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itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><div id="loading"><div class="cat"><div class="body"></div><div class="head"><div class="face"></div></div><div class="foot"><div class="tummy-end"></div><div class="bottom"></div><div class="legs left"></div><div class="legs right"></div></div><div class="paw"><div class="hands left"></div><div class="hands right"></div></div></div></div><div id="container"><header id="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"><div class="inner"><div id="brand"><div class="pjax"><h1 itemprop="name headline">Python 异常、模块、包</h1><div class="meta"><span class="item" title="创建时间：2023-01-15 18:19:13"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-calendar"></i></span><span class="text">发表于</span><time itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2023-01-15T18:19:13+08:00">2023-01-15</time></span><span class="item" title="本文字数"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-pen"></i></span><span class="text">本文字数</span><span>5.4k</span><span class="text">字</span></span><span 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wrap"><div class="breadcrumb" itemlistelement="" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><i class="ic i-home"></i><span><a href="/">首页</a></span><i class="ic i-angle-right"></i><span class="current" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/categories/Python/" itemprop="item" rel="index" title="分类于Python"><span itemprop="name">Python<meta itemprop="position" content="0"></span></a></span></div><article class="post block" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" lang="zh-CN"><link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="https://jiankychen.github.io/python-modules.html"><span hidden="hidden" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><meta itemprop="image" content="/assets/avatar.jpg"><meta itemprop="name" content="Jiankychen"><meta itemprop="description" content="Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today, "></span><span hidden="hidden" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Jiankychen's Blog"></span><div class="body md" itemprop="articleBody"><h1 id="异常"><a class="anchor" href="#异常">#</a> 异常</h1>
<p>异常是指程序运行的过程中出现了错误</p>
<blockquote>
<p>bug 就是指异常，历史上因为小虫子导致计算机失灵，所以延续至今，bug 就代表软件出现错误</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="异常的捕获"><a class="anchor" href="#异常的捕获">#</a> 异常的捕获</h2>
<p>异常处理（捕获异常）：针对可能出现的异常，提前做好准备，当真的出现异常时，可以有后续处置，以免其导致程序无法正常运行</p>
<h3 id="捕获常规异常"><a class="anchor" href="#捕获常规异常">#</a> 捕获常规异常</h3>
<p>语法：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> 尝试执行的代码</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">except</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> 若出现异常，将会执行本段代码</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># 尝试以 'r' 模式打开文件，如果文件不存在，则以 'w' 方式打开</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre> f <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'linux.txt'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'r'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">except</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre> f <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'linux.txt'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'w'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="捕获指定异常"><a class="anchor" href="#捕获指定异常">#</a> 捕获指定异常</h3>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> 尝试执行的代码</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">except</span> ErrorType <span class="token keyword">as</span> e<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> 若出现类型为 ErrorType 的异常，将会执行本段代码</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>其中，ErrorType 是指要捕获的异常类型</p>
<p>注意：如果 “尝试执行的代码” 的异常类型和要捕获的异常类型不一致，则无法捕获异常</p>
<p>常见的异常类型如下表所示：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">类名</th>
<th style="text-align:center">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><code>SyntaxError</code></td>
<td style="text-align:center">发生语法错误时引发</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><code>FileNotFoundError</code></td>
<td style="text-align:center">未找到指定文件或目录时引发</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><code>NameError</code></td>
<td style="text-align:center">找不到指定名称的变量时引发</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><code>ZeroDivisionError</code></td>
<td style="text-align:center">除数为 0 时的异常</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><code>IndexError</code></td>
<td style="text-align:center">当使用超出列表范围的索引时引发</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><code>KeyError</code></td>
<td style="text-align:center">当使用映射不存在的键时引发</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><code>AttributeError</code></td>
<td style="text-align:center">当尝试访问未知对象属性时引发</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><code>TypeError</code></td>
<td style="text-align:center">当试图在使用 a 类型的场合使用 b 类型时引发</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">except</span> NameError <span class="token keyword">as</span> e<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'未定义 name 变量'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="捕获多个异常"><a class="anchor" href="#捕获多个异常">#</a> 捕获多个异常</h3>
<p>当需要捕获多个异常时，可以把要捕获的异常类型的名字，放到 except 后，并使用元组的方式进行书写</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<p>捕获多个异常（但不输出异常的具体描述）：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">except</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>NameError<span class="token punctuation">,</span> ZeroDivisionError<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'错误...'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>捕获多个异常并输出异常的具体信息：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>num<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">except</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>NameError<span class="token punctuation">,</span> ZeroDivisionError<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">as</span> e<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>e<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="捕获所有异常"><a class="anchor" href="#捕获所有异常">#</a> 捕获所有异常</h3>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> 尝试执行的代码</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">except</span> Exception <span class="token keyword">as</span> e<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> 若出现异常，将会执行本段代码</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>注意： <code>except:</code> 与 <code>except Exception as e:</code> 这两种方式都可以捕获全部的异常</p>
