Merge.kif

;; ================================================
;;      SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology)
;; ================================================                                            

;; The original versions of SUMO incorporated elements from many public sources
;; which are documented at http://www.ontologyportal.org/SUMOhistory/

;; The SUMO is freely available, subject to the following IEEE license.  

;; ----------------------
;; Copyright � 2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
;; Three Park Avenue
;; New York, NY 10016-5997, USA
;; All rights reserved.
          
;; 1. COPYRIGHT                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
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;; copyright to this Document in all forms of media. Copyright in the text retrieved,     
;; displayed or output from this Document is owned by IEEE and is protected by the        
;; copyright laws of the United States and by international treaties. The IEEE reserves   
;; all rights not expressly granted herein.                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                
;; 2. ROYALTIES                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
;; The IEEE is providing the Document at no charge. However, the Document is not to be    
;; considered "Public Domain," as the IEEE is, and at all times shall remain, the sole    
;; copyright holder in the Document. The IEEE intends to revise the Document from time to 
;; time; the latest version shall be available at http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/      
                                                                                                                                                                              
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;; The IEEE hereby grants Licensee a perpetual, non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide   
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;; provided that the IEEE is appropriately acknowledged as the source and copyright owner 
;; in each and every use.                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                       
;; 4. LIMITED WARRANTIES & LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
;; LICENSOR Does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the document and     
;; Expressly Disclaims any Express or Implied Warranty, including any Implied Warranty of 
;; Merchantability or Fitness for a Specific Purpose or that the use of the document is   
;; free from patent infringement. The document is supplied ONLY "AS IS."                  
;; ----------------------

;; The SUMO was initially developed at Teknowledge Corp.

;; Any questions or comments about this ontology can be directed to the
;; Technical editor, Adam Pease, apease [at] articulatesoftware [dot] com  

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; The knowledge representation language in which the SUMO is expressed is SUO-KIF, 
;; which stands for "Standard Upper Ontology - Knowledge Interchange Format".  SUO-KIF 
;; is a simplified form of the popular KIF knowledge representation language.  A 
;; specification of SUO-KIF can be found at:  http://www.ontologyportal.org

;; The SUMO is a modular ontology.  That is, the ontology is divided into 
;; self-contained subontologies.  Each subontology is indicated by a section 
;; header, and the dependencies between the subontologies are specified with 
;; statements of the form ";; INCLUDES '<SUBONTOLOGY>'".  These statements are 
;; found at the beginning of each section.  

;; We ask the people using or referencing SUMO cite our primary paper:

;; Niles, I., and Pease, A.  2001.  Towards a Standard Upper Ontology.  In 
;; Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in 
;; Information Systems (FOIS-2001), Chris Welty and Barry Smith, eds, 
;; Ogunquit, Maine, October 17-19, 2001.  Also see http://www.ontologyportal.org

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;   STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; The Structural Ontology consists of definitions of certain syntactic 
;; abbreviations that can be both heuristically useful and computationally 
;; advantageous.

(instance instance BinaryPredicate)
(domain instance 1 Entity)
(domain instance 2 SetOrClass)

(documentation instance EnglishLanguage "An object is an &%instance of a &%SetOrClass if
it is included in that &%SetOrClass.  An individual may be an &%instance of many
classes, some of which may be subclasses of others.  Thus, there is no
assumption in the meaning of &%instance about specificity or uniqueness.")

(documentation instance ChineseLanguage "如果一个物体属于一个&%SetOrClass， 这物体就那个 &%SetOrClass的一个&%instance。 一个个体可以是许多类别的一个&%instance， 其中有一些可以是其他类别 的子类别，所以对于&%instance并没有假设任何具体或独特的含义。")


(subrelation immediateInstance instance)
(instance immediateInstance AsymmetricRelation)
(instance immediateInstance IntransitiveRelation)
(instance immediateInstance TotalValuedRelation)
(documentation immediateInstance EnglishLanguage "An object is an &%immediateInstance of
a &%SetOrClass if it is an &%instance of the &%SetOrClass and it is not an
&%instance of a proper subclass of &%SetOrClass.")
(documentation immediateInstance ChineseLanguage "如果一个物体是一个&%SetOrClass的
&%instance，而且它并不是该&%SetOrClass真正的子类别的&%instance，那这个物体就是该&%SetOrClass的
&%immediateInstance。")

(=>
   (immediateInstance ?ENTITY ?CLASS)
   (not (exists (?SUBCLASS)
      (and
         (subclass ?SUBCLASS ?CLASS)
         (not (equal ?SUBCLASS ?CLASS))
         (instance ?ENTITY ?SUBCLASS)))))

(instance inverse BinaryPredicate)
(instance inverse IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance inverse IntransitiveRelation)
(instance inverse SymmetricRelation)
(instance inverse PartialValuedRelation)
(domain inverse 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain inverse 2 BinaryRelation)
(documentation inverse EnglishLanguage "The inverse of a &%BinaryRelation is a &%Relation
in which all the tuples of the original &%Relation are reversed.  In other words, one
&%BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments
are swapped.")
(documentation inverse ChineseLanguage "&%BinaryRelation的相反是一种&%Relation,而属于它
原本&%Relation所有元组的值都逆转。 换句话说，当一种二元关系和另一种二元关系的参数交换的结果是相等的
话，那这&%BinaryRelation就是另一种的相反。")


