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This is by no means an all-inclusive list of everything you should have in your README.
READMEs can be written in Markdown(.md) or as a text file (.txt).
Program Overview
Give a brief description of what your project is and what it is intended to do.
Include an example of what your project can do, something that will grab the attention of someone who just happened upon your repository.
How to use
Provide the information required to effectively use your project.
You can, but are not required to, include example code.
Prerequisites
List any special or third party prerequisites needed to run your project (if your project requires a library that has to be installed on its own, it is a prerequisite).
If no unordinary prerequisites are needed this section is not necessary.
E.g. For a C++ project the SDL library would be a prerequisite but the vector library would not because it is included with the standard g++ installation.
Installation guide
List the steps needed to install your project.
It is better to explicitly list the commands needed rather than describe the steps.
E.g. make as opposed to "run make".
Bugs/Limitations/Issues
Explicitly list all of the known bugs in your project.
If there are any known limitations or issues, explicitly list those as well.
The more effective you are at conveying the nature of the bug/limitation/issue the better. This means being clear and concise in your wording and providing as much relevant information as possible.
E.g. "The foo function causes a segmentation fault when the argument passed in is negative" as opposed to "foo fails when the parameter is negative"
Things not to do
Do not include an authors and contributors section in your README, this information can be found elsewhere on Github.
There is no need to list the files in your repository in your README.
Avoid listing commands in words, instead explicitly list the commands using ` in sequential order.
It is not necessary to include information about your licensing beyond where to find it in your README.