<h3 id="异常-else"><a class="anchor" href="#异常-else">#</a> 异常 else</h3>
<p><code>else</code> 表示没有异常时要执行的代码</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> 尝试执行的代码</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">except</span> Exception <span class="token keyword">as</span> e<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> 若出现异常，将会执行本段代码</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="6"></td><td><pre> 若没有出现异常，将会执行本段代码</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="异常-finally"><a class="anchor" href="#异常-finally">#</a> 异常 finally</h3>
<p><code>finally</code> 表示无论是否异常都要执行的代码，例如关闭文件</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> 尝试执行的代码</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">except</span> Exception <span class="token keyword">as</span> e<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> 若出现异常，将会执行本段代码</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="6"></td><td><pre> 若没有出现异常，将会执行本段代码</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="7"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">finally</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="8"></td><td><pre> 无论是否出现异常，都会执行本段代码</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="异常的传递"><a class="anchor" href="#异常的传递">#</a> 异常的传递</h3>
<p>异常具有传递性：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>当函数 / 方法执行出现异常，会将异常传递给函数 / 方法的调用一方</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>如果传递到主程序，仍然没有异常处理，程序才会被终止</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>利用异常具有传递性的特点，当我们想要保证程序不会因为异常崩溃的时候，就可以在 <code>main</code> 函数中设置异常捕获，由于无论在整个程序哪里发生异常，最终都会传递到 <code>main</code> 函数中，这样就可以确保所有的异常都会被捕获</p>
<h1 id="模块"><a class="anchor" href="#模块">#</a> 模块</h1>
<p>Python 模块（Module），是一个 Python 文件，以 <code>.py</code> 为后缀名</p>
<p>模块能定义函数、类和变量，模块里也能包含可执行的代码</p>
<p>可以认为一个模块就是一个工具包，每一个工具包中都有各种不同的工具供我们使用，以实现各种不同的功能</p>
<h2 id="导入模块"><a class="anchor" href="#导入模块">#</a> 导入模块</h2>
<p>在使用模块之前，需要先将模块导入 Python 程序</p>
<p>常用的导入模块方式：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">import</span> module_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="token keyword">import</span> class_name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> var_name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> func_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token operator">*</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">import</span> module_name <span class="token keyword">as</span> nick_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="token keyword">import</span> func_name <span class="token keyword">as</span> nick_name</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li>module_name 表示模块</li>
<li>class_name 表示模块内的类</li>
<li>var_name 表示模块内的变量</li>
<li>func_name 表示模块内的函数</li>
<li>nick_name 表示为模块自定义的别名</li>
</ul>
<p>注意：导入模块时，module_name 不需要包含 <code>.py</code> 后缀</p>
<h3 id="import-module_name"><a class="anchor" href="#import-module_name">#</a> import module_name</h3>
<p>使用 <code>import</code> 导入模块后，可以通过 <code>'.'</code> 来使用模块中的函数或类</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">import</span> module_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre>module_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>func_name<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre>module_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>class_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre>module_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>var_name</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="from-module_name-import-func_name"><a class="anchor" href="#from-module_name-import-func_name">#</a> from module_name import func_name</h3>
<p>使用 <code>from … import …</code> 方式导入之后，无需添加前缀，直接调用即可</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="token keyword">import</span> func_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre>func_name<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>注意，利用 <code>from</code> 把内容从模块中导入后，会导致相同名称的内容被覆盖，也就是说，不同模块的命名空间会在此处重叠</p>
<h3 id="from-module_name-import"><a class="anchor" href="#from-module_name-import">#</a> from module_name import *</h3>
<p>导入模块全部内容</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token operator">*</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre>func_name<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre>class_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre>var_name</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="as-nick_name"><a class="anchor" href="#as-nick_name">#</a> as nick_name</h3>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># 模块定义别名</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">import</span> module_name <span class="token keyword">as</span> nick_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># 功能定义别名</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="token keyword">import</span> func_name <span class="token keyword">as</span> func_nick_name</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id="自定义模块"><a class="anchor" href="#自定义模块">#</a> 自定义模块</h2>
<p>每个 Python 文件都可以作为一个模块，模块的名字就是文件的名字</p>
<p>因此，自定义模块只需在 Python 代码文件中正常写代码即可，通过 import、from 关键字导入（与导入 Python 内置模块一样）即可使用。但是需要注意，自定义模块名必须要符合标识符命名规则</p>
<h3 id="__main__-变量"><a class="anchor" href="#__main__-变量">#</a> __main__ 变量</h3>
<p><code>if __main__ == “__main__”</code> 语句的作用：只有当含有该语句的 Python 程序是被直接 run 时，才会进入 <code>if</code> 内部。如果是被导入的，则无法进入 <code>if</code></p>
