diff --git a/course/week2/monitor_project/monitor/metrics.py b/course/week2/monitor_project/monitor/metrics.py index 2171b18c..f21fc820 100644 --- a/course/week2/monitor_project/monitor/metrics.py +++ b/course/week2/monitor_project/monitor/metrics.py @@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ def get_ks_score(tr_probs, te_probs): # te_probs: torch.Tensor # predicted probabilities from test test # score: float - between 0 and 1 - pass # remove me + tr_probs_np = tr_probs.numpy() + te_probs_np = te_probs.numpy() + _, score = ks_2samp(tr_probs_np, te_probs_np) # ============================ return score @@ -68,7 +70,16 @@ def get_hist_score(tr_probs, te_probs, bins=10): # # Read the documentation for `np.histogram` carefully, in # particular what `bin_edges` represent. - pass # remove me + tr_heights, bin_edges = np.histogram(tr_probs.numpy(), bins=bins, density=True) + te_heights, _ = np.histogram(te_probs.numpy(), bins=bin_edges, density=True) + + score = 0 + for i in range(len(bin_edges) - 1): + bin_diff = bin_edges[i+1] - bin_edges[i] + tr_area = bin_diff * tr_heights[i] + te_area = bin_diff * te_heights[i] + intersect = min(tr_area, te_area) + score += intersect # ============================ return score @@ -97,7 +108,12 @@ def get_vocab_outlier(tr_vocab, te_vocab): # te_vocab: dict[str, int] # Map from word to count for test examples # score: float (between 0 and 1) - pass # remove me + num_seen = sum(1 for word in te_vocab if word in tr_vocab) + num_total = len(te_vocab) + if num_total == 0: + score = 0 # If test vocab is empty, we consider no outliers + else: + score = 1 - (num_seen / num_total) # ============================ return score @@ -132,7 +148,9 @@ def calibrate(self, tr_probs, tr_labels, te_probs): # it to a torch.Tensor. # # `te_probs_cal`: torch.Tensor - pass # remove me + iso_reg = IsotonicRegression(out_of_bounds='clip') + tr_probs_cal = torch.tensor(iso_reg.fit_transform(tr_probs.numpy(), tr_labels.numpy())) + te_probs_cal = torch.tensor(iso_reg.predict(te_probs.numpy())) # ============================ return tr_probs_cal, te_probs_cal @@ -149,4 +167,4 @@ def monitor(self, te_vocab, te_probs): 'hist_score': hist_score, 'outlier_score': outlier_score, } - return metrics + return metrics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/configs/test.json b/course/week2/testing_project/configs/test.json index 7eb379e2..c0022713 100644 --- a/course/week2/testing_project/configs/test.json +++ b/course/week2/testing_project/configs/test.json @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ { "data": "mnist", - "model": "linear.ckpt" + "model": "mlp.ckpt" } diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/eight.png b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/eight.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f33f45b9 Binary files /dev/null and b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/eight.png differ diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/five.png b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/five.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..722b6cd6 Binary files /dev/null and b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/five.png differ diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/four.png b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/four.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..84fc5791 Binary files /dev/null and b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/four.png differ diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/nine.png b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/nine.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..55a95404 Binary files /dev/null and b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-processed/nine.png differ diff --git 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00000000..f86bf032 Binary files /dev/null and b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/six.jpg differ diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/three.jpg b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/three.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aedeb013 Binary files /dev/null and b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/three.jpg differ diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/two.jpg b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/two.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9106e90b Binary files /dev/null and b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/two.jpg differ diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/zero.jpg b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/zero.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5ac4e7c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/digits-raw/zero.jpg differ diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/labels.csv b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/labels.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2e5ac8dd --- /dev/null +++ b/course/week2/testing_project/images/integration/labels.csv @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +path,label +zero.png,0 +one.png,1 +two.png,2 +three.png,3 +four.png,4 +five.png,5 +six.png,6 +seven.png,7 +eight.png,8 +nine.png,9 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/images/regression/test-data.pt b/course/week2/testing_project/images/regression/test-data.pt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..267590e4 Binary files /dev/null and b/course/week2/testing_project/images/regression/test-data.pt differ diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/testing/directionality.py b/course/week2/testing_project/testing/directionality.py index c8e48ff0..948e2e52 100644 --- a/course/week2/testing_project/testing/directionality.py +++ b/course/week2/testing_project/testing/directionality.py @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def test(self, trainer, system): preds_raw = torch.argmax(logits_raw, dim=1) preds_transformed = torch.argmax(logits_transformed, dim=1) - batch_metric = 0 # store metric here + #batch_metric = 0 # store metric here # ================================ # FILL ME OUT # @@ -166,7 +166,8 @@ def test(self, trainer, system): # -- # batch_metric: float (not torch.Tensor!) # Metric computed on a minibatch - pass # remove me + + batch_metric = (preds_raw == preds_transformed).float().mean().item() # ================================ metric.append(batch_metric) pbar.update() diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/testing/integration.py b/course/week2/testing_project/testing/integration.py index f676c18e..0426429f 100644 --- a/course/week2/testing_project/testing/integration.py +++ b/course/week2/testing_project/testing/integration.py @@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ def test(self, trainer, system): # Notes: # -- # Nothing to return here - pass # remove me + loader = self.get_dataloader() + trainer.test(system, dataloaders=loader) # ================================ diff --git a/course/week2/testing_project/testing/regression.py b/course/week2/testing_project/testing/regression.py index 8b3804e2..63c87ee9 100644 --- a/course/week2/testing_project/testing/regression.py +++ b/course/week2/testing_project/testing/regression.py @@ -99,7 +99,9 @@ def build_regression_test(system, loader): # batch_is_correct: List[int] (not a torch.Tensor!) # List of integers - 1 if the model got that element correct # - 0 if the model got that element incorrect - pass # remove me + batch_is_correct = (preds == labels).long().numpy().tolist() + batch_loss = F.cross_entropy(logits, labels, reduction='none') + batch_loss = batch_loss.numpy().tolist() # ================================ losses.extend(batch_loss) is_correct.extend(batch_is_correct) diff --git a/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-all-minilm-l6-v2-hyde.json b/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-all-minilm-l6-v2-hyde.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1f00b8f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-all-minilm-l6-v2-hyde.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"id": "318bdee7-354b-4de8-830d-1e3025073ba1", "name": "dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-all-minilm-l6-v2-hyde", "dimensionality": 384} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-all-minilm-l6-v2.json b/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-all-minilm-l6-v2.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b728884 --- /dev/null +++ b/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-all-minilm-l6-v2.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"id": "f9e8731e-6cd7-4a2e-9b7b-9951dfd3bb07", "name": "dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-all-minilm-l6-v2", "dimensionality": 384} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-thenlper-gte-small-hyde.json b/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-thenlper-gte-small-hyde.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0557bac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-thenlper-gte-small-hyde.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"id": "3616e187-136f-4d6c-a09e-8d4c97c2603d", "name": "dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-thenlper-gte-small-hyde", "dimensionality": 384} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-thenlper-gte-small.json b/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-thenlper-gte-small.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4c3e3e83 --- /dev/null +++ b/course/week4/data/collections/dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-thenlper-gte-small.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"id": "142478b1-118e-4e44-8867-f39d507b7eb9", "name": "dcdl-week4-michael-goeliza-new-thenlper-gte-small", "dimensionality": 384} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/course/week4/data/questions/questions.csv b/course/week4/data/questions/questions.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ac67fd36 --- /dev/null +++ b/course/week4/data/questions/questions.csv @@ -0,0 +1,830 @@ +doc_id,context,question,ratings,hypo_answers +karate,"Karate is a Japanese martial art that uses striking techniques with hands, feet, elbows, and knees, as well as blocking and grappling, to develop physical and mental discipline.",What techniques are used in Karate to develop physical and mental discipline?,5,"Some techniques used in Karate to develop physical and mental discipline include practicing katas (forms), regular sparring with partners, meditation and breathing exercises, repetitive training of basic techniques, and following the principles of respect and self-control." +karate,"By whom, where and when was Karate invented? + +Karate is an ancient discipline with the roots of its current form originating on the Japanese island of Okinawa during the Ryukyu Dynasty, which was established in the 15th century. + +It became popular across Japan in the 1920s and expanded internationally following World War II. + +A karate practitioner is called a karateka.",Where did Karate originate from?,5,"Karate originated in Okinawa, Japan." +karate,"What are the different types of Karate? What are the rules of Karate? + +Karate comprises two modalities: Kumite and Kata. In Kumite, or combat, the winner of the three-minute fights is the one who obtains a clear lead of eight points, or the competitor having the highest number of points at time-up. If the fight is a draw, then the winner is determined by the first unopposed point advantage (Senshu) or in the case of a scoreless result, by a majority decision of the judges (Hantei). + +Points are scored according to correctly-executed techniques of controlled punches, strikes and kicks. + +One point – “Yuko” – is awarded for delivering a punch with a closed hand (tsuki) to the head, neck, belly, side, back or torso of the opponent. + +Two points – “Waza-ari” – are awarded for a kick to the body. + +Three points – “Ippon” – are scored for a high kick delivered to the head, or for a punch delivered on an opponent who has been taken to the ground after a sweep or takedown. + +In Kata (meaning ""form""), competitors execute a set of pre-approved choreographed movements, with the winner being declared by a pool of judges using an electronic voting system. + +Karateka are evaluated according to technical and athletic performances.",What are the different ways in which points can be scored in Karate Kumite?,2,"Points can be scored in Karate Kumite by executing strikes such as punches, kicks, and elbow strikes to specific target areas on the opponent's body. Points can also be scored by demonstrating control, timing, and technique in blocking or countering the opponent's attacks. Additionally, points can be scored by executing takedowns or throws that display skill and control over the opponent." +karate,"Karate and the Olympics + +Karate made its full Olympic debut at Tokyo 2020 after being on the programme at the Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018. + +In Tokyo, the sport featured Kumite and Kata events, with 80 athletes overall competing and a 50/50 split between men and women. + +The Olympic competition took place at the legendary Nippon Budokan, Tokyo, which is considered a heartbeat for martial arts practitioners and enthusiasts.",When did karate make its full Olympic debut?,5,"Karate made its full Olympic debut at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan." +karate,"Best Karate athletes to watch + +Some well-known kata performers include Shimizu Kiyou and Kiyuna Ryo of Japan, Damian Quintero of Spain, and Sakura Kokumai of the USA, while kumite stars include Olympic and world champions Steven Da Costa of France and Jovana Prekovic of Serbia.",Who are some of the best kata performers and kumite stars to watch in the world of Karate?,5,"Some of the best kata performers in the world of Karate include Rika Usami, Sandra Sanchez, and Antonio Diaz. As for kumite stars, some top athletes to watch include Tom Scott, Rafael Aghayev, and Ryutaro Araga." +trampolinegymnastics,"Trampolining was invented in 1934 by American gymnast George Nissen who, after watching trapeze acrobats perform tricks while bouncing off safety nets, built the first prototype trampoline to recreate their acrobatics. Initially used as a piece of equipment to train astronauts and athletes training for other acrobatic sports, the trampoline quickly became immensely popular as a sport in its own right. The first trampoline world championships were organised in London in 1964, and the sport joined the International Gymnastics Federation 34 years later in 1998.",Who invented the trampoline and when?,5,The trampoline was invented by George Nissen and Larry Griswold in 1936. +trampolinegymnastics,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The two individual trampoline events (men’s and women’s) involve athletes bouncing over 8 metres high in the air on a trampoline, which is a rectangular canvas made of synthetic fabric, to perform a series of twists, bounces and somersaults. + +The trampoline bed is attached to a frame with steel springs so that its recoil action propels athletes high into the air. During competition, athletes perform routines composed of ten elements, scored according to their difficulty, execution and time spent in the air. The sport is highly technical and requires absolute precision.",What is the maximum height that athletes can bounce to on the trampoline during the individual trampoline events?,4,The maximum height that athletes can bounce to on the trampoline during the individual trampoline events is around 10 meters (33 feet). +trampolinegymnastics,"Olympic History + +Trampolining made its first appearance at the 2000 Games in Sydney, with men’s and women’s competitions. The number of events (two) has remained unchanged since then. Since its inclusion at the Olympic Games, athletes from the People’s Republic of China have won 14 of the 36 medals awarded, including four gold medals However, Canadian Rosie MacLennan is the only athlete to successfully defend an Olympic trampoline title—a feat she accomplished at Rio 2016 after first winning gold at London 2012.",Which athlete successfully defended an Olympic trampoline title at the Rio 2016 Games after first winning gold at the London 2012 Games?,5,Rosie MacLennan +sportclimbing,"Sport climbing is a modern sport that has become immensely popular over the past 20 years. It is a young, mixed-gender sport – with 39 per cent of climbers under 18 years old – practised both outdoors and in a more urban format indoors. There are over 25 million climbers in 150 countries all over the world. + +In 1985, a group of climbers gathered in Bardonecchia, near Turin, Italy, for an event called “SportRoccia”, which became the first organised lead competition in which competitors climb within a certain time limit. One year later, the first competition event on an artificial climbing wall was organised in Vaulx-en-Velin near Lyon, France.",What was the location of the first organised lead competition for sport climbing in 1985?,5,"The first organised lead competition for sport climbing in 1985 was likely held in Europe, possibly in France or Germany." +sportclimbing,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +At the Olympics, sport climbing involves three formats : bouldering, speed and lead. In bouldering, athletes climb 4.5 m high walls without ropes, in a limited period of time and in the fewest attempts possible. Speed is a spectacular race against the clock in one-on-one elimination rounds that combine precision and explosivity. The best athletes scale a 15m high and five degrees inclinated wall in under six seconds for men and under seven seconds for women. + +In the lead event, athletes climb as high as they can on a wall over 15m high in six minutes without having seen the route ahead of time. The routes for this event are more and more complex and challenging during the event, requiring all of the athletes’ physical and mental ability. + +In Tokyo, each athlete competed in all three disciplines and the final scores reflected the combined results of the three competitions. The climber with the lowest score took home the first Olympic gold medal in the history of sport climbing. + +In Paris 2024, two competitions will crown their own olympic champion in sport climbing. One will be a combined competition of bouldering and lead events, and the second one will only feature a speed event.",What is the scoring system for sport climbing at the Olympics and how is the overall winner determined?,5,"Sport climbing at the Olympics uses a scoring system called ""combined,"" where athletes compete in three disciplines: speed climbing, bouldering, and lead climbing. In speed climbing, athletes are timed as they race to the top of a standardized 15-meter wall. In bouldering, athletes attempt to complete a series of short, difficult routes within a set amount of time. In lead climbing, athletes have a set amount of time to climb as high as possible on a tall wall, with points awarded based on height reached. + +The overall winner is determined by combining the scores from each discipline. The athlete with the highest combined score is declared the winner." +sportclimbing,"Olympic History + +Sport climbing took its first steps on the Olympic stage at the Buenos Aires Youth Olympic Games, in 2018. The event had not been highly publicised but the public was impressed by the spectacle and the suspense of this exciting sport. A hit at the youth events, sport climbing then made its debut at the Tokyo 2020 Games, joining the Olympic programme as a new sport. + +The originality of these events as well as the discipline’s visual, aesthetic and exciting nature make it a very popular and widely-practised sport for young people that can take place in very diverse environments, urban or natural. Sport climbing will also be one of the four additional sports of Paris 2024 alongside breaking (making its Olympic debut), surfing and skateboarding, and it also will be part of the programme for the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games.",When did sport climbing first make its debut at the Youth Olympic Games?,4,Sport climbing first made its debut at the Youth Olympic Games in 2018. +boxing,"The exact origins of the sport of boxing are unknown, though some of the earliest evidence (dating from the 3rd millennium BCE) comes from Sumerian artifacts found in present-day Iraq. Boxing was introduced to the ancient Olympic Games in 688 BC, where boxers used soft leather thongs to bind their hands and forearms for protection. + +Boxing seemed to disappear with the fall of the Roman Empire before resurfacing in the 17th century in England, where records of amateur boxing began in 1880. Initially, five weight categories were contested: bantam, not exceeding 54 kilos; feather, not exceeding 57 kilos; light, not exceeding 63.5 kilos; middle, not exceeding 73 kilos; and heavy, any weight.",What were the original five weight categories contested in amateur boxing in England in the 17th century?,5,"The original five weight categories contested in amateur boxing in England in the 17th century were likely lightweight, welterweight, middleweight, light heavyweight, and heavyweight." +boxing,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Olympic boxing is governed by a special set of rules. Only amateur boxers are allowed to compete, which means the Olympic Games are often the starting point of a glittering career for some of the biggest names in the sport, including none other than Muhammad Ali. Competing as Cassius Clay (he changed his name in 1964), Ali won light heavyweight gold at the 1960 Olympics in Rome. + +Between 1984 and 2012, male boxers were required to wear protective headgear, but the rule was abandoned for the 2016 Rio Games (female boxers are still required to wear head guards). Each bout is disputed over three rounds of three minutes each for men, and four rounds of two minutes each for women. At the end of every round, each of the judges determine a winner based on the judging criteria and award the victor 10 points for the round. The loser of the round can be awarded anywhere between seven to nine points based on the level of performance in that round. After the bout ends, each judge adds up the round scores to determine a final winner.",What was the rule change regarding the wearing of protective headgear for male boxers in Olympic boxing between 1984 and 2016?,5,"The rule change regarding the wearing of protective headgear for male boxers in Olympic boxing between 1984 and 2016 was that in 2013, the International Boxing Association (AIBA) decided to remove the mandatory rule of wearing headgear for male boxers during competition, with the intention of reducing the risk of concussion and other injuries. This change was implemented in the 2016 Rio Olympics." +boxing,"Olympic History + +Boxing made its debut at the modern Olympic Games in 1904, and has been contested at every Summer Games since—save for the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, as Swedish law banned the sport at the time. Women’s boxing was first introduced to the Olympic programme at London 2012. The USA swept the podium at the 1904 Games in St Louis as it was the only NOC to compete in the event! Team USA athletes have continued to achieve Olympic success in the sport (winning 117 medals), with competitors from Cuba (78 medals) and Great Britain (62 medals) also performing well.",When was women's boxing first introduced to the Olympic programme?,3,Women's boxing was first introduced to the Olympic programme in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. +rollerspeedskating,"Roller speed skating is a fast-paced discipline, with some athletes reaching speeds of up to 50km per hour.",What is the maximum speed that some athletes can reach in roller speed skating?,5,The maximum speed that some athletes can reach in roller speed skating is around 30-35 miles per hour. +rollerspeedskating,"The Basics + +Roller speed skating events are usually held on outdoor — and occasionally indoor — rinks with banked walls or on closed road circuits. A maximum of five wheels are allowed on the inline skates athletes wear, and wheels cannot exceed diameters of 110mm. For marathons only, skates can have 125mm diameter wheels. No brakes are allowed. The constant jostling for a favourable position combined with the mass start, velodrome-like walls and 200m track make for thrilling competitions often decided by photo finishes.",What is the maximum diameter allowed for the wheels on inline skates for roller speed skating events?,5,The maximum diameter allowed for the wheels on inline skates for roller speed skating events is 110mm. +rollerspeedskating,"Official + +The first Roller Speed Skating World Championship was held in Monza, Italy, in 1937. The following year, London hosted the 1938 Track Roller Speed Skating World Championship. At the Olympic Summer Games Barcelona 1992, rink hockey, played on quad skates, was a demonstration sport. It marked the first time athletes on roller skates competed on the Olympic stage.",What kind of skating was demonstrated as a sport for the first time at the Olympic Summer Games Barcelona 1992?,3,Roller hockey. +rollerspeedskating,"Combined Challenge + +In roller speed skating, 14 athletes in each gender category (men’s and women’s) compete in three required events — 500m, 1,000m and the 5,000m elimination— to earn points for a total combined score. The winner of each race is awarded 14 points, with each subsequent finisher earning one less point down to one point for 14th place. The final rankings are decided by the total number of points each skater accumulates over the three events.",How is the final rankings in roller speed skating's combined challenge determined?,5,The final rankings in roller speed skating's combined challenge are determined by a point system that awards points based on finishing position in each individual event. The skater with the highest total points at the end of all the events is declared the overall winner. +rollerspeedskating,"Olympic History + +Roller speed skating first appeared on the Olympic stage as a demonstration sport at the Summer Youth Olympic Games Nanjing 2014. After it was well received in China, it made its full Olympic debut at the Summer Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018, where it took place at the Paseo de la Costa from 7 to 8 October. + +For Buenos Aires 2018, each National Olympic Committee (NOC) could enter a maximum of two competitors, one per each gender. After the combined events of 500m sprint, 1,000m sprint and 5,000m elimination, it was the Colombians who swept the inaugural Olympic roller speed skating events, with Jhony Andres Angulo Reina and Gabriela Isabel Rueda each claiming the gold.",Which country dominated the roller speed skating events at the Summer Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018?,5,Argentina +skateboarding,"Skateboarding is a young and spectacular sport that developed in the US in the 1950s as surf culture was taking off. It was then part of the underground, alternative culture of the 1980s, going hand in hand with the values of freedom, rebellion and thrill-seeking. The sport continued to develop and became more widely accessible at the start of the 21st century, proving a huge hit among younger audiences.",What values were associated with skateboarding during its development in the 1980s?,4,"Individualism, creativity, nonconformity, freedom, rebellion." +skateboarding,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The world’s greatest skateboarders will face each other at the Olympic Games, competing in the two most popular and spectacular disciplines: park and street. Athletes must carry out their most impressive tricks, meeting criteria for the degree of difficulty, speed and range of moves. + +The events consist of two rounds: prelims and finals. + +The park competition takes place on a varied course combining bowls and numerous bends, which the athletes use to gather speed and perform tricks mid-air. + +The skateboarders are judged by the height and speed of the tricks they carry out during jumps, as well as their capacity to use the entire surface and all obstacles. They perform three 45‑second runs, with the best of three counting as their final round score. + +Street events take place on a straight ‘street-like’ course with stairs, handrails, etc. set up to resemble the urban environments where skateboarding started out. Athletes perform a range of tricks and are also judged on how they control their board during the two 45‑second runs and five tricks they carry out.","How are the skateboarders judged in the Olympic Games competition, and what criteria do they need to meet in order to score well?",5,"Skateboarders in the Olympic Games competition are judged based on several criteria, including difficulty, execution, height, speed, originality, variety, and consistency of their tricks. In order to score well, they need to perform complex and technical tricks with precision, land them cleanly without falls or bobbles, show creativity and style in their performance, and maintain a high level of consistency throughout their runs or tricks. Judges also take into account factors such as use of the course, flow, control, and overall performance." +skateboarding,"Olympic History + +After making its Olympic debut at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games in 2021, skateboarding will once again be on the programme for Paris 2024, taking place at the famous Place de La Concorde in the heart of the French capital.",When did skateboarding make its Olympic debut?,5,Skateboarding made its Olympic debut at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. +coastalrowing,"Coastal rowing is a competitive sport where crews race along a coastline. The two main disciplines of coastal rowing are an endurance version of the sport, which sees athletes compete over 6-8km, touring, which can last several days, and beach sprint rowing, which is contested over 600m and is the format set to make its Olympic debut at LA 2028. + +Beach sprint rowing competitions begin on dry land, with an athlete running down the sand and into the sea before entering the boat, rowing a short distance as fast as possible, and then exiting the boat for a sprint back up the beach to the finish line. Coastal rowing takes place on the sea, ocean, or a large lake and, to combat the offshore waves, uses a wider, flatter boat than classic flat water rowing disciplines.",What is the format of the beach sprint rowing competitions in coastal rowing?,5,"In beach sprint rowing competitions in coastal rowing, rowers typically race over a straight course ranging from 250 meters to 1000 meters in length, starting from a standing or running position on the beach, sprinting to their boats, and then rowing out to a designated buoy or marker before returning to the beach to finish." +coastalrowing,"Where, when, and by whom was Coastal Rowing invented? + +Evidence of coastal rowing goes back thousands of years, to around 1900 BC in Ancient Egypt. Competitive coastal rowing began in France in the 1980s. The first World Championships in the endurance form of coastal rowing took place in Cannes in 2007, with beach sprint racing becoming the newest World Rowing discipline in 2015, after being contested at the Mediterranean Beach Games in Italy. The first World Rowing Beach Sprint Finals took place in 2019.",When did competitive coastal rowing begin in France?,2,"Competitive coastal rowing likely began in France in the early to mid-19th century, as the sport of rowing has a long history in the country. However, the exact date of when competitive coastal rowing specifically began in France is not well-documented." +coastalrowing,"What are the rules of Coastal Rowing? + +Beach sprint rowing races are usually 600m in total length. They begin on dry land, with an athlete from each team running 50m down a beach and into the water, where they enter their sculling boat. Each rower has two oars, and they row 250m straight towards a buoy anchored in the water. The athletes then row around the buoy to turn 180 degrees and continue the 250m back towards the shore, where they jump out of the boat, run up the beach and cross the finish line. The quickest team wins, and races are often held as head-to-head elimination contests. For pairs and quads competitions, a ‘runner’ is designated, who is the only athlete to start and end the race on the beach, and is often an expert at diving for the line.",What is the total length of a beach sprint rowing race in Coastal Rowing?,4,The total length of a beach sprint rowing race in Coastal Rowing is typically around 500 meters. +coastalrowing,"Coastal Rowing and the Olympics + +Coastal rowing will make an Olympic debut at the Los Angeles 2028 Games, with medals being awarded in the beach sprint discipline. + +Best Coastal Rowing athletes to watch out for +Many of the oarsmen and women who have excelled at classic flat water rowing have also taken part in Coastal Rowing competitions, and competitors often row in both the endurance and beach sprint disciplines of the sport. Ireland, Spain, the Netherlands, and Britain have excelled in recent years, and Olympic champion Helen Glover from Great Britain has a silver medal from the World Rowing Beach Sprint championships. Adrian Miramon Quiroga of Spain is a seven-time world champion known as the ‘King of the Beach’.",Which countries have excelled in Coastal Rowing competitions in recent years?,4,"Ireland, Italy, and France." +archery,"Archery is one of the oldest sports still practised today, and is closely linked to the development of human civilisation. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and warfare; the earliest evidence of its use comes from South African sites such as Sibudu Cave, where arrowheads dating from approximately 64,000 years ago have been found. The first recorded archery tournaments took place in the People's Republic of China during the Zhou dynasty (1027‑256 BC). In 1931, the sport evolved around the globe and the international archery federation—now known as World Archery—was founded.",What is the earliest evidence of archery being used for hunting and warfare?,5,"The earliest evidence of archery being used for hunting and warfare dates back to around 10,000 years ago during the Mesolithic period, based on archaeological findings of arrowheads and bow fragments." +archery,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Targets are 122cm in diameter and positioned 70m away from the archers, who must shoot their arrows as close to the centre of the target as possible in order to beat their opponents. Olympic archery comprises five events: two individual competitions for men and women, two team competitions (one each for men and women), and a mixed team competition, which returns to the programme after making its Olympic debut at Tokyo 2020. + +Archery requires great concentration and dexterity; archers must overcome their nerves as a single mistake can prove costly in competition. Individual competitions at the Games begin with the ranking round, where each of the 64 archers shoot 72 arrows to determine their ranking for the single-elimination bracket. The athletes compete in this knockout system until the final according to their ranking, with the top‑ranked archer facing off against the 64th‑ranked archer, the second‑ranked against the 63rd‑ranked, and so on. + +The team event uses the same ranking results from the individual competition to determine seeding for the teams; the top four teams receive a bye into the quarterfinals, while the rest of the field competes in a single-elimination bracket. The mixed team event also uses the results of the ranking round to qualify and seed teams.",How are archers ranked for the individual competition at the Olympic Games?,5,"Archers are ranked based on their performance in the ranking round, which takes place before the individual competition at the Olympic Games. In the ranking round, archers shoot a certain number of arrows at a specific target distance, and their total score determines their ranking. The higher the score, the higher the ranking." +archery,"Olympic History + +Archery first featured at the Olympic Games at Paris 1900, and was contested again at the Games in St. Louis (1904), London (1908), and Antwerp (1920) before a 52-year hiatus from the Olympic programme. + +Archery was reintroduced at the Games for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich and has remained on the Olympic programme ever since. The Republic of Korea has been the most successful nation in the sport at the Olympics, winning 27 gold, nine silver, and seven bronze medals for a total of 43 medals.",When was archery reintroduced to the Olympic Games after a 52-year hiatus?,5,Archery was reintroduced to the Olympic Games in 1973 after a 52-year hiatus. +artisticswimming,"The sport of artistic swimming developed by combining water acrobatics with music. Although the first contests were organised for men, artistic swimming later became more associated with women. After a number of demonstrations in the US in the early 20th century, the discipline grew in popularity and the first competitions were organised.",How did the sport of artistic swimming evolve and become more associated with women over time?,5,"The sport of artistic swimming evolved from synchronized swimming, which was initially created as a water ballet for exhibitions in the 19th century. As the sport progressed, it became more structured and competitive, leading to the formation of official teams and competitions. Over time, artistic swimming became more associated with women as they dominated the sport with their grace, flexibility, and synchronized movements. Additionally, the aesthetics and artistic elements of the sport attracted female athletes and audiences, further solidifying its association with women." +artisticswimming,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +At the Olympic Games, the sport consists of two events: a duet and a team competition. The duet events consist of a technical routine and a free routine. An acrobatic routine is added for the team event. The events will take place on a 30 metres by 20 metres area and in a pool with a depth of 3 metres minimum. + +The routines are scored by judges who take several criteria into account: level of difficulty, synchronization, execution and artistic impression. + +Athletes need to propel themselves out of the water to perform certain movements or pivot with the upper half of their bodies underwater. The sport therefore requires great flexibility, power, attention to detail, and coordination.",What criteria do judges use to score synchronized swimming routines at the Olympic Games?,5,"Judges use criteria such as synchronization, difficulty, artistic impression, execution, and overall presentation to score synchronized swimming routines at the Olympic Games." +artisticswimming,"Olympic History + +Artistic swimming became an Olympic discipline at the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games. At Paris 2024, male athletes will be allowed to compete in the sport for the first time in Olympic history in the team event. + +The USA and Canada were initially the dominant force in artistic swimming at the Games, combining for 17 medals (including eight gold medals). Since the Sydney 2000 Games, the Russian Olympic Committee has become the top National Olympic Committee in the sport, winning 12 consecutive gold medals.",Which National Olympic Committee has been the top performer in artistic swimming at the Olympic Games since the Sydney 2000 Games?,5,Russia +lacrosse,"Lacrosse is a team sport where players try to shoot a solid rubber ball into the opposition goal using a stick with a net on its end. + +Field lacrosse is a 10-a-side game played on a 100m x 55m pitch with a face-off starting proceedings and restarting the game after a goal. Extensive protective equipment is a must with sticks being wielded in mid-air in what is most definitely a contact sport. + +But the version being contested at the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games is World Lacrosse Sixes which is played on a 70m x 36m pitch featuring goals 10m in from the end-lines.",What is the pitch size for World Lacrosse Sixes being contested at the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games?,5,"My best guess is that the pitch size for World Lacrosse Sixes being contested at the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games is likely a smaller field size compared to traditional lacrosse fields, given the faster pace and smaller team size of the Sixes format." +lacrosse,"By whom, where and when was Lacrosse invented? + +Lacrosse is derived from a pastime of indigenous North American populations in the 12th century. + +In aboriginal Canadian tradition, games were part of ritual and could last two or three days with teams comprising hundreds of men playing on a field several kilometres long. + +Jesuit missionaries documented the sport of lacrosse in the 17th century with the Mohawk people reported as playing a game with a wooden ball and a stick with a hoop net in 1757. + +Almost exactly 100 years later, dentist William George Beers founded the Montreal Lacrosse Club and codified the rules of the sport.",Who founded the Montreal Lacrosse Club and codified the rules of the sport in the 19th century?,4,William George Beers +lacrosse,"What are the rules of Lacrosse? + +In World Lacrosse Sixes, five players plus a goalkeeper are drawn from a roster of 12 with games taking place over four eight-minute quarters. + +The net at the end of the stick is used to carry, pass, catch and shoot with only goalkeepers allowed to touch the ball with their hands. + +There is a shot clock of 30 seconds in which a team must make an attempt at goal or give up possession. A turnover also occurs if a team returns to its own half having moved into the attacking half. + +Minor fouls result in a player being sent to the penalty box for 30 seconds with major fouls triggering a one-minute suspension. + +At the end of the match, the team with most goals wins. In the event of a tie, there will be four-minute periods of sudden-death overtime until a goal is scored.",What is the shot clock time limit in World Lacrosse Sixes?,4,The shot clock time limit in World Lacrosse Sixes is 30 seconds. +lacrosse,"Lacrosse and the Olympics + +Field lacrosse was played at previous Olympic Games but World Lacrosse Sixes is the propsed sport at Los Angeles 2028. + +Men’s lacrosse was part of the St. Louis 1904 and London 1908 Olympic Games before making appearances as a demonstration sport at the Amsterdam 1928, Los Angeles 1932 and London 1948 Games. + +Only three nations have previously contested Olympic lacrosse with Canada winning gold on both occasions. + +Canada’s Winnipeg Shamrocks beat the United States to gold with the Mohawk Indians, also from Canada, taking bronze. + +In 1908, Canada beat Great Britain in the only game in the competition to take a second gold.",Which two nations have won gold in men's lacrosse at the Olympic Games?,5,Canada and the United States. +lacrosse,"Best Lacrosse players to watch + +The United States and Canada are the traditional powerhouses of field lacrosse although the latter have yet to win a women's world title. Australia are the only nation other than the United States to win the women's world crown, doing so twice in 1986 and 2005. + +The two North American giants hold a duopoly over men's field lacrosse World Championships with the United States winning 11 titles to Canada's three. + +But at the 2022 World Games in Birmingham, Alabama, where the World Lacrosse Sixes format was used, Canada beat the United States in both the men's and women's finals. + +In the men's game, Canada's Zach Currier and Dhane Smith, and USA's Tom Schreiber, are leading players in both field and Sixes formats. + +Veteran Dana Dobbie played a key role in Canada's women's World Games success with Aurora Cordingley another player equally adept in both formats.",Who are leading players in both the field and Sixes formats for Canada and the United States in men's lacrosse?,5,"For Canada, leading players in men's lacrosse could include players like Mark Matthews, Curtis Dickson, and Zach Currier. For the United States, players like Tom Schreiber, Rob Pannell, and Matt Rambo could be leading players in both the field and Sixes formats." +breaking,"Breaking is an urban dance style that originated in the United States in the 1970s. With roots in hip-hop culture, breaking first took form in the lively block parties in the Bronx borough of New York, and is characterised by acrobatic movements, stylised footwork, and the key role played by the DJ and the MC (master of ceremonies) during battles. + +International competitions were first held in the 1990s, popularising the dance form both among hip-hop communities and the general public along the way.",What city in the United States is credited with being the birthplace of breaking?,5,New York City +breaking,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The breaking competition at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games comprises two events—one for men and one for women—where 16 B-Boys and 16 B-Girls will face off in spectacular solo battles. Athletes will use a combination of power moves—including windmills, the 6-step, and freezes—as they adapt their style and improvise to the beat of the DJ’s tracks in a bid to secure the judges’ votes and take home the first Olympic breaking medals.",What types of moves will athletes use in the breaking competition at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games?,5,"Athletes will use a combination of power moves, footwork, and freezes in the breaking competition at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games." +breaking,"Olympic History + +Breaking featured at the Summer Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires in 2018. Following its outstanding success at the Games in Argentina, breaking was added to the Paris 2024 Olympic programme as a new sport.",What sport was featured at the Summer Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires in 2018 and later added to the Paris 2024 Olympic programme?,5,Breakdancing +modernpentathlon,"The modern pentathlon is the successor to the ancient pentathlon, which comprised running, jumping, javelin, discus and wrestling. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Games, highly appreciated the pentathlon of the ancient Games. He proposed a similar competition that would test the strengths of a “complete” athlete, but involve more modern disciplines. The growing popularity of this sport resulted in the foundation of an international federation, the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM), in 1848. It currently has over 120 member nations.",What is the name of the international federation that governs the modern pentathlon?,5,The name of the international federation that governs the modern pentathlon is the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM). +modernpentathlon,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Modern pentathlon is made up of four events combining five sports: + +- Riding, with a show jumping course on an unfamiliar horse that the athlete is allocated in a draw just 20 minutes before they compete. +- Fencing, which is split into two rounds: a ranking round where each athlete competes against each other athlete in a bout lasting one minute or until the first hit, and a second round based on the results of the first round. The format of the second round is single elimination, with each bout lasting 45 seconds. Points are scored for winning each bout. +- Swimming, with a 200m freestyle event. +- Running and shooting, with a laser-run where athletes alternate between running and shooting at five targets from a distance of 10m. +The modern pentathlon is divided into two sections. Firstly, athletes score points according to how they rank in the fencing, riding and swimming events, which decide their starting position for the laser run event. Secondly, during the laser-run, athletes start with a delay corresponding to the number of points between them and the leader. The first athlete to cross the finish line in the laser-run wins the gold medal. + +Due to the diverse nature of the events involved, modern pentathlon is an extremely demanding sport that pushes athletes to their mental and physical limits and requires an exceptional variety of skills.",How is the winner of the modern pentathlon determined at the end of the competition?,5,"The winner of the modern pentathlon is determined by calculating points based on the performances of each athlete in the five events (fencing, swimming, show jumping, running, and shooting). The athlete with the highest total points at the end of all five events is declared the winner." +modernpentathlon,"Olympic History + +Modern pentathlon was introduced to the Olympic programme in 1912 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Originally only one event was held per day before the events were brought together to be contested on the same day for a more exciting spectacle. The women’s event was introduced at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney. The discipline has long been dominated by European National Olympic Committees, particularly Hungary and Sweden, with the latter taking 13 out of 15 medals available between the Stockholm 1912 and Los Angeles 1932 Games.",Which two European National Olympic Committees have historically dominated the modern pentathlon discipline at the Olympics?,5,Hungary and Sweden +marathonswimming,"At the first three editions of the modern Olympic Games, all swimming events took place in a natural body of water prior to the inclusion of pools at the Games in 1908. Marathon swimming reappeared in 1991 when the discipline was officially introduced at the FINA World Swimming Championships (now known as the World Aquatics Championships); at the time, events were held over 25km and took over five hours to complete. The first time the 10km race was contested was at the World Swimming Championships in Fukuoka, Japan in 2001.",When was the 10km marathon swimming race first contested at the World Swimming Championships?,5,2001 +marathonswimming,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Marathon swimming takes places in open water environments such as the sea, rivers and lakes. Athletes must complete a 10km course, which takes nearly two hours to complete; their endurance, physical strength and brain power are all put to the test. + +An ability to adapt is also crucial; tides and currents change quickly at sea, and the athletes must consider this in their strategy. Using the right tactics for the course and conditions is therefore key. In the last 3km, swimmers begin to make their move for the finish line—how they manage their efforts becomes essential and is what ultimately influences the end result.",How does the changing tides and currents impact the strategies of marathon swimmers in open water environments?,4,"Marathon swimmers in open water environments must consider the changing tides and currents when planning their route and pacing during a swim. Strong currents can either work in their favor, aiding their speed and momentum, or work against them, making it more difficult to stay on course. Swimmers may need to adjust their stroke technique or breathing patterns to navigate through changing currents, and may also need to plan their rest stops and feeding schedules accordingly. Overall, understanding and adapting to the tides and currents is crucial in order for marathon swimmers to be successful in open water environments." +marathonswimming,"Olympic History + +Marathon swimming became the latest swimming discipline to be added to the Olympic programme when the 10km race was introduced at the Beijing Games in 2008. The short history of this discipline means that few National Olympic Committees and athletes have had a chance to stand out in marathon swimming. + +Although certain athletes focus solely on marathon swimming, others were previously specialists in other freestyle pool events, making these swimmers highly competitive. A prime example is Tunisian swimmer Oussama Mellouli, who won the gold medal in the men’s 1,500m freestyle event in Beijing in 2008 and then won the men’s marathon swimming event in London four years later.","What was the latest swimming discipline added to the Olympic programme in 2008, and who won the gold medal in the men's marathon swimming event in London four years later after previously winning the men's 1,500m freestyle event in Beijing?",5,"The latest swimming discipline added to the Olympic programme in 2008 was the men's and women's 10km marathon swimming event. The gold medal in the men's marathon swimming event in London four years later was won by Oussama Mellouli of Tunisia, who had previously won the men's 1,500m freestyle event in Beijing." +basketball3x3,"Considered to be the number one urban sport in the world, 3X3 basketball has its roots in street basketball—a creative variation of the indoor game with a less formal structure. Evolving from outdoor courts to the Olympic Games, 3X3 basketball has been structured over the years by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), the governing body responsible for developing basketball. The introduction of events such as the 3X3 World Tour and the 3X3 Superleague in France reflects the soaring popularity of this young urban sport, played in an electric atmosphere whipped up by a DJ and their music.",What events and organizations have helped to elevate the popularity of 3X3 basketball worldwide?,5,"Events such as the FIBA 3X3 World Tour, FIBA 3X3 World Cup, and the inclusion of 3X3 basketball in the Olympics have all played a significant role in elevating the popularity of 3X3 basketball worldwide. Additionally, organizations like FIBA (International Basketball Federation) and the Big3 league have also contributed to the growth of 3X3 basketball globally." +basketball3x3,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +3X3 basketball is played on one half of a basketball court where two teams of three players compete. Both teams attack and defend the same hoop, depending on who has possession of the ball. The winner is the team with the highest score at the end of 10 minutes or the first team to reach 21 points. The three‑point line in conventional basketball serves as the two-point line in 3X3 basketball, with shots made outside the line earning two points and those inside it one. + +Although 3X3 games are shorter, 3X3 players need to demonstrate just as much flexibility, skill, and anticipation as 5x5 players, as well as arguably superior endurance.",What are the key differences between 3X3 basketball and conventional 5x5 basketball?,5,"Some key differences between 3x3 basketball and conventional 5x5 basketball include the number of players on the court (3 for 3x3 versus 5 for 5x5), the size of the court (3x3 courts are typically smaller), the scoring system (3x3 uses different point values for shots), the shot clock (12 seconds for 3x3, 24 seconds for 5x5), and the pace of the game." +basketball3x3,"Olympic History + +3X3 basketball featured at the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games, Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games, and the Buenos Aires 2018 Youth Olympic Games, drawing huge crowds at all three competitions. In 2017, on the back of this young sport’s resounding success, the IOC announced its decision to include 3X3 basketball as part of the Olympic programme at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, where the first-ever 3X3 Olympic titles were won. This young, dynamic, spectacular, and urban variation of basketball will be sure to captivate Olympic spectators once again at Paris 2024!",In which three Youth Olympic Games did 3X3 basketball feature before being included in the Olympic programme at Tokyo 2020?,5,"The three Youth Olympic Games where 3X3 basketball featured before being included in the Olympic programme at Tokyo 2020 were Singapore 2010, Nanjing 2014, and Buenos Aires 2018." +acrobaticgymnastics,"Acrobatic gymnastics has existed in various forms and throughout different cultures for thousands of years. Depictions of acrobatics have been discovered in Bronze Age art, along with being mentioned in Homer’s epics and included in Ancient Greek symposiums and China’s Han Dynasty harvest festivals. It also served as entertainment for European courts during the Middle Ages.",What historical civilizations have documented evidence of participating in acrobatic gymnastics?,5,The ancient Greeks and Romans have documented evidence of participating in acrobatic gymnastics. +acrobaticgymnastics,"Becoming a Discipline + +Acrobatic gymnastics began to develop as a discipline through use of apparatus and through tumbling. Both aspects showcased the human body’s capabilities. The first competition rules for acrobatics were formed in the Soviet Union, where stadiums filled with spectators hoping to witness athletic feats, like forming giant human pyramids. The inaugural Soviet national championships were held in 1939.",In what country were the first competition rules for acrobatic gymnastics formed?,5,The first competition rules for acrobatic gymnastics were formed in Russia. +acrobaticgymnastics,"Global Evolution + +The first international tournament for what was then named “Sport Acrobatics” was held in Warsaw in 1957, with four participating teams. The International Federation of Sports Acrobatics (IFSA) was established in 1973, with the first world championships held the following year in Moscow, featuring teams from Bulgaria, Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Poland, the Soviet Union and the United States. In 1998, the discipline was adopted by the International Gymnastics Federation once IFSA dissolved. The discipline has been known as Acrobatic Gymnastics since 2007.","When was the first international tournament for ""Sport Acrobatics"" held?",2,The first international tournament for Sport Acrobatics was held in 1973. +acrobaticgymnastics,"Olympic History + +Acrobatic gymnastics made its Olympic debut at the Summer Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018. The competition took the form of a mixed pair event and was won by Bulgaria’s Mariela Kostadinova and Panayot Dimitrov, who were also a part of the gold medal-winning team for the team event, which brought together gymnasts from different National Olympic Committees and from across Artistic, Rhythmic, Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics",In which year did acrobatic gymnastics make its Olympic debut at the Summer Youth Olympic Games?,5,Acrobatic gymnastics made its Olympic debut at the Summer Youth Olympic Games in 2018. +rugbysevens,"The sport of rugby can trace its origins back to medieval times in several European countries, but it was between 1845 and 1848 that the modern rugby codes were established by pupils from a school in the English town of Rugby and the University of Cambridge. In 1871, the first national federation was formed; two years later, the discipline of rugby sevens was conceived by two butchers, Ned Haig and David Sanderson, as a fund-raising event in Melrose, Scotland. In 1886, the International Rugby Board (now known as World Rugby) was established.",What were the origins of the sport of rugby and where were the modern rugby codes established?,5,"The sport of rugby originated in England and the modern rugby codes were established at Rugby School in Warwickshire, England." +rugbysevens,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Although plenty of rugby variants have emerged over the years—including rugby league, beach rugby and flag rugby—the two main forms of the game remain 15-player rugby union and rugby sevens. All variants share the same basic rules for tackling, backward passes and scrums, which differ based on the number of players on the pitch. Rugby sevens is fast-paced and intense, played in matches lasting 14 minutes. It is an exceptionally testing version of the sport, in which players make more sprints and score more tries than in rugby union. Points are scored in the same way as rugby union: 5 points for a try, 2 points for a conversion, and 3 points for a drop goal or penalty.",How many points are awarded for a conversion in rugby sevens?,5,2 points. +rugbysevens,"Olympic History + +The history of rugby at the Olympic Games stretches over several periods. A men’s rugby union competition was first included at the 1900 Paris Games, and was contested again at the 1908, 1920 and 1924 Olympics. However, the sport was dropped from the Olympic programme following the 1924 Games in Paris. + +In October 2009 the IOC voted to introduce the sevens version of the sport at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, and it has been part of the men’s and women’s programme ever since.",When was rugby last included at the Olympic Games before being reintroduced in the sevens version in 2016?,5,Rugby was last included at the Olympic Games in the 15-a-side format in 1924 before being reintroduced in the sevens version in 2016. +artisticgymnastics,"Founded in 1881, the International Gymnastics Federation is the oldest international sports federation in the world. The origin of gymnastics dates to antiquity, when it was recommended by philosophers as a way of combining physical exercise with intellectual activity. The sport grew in popularity during the 19th century as an increasing number of competitions were formed, including the gymnastics competition at the newly revived Olympic Games in Athens in 1896.",What is the oldest international sports federation in the world?,5,"The World Archery Federation (FITA), which was founded in 1931." +artisticgymnastics,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Artistic gymnastics is composed of a number of individual competitions on different apparatus, as well as a team competition involving gender-specific apparatus. Each piece of apparatus requires different skills. Men compete across the floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars, and horizontal bar, while women’s events include the vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. Each element of gymnastic competition requires strength, agility, coordination, and precision. + +Up until 2004, gymnastic routines at the Games were evaluated with a maximum of 10 points, but from 2005 the mode of scoring changed to a combination of a D score (difficulty/content of the exercise) and an E score (execution) to allow for a greater variation between athletes’ performances. + +Changes to the scoring system were first considered following the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games, when Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci became the first competitor in history to earn a perfect score of 10.0 for her routine on the uneven bars during the team competition.",What scoring system was used in gymnastics competitions prior to 2004?,2,"The scoring system used in gymnastics competitions prior to 2004 was the perfect 10 system, where gymnasts aimed to score a perfect 10." +artisticgymnastics,"Olympic History + +Artistic gymnastics was introduced at the very first Olympic Games of the modern era in 1896 and has been included in every edition since. The competition was restricted to male competitors for 32 years until the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam, when women were allowed to compete for the first time. It wasn't until 1952 that the women’s programme was developed with seven events, and then later stabilised at six events, as has been the case since the 1960 Games in Rome. There are eight events on the men’s programme.",When were women first allowed to compete in artistic gymnastics at the Olympic Games?,5,Women were first allowed to compete in artistic gymnastics at the Olympic Games in 1928. +shorttrackspeedskating,"In short track speed skating, athletes compete not against the clock, but against each other. This introduces the elements of strategy, bravery and skill needed for racing.",What elements are introduced in short track speed skating by athletes competing against each other rather than against the clock?,5,"Elements such as strategy, tactics, and physical contact are introduced in short track speed skating by athletes competing against each other rather than against the clock." +shorttrackspeedskating,"North American Origin + +Short track (or indoor) speed skating began in Canada and the United States of America, where they held mass-start competitions on an oval track as early as 1905-1906. The lack of 400m long tracks led many North American skaters to practice on ice rinks. However, practicing on a smaller track brought new challenges, like tighter turns and shorter straightaways, which lead to different techniques in order to win on a shorter track. These countries began competing against each other on an annual basis. The sport’s rise in popularity was partly thanks to the North American racing rules, which introduced a “pack” style of racing. Capitalising on this, the organisers of the 1932 Lake Placid Games, with the consent of the International Skating Union (ISU), agreed to follow these rules for the programme’s speed skating events.",What led to the rise in popularity of short track speed skating in North America?,4,"The rise in popularity of short track speed skating in North America can be attributed to increased media coverage, the success of American and Canadian athletes in international competitions, and the excitement of the sport itself with its fast-paced action and close finishes. Additionally, the Winter Olympics have also played a role in boosting the visibility and interest in short track speed skating." +shorttrackspeedskating,"International Recognition + +Countries such as Great Britain, Australia, Belgium, France and Japan deserve a great deal of credit in the development of the sport, since they participated in international open competitions before the sport was recognized by the International Skating Union. In 1967, the ISU declared Short Track Speed Skating an official sport, but international worldwide competitions were not held until 1976. During this period of time, countries kept competing amongst themselves.",When did the International Skating Union officially recognize Short Track Speed Skating as a sport?,4,The International Skating Union officially recognized Short Track Speed Skating as a sport in 1967. +shorttrackspeedskating,"Olympic History + +After having been a demonstration sport at the 1988 Games in Calgary, short track speed skating became part of the Olympic programme in Albertville in 1992, with two individual events and two relays. The discipline comprises men’s and women’s events. Since the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin, the programme of this discipline has included eight events. + +It quickly became popular with the public, who are thrilled to watch rapid races on tight tracks. The skaters race so closely to each other that collisions and falls are inevitable, which is why the walls of the speed skating oval are padded.",In which year did short track speed skating become a part of the Olympic programme?,5,Short track speed skating became a part of the Olympic programme in 1992. +shorttrackspeedskating,"Asian Emergence + +China and Korea have emerged to challenge North American dominance in this event. At the 2006 Turin Games, it was South Korea who emerged as the nation to beat, winning an incredible six gold medals, and 10 medals in total.",Which two countries have emerged to challenge North American dominance in this event?,5,China and Russia. +shooting,"Shooting has been an Olympic sport since the first modern Games and has been practised in Europe for hundreds of years. Some German clubs date back more than five hundred years. Shooting grew in popularity more recently in English-speaking countries, particularly with the formation of the National Rifle Association (NRA) in the United States in 1871. Today, shooting is a popular sport all over the world, with athletes from over 100 countries taking part in the shooting events at each Olympic Games.",When did shooting become an Olympic sport and in which countries has it gained popularity?,5,"Shooting became an Olympic sport in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. It has gained popularity in countries such as the United States, Russia, China, and various European countries." +shooting,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +There are three Olympic shooting disciplines: rifle, pistol and shotgun. Rifle and pistol events take place on shooting ranges, where athletes aim at targets at distances of 10m, 25m and 50m. There are also three positions: kneeling (where the athlete goes down on one knee and rests the elbow on the other knee), prone and standing. Some events include all positions. + +To hit the targets as accurately and as close to the centre (the bullseye) as possible, marksmen use relaxation techniques to lower their heartbeat. Shotgun events are different in principle, as they take place outdoors. Marksmen shoot at flying targets fired from different angles and directions. This sport demands a great deal of concentration, decision making and sharp reflexes.",What are the three positions used in Olympic shooting events for rifle and pistol disciplines?,5,"The three positions used in Olympic shooting events for rifle and pistol disciplines are prone, standing, and kneeling." +shooting,"Olympic History + +With the exception of the 1904 and 1928 Olympic Games, shooting sports have been included at every Summer Olympic Games since Athens in 1896. The number of events has changed from one edition of the Games to the next, increasing from five in 1896 to 15 today. The United States has won by far the most Olympic medals, followed by China and Russia (under the USSR flag). Italy has also been holding its own – for instance, it took home three gold medals and two silver medals at the Rio 2016 Games, with Niccolò Campriani bagging two Olympic titles.",Which country has won the most Olympic medals in shooting sports?,5,United States +tabletennis,"Table tennis is derived from lawn tennis and was initially played as after-dinner entertainment among upper-class English families who would use whatever they could find as equipment. At the time, they would place books on a table to serve as a net, the lids of cigar boxes for rackets and a rounded-off cork from a champagne bottle as the ball. Thankfully, table tennis equipment has evolved over time and in 1926 competitions were organised in Berlin and London, giving rise to the first world championships which were held in London that same year. Enormously popular in Asia, table tennis is played by over 40 million people around the globe, making it one of the most popular sports in the world.",What items were originally used as equipment for table tennis by upper-class English families before the sport evolved?,5,Corsets or books (to serve as the net) +tabletennis,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Table tennis is played on a table divided into two halves by a net in the middle, using an extremely lightweight ball and sophisticated rackets or ‘paddles’ comprising a wooden blade coated with a rubber surface on both sides. + +Singles matches are a best-of-seven games format, with the first player to 11 points (by a margin of two clear points) winning each game. Team matches consist of four singles matches and one doubles match, each played in a best-of-five games format. Each team consists of three players and matches end when a team has won three individual games. In doubles matches, players take turns to hit the ball.",What is the format for singles matches in table tennis?,5,"Singles matches in table tennis are typically played in a best of 7 format. Players alternate serving every two points, and the first player to reach 11 points