; causes a predicate variable expansion explosion
; (=>
;    (and
;      (inverse ?REL1 ?REL2)
;      (instance ?REL1 Predicate)
;      (instance ?REL2 Predicate))
;    (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
;       (<=>
;          (?REL1 ?INST1 ?INST2)
;          (?REL2 ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(instance subclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance subclass PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subclass 1 SetOrClass)
(domain subclass 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation subclass EnglishLanguage "(&%subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1
is a &%subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every &%instance of ?CLASS1 is also an &%instance of
?CLASS2.  A &%Class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses.")
(documentation subclass ChineseLanguage "(&%subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) 的意思是 ?CLASS1 是
?CLASS2 的&%subclass，也就是说， ?CLASS1 的每一个&%instance同时也是 ?CLASS2 的一个&%instance。
一个&%Class可以具有多个超类别和子类别。")

(=>
  (subclass ?X ?Y)
  (and
    (instance ?X SetOrClass)
    (instance ?Y SetOrClass)))

(=>
  (and
    (subclass ?X ?Y)
    (instance ?Z ?X))
  (instance ?Z ?Y))

(subrelation immediateSubclass subclass)
(instance immediateSubclass AsymmetricRelation)
(instance immediateSubclass IntransitiveRelation)
(documentation immediateSubclass EnglishLanguage "A &%SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an
&%immediateSubclass of another &%SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of
?CLASS2 and there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of
it.")
(documentation immediateSubclass ChineseLanguage "一个&%SetOrClass的 ?CLASS1 是另一个
&%SetOrClass ?CLASS2 的&%immediateSubclass, 为免 ?CLASS1 成为 ?CLASS2 的子类别，而 ?CLASS2
再没有子类别，这样 ?CLASS1 也是 ?CLASS2 的子类别。")


(=>
   (immediateSubclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
   (not (exists (?CLASS3)
      (and
         (subclass ?CLASS3 ?CLASS2)
         (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS3)
         (not (equal ?CLASS2 ?CLASS3))
         (not (equal ?CLASS1 ?CLASS3))))))

(instance subrelation BinaryPredicate)
(instance subrelation PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subrelation 1 Relation)
(domain subrelation 2 Relation)
(documentation subrelation EnglishLanguage "(&%subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that
every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2.  In other words, if
the &%Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n,
then the &%Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments.  A consequence
of this is that a &%Relation and its subrelations must have the same
&%valence.")
(documentation subrelation ChineseLanguage "(&%subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)的意思是
？REL1的每个元组也是？REL2的元组。 也就是说，如果 ？REL1的一些参数 arg_1，arg_2，... arg_n
的＆％Relation成立的话，那么？REL2的相同参数的 ＆％Relation也同样成立。 因此， 一个＆％Relation和它
的&%subrelation必须拥有相同的&%valence。")


(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?PRED1 ?PRED2)
      (valence ?PRED1 ?NUMBER))
   (valence ?PRED2 ?NUMBER))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?PRED1 ?PRED2)
      (domain ?PRED2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1))
   (domain ?PRED1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (instance ?REL1 Predicate)
      (instance ?REL2 Predicate)
      (?REL1 @ROW))
   (?REL2 @ROW))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?PRED1 ?PRED2)
      (instance ?PRED2 ?CLASS)
      (subclass ?CLASS InheritableRelation))
   (instance ?PRED1 ?CLASS))

(instance domain TernaryPredicate)
(domain domain 1 Relation)
(domain domain 2 PositiveInteger)
(domain domain 3 SetOrClass)
(documentation domain EnglishLanguage "Provides a computationally and heuristically
convenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation.
The formula (&%domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each
tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS.  Specifying argument
types is very helpful in maintaining ontologies.  Representation systems can
use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints.
If the restriction on the argument type of a &%Relation is not captured by a
&%SetOrClass already defined in the ontology, one can specify a &%SetOrClass
compositionally with the functions &%UnionFn, &%IntersectionFn, etc.")
(documentation domain ChineseLanguage "为声明某种特定关系参数的类型， 提供一个便利计算机和应用启发
式运算的机制。公式（＆％domain？REL？INT？CLASS)的意思是在？REL关系中，每个元组的第?INT个元素，必须是
？CLASS种的一个实例。 指定参数类型对维护知识本体甚有裨益。 表示知识的系统可以使用这些规范来把术语分类， 并
检查系统的完整性约束有否受到破坏。如果出现某个％Relation参数类型的限制，还没有在知识本体内现有
＆％SetOrClass定义所描述时，可以使用＆％UnionFn和＆％IntersectionFn等这些功能，来逐一指定该
＆％SetOrClass的限制。
")

(=>
   (and
      (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
      (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS2))
   (or
      (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

(instance domainSubclass TernaryPredicate)
(domain domainSubclass 1 Relation)
(domain domainSubclass 2 PositiveInteger)
(domain domainSubclass 3 SetOrClass)
(documentation domainSubclass EnglishLanguage "A &%Predicate that is used to specify
argument type restrictions of &%Predicates.  The formula (&%domainSubclass
?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the
relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS.")
(documentation domainSubclass ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Predicate 是用来指定 &%Predicates 参数
类型的限制。 公式(&%domainSubclass ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) 的意思是在？REL关系中，每个元组的第?INT个元素，
必须是？CLASS种的一个子类别。")