<p>该功能常用于测试模块（即，希望某些代码在测试时运行、而在被导入时不运行）</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">test</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a <span class="token operator">+</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># 只在当前文件中调用该函数，其他导入的文件内均不执行 test 函数调用</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">if</span> __name__ <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'__main__'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="6"></td><td><pre> test <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>如果不加 <code>if __name__ == "__main__"</code> 语句：无论是当前文件，还是其他已经导入了该模块的文件，在运行的时候都会自动执行 <code>test</code> 函数的调用</p>
<h3 id="__all__-变量"><a class="anchor" href="#__all__-变量">#</a> __all__ 变量</h3>
<p>如果一个模块文件中有 <code>__all__</code> 变量（该变量为列表对象），在使用 <code>from xxx import *</code> 导入该模块时，只能导入 <code>__all__</code> 列表中的元素</p>
<p>因此， <code>__all__</code> 变量可以控制 <code>import *</code> 导入模块时的导入内容</p>
<p>注意： <code>__all__</code> 变量 仅影响 <code>from ... import *</code> 这一导入方式</p>
<p>例如，自定义如下模块：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>__all__ <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'Test_A'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">Test_A</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> xxx</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="6"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">Test_B</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="7"></td><td><pre> xxx</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>通过 <code>from ... import *</code> 导入该模块后，只能使用 <code>Test_A</code> 函数，而不能使用 <code>Test_B</code> 函数</p>
<h1 id="包"><a class="anchor" href="#包">#</a> 包</h1>
<p>如果 Python 模块太多，可以通过 Python 包（Package）来管理</p>
<p>当我们的模块文件非常多时，包可以帮助我们管理这些模块，包的作用就是包含多个模块，但包的本质依然是模块</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>从物理上看：包就是一个文件夹，在该文件夹下包含了一个 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件，该文件夹可包含多个模块文件</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>从逻辑上看：包的本质依然是模块</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="自定义包"><a class="anchor" href="#自定义包">#</a> 自定义包</h2>
<p>基本步骤：</p>
<ul>
<li>新建 Python Package</li>
<li>新建 Python 模块</li>
</ul>
<p>在 Pycharm 中，点击 <code>new --> Python Package</code> 新建包后，包内部会自动创建 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件，这个文件控制着包的导入行为</p>
<h2 id="导入包"><a class="anchor" href="#导入包">#</a> 导入包</h2>
<h3 id="import-xxx"><a class="anchor" href="#import-xxx">#</a> import xxx</h3>
<h4 id="导入所有模块"><a class="anchor" href="#导入所有模块">#</a> 导入所有模块</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">import</span> package_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre>package_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>module_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>func_name<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h4 id="导入指定模块"><a class="anchor" href="#导入指定模块">#</a> 导入指定模块</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">import</span> package_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>module_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre>package_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>module_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>func_name<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li>package_name 表示 Python Package 名称</li>
<li>module_name 表示 Python Package 中的模块名称</li>
<li>func_name 表示模块中的函数名称</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="from-xxx-import"><a class="anchor" href="#from-xxx-import">#</a> from xxx import</h3>
<h4 id="导入所有模块-2"><a class="anchor" href="#导入所有模块-2">#</a> 导入所有模块</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">from</span> package_name <span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token operator">*</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre>module_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>func_name<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>注意：必须在 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件中添加 <code>__all__</code> 变量，用于控制 <code>from package_name import *</code> 导入的模块列表（类似于模块文件中的 <code>__all__</code> 变量）</p>
<h4 id="导入指定模块-2"><a class="anchor" href="#导入指定模块-2">#</a> 导入指定模块</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">from</span> package_name <span class="token keyword">import</span> module_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre>module_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>func_name<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h4 id="导入指定模块中的指定函数"><a class="anchor" href="#导入指定模块中的指定函数">#</a> 导入指定模块中的指定函数</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">from</span> package_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span>module_name <span class="token keyword">import</span> func_name</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre>func_name<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id="第三方包"><a class="anchor" href="#第三方包">#</a> 第三方包</h2>
<p>在 Python 程序的生态中，有许多非常多的第三方包（非 Python 官方），可以极大的帮助我们提高开发效率，如：</p>
<ul>
<li>科学计算：numpy</li>
<li>数据分析：pandas</li>
<li>大数据计算：pyspark、apache-flink</li>
<li>图形可视化：matplotlib、pyecharts</li>
<li>人工智能：tensorflow</li>
</ul>
<p>注意，Python 没有内置这些第三方包，需要安装它们才可以导入使用</p>
<p>可通过 Python 内置的 pip 安装指定的第三方包</p>