wins the game. If the match reaches a 6-6 tie, the game continues until one player has a lead of two points." +tabletennis,"Olympic History + +Table tennis first appeared at the Seoul Olympic Games in 1988, with singles and doubles competitions for men and women. In 2008, the doubles competition was replaced with the team competition, and the programme was expanded for the 2020 Tokyo Games to include mixed doubles, bringing the total number of events to five, split evenly across both genders. + +Up until the mid-20th century, the sport was dominated by central European countries such as Hungary, the Czech Republic, Austria and Germany. However, since table tennis became a part of the Olympic programme at Seoul 1988, athletes representing the People’s Republic of China have prevailed, winning a total of 60 medals (including 32 golds) at the Games.",What country has dominated table tennis at the Olympic Games since it was introduced in 1988?,5,China +rowing,"Rowing originally served as a means of transport in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, but it was only in England between the end of the 17th and the start of the 18th centuries that it became a sport. The first major rowing competition was the country’s now-annual Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race which began in 1829.",When did rowing become a sport in England?,5,Rowing became a sport in England in the early 18th century. +rowing,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Rowing involves propelling a boat using oars fixed to the vessel. It differs from other disciplines in that rowers sit with their backs to the direction of movement, therefore crossing the finish line backwards. + +Rowers compete across a distance of 2,000 metres, alone or in teams of 2, 4 or 8. There are two different disciplines: double scull and sweep rowing. In sweep events, rowers hold a single oar with both hands, while in sculling they hold one oar in each hand. The eight-person crews have a coxswain, who steers the boat and directs the crew. The boat is steered using a small rudder that is attached to the foot of one of the rowers by a cable. There are two lightweight rowing events.",What is the difference between sweep rowing and sculling in rowing competitions?,5,"In sweep rowing, each rower uses a single oar with both hands, while in sculling, each rower uses two oars, one in each hand. Additionally, in sweep rowing, rowers typically row in pairs, fours, or eights, whereas in sculling, rowers typically row in singles, doubles, or quads." +rowing,"Olympic History + +Rowing events have been staged at every Games since the first modern Olympiad in Athens in 1896 (men’s events). However, because the competition was scheduled to take place at sea, it had to be cancelled that year due to bad weather. Women’s events were only officially included in the Olympic program much later, at the Games of Montréal in 1976. + +The USA initially dominated Olympic rowing, before the Soviet Union and Germany came to the forefront. Six-time Olympians Sir Steve Redgrave (five golds, one bronze) and Elisabeta Oleniuc-Lipă (five golds, two silvers, one bronze) are widely hailed as the greatest Olympic male and female rowers of all time.",When were women's rowing events officially included in the Olympic program?,4,Women's rowing events were officially included in the Olympic program in 1976. +surfing,"Paris 2024's surfing events will take place over four days in a 10-day window, from 27 July to 5 August.",During what time frame will the surfing events for Paris 2024 take place?,5,"The surfing events for Paris 2024 will most likely take place sometime in the summer, likely in July or August, when the waves are typically at their best for surfing competitions." +surfing,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Surfers perform manoeuvers and tricks on a wave that are scored by five judges based on the variety, type and difficulty of the tricks. Surfers are also judged on their speed, power and flow (the way in which a surfer seamlessly connects their moves from one to the next). Shortboards are the surfboards of choice for the Olympics. Smaller than longboards, shortboards are faster and more manoeuvrable, which makes them the ideal board for performing spectacular tricks.",What type of surfboard is typically used in the Olympics for surfing competitions?,5,Longboard +surfing,"Olympic History + +In the 1920s, surfing fans including three-time Olympic swimming freestyle champion and native Hawaiian Duke Kahanamoku began campaigning for the sport to be added to the Olympic programme. Many years later, surfing finally made it onto the Olympic programme for the Tokyo 2020 Games, and will return for Paris 2024; the legendary surfing spot Teahupo’o in Tahiti has been selected as the venue for the surfing competition.",Who was a key figure in campaigning for surfing to be added to the Olympic programme in the 1920s?,5,Duke Kahanamoku +equestrian,"Equestrian events originated in Ancient Greece, where it was thought that a perfect partnership was needed if rider and horse were to survive in battle. Dressage was therefore developed as a way of training horses for war. Equestrian events appeared at the ancient Olympic Games as chariot racing, which was a daring and exciting spectacle. The art of riding then fell into oblivion until its revival during the Renaissance. Dressage reached its peak with the creation of the world-famous Spanish Riding School in Vienna in 1729, which established the foundations of the modern discipline.",What event at the ancient Olympic Games involved daring and exciting spectacle for both rider and horse?,5,Chariot races +equestrian,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Equestrian comprises three disciplines at the Games, with men and women competing on equal terms. + +In the jumping discipline, riders and horses are timed as they jump over obstacles, with time penalties imposed for each obstacle toppled. Agility, technique and harmony between horse and rider are essential. + +Dressage is the most advanced form of horse training, where horse and rider perform a series of artistic movements to music. Judges evaluate the ease and fluidity with which they move around the course. + +The third discipline of eventing resembles an equestrian triathlon. It combines the two other events—jumping and dressage—with a third: cross-country, which consists of a long course combining solid and natural obstacles, drawing on the athletes’ endurance and experience. The horse and rider with the most versatile skills win the three events.",What are the three disciplines of equestrian at the Games and how are they scored?,5,"The three disciplines of equestrian at the Games are dressage, show jumping, and cross-country. Dressage is scored based on the precision, obedience, and smoothness of the horse's movements. Show jumping is scored based on the number of faults accrued during the course, such as knocking down rails or refusing jumps. Cross-country is scored based on time and penalties for refusals or other errors on the course." +equestrian,"Olympic History + +Equestrian sports first featured at the modern Olympic Games in 1900 in Paris with five events at the Place de Breteuil arena. At the Helsinki Games in 1952, women started taking part in the dressage event for the first time, which became a mixed-gender event. Women were able to take part in all equestrian events in 1964, making it the only entirely mixed-gender sport at the Olympic Games. Medals are awarded to both individual competitors and teams.",When did women first start taking part in the dressage event at the Olympic Games?,5,1928 +diving,"In the early 19th century, gymnasts in Germany and Sweden popularised ‘fancy’ diving by performing elaborate acrobatics while jumping into the water. + +Towards the end of the 19th century, Swedish divers travelled to Great Britain to perform diving demonstrations at the National Graceful Diving Competition (the first world championship event in high diving), which led to the establishment of the Amateur Diving Association in 1901.",What event led to the establishment of the Amateur Diving Association in 1901?,5,The establishment of the Amateur Diving Association in 1901 was likely led by the increasing popularity of diving as a recreational activity and the need for organized rules and regulations for competitions. +diving,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +At the Olympic Games, the sport is contested in eight events: the 3-metre springboard (individual and synchronised, men and women) and the 10-metre platform (individual and synchronised, men and women). The 3-metre springboard enables divers to leap high into the air, while the high dive is performed from a fixed platform position 10 metres above the water. The individual and synchronised competitions take place at both heights. + +A panel of judges score each dive based on various criteria, including how aesthetically pleasing a diver’s movements are, the complexity of the dive and how well the diver enters the water. Synchronised diving is also scored on how well the two divers match each other’s movements.",How many events are contested in diving at the Olympic Games and at what heights are they performed?,5,"There are currently eight events contested in diving at the Olympic Games. The heights at which the dives are performed depend on the event, but generally range from 1m to 10m." +diving,"Olympic History + +Diving made its Olympic debut at the 1904 Games in St. Louis and has been included at every Games since. The first women’s events were contested at the 1912 Games in Stockholm, while the synchronised competition was added to the programme at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. + +Diving events at the Games were initially dominated by Team USA athletes, though in recent Olympiads competitors from the People’s Republic of China have been formidable (Chinese athletes won 12 of the 24 available diving medals, including seven golds, at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games).",When did the first women's diving events take place at the Olympic Games?,4,I would guess that the first women's diving events took place at the Olympic Games in the 1920s. +biathlon,Biathlon combines the power and aggression of cross-country skiing with the precision and calm of marksmanship.,What two sports are combined in the sport of biathlon?,5,Cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. +biathlon,"Roots in Survival + +The word ""biathlon"" stems from the Greek word for two contests, and is today seen as the joining of two sports: skiing and shooting. Biathlon has its roots in survival skills practised in the snow-covered forests of Scandinavia, where people hunted on skis with rifles slung over their shoulders.","How did the word ""biathlon"" originate and what two sports does it involve the joining of?",5,"The word ""biathlon"" originated from the Greek word ""biathlon,"" which means ""two tests"" or ""two contests."" The two sports involved in a biathlon are cross-country skiing and rifle shooting." +biathlon,"Standardising the Rules + +In 1948, the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon (UIPMB) was founded to standardise the rules for biathlon and pentathlon. In 1993, the biathlon branch of the UIPMB created the International Biathlon Union (IBU), which officially separated from the UIPMB in 1998.",What organization was founded in 1948 to standardize the rules for biathlon and pentathlon?,5,The International Biathlon Union (IBU) was founded in 1948 to standardize the rules for biathlon and pentathlon. +biathlon,"First Competition + +Biathlon-type events in Scandinavia are known to have been held as early as the 18th century. The first modern biathlon probably occurred in 1912, when the Norwegian military organised the Forvarsrennet in Oslo. An annual event, it consisted initially of a 17km cross-country ski race with two-minute penalties incurred by misses in the shooting part of the competition.",When and where did the first modern biathlon event occur?,5,"The first modern biathlon event is believed to have occurred in Norway in the early 20th century, possibly around the early 1900s." +biathlon,"Olympic History + +In 1924 in Chamonix, an ancient form of biathlon made its Olympic debut: the military patrol. This event was then in demonstration in 1928, 1936 and 1948. After some attempts to incorporate it into a winter pentathlon, biathlon appeared at the Games in its current form in 1960 in Squaw Valley. Women’s biathlon made its first appearance on the Olympic programme in Albertville in 1992. + +Until the 1976 Games in Innsbruck, the events comprised an individual race and a relay. In Lake Placid in 1980, a second individual event was introduced. + +In Salt Lake City in 2002, a 12.5km pursuit event was added for men and 10km for women. From Turin in 2006, a new mass-start event was introduced for both men and women. This brings together the 30 best athletes from the World Cup.",When did women’s biathlon make its first appearance on the Olympic programme?,5,"Women's biathlon made its first appearance on the Olympic programme in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France." +fencing,"Fencing’s origins can be found in swordplay, which has been practised for thousands of years—as evidenced by the discovery of carvings depicting fencers that date to around 1190 BCE which were discovered in a temple near Luxor, Egypt. + +Spurred on by Italian, German and French fencing masters, fencing made the transition from a form of military training to a sport in either the 14th or 15th century. Fencing is now practised all over the world, generating fierce competition not only in Europe but also in Asia, Oceania, the Americas and Africa; the International Fencing Federation is now made up of 157 national federation members.",When and where were carvings depicting fencers discovered?,5,Carvings depicting fencers were discovered in 1926 in the ancient city of Knossos on the Greek island of Crete. +fencing,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +In fencing, two competitors, each holding a weapon in one hand, face each other to strike their opponent on a valid target area of the body. The rules differ according to the type of weapon used. There are 12 events in Olympic fencing, with three types of weapon used: foil, épée and sabre. + +Hits made with the point (tip), edge, or back of the blade are counted as valid in sabre, with the target area including the entire torso above the waist, as well as the head and arms. In épée and foil, fencers only score when they strike their opponent with the point of their weapon. In épée the target area covers the entire body from the mask down to the feet, while in foil the target area is the trunk only (torso, shoulders and neck). The first fencer to reach 15 points, or scores the most points at the completion of three three-minute rounds, wins the match. In team fencing, the first team to score 45 points, or the team leading when time runs out, wins.",What are the target areas for scoring in sabre fencing?,5,"The target areas for scoring in sabre fencing are the entire upper body, including the head, arms, torso, and waist." +fencing,"Olympic History + +Fencing is a long-standing Olympic sport, as evidenced by its presence on the Olympic programme since the inaugural modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. Women’s fencing entered the Games in 1924 in Paris. Today, men and women compete in individual and team events. Previously, foil was the only women’s fencing event until the Atlanta 1996 Olympic Games when women’s épée was added, while women’s sabre was added for the first time at the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. + +Among the figures who have left their mark on the sport is Italy’s Nedo Nadi: the only fencer to have won a medal in every weapon in a single edition of the Games. In 1912, at 18 years old, he won gold in the foil. Then, after being decorated by his country for acts of bravery during World War I, he won five gold medals in Antwerp in 1920 - a historic and unequalled record - in the individual foil and sabre events, and in the team foil, épée and sabre events.",Which fencer is the only athlete to have won a medal in every weapon in a single edition of the Olympic Games?,5,Laura Flessel-Colovic +rhythmicgymnastics,"Gymnastics is one of the oldest sports that is still practiced today with origins that date back to ancient civilisation. In fact, the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), which was founded in 1881, is the oldest international sports federation in the world. Rhythmic gymnastics, however, is a far newer discipline of the sport, as it evolved from the mass gymnastics popular in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. + +FIG recognised rhythmic gymnastics as a discipline in 1961; two years later, the first World Championships were held in Budapest.",When was rhythmic gymnastics recognised as a discipline by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG)?,5,Rhythmic gymnastics was recognized as a discipline by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) in 1963. +rhythmicgymnastics,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Rhythmic gymnastics can be simply explained as expression through movement. It combines elements of traditional dance and artistic gymnastics, making use of four apparatus: ribbon, hoop, ball and clubs. The music played during gymnasts’ performances also plays a significant role and music with vocals is allowed. Rhythmic gymnastics is a women‑only discipline. + +In the individual events, gymnasts perform four times, using each piece of apparatus once. Each performance must be 75 to 90 seconds long. The group event sees a team of five gymnasts from the same National Olympic Committee performing twice. In the first routine, the gymnasts must all use the same apparatus, and in the second they use a mixed selection. The routine is evaluated using a combination of the D-score (difficulty / content of the exercise) the A score (Artistry) and the E score (execution).",What are the four apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics and how many times do individual gymnasts perform in a routine?,5,"The four apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics are ribbon, ball, hoop, and clubs. Individual gymnasts typically perform their routine once." +rhythmicgymnastics,"Olympic History + +Rhythmic gymnastics – which has always been a women‑only event – made its debut in the Olympic programme with an event for individual competitors. A group event was introduced 12 years later in Atlanta 1996. + +Eastern European countries and particularly Russia heavily dominate in this sport; Russia for example has taken home 10 out of 17 titles on offer since rhythmic gymnastics joined the Olympic programme. Only Spain, Canada and Israël have managed to challenge their supremacy and take home gold medals.",Which country has dominated rhythmic gymnastics in the Olympics since the event was introduced to the Olympic programme?,5,Russia +cyclingroad,"Cycling is composed of various disciplines, reflecting its age-old past and modern outlook. Road cycling is the earliest form of the sport. During the 19th century, cycling enjoyed a surge in popularity thanks to the invention of the chain-and-gearing system. The first races were organised a few years later, with the first documented event held in 1868 in Parc de Saint Cloud in Paris. Shortly thereafter, national cycling federations began to be established and an international federation, known as the Union Cycliste Internationale, was set up in 1900 to oversee the organisation of the various disciplines.",What year was the Union Cycliste Internationale established to oversee various disciplines of cycling?,5,1900 +cyclingroad,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Road cycling takes place outside and is divided into two kinds of events at the Olympic Games: the road race and the individual time trial. + +The road race, in which all riders set off at the same time in a mass start, is a highly tactical feat of endurance. The race (over 120km and 200km for female and male athletes respectively) is often won in a sprint finish over a few hundred metres, which means riders need to position themselves perfectly and conserve their energy in the first part of the race. + +The time trial is a solo effort in which competitors set off at staggered times rather than in a grouped peloton. They cover a much shorter distance than that of the road race, as the time trial rarely exceeds 50km. Both events require consistency, concentration, and preservation through effective aerodynamic positioning and power.",What are the two types of events in road cycling at the Olympic Games and how do they differ in terms of race format and distance covered?,5,"The two types of events in road cycling at the Olympic Games are the road race and the individual time trial. In the road race, multiple cyclists compete against each other in one mass-start race over a longer distance course, usually around 240 km for men and 140 km for women. In the individual time trial, cyclists race individually against the clock over a shorter distance course, usually around 44 km for men and 22 km for women." +cyclingroad,"Olympic History + +Road cycling is one of the original Olympic events, as it featured on the competitive programme at the first modern Olympiad in 1896 in Athens. However, the discipline would be left out of the next three Olympiads before making a return at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm with the time trial. Women’s cycling was added to the Olympic programme in Los Angeles in 1984 with a road race, with the time trial added four years later. Prior to Atlanta '96, professional cyclists had been prohibited from competing at the Games; today, members of the professional cycling world have been welcomed at the competition, bringing additional prestige to Olympic races which are now contested by the world’s greatest cyclists.",When were women's cycling events first added to the Olympic programme?,5,Women's cycling events were first added to the Olympic programme in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. +tennis,"The precursor to tennis was the “jeu de paume,” or “game of the hand,” which originated in France in the 11th century. It was played in a monastery courtyard and involved using one's palm to hit a ball against walls and sloping roofs. Tennis, as we know it today, was developed in 19th-century England. As the sport’s soaring popularity overtook that of croquet, the All England Croquet Club decided to allow its lawns to be used for tennis. Several national federations were set up throughout the world during the 19th century, culminating in the birth of the International Lawn Tennis Federation—now known as the International Tennis Federation—in 1913.",What was the precursor to modern tennis and where did it originate?,5,"The precursor to modern tennis was real tennis, also known as royal tennis or court tennis. It originated in France in the 12th century." +tennis,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Olympic tennis consists of events in men’s and women’s singles, and men’s, women’s and mixed doubles. Singles matches are played to the best of three sets with a standard tie-break in every set, including the final set.",How many sets are singles matches played to in Olympic tennis?,5,Singles matches in Olympic tennis are played to the best of three sets. +tennis,"Olympic History + +Tennis has been contested in sporadic fashion throughout Olympic Games history. It first featured at the first modern Olympiad in Athens in 1896, but was withdrawn from the programme after the 1924 Olympic Games due to disputes between the International Lawn Tennis Federation and the International Olympic Committee over how to define amateur players. Despite a return as a demonstration event at Mexico 1968 and Los Angeles 1984, tennis did not make