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class="head"><div class="face"></div></div><div class="foot"><div class="tummy-end"></div><div class="bottom"></div><div class="legs left"></div><div class="legs right"></div></div><div class="paw"><div class="hands left"></div><div class="hands right"></div></div></div></div><div id="container"><header id="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"><div class="inner"><div id="brand"><div class="pjax"><h1 itemprop="name headline">Python 基本语法</h1><div class="meta"><span class="item" title="创建时间：2022-11-30 16:09:05"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-calendar"></i></span><span class="text">发表于</span><time itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2022-11-30T16:09:05+08:00">2022-11-30</time></span><span class="item" title="本文字数"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-pen"></i></span><span class="text">本文字数</span><span>2.8k</span><span class="text">字</span></span><span class="item" title="阅读时长"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-clock"></i></span><span 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id="条件语句"><a class="anchor" href="#条件语句">#</a> 条件语句</h1>
<h2 id="if"><a class="anchor" href="#if">#</a> if</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">if</span> condition<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> statement</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id="if-else"><a class="anchor" href="#if-else">#</a> if - else</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">if</span> condition<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> statement1</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> statement2</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id="if-eles-if-else"><a class="anchor" href="#if-eles-if-else">#</a> if - eles if - else</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">if</span> condition1<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> statement1</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">elif</span> condition2<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> statement2</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="6"></td><td><pre> statement3</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h1 id="循环语句"><a class="anchor" href="#循环语句">#</a> 循环语句</h1>
<h2 id="while"><a class="anchor" href="#while">#</a> while</h2>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">while</span> condition<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> statement</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id="for"><a class="anchor" href="#for">#</a> for</h2>
<p>for 循环无法定义循环条件，只能从 序列 中取出数据处理</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> sequence<span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> statement</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id="range"><a class="anchor" href="#range">#</a> range</h2>
<p>range 语句：产生一个序列</p>
<ul>
<li><code>range(num)</code> : 从 0 开始、到 num 结束（不包含 num 本身）</li>
<li><code>range(num1, num2)</code> : 从 num1 开始、到 num2 结束（不包含 num2 本身）</li>
<li><code>range(num1, num2, step)</code> : 从 num1 开始、到 num2 结束（不包含 num2 本身），步长为 step</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="continue"><a class="anchor" href="#continue">#</a> continue</h2>
<p>continue: 中断本次循环，直接进入下一次循环</p>
<p>continue 可用于 while 和 for 循环</p>
<h2 id="break"><a class="anchor" href="#break">#</a> break</h2>
<p>break: 直接结束循环</p>
<p>break 可用于 while 和 for 循环</p>
<h1 id="函数"><a class="anchor" href="#函数">#</a> 函数</h1>
<p>函数的定义：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">func</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>parameters<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> statement</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">return</span> results</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p><strong>函数必须先定义后使用</strong></p>
<h2 id="函数的返回值"><a class="anchor" href="#函数的返回值">#</a> 函数的返回值</h2>
<p>如果函数没有 return 语句，将默认返回 None</p>
<blockquote>
<p>None 可用于声明无初始内容的变量，并且，None 可用于 if 判断</p>
</blockquote>
<p>如果函数有多个返回值，则将多个返回值（用逗号分隔）同时放在一个 return 语句中</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">div</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> quotient <span class="token operator">=</span> x <span class="token operator">//</span> y</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre> remainder <span class="token operator">=</span> x <span class="token operator">%</span> y</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">return</span> quotient<span class="token punctuation">,</span> remainder</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id="传参方式"><a class="anchor" href="#传参方式">#</a> 传参方式</h2>
<h3 id="位置参数"><a class="anchor" href="#位置参数">#</a> 位置参数</h3>
<p>调用函数时根据函数定义的参数位置来传递参数</p>
<p>注意：实参的顺序及个数必须与形参列表保持一致</p>
<h3 id="关键字参数"><a class="anchor" href="#关键字参数">#</a> 关键字参数</h3>
<p>函数调用时通过 “key=value” 形式传递参数</p>
<p>可以让函数更见清晰，同时也消除了参数的顺序需求（关键字参数之间不存在先后顺序）</p>
<p>注意：在调用函数时，如果混用位置参数与关键字参数，必须将位置参数放在关键字参数的前面</p>
<h3 id="缺省参数默认参数"><a class="anchor" href="#缺省参数默认参数">#</a> 缺省参数（默认参数）</h3>
<p>定义函数时，如果为参数提供默认值，则在调用函数时可以不传递该默认参数的值</p>
<p>在调用函数时，如果为缺省参数传递值则修改默认参数值，否则，使用默认值</p>
<p>注意：无论是定义函数或者调用函数，所有位置参数都必须出现在默认参数之前</p>
<h3 id="不定长参数可变参数"><a class="anchor" href="#不定长参数可变参数">#</a> 不定长参数（可变参数）</h3>
<p>不定长参数用于不确定实参数量（不传参也可以）的场景</p>
<p>不定长参数的类型：</p>
<ul>
<li>位置传递</li>
<li>关键字传递</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="位置不定长"><a class="anchor" href="#位置不定长">#</a> 位置不定长</h4>
<p>位置不定长传递以 * 号标记一个形式参数，以元组的形式接收传入的实参，形式参数一般命名为 args</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">user_info</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>args<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>args<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># ('TOM',)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre>user_info<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'TOM'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="6"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># ('TOM', 18)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="7"></td><td><pre>user_info<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'TOM'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h4 id="关键字不定长"><a class="anchor" href="#关键字不定长">#</a> 关键字不定长</h4>
<p>关键字不定长传递以 ** 号标记一个形式参数，以字典的形式接收传入的实参，形式参数一般命名为 kwargs</p>
<p>传递的所有实参均为 "key=value" 形式</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">user_info</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">**</span>kwargs<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>kwargs<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># ('name': 'TOM', 'age': 18, 'id': 198)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre>user_info<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'TOM'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> age<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">18</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">198</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id="函数作为参数传递"><a class="anchor" href="#函数作为参数传递">#</a> 函数作为参数传递</h2>