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (domainSubclass ?REL2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1))
   (domainSubclass ?REL1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1))

(=>
   (and
      (domainSubclass ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
      (domainSubclass ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS2))
   (or
      (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

(instance equal BinaryPredicate)
(instance equal EquivalenceRelation)
(instance equal RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain equal 1 Entity)
(domain equal 2 Entity)
(documentation equal EnglishLanguage "(equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case
?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2.")
(documentation equal ChineseLanguage "假如 ?ENTITY1 等于 ?ENTITY2的话，那么
(equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) 就是真的。")

(=>
   (equal ?THING1 ?THING2)
   (forall (?ATTR)
      (<=>
         (property ?THING1 ?ATTR)
         (property ?THING2 ?ATTR))))

(=>
   (equal ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
   (forall (?THING)
      (<=>
         (property ?THING ?ATTR1)
         (property ?THING ?ATTR2))))

(=>
   (equal ?THING1 ?THING2)
   (forall (?CLASS)
      (<=>
         (instance ?THING1 ?CLASS)
         (instance ?THING2 ?CLASS))))

(=>
   (equal ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
   (forall (?THING)
      (<=>
         (instance ?THING ?CLASS1)
         (instance ?THING ?CLASS2))))

;;(=>
;;   (equal ?REL1 ?REL2)
;;   (forall (@ROW)
;;      (<=>
;;         (?REL1 @ROW)
;;         (?REL2 @ROW))))

(=>
   (equal ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (equal ?LIST1 (ListFn @ROW1))
            (equal ?LIST2 (ListFn @ROW2)))
         (forall (?NUMBER)
            (equal (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW1) ?NUMBER) (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW2) ?NUMBER)))))

(instance range BinaryPredicate)
(instance range AsymmetricRelation)
(domain range 1 Function)
(domain range 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation range EnglishLanguage "Gives the range of a function.  In other words,
(&%range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by
?FUNCTION are &%instances of ?CLASS.")
(documentation range ChineseLanguage "它为函数提供一个范围。就是说，(&%range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
的意思是，所有由 ?FUNCTION 所指定的值，都是这个 ?CLASS 的 &%instance。")


(=>
   (and
      (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
      (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION @ROW) ?VALUE))
   (instance ?VALUE ?CLASS))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (range ?REL2 ?CLASS1))
   (range ?REL1 ?CLASS1))

(=>
   (and
      (range ?REL ?CLASS1)
      (range ?REL ?CLASS2))
   (or
      (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

(instance rangeSubclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance rangeSubclass AsymmetricRelation)
(domain rangeSubclass 1 Function)
(domainSubclass rangeSubclass 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation rangeSubclass EnglishLanguage "(&%rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means
that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%subclasses of ?CLASS.")
(documentation rangeSubclass ChineseLanguage "(&%rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) 的意思是
所有由 ?FUNCTION 所指定的值，都是这个 ?CLASS 的 &%subclass。")

(=>
   (and
      (rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
      (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION @ROW) ?VALUE))
   (subclass ?VALUE ?CLASS))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (rangeSubclass ?REL2 ?CLASS1))
   (rangeSubclass ?REL1 ?CLASS1))

(=>
   (and
      (rangeSubclass ?REL ?CLASS1)
      (rangeSubclass ?REL ?CLASS2))
   (or
      (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

(instance valence BinaryPredicate)
(instance valence AsymmetricRelation)
(instance valence SingleValuedRelation)
(domain valence 1 Relation)
(domain valence 2 PositiveInteger)
(documentation valence EnglishLanguage "Specifies the number of arguments that a
relation can take.  If a relation does not have a fixed number of
arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of
&%VariableArityRelation.")
(documentation valence ChineseLanguage "指定一个关系可接纳参数的数目。 如果一个关系没有设定参数
数目，那么它就没有配价，它也就是 &%VariableArityRelation 的一个实例。")

(instance documentation TernaryPredicate)
(domain documentation 1 Entity)
(domain documentation 2 HumanLanguage)
(domain documentation 3 SymbolicString)
(documentation documentation EnglishLanguage "A relation between objects
in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text stated in
a particular &%HumanLanguage.  The domain of &%documentation is not
constants (names), but the objects themselves.  This means that one does
not quote the names when associating them with their documentation.")
(documentation documentation ChineseLanguage "在话语领域和自然语言的字符串，以某种
&%HumanLanguage 来陈述的物件之间一种关系。 &%documentation 领域不是常量 (名字)，而是物体的本身。
也就是说在相关文档提到该物体时，是不会引用名字的。")

(instance format TernaryPredicate)
(domain format 1 Language)
(domain format 2 Entity)
(domain format 3 SymbolicString)
(documentation format EnglishLanguage "A relation that specifies how
to present an expression in a natural language format.")
(documentation format ChineseLanguage "这是一种关系，用于指定如何以自然语言格式来介绍表达式。")