a definitive comeback as a full medal sport at the Olympic Games before Seoul 1988. Since then, some of the world’s greatest tennis players have competed at each edition of the Games. In recent years, the gold medal has been taken home by several superstars, including Rafael Nadal, Olympic champion in the singles event in 2008 and doubles in 2016; Stan Wawrinka and Roger Federer, Olympic doubles champions in 2008; and Serena and Venus Williams, who have won eight Olympic titles between them.",When did tennis make a definitive comeback as a full medal sport at the Olympic Games?,4,Tennis made a definitive comeback as a full medal sport at the Olympic Games in 1988 at the Seoul Olympics. +canoeslalom,"For centuries, canoes were used as a means of transport (as well as a useful tool for hunting and fishing) in North America, Siberia, and Greenland. The sport of canoe slalom was modelled from ski slalom and began in Switzerland in 1932. The first contests were performed on flat water, but were later switched to whitewater rapids.",What inspired the creation of the sport of canoe slalom in Switzerland in 1932?,5,"The inspiration for the creation of canoe slalom in Switzerland in 1932 was likely a combination of the country's natural landscapes, particularly the fast-flowing rivers and mountainous terrain that provided ideal conditions for the sport, as well as the existing popularity of canoeing and kayaking as recreational activities. Additionally, the desire to add variety and excitement to traditional paddling sports could have also played a role in the development of canoe slalom." +canoeslalom,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Both canoe and kayak races feature on the Olympic Games programme, each with its own specific rules. Canoeists kneel in the boat and use a single-blade paddle on one side at a time, whereas kayakers are seated and use a double-bladed paddle. + +Slalom races take place on an artificial white-water course. Competitors have to navigate boats through a course of gates (18 to 25) in the fastest time possible, taking care not to incur penalties for missing or touching gates. These races put athletes’ concentration, reactions and technique to the test. + +Paris 2024 will see the Olympic debut of kayak cross: a combination of all of canoeing’s whitewater disciplines, contested by four competitors simultaneously.",What is the key difference between canoe and kayak races in terms of paddle usage?,5,"In canoe races, paddlers typically use single-bladed paddles, while in kayak races, paddlers generally use double-bladed paddles." +canoeslalom,"Olympic History + +Canoe slalom made its debut at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich and became a permanent Olympic fixture at the 1992 Games in Barcelona. Athletes from European nations have achieved enormous success in the sport at the Games, winning roughly 90 per cent of all canoe slalom medals.",When did canoe slalom become a permanent Olympic event?,5,"Canoe slalom became a permanent Olympic event in the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain." +cyclingtrack,"The first bicycles were invented in the 1850s and looked quite different to the bikes we know today. But it wasn’t until the 1870s that the first competitions for cycling indoors on wooden tracks were staged, with the first six‑day race taking place in London in 1878. Track cycling quickly grew in popularity and continued to develop with the creation of the International Cycling Association in 1892 and the organisation of the first world championships in Chicago in 1893.",When and where were the first world championships for track cycling held?,4,"The first world championships for track cycling were held in 1893 in Chicago, United States." +cyclingtrack,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Track cycling takes place in a 250m bowl-shaped arena known as a velodrome, with events in different race formats for individuals and teams. Track bicycles differ from road bicycles in that they are fixed gear and do not have brakes. + +Several types of races take place on the track, each with their own specific rules and techniques. Some rely more heavily on tactics, while others favour strength and power; for example, the effort needed to complete a lap in the individual sprint is quite different than that which is required for the 25km group omnium race.",What is the main difference between track bicycles and road bicycles?,4,"The main difference between track bicycles and road bicycles is that track bicycles typically have a fixed gear (no freewheel) and no brakes, whereas road bicycles have multiple gears and typically have brakes for safety." +cyclingtrack,"Olympic History + +A long-standing Olympic discipline, track cycling has appeared at every edition of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1912 Games in Stockholm. Women first competed in track events at the Seoul 1988 Olympic Games. + +Throughout the sport’s 120‑year Olympic history, European nations—particularly Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, and Italy—have taken the majority of medals on offer at the Games.",In what year did women first compete in track events at the Olympic Games?,5,Women first competed in track events at the Olympic Games in 1928. +athletics,"Contested at the very first ancient Olympic Games, athletics is one of the oldest sports on record, with the names of champions documented from as far back as 776 BC. The ancient Olympic Games included events like the pentathlon, which consisted of a running race, long jump, discus throw, javelin throw, and wrestling. The first meets in modern times that can be likened to the athletics competitions we know today took place in 1840 in Shropshire, England. Other such championships began to thrive and spread in the 1880s, particularly in England, the USA, and Europe. In 1912, the international federation that oversees international athletics competitions—the IAAF (now known as World Athletics)—was established.",What are some of the events that were included in the ancient Olympic Games athletics competitions?,5,"Some of the events included in the ancient Olympic Games athletics competitions were stadion (a short sprint of about 200 meters), diaulos (a double stadion race), hoplitodromos (a run in armor), dolichos (a long-distance race), boxing, wrestling, pankration (a combination of boxing and wrestling), chariot racing, horse racing, and the pentathlon (a combination of five events: discus throw, javelin throw, long jump, stadion race, and wrestling)." +athletics,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Modern athletics is composed of various running, jumping, throwing, walking, and combined events. Due to its many categories and disciplines, athletics involves the most participants in a single sport at the Olympic Games. + +The track programme includes sprints, middle-distance and long-distance events as well as hurdles, steeplechase races, and relays for men and women. These events take place on the 400m oval track in the Olympic stadium (made up of two straights and two curved bends). + +Two kinds of events are held on public roads —the marathon and race walking—which are both incredibly demanding and highly tactical, often leading to a variety of strategies with athletes sometimes even working together to defeat a rival. Spectators line the route to watch and cheer the athletes on. + +The Olympic programme also includes two combined events—the seven-event women’s heptathlon and the ten-event men’s decathlon—both of which are contested over two days. Both competitions test athletes’ abilities across a range of athletic disciplines, with the most well-rounded competitor earning the gold medal. The disciplines are contested on, within, and around the track in the Olympic stadium, in the jumping area (high jump and pole vault), the jumping pit (long jump and triple jump), the throwing circle (shot put, discus and hammer throw), and the javelin runway. Athletes compete one after another, and the event includes a qualifying stage during which the best athletes secure their place in the final.",What are the two combined events in athletics that are contested over two days at the Olympic Games?,5,The two combined events in athletics that are contested over two days at the Olympic Games are the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon. +athletics,"Olympic History + +It was a logical choice to include athletics at the inaugural Games of the modern Olympics held in 1896 in Athens, Greece. Its age-old position in the Olympic programme makes athletics the crown jewel of the Summer Games. The men’s events have remained unchanged since the 1932 Los Angeles Games, save for the addition of the 20km race walk at the 1956 Melbourne Games. Women’s events appeared for the first time at the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. The women's competition only had 17 events until 1992, but with the incorporation of the 3000m steeplechase in 2008, female athletes now compete in the same number of events as their male counterparts. + +The 1960s saw a boom in athletics in developing countries, with the sport’s reach extending across the entire world. At the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, athletes from 62 countries competed in the finals.",When did women's events first appear in the Olympic Games?,5,"Women's events first appeared in the Olympic Games in 1900 during the second modern Olympics held in Paris, France." +weightlifting,"Weightlifting—often known as Olympic weightlifting—has been around for thousands of years, yet the objective remains the same: the athlete who lifts the most weight wins. Evidence of the sport dates to ancient Egypt and Greece, where people lifted heavy stones in contests of strength. Weightlifting re-emerged in the 19th century, when the first World Weightlifting Championships were held in 1891.",When were the first World Weightlifting Championships held?,5,The first World Weightlifting Championships were held in 1891. +weightlifting,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The Olympic weightlifting programme has greatly evolved over time. Since the Montreal 1976 Games, there have been two lifts used in competition: the snatch and the clean and jerk. In the snatch, the bar is lifted from the floor to above the head in one movement. By contrast, the clean and jerk is a two-stage action: the bar is first brought up to the shoulders before being jerked over the head. These extremely demanding exercises require exceptional physical strength and ironclad mental resolve. + +Today, competitors perform both lifts three times, and their best result in each lift are combined to determine their overall score. The competitor with the highest total score is declared the winner. Men and women will each compete across five weight classes for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games.",What are the two lifts used in Olympic weightlifting competition since the Montreal 1976 Games?,5,The two lifts used in Olympic weightlifting competition since the Montreal 1976 Games are the snatch and the clean and jerk. +weightlifting,"Olympic History + +Weightlifting featured at the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens in 1896. Excluded from the Olympic programme for a few editions of the Games (1900, 1908 and 1912), weightlifting was reintroduced in 1920 at the Antwerp Games and has been included ever since. A women’s competition was first held at the Sydney 2000 Games. + +At the beginning of the 20th century, European National Olympic Committees (NOCs) – particularly Germany, Austria and France – dominated weightlifting. From the 1950s onwards, Soviet athletes topped the podium until the 1990s, when athletes representing the People’s Republic of China, Türkiye, Greece and the Islamic Republic of Iran began to claim the majority of medals on offer. China has been dominating women’s weightlifting since it was introduced as an official Olympic sport in 2000.",Which country dominated weightlifting in the early 20th century at the Olympic Games?,4,The Soviet Union +baseballsoftball,Baseball and softball are two related ball sports played between two teams on a diamond-shaped field.,What is the shape of the field used for both baseball and softball?,5,The shape of the field used for both baseball and softball is a diamond. +baseballsoftball,"What's the difference between Baseball and Softball? + +While there are world championships for both men and women in both sports, at the Olympic level baseball has been a men's-only sport while softball has been a women's-only sport. There are differences in the number of players on each team between the two sports, the size of the field, and in some rules. + +Softball pitchers are also required to throw underhand, and most pitchers throw using the windmill pitch style, where the ball is thrown after rotating in a large circle. In softball, top female pitchers can reach speeds of over 100km/h. That speed fits with the fast-paced nature of the game. Since the bases aren’t as far apart, there is a shorter pitching distance. The game is also shorter in duration to baseball, with only seven innings compared to baseball’s nine.",What is the typical pitching style and speed of softball pitchers compared to baseball pitchers?,5,"Softball pitchers typically throw underhand at speeds ranging from 55-70 mph, while baseball pitchers typically throw overhand at speeds ranging from 75-100+ mph." +baseballsoftball,"By whom, where and when was Baseball/Softball invented? + +The earliest record of the game of ""baseball"" being played was in Surrey, England, in 1749. The sport made it to the United States by the 1770s, and the first organised professional league—the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players—was founded in 1875. Baseball is considered ""America's past-time"". + +Softball was first imagined as “indoor baseball” in 1887 in Chicago, Illinois, by reporter George Hancock after watching someone hit a boxing glove with a broom handle. He went on to publish rules for the game and later took it outside, playing on fields too small for baseball. While the rules remained vague, interest in the game grew, and more than 100 area high school teams were formed by 1892. + +In 1895, firefighters in Minneapolis, Minnesota, played a similar game named “kitten ball” using a ball of yarn wrapped in leather. In 1907, a guide for indoor baseball published by Albert Spalding allowed for game flexibility with two constants: a larger ball than baseball as well as underhand pitching. In 1926, Walter Hakanson proposed unifying the disparate versions of the game into one, under a single name: Softball.","By whom, where and when was the game of baseball first played?",2,"The game of baseball was first played by Americans in the mid-19th century, most likely in New York City around the 1840s. It is believed to have been an evolution of earlier bat-and-ball games played in England. The first organized baseball game is said to have taken place in Hoboken, New Jersey on June 19, 1846." +baseballsoftball,"What are the rules of Baseball/Softball? + +Two teams of nine players aim to score the most runs by striking a ball and running round a sequence of bases to reach the home plate. + +The teams rotate between batting and fielding, with each session called an inning, and switch when the fielding team gets three opposition players out. + +The pitcher throws the ball from a mound toward the catcher which the batter attempts to hit and get around the bases to the home plate. + +Softball is similar but features 9 or 10 players per team, depending on the style being played. The basic rules are the same.",How many players are on a typical baseball team?,2,"There are typically 9 players on the field at once for a baseball team: pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, third baseman, shortstop, and three outfielders. In addition, teams usually have several players on the bench as substitutes. So, a typical baseball team can have a total of around 25 players on its roster." +baseballsoftball,"How long is a Baseball/Softball game? + +A baseball game lasts for nine innings, while softball lasts for seven innings. There are three outs per half-inning (teams rotate batting and fielding each half-inning). Tied games may be left as ties or be played until a winner is found, known as extra innings. + +Baseball/Softball and the Olympics +Baseball featured several times on the Olympic programme as a demonstration sport before being included as a medal event at the Olympic Games Barcelona 1992. + +Cuba won the gold medal on the sport’s competitive debut and three times in total before it was removed from the programme following the Olympic Games Beijing 2008. + +Softball was introduced at the Olympic Games Atlanta 1996 as a women-only medal sport, with the United States winning the sport’s inaugural gold medal. They won the subsequent two titles and enjoyed a 22-game winning streak from September 2000 before they were beaten by Japan in the final in 2008. + +Originally considered separate sports at the Olympics, baseball softball made its return as a combined sport with two distinct events (men's baseball and women's softball) at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020, where hosts Japan won both gold medals.",How many innings are typically played in a softball game?,4,There are typically seven innings played in a softball game. +baseballsoftball,"Best Baseball/Softball players to watch + +Japan's Ohtani Shohei is one of the world's biggest baseball stars, as he is what is known as a ""two-way"" player—someone who both hits and pitches extremely well. In softball, Team USA's Ally Carda is one to watch.","Who is known as a ""two-way"" player in baseball and is considered one of the world's biggest baseball stars?",4,Shohei Ohtani +flagfootball,"Flag football is a variant of American football (or gridiron) where the aim is to advance up the pitch via a series of offensive plays into the opposition’s defensive endzone. + +It is a no-contact sport with 'tackles' made by removing one of three fabric 'flags' attached to the ball-carrier’s waist - one on each side and another at the back.",How are tackles made in flag football?,5,"In flag football, tackles are made by pulling the flag off the ball carrier's belt or waist." +flagfootball,"By whom, where and when was Flag Football invented? + +Flag football started out as a means of recreation for American soldiers during World War II who then brought the game back home with them. Fort Meade in Maryland is said to have hosted the first games of flag football. + +It was originally called ‘Touch and Tail football’ before the name ‘flag football’ was adopted after the war. + +The National Touch Football League was founded in the 1960s in St. Louis, Missouri.",Where did flag football originate for American soldiers during World War II?,4,Flag football originated for American soldiers during World War II on military bases in the United States. +flagfootball,"What are the rules of Flag Football? + +There are five players on each team on the field drawn from 12-person squads. Players tend to specialise in either offence or defence and matches consist of two 20-minute halves. + +A flag football pitch measures 70 x 30 yards (64m x 27.4m) with 10 yards (9.1m) allotted to each of the two endzones. + +Play starts at the team's own five-yard line with the centre snapping the ball back to the quarterback who either passes the ball forward to try and find a receiver, or hands off to a running back. + +The play is over when either a flag is removed, the ball-carrier goes out of bounds, or a forward pass hits the ground. + +The team on offence has four attempts - known as downs - to go from their own five-yard line to halfway. If successful, they have another four downs to reach the endzone and score a touchdown. If unsuccessful on either count, the ball is turned over to the opposition who start on their own five-yard line. + +After a touchdown, worth six points, teams go for an extra point - by running or passing - from the five-yard line, or two extra points from the 10-yard line. + +If the scores are tied after 40 minutes, sudden-death overtime begins with the first team to score taking victory.",What is the size of a flag football pitch and how many players are on each team?,4,"A standard flag football pitch is typically around 60 yards long and 30 yards wide. Each team usually consists of 5 to 7 players, but the exact number may vary depending on league rules and age group." +flagfootball,"Flag Football and the Olympics + +Flag football will make its Olympic debut at Los Angeles 2028.",When will flag football make its Olympic debut?,5,2028 +flagfootball,"Best Flag Football players to watch + +The United States is the pre-eminent nation in flag football. They have won the last four men's titles at the World Championship and took gold at the 2022 World Games led by quarterback Darrell 'Housh' Doucette. + +Team USA's women are the two-time reigning world champions although they were well beaten by Mexico in the final of the 2022 World Games. Diana Flores is Mexico's quarterback and captain and appeared in a commercial during the 2023 Super Bowl recognising women's participation in sport where she evaded a number of people trying to take a flag from her waist. + +Mexico has emerged as the biggest threat to their North American neighbours' dominance in recent years with their women's side defeating Team USA in the final of the 2022 World Games. The men's final saw USA get the better of Italy. Canada's women and Austria's men are also regular contenders in global competitions.",Who is the quarterback and captain of the Mexico women's flag football team?,1,Alejandra Olvera +basketball,"Basketball was invented by James W. Naismith to keep his students fit during the winter. In December 1891, the physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, USA sought a suitable indoor sport for his students, and plenty of the rules for the game he created still apply today. The first international games were played in the 1920s, and the first world championships took place in the 1950s.",Why did James W. Naismith invent basketball in December 1891?,5,"James W. Naismith invented basketball in December 1891 as a way to keep his students at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, active during the winter months. He wanted to create a game that would be engaging, encourage teamwork, and require skillful coordination." +basketball,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Basketball is a sport played by two opposing teams of five players on a rectangular indoor court. Players use their hands to control the ball and score points by shooting the ball through a hoop suspended 3.05m (10 feet) above the ground. Olympic basketball games are divided into four 10-minute quarters. Players switch between offence and defence and must demonstrate endurance, agility, power, and, of course, a great deal of skill on the court.",What is the height of the hoop in basketball games?,5,10 feet +basketball,"Olympic History + +Basketball first featured at the Olympic Games as a demonstration sport at the St. Louis 1904 Olympic Games, when the competition counted as an event of the American basketball championship (consequently, only American teams took part). Basketball became an official Olympic sport at the Berlin 1936 Olympic Games. Women’s basketball was included on the Olympic programme for the first time 40 years later at the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games. + +Historically, the United States has been particularly dominant in the sport it invented, with the men’s team bringing home Olympic gold at every Games apart from the 1972, 1980, 1988 and 2004 editions, and the women’s team winning gold at every Games since 1984 (with the exception of Barcelona '92, when they won bronze). The USA made its mark at the Barcelona 1992 Olympics with its ‘Dream Team’ of NBA players who came away with the gold medal after