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class="cat"><div class="body"></div><div class="head"><div class="face"></div></div><div class="foot"><div class="tummy-end"></div><div class="bottom"></div><div class="legs left"></div><div class="legs right"></div></div><div class="paw"><div class="hands left"></div><div class="hands right"></div></div></div></div><div id="container"><header id="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"><div class="inner"><div id="brand"><div class="pjax"><h1 itemprop="name headline">Python 文件操作</h1><div class="meta"><span class="item" title="创建时间：2023-01-14 17:51:32"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-calendar"></i></span><span class="text">发表于</span><time itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2023-01-14T17:51:32+08:00">2023-01-14</time></span><span class="item" title="本文字数"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-pen"></i></span><span class="text">本文字数</span><span>2.3k</span><span class="text">字</span></span><span class="item" title="阅读时长"><span class="icon"><i class="ic 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itemlistelement="" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><i class="ic i-home"></i><span><a href="/">首页</a></span><i class="ic i-angle-right"></i><span class="current" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/categories/Python/" itemprop="item" rel="index" title="分类于Python"><span itemprop="name">Python<meta itemprop="position" content="0"></span></a></span></div><article class="post block" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" lang="zh-CN"><link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="https://jiankychen.github.io/python-files.html"><span hidden="hidden" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><meta itemprop="image" content="/assets/avatar.jpg"><meta itemprop="name" content="Jiankychen"><meta itemprop="description" content="Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today, "></span><span hidden="hidden" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Jiankychen's Blog"></span><div class="body md" itemprop="articleBody"><h1 id="文件编码"><a class="anchor" href="#文件编码">#</a> 文件编码</h1>
<p>编码：一种规则集合，记录了内容和二进制间进行相互转换的逻辑</p>
<p>计算机中有许多可用编码，例如：</p>
<ul>
<li>UTF-8</li>
<li>GBK</li>
<li>Big5</li>
</ul>
<p>UTF-8 是目前全球通用的编码格式</p>
<p>除非有特殊需求，否则，一律以 UTF-8 格式进行文件编码即可</p>
<h1 id="文件的读取"><a class="anchor" href="#文件的读取">#</a> 文件的读取</h1>
<h2 id="访问模式"><a class="anchor" href="#访问模式">#</a> 访问模式</h2>
<p>常用的三种基础访问模式：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>'r'</code> ：以 <strong>只读</strong> 方式打开文件（默认模式）。文件的指针将会放在文件的开头</li>
<li><code>'w'</code> ：打开文件只用于 <strong>写入</strong> 。如果该文件已存在，则打开文件，并从开头开始编辑（原有内容会被删除）；如果该文件不存在，创建新文件</li>
<li><code>'a'</code> ：打开一个文件用于 <strong>追加</strong> 。如果该文件已存在，新的内容将会被写入到已有内容之后；如果该文件不存在，创建新文件进行写入</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="打开文件"><a class="anchor" href="#打开文件">#</a> 打开文件</h2>
<p>使用 <code>open</code> 函数可以打开一个已经存在的文件，或者创建一个新文件（使用 <code>'w'</code> 模式时）</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> mode<span class="token punctuation">,</span> encoding<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li>name：字符串，表示目标文件的文件名（可以包含文件所在的路径）</li>
<li>mode：设置打开文件的模式（访问模式）：只读、写入、追加等</li>
<li>encoding：编码格式（推荐使用 UTF-8）</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>操作文件需要通过 <code>open</code> 函数打开文件得到文件对象</strong></p>
<p>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># encoding 不是第三个位置参数，需要采用关键字传参</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre>file_obj <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'python.txt'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'r'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> encoding<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'UTF-8'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>注意：此时的 <code>file_obj</code> 是 <code>open</code> 函数的文件对象（Python 中一种特殊的数据类型），拥有属性和方法，可以使用 <code>对象.属性</code> 或 <code>对象.方法</code> 对其进行访问</p>
<h2 id="关闭文件"><a class="anchor" href="#关闭文件">#</a> 关闭文件</h2>
<p><code>close</code> 关闭文件对象，即，关闭对文件的占用</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>close<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>如果不调用 <code>close</code> ，并且程序没有停止运行，那么这个文件将一直被 Python 程序占用（除 <code>with open</code> 语法外）</p>
<h2 id="读操作"><a class="anchor" href="#读操作">#</a> 读操作</h2>
<h3 id="read-方法"><a class="anchor" href="#read-方法">#</a> read 方法</h3>
<p><code>read</code> 可以读取给定长度的数据</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>read<span class="token punctuation">(</span>num<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>其中，num 表示要从文件中读取的数据的长度（字节数）。如果没有传入 num，表示读取文件中所有的数据</p>
<h3 id="readlines-方法"><a class="anchor" href="#readlines-方法">#</a> readlines 方法</h3>
<p><code>readlines</code> 可以一次性读取整个文件中的内容。 <code>readlines</code> 返回的是一个列表，其中，文件每一行的数据对应列表的一个元素</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>readlines<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="readline-方法"><a class="anchor" href="#readline-方法">#</a> readline 方法</h3>
<p><code>readline</code> 一次读取一行数据</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>readline<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="for-循环读取文件行"><a class="anchor" href="#for-循环读取文件行">#</a> for 循环读取文件行</h3>
<p>可以使用 <code>for</code> 循环遍历读取文件的每一行内容</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># 临时变量 line 记录文件的一行数据</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">for</span> line <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> mode<span class="token punctuation">,</span> encoding<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>line<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="with-open-语法"><a class="anchor" href="#with-open-语法">#</a> with open 语法</h3>
<p>通过在 <code>with open</code> 的语句块中对文件进行操作，可以在操作完成后自动关闭文件，避免因忘记 <code>close</code> 文件对象而导致文件被占用</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">with</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> mode<span class="token punctuation">,</span> encoding<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">as</span> file_obj<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>readlines<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h1 id="文件的写入"><a class="anchor" href="#文件的写入">#</a> 文件的写入</h1>
<h2 id="打开文件-2"><a class="anchor" href="#打开文件-2">#</a> 打开文件</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> mode<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'w'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> encoding<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'UTF-8'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>使用 <code>'w'</code> 模式时：</p>
<ul>
<li>如果文件不存在，会创建新文件</li>