(instance termFormat TernaryPredicate)
(domain termFormat 1 Language)
(domain termFormat 2 Entity)
(domain termFormat 3 SymbolicString)
(documentation termFormat EnglishLanguage "A relation that specifies how
to present a term in a natural language format.")
(documentation termFormat ChineseLanguage "这是一种关系，用于指定如何以自然语言格式来介绍一个术语。")

(instance disjoint BinaryPredicate)
(instance disjoint SymmetricRelation)
(domain disjoint 1 SetOrClass)
(domain disjoint 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation disjoint EnglishLanguage "&%Classes are &%disjoint only if they share no
instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying &%IntersectionFn to
them is empty.")
(documentation disjoint ChineseLanguage "如果&%Class 和 &%Class之间没有共同案例的话， 那么它们
就是 &%disjoint，也就是以防万一应用 &%IntersectionFn 的时候出现空的的结果。")

(=>
   (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
   (forall (?INST)
     (not
       (and
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS1)
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS2)))))

(instance disjointRelation BinaryPredicate)
(instance disjointRelation IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance disjointRelation PartialValuedRelation)
(domain disjointRelation 1 Relation)
(domain disjointRelation 2 Relation)
(relatedInternalConcept disjointRelation disjoint)
(documentation disjointRelation EnglishLanguage "This predicate relates two &%Relations.
(&%disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that the two relations have no tuples in
common.")
(documentation disjointRelation ChineseLanguage "这个术语把两种 &%Relation 连接。
(&%disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2) 的意思是指这两种关系没有共同的元组。")

(=>
   (and
      (domain ?REL1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
      (domain ?REL2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS2)
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2))

(=>
   (and
      (domainSubclass ?REL1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
      (domainSubclass ?REL2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS2)
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2))

(=>
   (and
      (range ?REL1 ?CLASS1)
      (range ?REL2 ?CLASS2)
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2))

(=>
   (and
      (rangeSubclass ?REL1 ?CLASS1)
      (rangeSubclass ?REL2 ?CLASS2)
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL1 Predicate)
      (instance ?REL2 Predicate)
      (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (not (equal ?REL1 ?REL2))
      (?REL1 @ROW2))
   (not (?REL2 @ROW2)))

(instance contraryAttribute Predicate)
(instance contraryAttribute VariableArityRelation)
(domain contraryAttribute 1 Attribute)
(documentation contraryAttribute EnglishLanguage "A &%contraryAttribute is a set of &%Attributes
such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these &%Attributes.
For example, (&%contraryAttribute &%Pliable &%Rigid) means that nothing can be both
&%Pliable and &%Rigid.")
(documentation contraryAttribute ChineseLanguage "&%contraryAttribute 是一组 &%Attribute
，而某一件事物不能同时拥有超过一种这个组里的 &%Attributes。 举例说：
(&%contraryAttribute &%Pliable &%Rigid) 指的是没有一件东西是既 &%Pliable 又 &%Rigid 的。")

(=>
   (contraryAttribute @ROW)
   (=>
      (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
      (instance ?ELEMENT Attribute)))

(=>
   (and
      (contraryAttribute @ROW1)
      (identicalListItems (ListFn @ROW1) (ListFn @ROW2)))
   (contraryAttribute @ROW2))

(=>
   (contraryAttribute @ROW)
   (forall (?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
      (=>
         (and
            (equal ?ATTR1 (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER1))
            (equal ?ATTR2 (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER2))
            (not (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))
         (=>
            (property ?OBJ ?ATTR1)
            (not (property ?OBJ ?ATTR2))))))

(instance exhaustiveAttribute Predicate)
(instance exhaustiveAttribute VariableArityRelation)
(domainSubclass exhaustiveAttribute 1 Attribute)
(domain exhaustiveAttribute 2 Attribute)
(documentation exhaustiveAttribute EnglishLanguage "This predicate relates a &%Class to a
set of &%Attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the
instances of the &%Class.  For example, (&%exhaustiveAttribute &%PhysicalState
&%Solid &%Fluid &%Liquid &%Gas &%Plasma) means that there are only five instances of
the class &%PhysicalState, viz. &%Solid, &%Fluid, &%Liquid, &%Gas and &%Plasma.")
(documentation exhaustiveAttribute ChineseLanguage "这个术语把一个 &%Class 联系到一组
&%Attribute， 就是说这个组的单元已经是这个 &%Class 所有的实例。举例说： (&%exhaustiveAttribute
&%PhysicalState &%Solid &%Fluid &%Liquid &%Gas &%Plasma) 的意思是 &%PhysicalState 这个类别就
只有 &%Solid，&%Fluid， &%Liquid， &%Gas 和 &%Plasma 这五个实例了。")

(=>
   (exhaustiveAttribute ?CLASS @ROW)
   (=>
      (inList ?ATTR (ListFn @ROW))
      (instance ?ATTR Attribute)))

(=>
   (exhaustiveAttribute ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?ATTR1)
      (=>
         (instance ?ATTR1 ?CLASS)
         (exists (?ATTR2)
            (and
               (inList ?ATTR2 (ListFn @ROW))
               (equal ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2))))))

(=>
   (exhaustiveAttribute ?ATTRCLASS @ROW)
   (not
     (exists (?EL)
       (and
         (instance ?EL ?ATTRCLASS)
         (not
           (exists (?ATTR ?NUMBER)
             (and
               (equal ?EL ?ATTR)
               (equal ?ATTR
                 (ListOrderFn
                   (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)))))))))