winning each of their games by an average of 40 points.",What was the significance of the USA's 'Dream Team' at the Barcelona 1992 Olympics in the history of basketball at the Olympic Games?,5,"The significance of the USA's 'Dream Team' at the Barcelona 1992 Olympics was that it was the first time professional basketball players were allowed to compete in the Olympics, leading to the team being composed of some of the greatest basketball players of all time, including Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, and Larry Bird. This team dominated the competition and showcased the skill level of American basketball to the world, leading to increased popularity and global recognition of the sport. Their performances set a new standard for excellence in Olympic basketball and influenced the future participation of NBA players in the Games." +squash,"Squash is a racket sport usually played by two people on a rectangular court enclosed by four walls. The floor is made of hardwood with walls in professional competition constructed from safety glass to enable spectators to watch the action. + +Squash balls are made of rubber and tend to have little bounce. They need to be warmed up by being repeatedly hit against walls before the match.",What material are the walls typically made of in professional squash competitions?,4,"The walls in professional squash competitions are typically made of a combination of wood, glass, or composite materials." +squash,"By whom, where and when was Squash invented? + +Squash was derived from the game of racquets - itself a descendant of tennis - played in the 18th century in London prisons where players hit balls with rackets against a wall or in a corner to bring a sidewall into operation. + +In the mid-19th century, following the advent of the vulcanisation of rubber, students at English boys’ boarding school Harrow replaced the hard racquets ball with a larger, hollow rubber ball which travelled slower. + +Originally called 'baby racquets', a Harrow School election resulted in the name change to squash with graduates starting the spread of the sport beyond its public school origins.","When did students at English boys' boarding school Harrow replace the hard racquets ball with a larger, hollow rubber ball?",5,"It is believed that students at Harrow began using a larger, hollow rubber ball around the mid-19th century (around the 1850s or 1860s)." +squash,"What are the rules of Squash? + +On the front wall of a squash court, there are three lines - the tin 43cm off the ground, the service line at a height of 1.78m, and the out line at 4.57m which slopes down on the side walls to 2.13m on the back wall. + +At the start of a point, the server must serve from one of the two service boxes on the floor and strike the ball between the service line and the out line. + +After that, all subsequent shots can be struck off any wall provided it hits the front wall between the tin and the out line before hitting the ground. The ball is only permitted to bounce once on the floor. + +The winner of a rally receives a point and the next serve. The first player to 11 points - by two clear points - wins a game. The first player to three games takes the match.",What are the requirements for a serve in a game of squash?,5,The requirements for a serve in a game of squash include hitting the ball into the opposite front wall above the service line and between the out-of-court lines without hitting the floor first. The serve must also land in the opposite service box on the floor. +squash,"Squash and the Olympics + +Squash has never previously appeared at the Olympic Games although it was a demonstration sport at the Buenos Aires 2018 Youth Olympic Games.",In what year was squash featured as a demonstration sport in the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires?,5,Squash was featured as a demonstration sport in the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires in 2018. +squash,"Best Squash players to watch + +Egypt has dominated squash in recent years with Nour El Sherbini claiming seven women's world titles in the last eight years to leave her one beind the record held by Malaysia's Nicol David. El Sherbini has defeated compatriot Nouran Gohar in the last three world finals. + +Six of the last seven men's world finals have been all-Egyptian affairs with Ali Farag winning four of them. Peru's Diego Elias is currently the biggest threat to the Egyptian stranglehold.",Who is the current biggest threat to Egypt's dominance in squash?,4,"As of my last update, the current biggest threat to Egypt's dominance in squash is Ali Farag from Egypt." +taekwondo,"Taekwondo, which translates to “the art of kicking and punching”, is a martial art with roots dating back to the Three Kingdoms Period of Ancient Korea (c. 57 BC to 668 AD) when Silla Dynasty warriors began to develop a martial art known as taekkyon (""foot-hand""). During the early 20th century, taekwondo become the dominant martial art form practiced in Korea. The sport then went international and in 1973 the World Taekwondo Federation (now known as World Taekwondo) was founded. That same year, the first taekwondo world championships were held in Seoul.",What is the name of the martial art that originated in Korea during the Three Kingdoms Period and became internationally practiced in the 20th century?,5,Taekwondo +taekwondo,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The aim of taekwondo is for an athlete to kick and punch their opponent while avoiding being struck themselves. The trademark of this martial art is its combination of kicking and punching movements in quick succession. Matches are fought on an octagonal mat for three rounds of two minutes each. Points are awarded according to the degree of difficulty of techniques used; for example, a kick to the head scores higher than punches and kicks to the trunk. Spinning kicks are also rewarded with extra points. Penalties may be given to athletes for various faults.",How are points awarded in a taekwondo match?,5,"Points in a taekwondo match are awarded by judges based on successful kicks and punches to specific areas of the opponent's body. Different techniques are worth different point values, with more difficult or powerful moves scoring higher points." +taekwondo,"Olympic History + +Taekwondo’s first Olympic appearance came at the Seoul 1988 Olympic Games, when it was contested as a demonstration event. It appeared again as a demonstration sport at the Barcelona Games in 1992 but was absent from the Olympic programme at Atlanta 1996. However, four years later, taekwondo reappeared as a full medal sport at the Sydney 2000 Games, where events for men and women were held. Taekwondo has been a part of the Olympic programme ever since. + +While taekwondo competitions were previously dominated by athletes representing the Republic of Korea, this is no longer the case. For example, at London 2012, gold medals were awarded to athletes from eight different nations. + +Some nations have even made history by winning their first Olympic medals through taekwondo—including Vietnam in 2000, Afghanistan in 2008, Gabon in 2012, and Niger and Jordan in 2016—or their first-ever female Olympic medals, including the Islamic Republic of Iran and Côte d’Ivoire, also in 2016.",When did taekwondo first appear as a full medal sport at the Olympic Games?,5,Taekwondo first appeared as a full medal sport at the Olympic Games in the year 2000. +badminton,"Badminton is a racket sport whose exact origins are still a tantalising mystery. It evolved from the older games of battledore and shuttlecock, which were popular pastimes in Europe—particularly among the more affluent classes. However, it is unknown exactly when battledore and shuttlecock transformed into the competitive sport of badminton. One plausible theory is that badminton was first played at the stately home of the Duke of Beaufort in Gloucestershire sometime in the early 1860s and was thus named after his estate: Badminton House. The game travelled to India where it became a popular sport in military cantonments, and gradually spread across the British colonies and then to Europe and East Asia. Today, badminton is a global sport with widespread appeal among people of all ages and abilities.",What is one theory regarding the origins of the sport of badminton and how it got its name?,5,"One theory regarding the origins of the sport of badminton is that it was developed in India during the 18th century as a grown-up version of a children's game called ""battledore and shuttlecock."" The game was called ""Poona"" in India, named after the city where it was particularly popular. The game eventually made its way to England, where it was played at a country estate called Badminton House, leading to its name of badminton." +badminton,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Badminton is a racket sport played indoors by two opposing players (singles) or two pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a court divided by a net. Players use a shuttlecock (a projectile with a crown of feathers in a conical shape) during a rally, with the aim of trying to land it on the surface of their opponents' court or forcing their opponents to make an error. A point is won/lost every serve in the game. Players must win two games of 21 points to win the match (best of three).",How many points are required to win each game in badminton?,5,"In standard badminton games, a player or team needs to reach 21 points to win." +badminton,"Olympic History + +Badminton made its Olympic debut as a demonstration sport at the 1972 Games in Munich, and was included as an exhibition sport at the Seoul 1988 Olympic Games; four years later badminton became an official part of the Olympic program at the 1992 Games in Barcelona with four medal categories: men’s and women’s singles, and men’s and women’s doubles. + +Mixed doubles was added to the discipline at the following Games in Atlanta in 1996. + +Athletes representing Asian nations have dominated the podium at the Games, accounting for 106 of the 121 badminton medals in Olympic history. + +At Paris 2024, 172 athletes will compete in the badminton competition. The events of men’s and women's singles, men’s and women’s doubles, and mixed doubles will be contested across 10 days of competition with five gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded.",How many athletes will compete in the badminton competition at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games?,3,There will be a total of 172 athletes (86 men and 86 women) competing in the badminton competition at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. +swimming,"The act of swimming dates to prehistoric times, but it wasn’t until the 19th century that it became widely practiced as a competitive sport. The National Swimming Society of Great Britain was formed in 1837 and began holding the first competitions. At the time, most swimmers used the breaststroke, or a form of it. A wider variety of strokes were later added to swimming events and now feature at the Olympic Games.",What stroke was most commonly used by swimmers in the 19th century?,4,The breaststroke was most commonly used by swimmers in the 19th century. +swimming,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +At the Olympic Games, swimming events are held in a pool measuring 50 metres in length. The four strokes of Olympic swimming events—for both individual and relay races—are breaststroke, butterfly, backstroke and front crawl; the front crawl is predominantly used in freestyle races, and as such the term freestyle is often used as a synonym for front crawl. A fifth race, the mixed medley, involves all four strokes, with swimmers switching between them. The distances also vary, with different skills needed for a 50m race to a 1500m event. Explosivity, endurance, strength and technique are all essential qualities for swimmers.",What are the four strokes used in Olympic swimming events?,5,"The four strokes used in Olympic swimming events are freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly." +swimming,"Olympic History + +Swimming has been present at every Olympic Games of the modern era. Although the first Olympic races took place in a natural environment (swimmers competed in the Bay of Zea at the Athens 1896 Olympic Games), since the 1908 Games in London the events have taken place in a pool, leading to the creation of the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA - now known as World Aquatics) that same year. + +Freestyle events were the only ones contested at the Games in 1896, with dedicated breaststroke and backstroke competitions then added at the 1904 Olympics in St. Louis and butterfly following 52 years later at the Melbourne Games in 1956. Women’s swimming joined the Olympic programme in 1912 with two events, but today the events of the women’s and men’s swimming competitions at the Games are identical. Olympic swimming has been dominated by athletes representing the United States, who have won over 250 gold medals.",In what year were butterfly events first added to Olympic swimming competitions?,4,Butterfly events were first added to Olympic swimming competitions in the year 1956. +wrestling,"Wrestling is one of the oldest sports in human history—if not the oldest. Multiple sculptures, reliefs and cave drawings—some of which date to around 15,000 years ago—show wrestlers using various holds that are still used in the present-day sport. Wrestling was a key part of the ancient Olympic Games, where it was first contested in 708 BCE. Wrestling matches were organised as its own event in two disciplines (‘upright’ and ‘ground’ wrestling) and as part of the pentathlon. + +Modern wrestling consists of two separate disciplines: Greco-Roman wrestling, a wrestling style based on the ancient sport, and freestyle wrestling, a more modern format.",What are the two separate disciplines of modern wrestling?,5,Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling. +wrestling,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +There are two Olympic wrestling disciplines, each with its own rules. In Greco-Roman wrestling, a competitor can only use his arms and upper body to attack his opponent above the waist. Freestyle wrestling is a much more open form of the sport in which competitors also use their legs and can hold opponents above or below the waist. + +However, the objective is the same in both styles. Contested on a circular combat area, a bout consists of two three-minute periods. Wrestlers must either use their bare hands to pin their opponent’s two shoulders down to the mat without holding them by their singlet (this is called a ‘fall’) or, if no fall is secured during the bout, have the most points at the end of regulation time by performing takedown and reversal moves.",What are the two Olympic wrestling disciplines and how do the rules differ between them?,5,"The two Olympic wrestling disciplines are freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling. + +In freestyle wrestling, wrestlers are allowed to use their arms and legs to attack and defend, allowing for more varied techniques such as takedowns and leg attacks. In Greco-Roman wrestling, wrestlers are only allowed to use their upper body to attack and defend, meaning they cannot attack or grab their opponent's legs. This makes Greco-Roman wrestling more focused on throws and body locks." +wrestling,"Olympic History + +Greco-Roman wrestling has been a blue-ribbon Olympic event ever since the first modern Games were held in Athens in 1896. It became a permanent fixture on the Olympic programme in 1908. Freestyle wrestling made its debut a few years later at the St. Louis 1904 Games and has featured on the Olympic programme ever since the Antwerp 1920 Games. Women’s freestyle wrestling has been on the Olympic programme since the Athens 2004 Games. + +Athletes representing the Soviet Union have won 116 medals at the Games, including 62 golds. Team USA athletes have secured 142 medals (57 golds). Japan is the most successful nation in women’s wrestling at the Games, winning 15 out of a possible 24 gold medals.",When did women's freestyle wrestling debut on the Olympic programme?,5,Women's freestyle wrestling debuted on the Olympic programme in the 2004 Athens Games. +sailing,"International sailing races began in 1851 when members of the New York Yacht Club decided to take part in a competition in England. To compete, they built a 101‑foot schooner named America, sailed to England and won a trophy called the Hundred Guineas Cup. The trophy was then renamed The America’s Cup in memory of this first international sailing competition.",What was the name of the 101-foot schooner built by members of the New York Yacht Club to compete in the first international sailing competition in 1851?,5,America +sailing,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Sailing involves moving a boat solely by harnessing the power of the wind. Mastery over ever‑changing conditions requires both great skill and experience on the part of the athletes. In Olympic events, the rules of the international sailing federation, World Sailing, apply. Competitions are made up of fleet racing, where two equally-matched boats race around the same varied course. + +There were ten events at the Tokyo Games, including windsurfing, mixed Nacra 17 Foiling, 49ers and the 470. The various sailing disciplines are constantly changing, and boats are designed to be increasingly small and lightweight, placing ever greater demands on both the athletic and technical capacities of the sailors. Two new events will take place for the first time at the Olympic Games in 2024: windsurfer – iQFoil and kiteboarding.",What are the two new events that will take place for the first time at the Olympic Games in 2024?,5,Breakdancing and surfing. +sailing,"Olympic History + +Sailing has featured on the programme at every edition of the Olympic Games of the modern era. They could not take place on 1st April 1896 in Athens, however, as bad weather conditions forced the organisers to cancel the events. The first competitions therefore took place at the Olympic Games in Paris in 1900. Since then, the categories included in the competition have constantly evolved. The different events are organised by monotype classes—i.e. their size and weight.",When did sailing first feature on the programme at the Olympic Games of the modern era?,5,Sailing first featured on the programme at the Olympic Games of the modern era in 1900. +triathlon,"Although it comprises three long-established disciplines, triathlon is still a young sport, having only been invented the 1970s by the San Diego Track Club as alternative workout to traditional track training. The club held the first official triathlon event in 1974, which featured a 8.5km run, an 8km cycle and a swim just short of 550m. The sport grew in popularity throughout the 1980s and in 1989, the International Triathlon Union (ITU) was founded in Avignon, France, which was also the site for the first world championships held later that year.",When was the International Triathlon Union (ITU) founded?,5,The International Triathlon Union (ITU) was founded in 1989. +triathlon,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The triathlon race format at the Olympics for both the women’s and men’s events consist of a 1500m swim, a 40km cycle and a 10km run. There are no heats; the competition is a single race in which the first athlete to cross the finish line is the winner, a feat requiring versatility and skill. + +A mixed relay event was added at the Tokyo 2020 Games, which saw teams of two men and two women compete over a short‑course triathlon. All three events will return at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games.",What are the three disciplines that make up the triathlon race format at the Olympics?,5,"The three disciplines that make up the triathlon race format at the Olympics are swimming, cycling, and running." +triathlon,"Olympic History + +The World Triathlon Cup series began in 1991, with 11 races contested in eight different countries. This event soon made the sport more accessible, so much so that triathlon was added to the Olympic programme at the Sydney 2000 Games. As triathlon is a relatively new sport, no nation has been truly dominant. The 39 medals awarded in six Games have been split between 16 National Olympic Committees, none of which has won more than three gold medals (Great Britain).",Which country has won the most gold medals in triathlon at the Olympic Games?,2,Great Britain +cyclingbmxfreestyle,"Bicycle Motocross (BMX) Freestyle was born out of the imagination of children and teenagers in California in the 1970s, who were inspired by the moves of BMX racers in the region. The sport became increasingly popular over the subsequent decades and was integrated into the programmes of extreme sports competitions including the X Games in the 2000s and the FISE International Festival of Extreme Sports. The first BMX Freestyle World Cup was organised by cycling’s world governing body, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), in 2016 as part of that year’s FISE.",What inspired the creation of BMX Freestyle in California in the 1970s?,5,"The creation of BMX Freestyle in California in the 1970s was inspired by the desire to combine elements of skateboarding, motocross, and gymnastics into one exciting and dynamic sport that allowed riders to showcase their creativity and skills in new and innovative ways." +cyclingbmxfreestyle,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The BMX Freestyle competition will take place in an urban park where riders will perform as many tricks as possible in 60 seconds. They will be scored based on the difficulty of the tricks, the height of their jumps, and the creativity and style of their routines.",What factors will the riders be scored on in the BMX Freestyle competition?,5,"The riders will be scored on factors such as difficulty of tricks, execution of tricks, style, creativity, use of the course, speed, height, and overall impression." +cyclingbmxfreestyle,"Olympic History + +BMX Freestyle got its first run out on the Olympic stage at the 2018 Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires. It offered a thrilling spectacle in front of packed crowds, convincing the International Olympic Committee of the potential of this ultimate urban sport. + +BMX Freestyle returns for its second Olympic Games at Paris 2024 after making its competitive debut at Tokyo 2020.",When did BMX Freestyle make its competitive debut at the Olympic Games?,4,BMX Freestyle made its competitive debut at the Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020. +cyclingmountainbike,"Mountain bike is a relatively new sport that emerged in the 1970s, when cyclists in California decided to take their bikes off-road and explore new trails. In the 1990s, the first mountain bikes that could withstand the impact of rougher terrain were created, and the hobby subsequently took off, quickly becoming a sport in its own right. The first informal competitions took place in the late 1970s before the first official world championships were held in the 1990s.",What led to the creation and popularity of mountain biking as a sport in the 1970s and 1990s?,5,"The creation and popularity of mountain biking as a sport in the 1970s and 1990s was largely due to the development of specialized bikes and equipment designed specifically for off-road trails, as well as the increasing interest in outdoor adventure and extreme sports during those decades. Additionally, the rise of mountain biking competitions and the growth of mountain biking communities also contributed to its popularity." +cyclingmountainbike,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +There are two cross-country mountain bike events: one for women and one for men. Riders set off from the same starting line and contest multiple laps around a loop on mountainous, rough terrain that tests their technique, endurance, and stamina. + +Races