<li>如果文件存在，会将原有内容清空</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="写操作"><a class="anchor" href="#写操作">#</a> 写操作</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>write<span class="token punctuation">(</span>content<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p><code>content</code> 表示需要写入的内容</p>
<p>注意：调用 <code>write</code> 时，内容并未真正写入文件，而是会积攒在程序的内存中，称之为缓冲区</p>
<p>当调用 <code>flush</code> 时，内容会真正写入文件</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>flush<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><blockquote>
<p><code>write</code> 写入内容 + <code>flush</code> 刷新内容到硬盘，这样做是避免因频繁操作硬盘而导致效率下降</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="关闭文件-2"><a class="anchor" href="#关闭文件-2">#</a> 关闭文件</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>close<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>注意： <code>close</code> 方法内置了 <code>flush</code> 的功能</p>
<h1 id="文件的追加写入"><a class="anchor" href="#文件的追加写入">#</a> 文件的追加写入</h1>
<h2 id="打开文件-3"><a class="anchor" href="#打开文件-3">#</a> 打开文件</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'a'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> encoding<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'UTF-8'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>使用 'a' 模式时：</p>
<ul>
<li>如果文件不存在，会创建文件</li>
<li>如果文件存在，会在文件最后追加写入</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="追加写入操作"><a class="anchor" href="#追加写入操作">#</a> 追加写入操作</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># 写入内容 content</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>write<span class="token punctuation">(</span>content<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># 刷新内容</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>flush<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id="关闭文件-3"><a class="anchor" href="#关闭文件-3">#</a> 关闭文件</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre>file_obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span>close<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>参考：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1qW4y1a7fU/">黑马程序员</a></p>
</div><footer><div class="meta"><span class="item"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-calendar-check"></i></span><span class="text">更新于</span><time title="修改时间：2024-06-08 23:09:17" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2024-06-08T23:09:17+08:00">2024-06-08</time></span></div><div id="copyright"><ul><li class="author"><strong>本文作者：</strong>Jiankychen<i class="ic i-at"><em>@</em></i>Jiankychen's Blog</li><li class="link"><strong>本文链接：</strong><a href="https://jiankychen.github.io/python-files.html" title="Python 文件操作">https://jiankychen.github.io/python-files.html</a></li><li class="license"><strong>版权声明：</strong>本站所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.zh"><i class="ic i-creative-commons"><em>(CC)</em></i>BY-NC-SA</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！</li></ul></div></footer></article></div><div class="post-nav"><div class="item left"><a href="/job.html" rel="prev" itemprop="url" 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class="toc-text"> 文件的读取</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 访问模式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%89%93%E5%BC%80%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 打开文件</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%B3%E9%97%AD%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 关闭文件</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AF%BB%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C"><span class="toc-number">2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 读操作</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#read-%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">2.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> read 方法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#readlines-%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">2.4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> readlines 方法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#readline-%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">2.4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> readline 方法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#for-%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E8%AF%BB%E5%8F%96%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E8%A1%8C"><span class="toc-number">2.4.4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> for 循环读取文件行</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#with-open-%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">2.4.5.</span> <span class="toc-text"> with open 语法</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%86%99%E5%85%A5"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 文件的写入</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%89%93%E5%BC%80%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6-2"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 打开文件</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%86%99%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 写操作</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%B3%E9%97%AD%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6-2"><span class="toc-number">3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 关闭文件</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%BD%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%99%E5%85%A5"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 文件的追加写入</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%89%93%E5%BC%80%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6-3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 打开文件</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BF%BD%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%99%E5%85%A5%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C"><span class="toc-number">4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 追加写入操作</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%B3%E9%97%AD%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6-3"><span class="toc-number">4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 关闭文件</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div><div class="related panel pjax" data-title="系列文章"><ul><li><a href="/python-basics.html" rel="bookmark" title="Python 基本语法">Python 基本语法</a></li><li><a href="/python-container.html" rel="bookmark" title="Python 数据容器">Python 数据容器</a></li><li class="active"><a href="/python-files.html" rel="bookmark" title="Python 文件操作">Python 文件操作</a></li><li><a href="/python-modules.html" rel="bookmark" title="Python 异常、模块、包">Python 异常、模块、包</a></li><li><a href="/python-conda.html" rel="bookmark" title="conda 常用命令">conda 常用命令</a></li><li><a href="/python-pandas.html" rel="bookmark" title="pandas 基础">pandas 基础</a></li><li><a href="/python-oop.html" rel="bookmark" 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