<p>即，在命令行中输入：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>pip install package_name</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>pip 是连接外网进行下载，若下载速度相对较慢，可考虑通过国内的镜像源下载</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>pip install <span class="token operator">-</span>i https<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">//</span>pypi<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tuna<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tsinghua<span class="token punctuation">.</span>edu<span class="token punctuation">.</span>cn<span class="token operator">/</span>simple package_name</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><footer><div class="meta"><span class="item"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-calendar-check"></i></span><span class="text">更新于</span><time title="修改时间：2024-06-08 23:09:10" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2024-06-08T23:09:10+08:00">2024-06-08</time></span></div><div id="copyright"><ul><li class="author"><strong>本文作者：</strong>Jiankychen<i class="ic i-at"><em>@</em></i>Jiankychen's Blog</li><li class="link"><strong>本文链接：</strong><a href="https://jiankychen.github.io/python-modules.html" title="Python 异常、模块、包">https://jiankychen.github.io/python-modules.html</a></li><li class="license"><strong>版权声明：</strong>本站所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.zh"><i class="ic i-creative-commons"><em>(CC)</em></i>BY-NC-SA</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！</li></ul></div></footer></article></div><div class="post-nav"><div class="item left"><a href="/python-files.html" rel="prev" itemprop="url" data-background-image="https://i.imgtg.com/2023/03/09/Y0iNK.jpg" title="Python 文件操作"><span class="type">上一篇</span><span class="category"><i class="ic i-flag"></i>Python</span><h3>Python 文件操作</h3></a></div><div class="item right"><a href="/python-conda.html" rel="next" itemprop="url" data-background-image="https://i.imgtg.com/2023/03/09/Y0zdB.jpg" title="conda 常用命令"><span class="type">下一篇</span><span class="category"><i class="ic i-flag"></i>Python</span><h3>conda 常用命令</h3></a></div></div><div class="wrap" id="comments"></div></div><div id="sidebar"><div class="inner"><div class="panels"><div class="inner"><div class="contents panel pjax" data-title="文章目录"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 异常</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%8D%95%E8%8E%B7"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 异常的捕获</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%8D%95%E8%8E%B7%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%84%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8"><span class="toc-number">1.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 捕获常规异常</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%8D%95%E8%8E%B7%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8"><span class="toc-number">1.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 捕获指定异常</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%8D%95%E8%8E%B7%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8"><span class="toc-number">1.1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 捕获多个异常</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%8D%95%E8%8E%B7%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8"><span class="toc-number">1.1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 捕获所有异常</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8-else"><span class="toc-number">1.1.5.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 异常 else</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8-finally"><span class="toc-number">1.1.6.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 异常 finally</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92"><span class="toc-number">1.1.7.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 异常的传递</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 模块</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 导入模块</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#import-module_name"><span class="toc-number">2.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> import module_name</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#from-module_name-import-func_name"><span class="toc-number">2.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> from module_name import func_name</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#from-module_name-import"><span class="toc-number">2.1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> from module_name import *</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#as-nick_name"><span class="toc-number">2.1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> as nick_name</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%87%AA%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 自定义模块</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#__main__-%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> __main__ 变量</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#__all__-%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> __all__ 变量</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8C%85"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 包</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%87%AA%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E5%8C%85"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 自定义包</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E5%8C%85"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 导入包</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#import-xxx"><span class="toc-number">3.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> import xxx</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-number">3.2.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 导入所有模块</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-number">3.2.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 导入指定模块</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#from-xxx-import"><span class="toc-number">3.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> from xxx import</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97-2"><span class="toc-number">3.2.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 导入所有模块</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97-2"><span class="toc-number">3.2.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 导入指定模块</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">3.2.2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 导入指定模块中的指定函数</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E5%8C%85"><span class="toc-number">3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 第三方包</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div><div class="related panel pjax" data-title="系列文章"><ul><li><a href="/python-basics.html" rel="bookmark" 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