(instance exhaustiveDecomposition Predicate)
(instance exhaustiveDecomposition VariableArityRelation)
(domain exhaustiveDecomposition 1 Class)
(domain exhaustiveDecomposition 2 Class)
(relatedInternalConcept exhaustiveDecomposition partition)
(documentation exhaustiveDecomposition EnglishLanguage "An &%exhaustiveDecomposition of a
&%Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an
instance of one of the subclasses in the set.  Note:  this does not necessarily
mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see &%partition - a &%partition
is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition).")
(documentation exhaustiveDecomposition ChineseLanguage "C &%Class 的
&%exhaustiveDecomposition 是C的一组子类别， 而C的每一个实例就是这个组内其中一个子类别的一个实例。按：
这并不一定是意会着这个组的单元都不相交 （可参考 &%partition - 一个 &%partition 是一个已列举尽
不相交的掏空成分。 ")

(=>
   (exhaustiveDecomposition @ROW)
   (=>
      (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
      (instance ?ELEMENT Class)))

(instance disjointDecomposition Predicate)
(instance disjointDecomposition VariableArityRelation)
(domain disjointDecomposition 1 Class)
(domain disjointDecomposition 2 Class)
(relatedInternalConcept disjointDecomposition exhaustiveDecomposition)
(relatedInternalConcept disjointDecomposition disjoint)
(documentation disjointDecomposition EnglishLanguage "A &%disjointDecomposition of a
&%Class C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually &%disjoint.")
(documentation disjointDecomposition ChineseLanguage "C &%Class 的 &%disjointDecomposition
是C的一组相互 &%disjoint 的子类别。")

(=>
   (disjointDecomposition @ROW)
   (=>
      (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
      (instance ?ELEMENT Class)))

(instance partition Predicate)
(instance partition VariableArityRelation)
(domain partition 1 Class)
(domain partition 2 Class)
(documentation partition EnglishLanguage "A &%partition of a &%Class C
is a set of mutually &%disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which
covers C.  Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the
subclasses in the partition.")
(documentation partition ChineseLanguage "C &%Class 的 &%partition 是一组包括C，而互不
 &%disjoint 的类别 （一个子类别的分区)。C的每一个实例正正是这个分区子类别的一个实例。")

(<=>
   (partition @ROW)
   (and
      (exhaustiveDecomposition @ROW)
      (disjointDecomposition @ROW)))

(instance relatedInternalConcept BinaryPredicate)
(instance relatedInternalConcept EquivalenceRelation)
(domain relatedInternalConcept 1 Entity)
(domain relatedInternalConcept 2 Entity)
(documentation relatedInternalConcept EnglishLanguage "Means that the two arguments are
related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity
of meaning between them.  To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO
concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate
&%relatedExternalConcept.")
(documentation relatedInternalConcept ChineseLanguage "这个意思是两个变量在SUMO是相关的概念，就是
说它们之间的含义极为相似。可以用 &%relatedExternalConcept 术语，来要表示一个SUMO概念和另一个出处的概念
在含义上的关系。")
(instance relatedExternalConcept TernaryPredicate)
(domain relatedExternalConcept 1 SymbolicString)
(domain relatedExternalConcept 2 Entity)
(domain relatedExternalConcept 3 Language)
(relatedInternalConcept relatedExternalConcept relatedInternalConcept)
(documentation relatedExternalConcept EnglishLanguage "Used to signify a three-place
relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept
in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source.")
(documentation relatedExternalConcept ChineseLanguage "这是用来表示一个概念联系的三重关系：概念的
外部知识来源、 SUMO概念和它外部知识来源的名字。")

(subrelation synonymousExternalConcept relatedExternalConcept)
(disjointRelation synonymousExternalConcept subsumedExternalConcept)
(disjointRelation synonymousExternalConcept subsumingExternalConcept)
(disjointRelation subsumedExternalConcept subsumingExternalConcept)
(documentation synonymousExternalConcept EnglishLanguage "(&%synonymousExternalConcept
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the
same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE.")
(documentation synonymousExternalConcept ChineseLanguage "(&%synonymousExternalConcept
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) 的意思是SUMO概念 ?THING 和概念 ?STRING 在语言 ?LANGUAGE 的含义是相同
的。")

(subrelation subsumingExternalConcept relatedExternalConcept)
(documentation subsumingExternalConcept EnglishLanguage "(&%subsumingExternalConcept
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes
the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader
in meaning than ?STRING.")
(documentation subsumingExternalConcept ChineseLanguage "(&%subsumingExternalConcept
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) 的意思是SUMO概念 ?THING 包含了概念 ?STRING 在语言 ?LANGUAGE 的含义，
也就是说概念 ?THING 的含义比 ?STRING 要广。")

(subrelation subsumedExternalConcept relatedExternalConcept)
(documentation subsumedExternalConcept EnglishLanguage "(&%subsumedExternalConcept
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed
by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower
in meaning than ?STRING.")
(documentation subsumedExternalConcept ChineseLanguage "(&%subsumedExternalConcept
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) 的意思是SUMO概念 ?THING 被纳入概念 ?STRING 在语言 ?LANGUAGE 的含义，
也就是说概念 ?THING 的含义比 ?STRING 要窄。")