feature a mass start and, in general, multiple laps. Riders take one to two hours to complete an intense course full of twists and turns, covering tens of kilometres during the event.",How long do riders typically take to complete the cross-country mountain bike event?,4,Riders typically take around 2-3 hours to complete the cross-country mountain bike event. +cyclingmountainbike,"Olympic History + +Mountain bike made its Olympic debut 100 years after track cycling and road cycling at the Atlanta 1996 Olympic Games, with individual races for men and women. French and Swiss athletes have regularly finished on the Olympic podium in mountain bike, combining for 16 of the 42 medals awarded in the discipline.","Which country has historically dominated the Olympics in mountain bike cycling, winning a total of 16 out of 42 medals in the discipline?",5,The country that has historically dominated the Olympics in mountain bike cycling is France. +cricket,"Cricket is a bat-and-ball team sport where the batting side tries to score as many runs as possible while the bowling side attempts to get batters out, also known as taking wickets, and restrict the flow or runs. + +Cricket bats are constructed from high-grade willow with balls made of leather stitched onto a cork core. + +International cricket was solely comprised of Test matches comprising two innings per team, but limited overs formats have largely taken over in recent decades with Twenty20 - 20 overs per side - it is the suggested format to be played at the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games.",What material are cricket bats typically made from?,5,Cricket bats are typically made from English willow wood. +cricket,"By whom, where and when was Cricket invented? + +Cricket was first played in southern England in the 16th century but it was not until 1744 that the 'Laws of Cricket' were codified with the first recorded women's match taking place a year later. + +Limited overs cricket, where teams have a set number of overs to post a score, was founded in India in 1951 with the first-one-day international (ODI) held in 1971. + +While ODIs have gradually been shortened, to satisfy timing and television demands, to 50 overs a side, Twenty20 cricket (or T20) was created in 2003 by the England and Wales Cricket Board. + +T20 internationals were first held the following year and, thanks to innovations like the Indian Premier League (IPL), 20-over-a-side cricket has become its most popular format with numerous leagues attracting top players from across the world.",When were the 'Laws of Cricket' codified and the first recorded women's match took place?,2,"The 'Laws of Cricket' were codified in 1744 by the London Club. The first recorded women's match took place in 1745 between Bramley and Hambledon in Surrey, England." +cricket,"What are the rules of Cricket? + +Each team has 11 players with one side batting and the other fielding. The fielding side has at least five bowlers who bowl (throwing with a straight arm unlike a baseball pitcher's bent arm) at one of a pair of batters on a pitch 22 yards (20 metres) away. The batter guards a set of three wooden stumps in the ground - with two bails on top - and the wicketkeeper from the fielding side stands behind them. + +A batter scores runs by hitting the ball and running to the other end of the pitch with their partner going in the opposite direction. If they score an odd number of runs, their partner faces the next ball. A batter scores four runs for hitting the ball to the boundary, and six runs should the ball clear the boundary rope without touching the ground. A bowler bowls an over - six balls in succession - before another bowler begins the next over from the other end of the pitch. + +The main ways in which a batter can be out (dismissed) are bowled (if the bails are dislodged by the ball), caught, leg before wicket (if the ball hits the batter's pads in front of the stumps) and run out (bails removed by a member of the fielding side with the ball before the batter completes a run). + +If a team loses 10 wickets, leaving one batter on their own, they are 'all out' and the innings is over. In T20, the innings is usually complete at the end of 20 overs. The team batting second must then try to exceed that score inside 20 overs and without losing all 10 wickets. + +In the Laws of Cricket, the only difference between the men's and women's games is the use of a slightly smaller and lighter ball in the latter.",What are the ways in which a batter can be out in the game of Cricket?,5,"A batter can be out in the game of Cricket through several ways, including being bowled, caught, run out, stumped, leg before wicket (LBW), hit wicket, handling the ball, obstructing the field, and timed out." +cricket,"Cricket and the Olympics + +Cricket's only previous Olympic appearance came at the Paris 1900 Games. It consisted of a single two-innings-a-side two-day match with Great Britain's Devon and Somerset Wanderers defeating France's French Athletic Club Union. + +T20 is the format that is proposed for Los Angeles 2028.",What format of cricket is proposed for inclusion in the Los Angeles 2028 Olympics?,5,T20 cricket format. +cricket,"Best Cricket players to watch + +Having been exported from England, cricket's power base remains in former British colonies. + +Until the turn of the century, India, Australia, England, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Zimbabwe and the West Indies - a composite representative team featuring the likes of Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago - were the nine ""Full Members"" of the International Cricket Council. + +Bangladesh became the 10th Full Member in 2000 with Ireland and Afghanistan making it 12 in 2017. + +The West Indies dominated men's cricket in the 1980s but have struggled of late and failed to reach the 50-over-a-side World Cup in 2023. + +England, whose players would represent Great Britain at Los Angeles 2028, beat Pakistan in the final of the last T20 World Cup in 2022. Hard-hitting wicketkeeper Jos Buttler and spin bowler Adil Rashid are among their leading lights. + +Cricket-mad India, led by batters Rohit Sharma and Virat Kohli, and Australia are also big players with New Zealand finally winning a major tournament by becoming World Test champions in 2021. + +Women's cricket has grown in popularity since coming under the International Cricket Council umbrella in 2005. Australia, led by star duo Ellyse Perry and Meg Lanning, has long been the dominant nation in women's cricket, winning three consecutive T20 World Cups and four of the last seven one-day World Cups.","Which country has been the dominant nation in women's cricket, winning three consecutive T20 World Cups and four of the last seven one-day World Cups?",2,Australia +football,"Although football can trace its roots back to Ancient China, the modern version of the game was born on the streets of medieval England, before going on to become the most popular sport in the world. + +The (very) early games of football in medieval England involved a large mass of people who would attempt to drag a pig’s bladder—by any means possible—to markers at opposing ends of a town. Such events were well known for being as violent as they were popular. In the 16th century, English schools established the modern football codes, thereby transforming what were mob riots into a proper sport.",What was the historical significance of football in medieval England?,3,"Football in medieval England was primarily played as a street or mob game with few rules, involving a large number of people kicking a ball towards a designated goal or landmark. It was often associated with rowdy behavior and disturbances, leading to various bans and restrictions by authorities. While football in medieval England was not organized or regulated like the modern sport we know today, it did help to lay the foundation for the development of the game over the centuries." +football,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The women’s competition at the Olympic Games is organised in exactly the same way as FIFA tournaments: two teams of 11 players contest a 90-minute match (plus stoppage time) split into two 45-minute halves on a grass pitch. The same rules apply to the men’s game, but with a slight difference in the composition of the teams: each team must be made up entirely of players born on or after 1 January 2001 (aged 23 at the time of Paris 2024) However, three (3) footballers born before the mentioned date, above the age limit, can be included in the squad list (18 players per team). + +Football is also one of the few sports at the Games where the tournament starts before the opening ceremony due to the number of matches; since the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, the football tournament has started two days before the Games are officially opened.",How many players can be included in each team's squad list for the women's competition at the Olympic Games?,5,"For the women's competition at the Olympic Games, each team is allowed to include a maximum of 18 players in their squad list." +football,"Olympic History + +Football was first included on the Olympic programme at the Games of the II Olympiad (Paris 1900) and has been contested at every edition since, save for the Los Angeles 1932 Games (in an attempt to promote the new men’s FIFA World Cup tournament). + +Women’s football made its Olympic debut at the Atlanta Games in 1996. The USA has finished on top of the podium multiple times, including at Atlanta 1996, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008 and London 2012. Germany won gold at Rio 2016, while Canada are the defending Olympic champions after triumphing at Tokyo 2020. + +Europe dominated the men’s competition until the 1992 Games in Barcelona, where Spain became the last European team to win a gold medal. Since the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, African and Latin American teams have won every gold medal, with Brazil repeating as Olympic champions at Tokyo 2020. + +Many footballing greats have taken part in the Olympic Games, including Ferenc Puskás in 1952, Lev Yashin in 1956, Samuel Eto’o in 2000, Lionel Messi in 2008, Neymar in 2012 and 2016, Marta in 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020, and Alex Morgan in 2012, 2016 and 2020.",When did women's football make its Olympic debut?,5,Women's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 at the Atlanta Games. +volleyball,"William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director and a student at Springfield College, is credited with creating the game of volleyball in 1895 in Holyoke, Massachusetts. + +Mintonette (as volleyball was called at the time) was designed to be an indoor pastime that could be enjoyed by older members of the YMCA, and took some of its characteristics from other sports including tennis and handball. + +Volleyball became popular very quickly, and rapidly developed in other countries in the early 20th century, first in Canada, then in Cuba and Japan. The first rulebooks for the sport were produced in the early 1900s, with the first international federation (Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB)) following in 1947. The first men’s world championships took place the following year, with the women’s competition debuting in 1952.",Who is credited with creating the game of volleyball in 1895?,5,William G. Morgan +volleyball,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Volleyball is played by two teams of six players on an indoor court 18m long and 9m wide. Matches are played to the best of five sets. A point is scored when the ball lands within the court boundaries or when a playing error is made. The first team to score 25 points by a two-point margin wins the set, with each match following a best-of-five sets format. If required, a fifth set is played to 15 points (a winning margin of two points is still required). + +In a game of volleyball, the ball can reach speeds of up to 130km/h, particularly following a spectacular jump serve or smash. Athletes therefore require great strength and lightning-fast reflexes to block them.",What is the required winning margin for a team to win a set in volleyball?,5,The required winning margin for a team to win a set in volleyball is two points. +volleyball,"Olympic History + +Volleyball made its Olympic debut at the Tokyo 1964 Games. The women’s and men’s competitions used a single round-robin format, where every team was placed into a single pool and played each other once. This system remained in place until the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich; the format was switched to a pool round and final round of quarter‑finals, semi-finals and a final to determine the medal winners. + +Teams from the Soviet Union and Cuba regularly found the Olympic podium in the 1980s, as did Italy and the People’s Republic of China in the 1990s, followed by Brazil in the 2000s. The former Soviet Union, Brazil and the United States top the Olympic volleyball medal board and are the only three National Olympic Committees with at least ten medals apiece.","Which three National Olympic Committees top the Olympic volleyball medal board, with each having at least ten medals apiece?",5,"1. United States +2. Brazil +3. Russia" +beachvolleyball,"A variation of volleyball played on sand first appeared on the beaches of Santa Monica, California in the 1920s. The first beach volleyball tournament took place in 1947 and the first circuit was launched in the 1950s, involving hundreds of players on Californian beaches. The first professional players’ union was established in the 1980s and the first international tournament sanctioned by the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) was held in 1987.",When did the first international tournament sanctioned by the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) take place in beach volleyball?,3,The first international tournament sanctioned by the FIVB in beach volleyball took place in 1987. +beachvolleyball,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Beach volleyball is played by two teams of two players on a sand court 16m long and 8m wide—slightly smaller than an indoor court—that is divided by a net. Beach volleyball uses the same net height as indoor volleyball: 2.24m for women and 2.43m for men. + +The first team to win two sets wins the match. The first two sets are played to 21 points each and the third set, if necessary, is played to 15 points. As there are only two players per team, players have a lot more ground to cover, which means they need lightning-fast reflexes. Beach volleyball matches are played outdoors, where wind, sun, and rain can affect playing conditions; players therefore need to be very versatile and adapt to the elements in order to succeed.",What are the dimensions of a beach volleyball court and how many sets are played in a match?,5,"The dimensions of a beach volleyball court are 16m by 8m. In a beach volleyball match, teams typically play best out of three sets." +beachvolleyball,"Olympic History + +Beach volleyball made its official Olympic debut at the Atlanta 1996 Olympic Games after first appearing as a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Brazil and the USA have achieved considerable success in the sport, winning a combined 24 Olympic medals (including 10 golds) out of a possible 42. The only other NOCs to finish on top of the podium have been Germany in the men’s (London 2012) and women’s tournaments (Rio 2016), Australia in the women’s tournament (Sydney 2000), and Norway in the men’s tournament (Tokyo 2020).",Which countries have achieved the most success in beach volleyball at the Olympics?,5,"Brazil and the United States have historically been the most successful countries in beach volleyball at the Olympics. Both countries have consistently won multiple medals in the sport since it was introduced to the Olympic program in 1996. Other successful countries include Germany, the Netherlands, and Australia." +handball,"Handball was first played towards the end of the 19th century in Scandinavia and Germany, where field handball was also gaining recognition as a sport. G.Wallström introduced the sport to Sweden in 1910. The two versions of the sport were played until 1966, when indoor handball began to replace field handball.",What year did indoor handball begin to replace field handball as the dominant version of the sport?,5,Indoor handball began to replace field handball as the dominant version of the sport in the late 1940s. +handball,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The modern version is played on an indoor court measuring 40m x 20m between two teams of seven players each. Players can take up to three steps without dribbling and can hold the ball for a maximum of three seconds. The team with the most goals at the end of the two 30-minute halves wins. Twelve teams compete in both the women’s and men’s tournaments at the Olympic Games. + +Handball is a contact sport in which attackers and defenders can make body contact with an opponent, making it a very physical and demanding sport. Offensive strategies are even encouraged, as passive play is illegal. Endurance and strength are therefore vital qualities for the players; however, this sport also involves tactics, teamwork, and flexibility, as all players alternate between attack and defence.",How many players are on each team in a modern indoor handball game?,5,There are typically 7 players on each team in a modern indoor handball game. +handball,"Olympic History + +Field handball made its Olympic debut at the Berlin 1936 Games and was a demonstration sport at the Helsinki 1952 Games. The indoor version first appeared on the Olympic programme 20 years later at the Munich 1972 Games. + +The first women’s competition was held four years later at the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games.",What year did field handball make its Olympic debut and when did the indoor version first appear on the Olympic programme?,5,Field handball made its Olympic debut in 1936 at the Berlin Games. The indoor version of handball first appeared on the Olympic programme in 1972 at the Munich Games. +cyclingbmxracing,"BMX racing emerged from the motocross craze that took off in California in the 1960s, as youngsters began racing their bikes on improvised tracks all over the state. BMX began to develop into a proper sport in the early 1980s; in 1981 the International BMX Federation was founded, with the first BMX world championships following one year later. BMX was integrated into the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) in 1993, thereby clearing the first hurdle required to feature at the Olympic Games.",How did BMX racing develop into a proper sport in the early 1980s?,4,"BMX racing developed into a proper sport in the early 1980s through increased recognition and support from sponsors, media coverage, and organizations dedicated to promoting and organizing competitions. This led to the establishment of formal rules and regulations, standardized tracks, and official competitions that elevated BMX racing from a grassroots activity to a mainstream sport." +cyclingbmxracing,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +BMX racing is a much more explosive format than other, more traditional cycling disciplines which tend to reward endurance over several minutes, whereas BMX racing requires an intense burst of energy over a brief period lasting just a few seconds. Sprint races are contested by a maximum of eight riders on a track packed with jumps, banked corners and obstacles, where the rider with the quickest reactions and fastest pace wins. + +Riders launch themselves from a gate atop the eight-metre high start hill onto the 400m track, reaching speeds of up to 60 km/h. Quick reactions and explosive power are essential to burst out of the gate at the front of the pack and hold on to the lead through to the finish line. The final race is often a thrilling spectacle that viewers watch with bated breath.",What are the key skills needed to excel in BMX racing?,2,"The key skills needed to excel in BMX racing include balance, coordination, agility, speed, strength, and endurance. Riders also need to have a strong understanding of racing tactics and strategies, as well as the ability to react quickly to changes in the race. Additionally, mental toughness and determination are important skills to have in order to push through the physical demands of the sport." +cyclingbmxracing,"Olympic History + +In 2003, the International Olympic Committee made BMX an Olympic sport for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Despite the sport’s relatively short history on the Olympic stage, certain athletes have already made their presence felt at the Games; two-time Olympic gold medalist Mariana Pajón (COL) and Tokyo 2020 champion and 2021 world champion Niek Kimmann (NED) are two of the favourites to finish on top of the podium at Paris 2024.",Who are two of the favorites to win Olympic gold in BMX at the Paris 2024 Games?,5,Two of the favorites to win Olympic gold in BMX at the Paris 2024 Games could be Connor Fields from the United States and Laura Smulders from the Netherlands. +golf,"Golf was one of the first modern sports to codify its rules in 1744 in Edinburgh, Scotland. At the end of the 19th century, the first women’s tournaments were established. Today, there are more than 60 million golfers and over 30,000 golf courses worldwide.",When were the rules of golf first codified?,4,"The rules of golf were first codified in 1744 by the Gentlemen Golfers of Leith, now known as The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers." +golf,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Golf is a straightforward game in principle and is effectively explained in its first rule: “The Game of Golf consists of playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules.” Players use different clubs based on varying criteria, including distance to the hole and playing surface. + +The golf format at the Olympic Games is stroke play, which consists of counting the number of strokes a golfer takes to complete an 18-hole course played four times over four days. The player with the lowest number of strokes at the end of the four rounds wins the tournament.",What format is used for golf at the Olympic Games?,5,Stroke play format. +golf,"Olympic History + +Prior to the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, golf had featured on the Olympic programme on just two occasions: in 1900 and 1904. The sport made its Olympic comeback in Brazil and was contested again at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games in 2021.",When was the last time golf was included in the Olympic Games prior to Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020?,5,"Golf was last included in the Olympic Games in 1904, before being reintroduced in Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020." +beachhandball,"After beach volleyball began to thrive on Italy’s beaches, it inspired the country’s handball players to transfer the game to the sand.",What sport did Italy's handball players decide to play on the sand after seeing the success of beach volleyball on the country's beaches?,4,Beach handball +beachhandball,"Beach Handball Evolution + +In the late 1980s, Italian coach Simonetta Montagni began developing handball on the beach. As the discipline began to grow in popularity, coach Luciano Bartolini was asked to create the first set of rules for the game in 1990, making the fast-paced game fit within the existing beach volleyball court lines. + +In 2000, beach handball became an official European Handball Federation (EHF) sport, and the first EHF Beach Handball European Championship was held that year in Gaeta, Italy. The sport was further developed with representatives of the International Handball Federation (IHF), and it began to reach a global audience. In 2004, the first Beach Handball World Championship was held in Egypt, and the first IHF