1e-06,
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__Dymola_Algorithm="dassl"));
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end ISO9806HeatLoss;

‎IDEAS/Fluid/PVTCollectors/BaseClasses/Examples/package.mo‎

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within IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.BaseClasses;
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package Examples
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"Collection of models that illustrate model use and test models"
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extends Modelica.Icons.ExamplesPackage;
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annotation (preferredView="info", Documentation(info="<html>
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<p>
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This package contains examples for the use of models that can be found in
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<a href=\"modelica://IDEAS.Fluid.PVTCollectors.BaseClasses\">
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IDEAS.Fluid.PvtCollectors.BaseClasses.</a>
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</p>
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</html>"));
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end Examples;

‎IDEAS/Fluid/PVTCollectors/BaseClasses/Examples/package.order‎

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ISO9806HeatLoss

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