(instance externalImage BinaryPredicate)
(documentation externalImage EnglishLanguage "A link between an Entity and a
URL that represents or exemplifies the term in some way.")
(documentation externalImage ChineseLanguage "联系一个实体和在某方面代表或举例证明这个概念的网址。")
(domain externalImage 1 Entity)
(domain externalImage 2 SymbolicString)

(instance subAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance subAttribute PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subAttribute 1 Attribute)
(domain subAttribute 2 Attribute)
(disjointRelation subAttribute successorAttribute)
(documentation subAttribute EnglishLanguage "Means that the second argument can be
ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.")
(documentation subAttribute ChineseLanguage "这意思是第二个参数的属性可以归因于所有第一个参数
所归因的属性。")

(=>
   (subAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
   (forall (?OBJ)
      (=>
         (property ?OBJ ?ATTR1)
         (property ?OBJ ?ATTR2))))

(=>
   (and
      (subAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
      (instance ?ATTR2 ?CLASS))
   (instance ?ATTR1 ?CLASS))

(instance successorAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance successorAttribute AsymmetricRelation)
(domain successorAttribute 1 Attribute)
(domain successorAttribute 2 Attribute)
(documentation successorAttribute EnglishLanguage "(&%successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
means that ?ATTR2 is the &%Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1
on the scale that they share.")
(documentation successorAttribute ChineseLanguage "(&%successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
的意思是在它们共同有的尺度上 &%Attribute ?ATTR2 是紧接着 ?ATTR1。")

(=>
   (and
      (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME1 (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR2)))
   (exists (?TIME2)
      (and
         (temporalPart ?TIME2 (PastFn ?TIME1))
         (holdsDuring ?TIME2 (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR1)))))

(instance successorAttributeClosure BinaryPredicate)
(instance successorAttributeClosure TransitiveRelation)
(instance successorAttributeClosure IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance successorAttributeClosure PartialValuedRelation)
(domain successorAttributeClosure 1 Attribute)
(domain successorAttributeClosure 2 Attribute)
(relatedInternalConcept successorAttributeClosure successorAttribute)
(documentation successorAttributeClosure EnglishLanguage "The transitive closure of
&%successorAttribute.  (&%successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means
that there is a chain of &%successorAttribute assertions connecting
?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.")
(documentation successorAttributeClosure ChineseLanguage "&%successorAttribute 的
传递闭包；(&%successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) 的意思是 &%successorAttribute 有一连串
联系着 ?ATTR1 和 ?ATTR2 的断言。 ")

(=>
   (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
   (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2))

(instance greaterThanByQuality TernaryPredicate)
(documentation greaterThanByQuality EnglishLanguage "(greaterThanByQuality
?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?ATT) means that ?ENTITY1 has more of the given
quality ?ATT than ?ENTITY2")
(documentation greaterThanByQuality ChineseLanguage "(greaterThanByQuality
?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?ATT) 的意思是 ?ENTITY1 既定的 ?ATT 量比 ?ENTITY2 的多。")

(domain greaterThanByQuality 1 Entity)
(domain greaterThanByQuality 2 Entity)
(domain greaterThanByQuality 3 Attribute)

(=>
  (and
    (greaterThanByQuality ?E1 ?E2 ?ATT)
    (greaterThanByQuality ?E2 ?E3 ?ATT))
  (greaterThanByQuality ?E1 ?E3 ?ATT))

(=>
  (greaterThanByQuality ?E1 ?E2 ?ATT)
  (not
    (greaterThanByQuality ?E2 ?E1 ?ATT)))


(=>
  (greaterThanByQuality ?E1 ?E2 ?ATT)
  (not
    (equal ?E2 ?E1)))

(instance entails BinaryPredicate)
(domain entails 1 Formula)
(domain entails 2 Formula)
(documentation entails EnglishLanguage "The operator of logical entailment.  (&%entails
?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1
by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.")
(documentation entails ChineseLanguage "这是逻辑蕴涵的运算符。(&%entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
的意思是 ?FORMULA2 可以通过SUO-KIF的证明理论从 ?FORMULA1 得出来。")

;; The following axiom is commented out, because it is rejected by the
;; inference engine parser.

;;(=>
;;   (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
;;   (=> ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2))

(instance AssignmentFn Function)
(instance AssignmentFn VariableArityRelation)
(domain AssignmentFn 1 Function)
(domain AssignmentFn 2 Entity)
(range AssignmentFn Entity)
(documentation AssignmentFn EnglishLanguage "If F is a &%Function with a value for the
objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then (&%AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) is the
value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK.  Otherwise,
the value is undefined.")
(documentation AssignmentFn ChineseLanguage "如果F是一个 &%Function，它所代表物体的值以
N1，...，NK表示， 那么 (&%AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) 就是应用F到这些物体以N1,..., NK所代表的值。
在其他情况下，这个值是没有被下定义的。")

(instance PowerSetFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PowerSetFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PowerSetFn 1 SetOrClass)
(rangeSubclass PowerSetFn SetOrClass)
(documentation PowerSetFn EnglishLanguage "(&%PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the &%SetOrClass
?CLASS to the &%SetOrClass of all &%subclasses of ?CLASS.")
(documentation PowerSetFn ChineseLanguage "(&%PowerSetFn ?CLASS) 把&%SetOrClass ?CLASS
的所有&%subclass，都纳入&%SetOrClass的?CLASS上。")

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;   BASE ONTOLOGY   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'

;; The following hierarchy incorporates content from Sowa, Russell & Norvig,
;; and the top-level ontology from ITBM-CNR.