under-17 World Championships were held in Mauritius in 2017. There, Spain won the men’s event and Hungary claimed the women’s gold.",Who won the men's event at the first IHF under-17 World Championships held in Mauritius in 2017?,1,Egypt +beachhandball,"Beach and Indoor Differences + +While beach handball stems from indoor handball, the sand underfoot shapes how the game is played. The softer landing often results in spectacular, twisting mid-air shots from players hoping to outwit the goalkeeper. Unlike indoor handball, beach handball is not only a non-contact sport, but each period is also scored separately. The winner of a period is awarded one point. Tied matches are decided by a shootout, where a player will try to beat the opposing team’s goalkeeper in a one-on-one. In the shootouts, each team gets five initial attempts. If the scores remained tied, sudden death decides the winner.","What scoring system is used in beach handball, and how are tied matches typically decided?",5,"In beach handball, the most common scoring system used is the best of three sets, with each set played to a certain number of points (usually 12 or 16). Tied matches are typically decided by a shootout, where each team gets a certain number of attempts to score against the goalkeeper one-on-one." +beachhandball,"The Basics + +In beach handball, four players from a squad of 10 – nine at the Olympic Games – take the court at a time: three players and one goalkeeper. As with indoor handball, goals are scored when the ball is thrown into the opponent’s goal, with spectacular goals, such as in-flight goals are spin shots, and goals that are scored by a goalkeeper, or from a penalty throw, worth an extra point. Beach handball matches are fast-paced, with two, 10-minute periods of play.",How many players take the court at a time in beach handball?,5,4 players per team take the court at a time in beach handball. +beachhandball,"Olympic History + +Beach Handball, a new discipline of handball, made its debut on the Olympic stage at the Summer Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018. There, it replaced indoor handball, which was included at Singapore 2010 and Nanjing 2014. The discipline made a big statement at Buenos Aires 2018 since it had the largest number of athletes of any of the new disciplines; 215 athletes competed in the men’s and women’s tournaments. The men’s team from Spain and the women’s team from Argentina each took the gold.",Which country's team won the gold in the men's beach handball tournament at the Summer Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018?,5,Portugal +waterpolo,"Water polo was initially a dangerous sport that first developed in the rivers and lakes of mid-19th century England as an aquatic version of rugby. In 1870, the London Swimming Association developed rules for the sport to be used in indoor swimming pools. Later rules that developed in Scotland emphasized a football style of play as opposed to the “rugby variant.” Water polo was introduced to the USA in 1888, where the rugby style of play—similar to the sport of American football—was used in the water. However, the rest of the world adopted the Scottish rules of the sport, which formed the basis for the sport of water polo as we know it today. The first international match took place in 1890 between England and Scotland (Scotland won 4-0).","What style of play did Scotland emphasize in water polo, leading to the development of the sport as we know it today?",5,"The style of play that Scotland emphasized in water polo was a more physical and aggressive approach, often described as ""rough and tumble.""" +waterpolo,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Two teams of seven players face off in a 3m deep pool, the dimensions of which are not fixed and can vary between 20×10 and 30×20 meters. World Aquatics-approved matches require a 30x20 meter pool for men and a 25x20 meter pool for women. Matches consist of four eight-minute quarters. Other than the goalkeeper, players may only hold the ball with one hand. Possession lasts 30 seconds; if the team does not attempt a shot within that time, possession passes to the opposition and the shot clock is reset. + +Water polo is an intensely physical sport; contact is permitted with players possessing the ball. Strength, endurance, power and strategy are therefore essential.",What are the dimensions of the pool required for a World Aquatics-approved men's water polo match?,5,"The dimensions of the pool required for a World Aquatics-approved men's water polo match are typically around 30 meters in length and 20 meters in width, with a minimum depth of 2 meters." +waterpolo,"Olympic History + +Water polo is one of the oldest team sports at the modern Olympic Games, as it was added to the programme at the same time as rugby in 1900 – first in the form of competitions between clubs, then tournaments between countries from 1908. However, it wasn’t until Sydney 2000, a century later, that the women’s competition was introduced at the Olympic Games. + +European National Olympic Committees have been the dominant force in men’s water polo for years, with an NOC from the continent winning gold at every edition of the Games since 1908. Hungary tops the men’s medal table with 16 medals (including nine golds). Women’s water polo at the Olympics is still in its infancy, but the USA are the reigning three-time champions after winning gold at London 2012, Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020.",When was the women's water polo competition introduced at the Olympic Games?,4,The women's water polo competition was introduced at the Olympic Games in the year 2000. +canoesprint,"For centuries, canoes were used as a means of transport (as well as a useful tool for hunting and fishing) in North America, Siberia, and Greenland. The first recorded competitive canoe sprint race took place at the British Royal Canoe Club in 1869.",Where did the first recorded competitive canoe sprint race take place in 1869?,5,"The correct answer is Trenton, Canada." +canoesprint,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +Canoe and kayak races feature on the Olympic Games programme, each with its own specific rules. Canoeists kneel in the boat and use a single-blade paddle on one side at a time, whereas kayakers are seated and use a double-bladed paddle. + +Canoe sprint races take place on flatwater and feature sprints over various distances (women’s races are either over 200m or 500m, while men’s races are either 500m or 1000m), with one, two or four athletes per boat.",What type of paddle do canoeists use during races?,3,Canoeists typically use a single-bladed paddle during races. +canoesprint,"Olympic History + +Canoe sprint became an Olympic medal discipline at the Berlin 1936 Olympic Games, after previously featuring as a demonstration event at the Paris 1924 Olympic Games.",When did canoe sprint officially become an Olympic medal discipline?,5,"Canoe sprint officially became an Olympic medal discipline in 1936, at the Berlin Games." +judo,"Judo is a traditional Japanese martial art derived from jiu-jitsu, the hand-to-hand combat technique of ancient samurai warriors. Dr Jigoro Kano is credited for founding the discipline in Tokyo after opening his first dojo (school), the kōdōkan, in 1882. In Japanese, the word “judo” means “the gentle way,” but the traditional wrestling sport can hardly be described as such—it requires considerable physical effort. Dr. Kano combined the philosophical principles of judo with physical, intellectual and moral education methods while simultaneously eliminating many of the more dangerous aspects of jiu-jitsu. Judo became popular in Europe and particularly France in the late 20th century, becoming the first martial art widely practised outside of Japan.",Who is credited with founding the discipline of Judo in Tokyo in 1882?,5,Jigoro Kano +judo,"Brief Overview of the Rules + +The objective of judo is to throw your opponent to the ground, immobilise them with a pinning hold or force them into submission with a joint lock or choke. There are two types of scores in judo: + +An ippon is awarded when an athlete throws his opponent to the mat on his or her back with strength, speed and control. An ippon can also be awarded through submission or by pinning an opponent to the ground for 20 seconds. If a judoka achieves ippon, they immediately win the match. + +A waza-ari is awarded for a throw that isn’t clear enough to be an ippon (either because it lacked speed or force, or the opponent did not land primarily on their back) or when an opponent is pinned down for less than 20 seconds (but longer than 10 seconds). Two waza‑ari in one match is the equivalent of an ippon and immediately ends the match. + +Judo competitions are divided into weight classes for both genders, with a match lasting four minutes (the match enters overtime in the event of a tied score after four minutes). Penalties are awarded for passiveness during matches or behaviour deemed contrary to the spirit of judo.",What is the difference between an ippon and a waza-ari in judo scoring?,5,"An ippon in judo scoring is the highest score a competitor can achieve, awarded for a perfect throw, pin, or submission technique. A waza-ari is a lower score awarded for a throw that is almost perfect but not quite as technically precise as an ippon." +judo,"Olympic History + +Judo made its Olympic debut at Tokyo 1964, and has been a permanent fixture of the Olympic programme since the 1972 Games in Munich. The women's competition was introduced at the Olympics in 1988 as a demonstration sport, though it became an official medal event just four years later at the Barcelona 1992 Olympic Games. + +Since its introduction to the Olympic Games, judo's popularity has flourished worldwide, with 128 National Olympic Committees competing in the judo competition at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Japan has been a formidable force in the sport at the Games, with Japanese judokas winning 96 medals. French (57 medals) and Republic of Korea (46 medals) judokas have also been tremendously successful.","When did judo make its debut at the Olympic Games, and when did the women's competition become an official medal event?",5,"Judo made its debut at the Olympic Games in 1964 in Tokyo, Japan. The women's competition became an official medal event in 1992 at the Barcelona Olympic Games." +futsal,"Futsal, commonly translated as “indoor football”, comes from the Spanish “fútbol sala” and from the Portuguese “futebol de salão”.","Where does the term ""futsal"" originate from?",5,"The term ""futsal"" originates from the Spanish words ""fútbol sala,"" which translates to ""indoor football"" in English. It is a variation of soccer played on a smaller, indoor court." +futsal,"Football Roots + +Futsal is a five-a-side format of football, and the only form of indoor football approved by world governing body FIFA. Futsal emphasises technique, creativity, improvisation and ball control.",What are the characteristics and focus of futsal as compared to traditional football?,1,"Futsal is a variant of traditional football that is played indoors on a smaller, hard court surface. The characteristics of futsal include a smaller playing area, fewer players on each team, a heavier ball that doesn't bounce as much, and generally faster gameplay. The focus of futsal is on skill, quick decision-making, close control of the ball, and teamwork. It emphasizes technical ability, creativity, and quick thinking due to the limited space and time players have on the court." +futsal,"South American Origins + +Futsal’s origins can be traced to South America, where Argentine-born coach Juan Carlos Ceriani devised a variation of the traditional 11-a-side football game for indoor competitions in YMCAs in Montevideo, Uruguay. Meanwhile, in São Paulo, Brazil, a game was also developing on the streets. Futsal soon spread through the continent. Participation continues to grow, and FIFA estimates more than 30 million play futsal globally.",Who is credited with devising the variation of football for indoor competitions in South America?,5,Juan Carlos Ceriani is credited with devising the variation of football for indoor competitions in South America. +futsal,"Equitable Play + +Where challenges like climate or infrastructure limit accessibility to football pitches—or the existence of them—futsal creates opportunities for more players to enjoy football. In isolated communities, big cities and island nations the only form of football competition is often futsal. Additionally, futsal creates opportunities for women in places where cultural limitations mean playing indoors is the only option.","How does futsal create opportunities for more players, especially in communities with limited access to traditional football pitches?",5,"Futsal creates opportunities for more players, especially in communities with limited access to traditional football pitches, by requiring less space and resources compared to traditional football. Futsal can be played indoors or outdoors on smaller, hard-court surfaces, making it more accessible to communities with limited space or resources. This allows more players to participate in the sport and develop their skills, ultimately increasing inclusivity and opportunities for players in various communities." +futsal,"Complementary to Football + +Futsal is a game in its own right that boasts transferable skills to football, and many FIFA associations form leagues and competitions in hopes of developing football players. A FIFA study has shown that the game of futsal is played in more than 170 of FIFA’s 211 member associations. With a pitch nearly eight times smaller than that of a traditional football pitch, along with a smaller team size, futsal requires precise technical execution amid the fast-moving action of the game. Football greats like Pele, Zico, Socrates, Messi and Ronaldo honed their skills playing futsal.",How many FIFA member associations have been shown to have futsal leagues and competitions in place?,5,There are approximately 114 FIFA member associations that have been shown to have futsal leagues and competitions in place. +futsal,"Olympic History + +Futsal was first included on the Olympic programme at the Summer Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018, where it replaced 11-a-side football contested at Singapore 2010 and Nanjing 2014. In the tournament, 10 teams of 10 athletes—with five on the pitch at any one time and five substitutes—participated in the men’s and women’s categories. Each match consisted of two 20-minute periods. + +In addition to Buenos Aires 2018 being the first time futsal was included on the Olympic programme, it was also the first-ever FIFA women’s futsal tournament. In the tournament’s 24 matches, a total of 226 goals were scored, averaging 9.42 per match.",When was futsal first included on the Olympic programme?,1,"Futsal was first included on the Olympic programme in 2020, as a part of the Youth Olympic Games held in Buenos Aires, Argentina." diff --git a/course/week4/scripts/build_eval_set.py b/course/week4/scripts/build_eval_set.py index 803a88b5..007c46f1 100644 --- a/course/week4/scripts/build_eval_set.py +++ b/course/week4/scripts/build_eval_set.py @@ -65,6 +65,11 @@ def write_questions(self): # Save the generated question (as a string) into the `question` variable. # TODO # =========================== + question = query_openai( + self.openai_api_key, + get_question_prompt(chunk) + ) + assert len(question) > 0, f"Did you complete the coding section in `write_questions`?" questions.append(question) doc_ids.append(doc_id) # save the doc id for each @@ -94,6 +99,15 @@ def grade_questions(self): # Set the rating to 0 if integer casting fails. # TODO # =========================== + try: + response = query_openai( + self.openai_api_key, + get_question_judge_prompt(self.contexts[i], self.questions[i]) + ) + rating = int(response) + except ValueError: + rating = 0 + assert rating >= 0, f"Did you complete the coding section in `grade_questions`?" ratings.append(rating) @@ -118,6 +132,11 @@ def write_hypothetical_answers(self): # See `rag/prompts` for a bank of relevant prompts to use. You may edit any prompts in there. # TODO # =========================== + hypo_answer = query_openai( + self.openai_api_key, + get_hyde_response_prompt(self.questions[i]) + ) + assert len(hypo_answer) > 0, f"Did you complete the coding section in `write_hypothetical_answers`?" hypo_answers.append(hypo_answer) diff --git a/course/week4/scripts/insert_docs.py b/course/week4/scripts/insert_docs.py index 27af7508..7f50c0f3 100644 --- a/course/week4/scripts/insert_docs.py +++ b/course/week4/scripts/insert_docs.py @@ -1,76 +1,83 @@ from tqdm import tqdm from os.path import join from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer - from rag.llm import embedding_name_to_dim from rag.vector import get_my_collection_name, insert_documents from rag.dataset import load_documents from rag.paths import DATA_DIR - def main(args): - r"""Inserts new documents in the collection. - """ - collection_name = get_my_collection_name( - env['GITHUB_USERNAME'], - embedding=args.embedding, - hyde=args.hyde, - ) + r"""Inserts new documents in the collection. + """ + collection_name = get_my_collection_name( + env['GITHUB_USERNAME'], + embedding=args.embedding, + hyde=args.hyde, + ) - # Load raw documents as a Pandas Dataframe with two columns - # - doc_id: Document ID - # - text: Content for the document - raw = load_documents(override_doc_dir=args.doc_dir) - print(f'Found {len(raw)} documents to upload.') + # Load raw documents as a Pandas Dataframe with two columns + # - doc_id: Document ID + # - text: Content for the document + raw = load_documents(override_doc_dir=args.doc_dir) + print(f'Found {len(raw)} documents to upload.') - # Use the embedding model to embed docs - embedding_dim = embedding_name_to_dim(args.embedding) - embedding_model = SentenceTransformer(args.embedding) - print(f'Loaded the {args.embedding} model.') + # Use the embedding model to embed docs + embedding_dim = embedding_name_to_dim(args.embedding) + embedding_model = SentenceTransformer(args.embedding) + print(f'Loaded the {args.embedding} model.') - documents = [] - for i in tqdm(range(len(raw)), desc='Inserting into db'): - doc = "" - # =========================== - # FILL ME OUT - # Prepare the documents to be inserted into the vector db - # You will need compute embeddings. Make sure to cast the embedding to a list. - # Please refer to `config.json` for which embedding to use: - # Example document: - # { - # "embeddings": { - # "values": [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5], - # "dimensionality": 5, - # }, # single vector document - # "metadata": { - # "doc_id": "...", - # } - # } - # Please add the document ID to the metadata under the key `doc_id`. - # Please see docs here: https://docs.starpoint.ai/create-documents - # TODO - # =========================== - assert len(doc) > 0, f"Did you complete the code in `insert_docs.py`?" - documents.append(doc) + documents = [] + for i in tqdm(range(len(raw)), desc='Inserting into db'): + doc = {} + # =========================== + # FILL ME OUT + # Prepare the documents to be inserted into the vector db + # You will need compute embeddings. Make sure to cast the embedding to a list. + # Please refer to `config.json` for which embedding to use: + # Example document: + # { + # "embeddings": { + # "values": [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5], + # "dimensionality": 5, + # }, # single vector document + # "metadata": { + # "doc_id": "...", + # } + # } + # Please add the document ID to the metadata under the key `doc_id`. + # Please see docs here: https://docs.starpoint.ai/create-documents + # TODO + # =========================== + doc = { + "embeddings": { + "values": embedding_model.encode(raw.iloc[i]['text']).tolist(), + "dimensionality": embedding_dim, + }, + "metadata": { + "doc_id": raw.iloc[i]['doc_id'], + "text": raw.iloc[i]['text'] + } + } + assert len(doc) > 0, f"Did you complete the code in `insert_docs.py`?" + documents.append(doc) - assert len(documents) > 0, f"Please remember to append to the documents array" - - print(f'Inserting documents into Starpoint collection {collection_name}') - insert_documents(args.starpoint_api_key, collection_name, documents) - print(f'Done. {len(documents)} inserted.') + assert len(documents) > 0, f"Please remember to append to the documents array" + print(f'Inserting documents into Starpoint collection {collection_name}') + insert_documents(args.starpoint_api_key, collection_name, documents) + print(f'Done. {len(documents)} inserted.') if __name__ == "__main__": - from os import environ as env - from dotenv import load_dotenv - load_dotenv() + from os import environ as env + from dotenv import load_dotenv + load_dotenv() + import argparse - import argparse - parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() - parser.add_argument('--embedding', type=str, default='all-MiniLM-L6-v2', help='Embedding to use (default: all-MiniLM-L6-v2)') - parser.add_argument('--hyde', action='store_true', default=False, help='Use hyde embeddings (default: False)') - parser.add_argument('--doc-dir', type=str, default=join(DATA_DIR, 'documents/summer'), help='Document directory') - parser.add_argument('--starpoint-api-key', type=str, default=env['STARPOINT_API_KEY'], help='Starpoint API key') - args = parser.parse_args() + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('--embedding', type=str, default='all-MiniLM-L6-v2', help='Embedding to use (default: all-MiniLM-L6-v2)') + parser.add_argument('--hyde', action='store_true', default=False, help='Use hyde embeddings (default: False)') + parser.add_argument('--doc-dir', type=str, default=join(DATA_DIR, 'documents/winter'), help='Document directory') + parser.add_argument('--starpoint-api-key', type=str, default=env['STARPOINT_API_KEY'], help='Starpoint API key') + args = parser.parse_args() - main(args) \ No newline at end of file + main(args) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/course/week4/scripts/optimize_params.py b/course/week4/scripts/optimize_params.py index 983dc7f6..28b906ef 100644 --- a/course/week4/scripts/optimize_params.py +++ b/course/week4/scripts/optimize_params.py @@ -71,6 +71,22 @@ def get_search_space(self): # over 100,000s but this should illustruate the point. # TODO # =========================== + + hparams: List[DotMap] = [] + embedding_models = ["all-MiniLM-L6-v2", "thenlper/gte-small"] + text_search_weights = [0, 0.5] + hyde_embeddings_options = [False, True] + + for embedding in embedding_models: + for weight in text_search_weights: + for hyde in hyde_embeddings_options: + hparam = DotMap({ + "embedding": embedding, + "text_search_weight": weight, + "hyde_embeddings": hyde, + }) + hparams.append(hparam) + assert len(hparams) > 0, "Remember to complete the code in `get_search_space`" assert len(hparams) == 8, "You should have 8 configurations" self.hparams = hparams @@ -108,6 +124,36 @@ def optimize(self): # +1 to `hits` if it does. +0 to `hits` if not. # TODO # =========================== + hits = 0 + for i in tqdm(range(len(questions))): + question = questions.question.iloc[i] + gt_id = questions.doc_id.iloc[i] + + # Compute embedding + if self.input.hyde_embeddings: + hypo_answer = questions.hypo_answers.iloc[i] + embedding = embedding_model.encode(hypo_answer).tolist() + else: + embedding = embedding_model.encode(question).tolist() + + # Retrieve documents + results = retrieve_documents( + self.starpoint_api_key, + collection_name=collection_name, + query=question, + query_embedding=embedding, + top_k=3, + text_search_weight=self.input.text_search_weight, + ) + + # Check if the correct document is in the top 3 + retrieved_ids = [result['metadata']['doc_id'] for result in results] + if gt_id in retrieved_ids: + hits += 1 + + hit_rate = hits / float(len(questions)) + self.hit_rate = hit_rate # save to class + self.hparam = self.input hit_rate = hits / float(len(questions)) self.hit_rate = hit_rate # save to class