<p>函数本身是可以作为参数传入到另一个函数中使用的</p>
<p>将函数作为参数的作用：传入的是计算逻辑，而不是计算数据</p>
<h2 id="lambda-匿名函数"><a class="anchor" href="#lambda-匿名函数">#</a> lambda 匿名函数</h2>
<p>函数的两种定义方式：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>def</code> 关键字可以定义带有名称的函数，该函数可以重复使用</li>
<li><code>lambda</code> 关键字可以定义匿名函数（无名称），该函数只可临时使用一次</li>
</ul>
<p>匿名函数的定义：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">lambda</span> 传入参数<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 函数体</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>lambda</code> 是关键字，表示定义匿名函数</li>
<li>传入参数表示匿名函数的形式参数（可以传入多个参数）</li>
<li>函数体只能写一行，无法写多行代码</li>
</ul>
<p>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><figcaption data-lang="python"></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td data-num="1"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># compute 函数作为参数传入 test_func 函数</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="2"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">test_func</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>compute<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="3"></td><td><pre> result <span class="token operator">=</span> compute<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="4"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>result<span class="token punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="5"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="6"></td><td><pre><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">compute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="7"></td><td><pre> <span class="token keyword">return</span> x <span class="token operator">+</span> y</pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="8"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="9"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># 通过 def 定义 compute 函数并传入</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="10"></td><td><pre>test_func<span class="token punctuation">(</span>compute<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 结果：3</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="11"></td><td><pre></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="12"></td><td><pre><span class="token comment"># 通过 lambda 关键字定义匿名函数并传入</span></pre></td></tr><tr><td data-num="13"></td><td><pre>test_func<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">lambda</span> x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">:</span> x <span class="token operator">+</span> y<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 结果：3</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h1 id="局部变量与全局变量"><a class="anchor" href="#局部变量与全局变量">#</a> 局部变量与全局变量</h1>
<p>局部变量：定义在函数体内部的变量，只在函数体内部生效</p>
<p>全局变量：在函数体内、外都能生效的变量</p>
<p>在函数内无法修改全局变量</p>
<blockquote>
<p>如果尝试在函数内部修改全局变量，实际上是定义了一个与全局变量同名的局部变量</p>
</blockquote>
<p>使用 global 关键字，可以在函数内部声明变量为全局变量</p>
<p>参考：</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1qW4y1a7fU/">黑马程序员</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.w3school.com.cn/python/index.asp">W3school</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-tutorial.html">菜鸟教程</a></li>
</ul>
</div><footer><div class="meta"><span class="item"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-calendar-check"></i></span><span class="text">更新于</span><time title="修改时间：2024-06-08 23:09:08" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2024-06-08T23:09:08+08:00">2024-06-08</time></span></div><div id="copyright"><ul><li class="author"><strong>本文作者：</strong>Jiankychen<i class="ic i-at"><em>@</em></i>Jiankychen's Blog</li><li class="link"><strong>本文链接：</strong><a href="https://jiankychen.github.io/python-basics.html" title="Python 基本语法">https://jiankychen.github.io/python-basics.html</a></li><li class="license"><strong>版权声明：</strong>本站所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.zh"><i class="ic i-creative-commons"><em>(CC)</em></i>BY-NC-SA</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！</li></ul></div></footer></article></div><div class="post-nav"><div class="item left"><a href="/leetcode-analog.html" rel="prev" itemprop="url" 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class="toc-link" href="#range"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> range</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#continue"><span class="toc-number">2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> continue</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#break"><span class="toc-number">2.5.</span> <span class="toc-text"> break</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 函数</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E5%80%BC"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 函数的返回值</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%82%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 传参方式</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">3.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 位置参数</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E5%AD%97%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">3.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 关键字参数</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BC%BA%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E9%BB%98%E8%AE%A4%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">3.2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 缺省参数（默认参数）</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%95%BF%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%98%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">3.2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 不定长参数（可变参数）</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%95%BF"><span class="toc-number">3.2.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 位置不定长</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%95%BF"><span class="toc-number">3.2.4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 关键字不定长</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92"><span class="toc-number">3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 函数作为参数传递</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#lambda-%E5%8C%BF%E5%90%8D%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">3.4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> lambda 匿名函数</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text"> 局部变量与全局变量</span></a></li></ol></div><div class="related panel pjax" data-title="系列文章"><ul><li class="active"><a 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