(partition Entity Physical Abstract)
(documentation Entity EnglishLanguage "The universal class of individuals.  This is the root
node of the ontology.")

;; Informally, it is true that "Everything is Entity";
;; We comment out this axiom to avoid logical paradoxes.
;;(forall (?THING)
;;  (instance ?THING Entity))

(exists (?THING)
  (instance ?THING Entity))

(<=>
  (instance ?CLASS Class)
  (subclass ?CLASS Entity))

(subclass Physical Entity)
(partition Physical Object Process)
(documentation Physical EnglishLanguage "An entity that has a location in space-time.
Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in
space-time.")
(documentation Physical ChineseLanguage "存在时空中某位置的个体。注：位置本身应理解为，存在于某个时空
的位置。")

(=>
  (instance ?PHYS Physical)
  (exists (?LOC ?TIME)
    (and
      (located ?PHYS ?LOC)
      (time ?PHYS ?TIME))))

(subclass Object Physical)
(documentation Object EnglishLanguage "Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary
objects.  Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions,
and locations of &%Processes, the complement of &%Objects in the &%Physical
class.  In a 4D ontology, an &%Object is something whose spatiotemporal
extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the
time-axis.")
(documentation Object ChineseLanguage "这可粗略地对应为一般物体。例子包括
正常物理对象、地理区域和 &%Process 的位置，在 &%Physical 类别 &%Object 的补充。
在四维本体论上， &%Object 的时空范畴可大致划分为与时间轴平行的空间间隔。")


(subclass SelfConnectedObject Object)
(documentation SelfConnectedObject EnglishLanguage "A &%SelfConnectedObject is any
&%Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts.")
(documentation SelfConnectedObject ChineseLanguage " &%SelfConnectedObject
是任何并非由两个或以上不相连部分所组成的 &%Object。")

(subclass OrganicThing SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation OrganicThing EnglishLanguage "A &%SelfConnectedObject that is
produced by a non-intentional process from an &%Organism.  Note that this
refers only to the primary cause.  That is, a &%PlantAgriculturalProduct
is firstly produced by a &%Plant, and only secondarily by a &%Human that is
tending the plant.")
(documentation OrganicThing ChineseLanguage "这是一个从 &%Organism 通过非刻意过程所产生的
&%SelfConnectedObject。注：这里指只是主要原因，就是说 &%PlantAgriculturalProduct 首先从 &%Plant
生长出来，次要才由 &%Human 产生，约就是耕种植物。")

(instance FrontFn SpatialRelation)
(instance FrontFn PartialValuedRelation)
(instance FrontFn UnaryFunction)
(instance FrontFn AsymmetricRelation)
(instance FrontFn IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain FrontFn 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(range FrontFn SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation FrontFn EnglishLanguage "A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side
that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the
direction in which the &%Object moves.  Note that this is a partial
function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and
spheres.  Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in
much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite.
Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint,
it does not have significant practical implications, since there is
widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.")
(documentation FrontFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个&%Function ，它能把 &%Object 转到一般能够得到
最大程度关注或者说通常是面对该 &%Object 移动的方向的那一面。注：这是一个部分函数， 因为有一些 &%Object
是没有侧面的，例如苹果和球体。 也要注意这个 &%Function 的 &%range 是无限的，就像 &%ImmediateFutureFn
和 &%ImmediatePastFn 一样也是无限的。从理论的观点来说，虽然这个无限性并不理想，但它没有太大的实际影响，
因为在共同意思间对于最常见的情况已经达成广泛的共识。")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
   (side (FrontFn ?OBJ) ?OBJ))

(instance BackFn SpatialRelation)
(instance BackFn PartialValuedRelation)
(instance BackFn UnaryFunction)
(instance BackFn AsymmetricRelation)
(instance BackFn IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain BackFn 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(range BackFn SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation BackFn EnglishLanguage "A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side
that is opposite the &%FrontFn of the &%Object.  Note that this is a
partial function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples
and spheres.  Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in
much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite.
Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint,
it does not have significant practical implications, since there is
widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.")
(documentation BackFn ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Function 把 &%Object 转到 与 这个 &%Object 的
&%FrontFn 相反的那面。注：这是一个部分函数， 因为有一些 &%Object 是没有侧面的，例如苹果和球体。 也要注意
这个 &%Function 的 &%range 是无限的，就像 &%ImmediateFutureFn 和 &%ImmediatePastFn
一样也是无限的。从理论的观点来说，虽然这个无限性并不理想，但它没有太大的实际影响，因为在共同意思间对于最常见
的情况已经达成广泛的共识。")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
   (side (BackFn ?OBJ) ?OBJ))

(instance part SpatialRelation)
(instance part PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain part 1 Object)
(domain part 2 Object)
(documentation part EnglishLanguage "The basic mereological relation.  All other
mereological relations are defined in terms of this one.
(&%part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the &%Object ?PART is part
of the &%Object ?WHOLE.  Note that, since &%part is a
&%ReflexiveRelation, every &%Object is a part of itself.")
(documentation part ChineseLanguage "这是基本的逻辑分体关系。其他所有的逻辑分体关系都是根据它来下
定义的。 (&%part ?PART ?WHOLE) 的意思就是 &%Object ?PART 是 &%Object ?WHOLE 的一部分。 要注意
因为 &%part 是一个 &%ReflexiveRelation， 所以每个 &%Object 都是它自己本身的一部分。")

(instance properPart AsymmetricRelation)
(instance properPart TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation properPart part)
(documentation properPart EnglishLanguage "(&%properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that
?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a
&%TransitiveRelation and &%AsymmetricRelation (hence an
&%IrreflexiveRelation).")
(documentation properPart ChineseLanguage "(&%properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 的意思是除了 ?OBJ2 本身
?OBJ1 是 ?OBJ2 的一部分。 这是一个 &%TransitiveRelation 和 &%AsymmetricRelation (因此也是一个
&%IrreflexiveRelation)。")

(<=>
   (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
     (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
     (not
        (part ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(subrelation piece part)
(domain piece 1 Substance)
(domain piece 2 Substance)
(documentation piece EnglishLanguage "A specialized common sense notion of part for
arbitrary parts of &%Substances.  Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit,
etc.  Compare &%component, another subrelation of &%part.")
(documentation piece ChineseLanguage "这是对 &%Substance 某些部分的一个专业常识概念。类似的同意词
有：块、大块、小块等。可参考比较 &%part 的另外一个子关系 &%component 。")

(=>
   (piece ?SUBSTANCE1 ?SUBSTANCE2)
   (forall (?CLASS)
      (=>
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE1 ?CLASS)
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE2 ?CLASS))))

(subrelation component part)
(domain component 1 CorpuscularObject)
(domain component 2 CorpuscularObject)
(documentation component EnglishLanguage "A specialized common sense notion of part
for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (&%component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE)
means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component
include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a
country, or the limbs and organs of an animal.  Compare &%piece, which
is also a subrelation of &%part.")
(documentation component ChineseLanguage "这是对复合物各个不同部分的一个专业常识概念。
(&%component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) 的意思是 ?COMPONENT 是 ?WHOLE 的组件。 组件的例子包括房子的门
和墙壁、国家的州或省，与动物的四肢和器官。 可参考比较 &%part 的另外一个子关系 &%piece。")

(instance material BinaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass material 1 Substance)
(domain material 2 CorpuscularObject)
(documentation material EnglishLanguage "(&%material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that
?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation
encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'.
For example, plastic is a &%material of my computer monitor.  Compare
&%part and its subrelations, viz &%component and &%piece.")
(documentation material ChineseLanguage "(&%material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) 的意思是
?OBJECT 是由 ?SUBSTANCE 作为部件所构成的。 这个关系包括 「组成」、「做成」和「形成」等概念。例子有
塑料是我电算计屏幕的一种 &%material。可参考比较 &%part 和它的子关系，即 &%component 和 &%piece。")

(subrelation contains partlyLocated)
(instance contains SpatialRelation)
(instance contains AsymmetricRelation)
(instance contains PartialValuedRelation)
(disjointRelation contains part)
(domain contains 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain contains 2 Object)
(documentation contains EnglishLanguage "The relation of spatial containment for two
separable objects.  When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an
automobile and one of its seats), the relation of &%part should be used.
(&%contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the &%SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has
a space (i.e. a &%Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2.")
(documentation contains ChineseLanguage "这是两个可分离物体的空间容量关系。 用于不可分离的物体（如汽
车和它的座位)时，应该用 &%part 这关系。(&%contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 的意思是 &%SelfConnectedObject
?OBJ1 有一个空间（即一个 &%Hole)，而它 至少由 ?OBJ2 填满了一部分。")


(<=>
   (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (exists (?HOLE)
      (and
         (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ1)
         (properlyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE))))

(subclass Substance SelfConnectedObject)
(partition Substance PureSubstance Mixture)
(partition Substance SyntheticSubstance NaturalSubstance)
(documentation Substance EnglishLanguage "An &%Object in which every part is similar to
every other in every relevant respect.  More precisely, something is a
&%Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have
properties which are similar to those of the whole.  Note that a &%Substance
may nonetheless have physical properties that vary.  For example, the
temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part
to another.  An example would be a body of water.")
(documentation Substance ChineseLanguage "一个每一部分在各个相关方面跟所有同类都相似的 &%Object。
更确切而言， &%Substance是当一个东西的部分只有任意散件时 - 任何部分的特质跟它整体的特质相似时。
这就是。 注：但 &%Substance 的一些物理特质可能会有差异。例如：温度、化学成分、密度等 可从一个部分改变成
另一个部分。 一滩水就是一个例子。")

(=>
   (and
      (subclass ?OBJECTTYPE Substance)
      (instance ?OBJECT ?OBJECTTYPE)
      (part ?PART ?OBJECT))
   (instance ?PART ?OBJECTTYPE))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?OBJ Substance)
      (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR)
      (part ?PART ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?PART ?ATTR))

(subclass SyntheticSubstance Substance)
(documentation SyntheticSubstance EnglishLanguage "Any &%Substance that is the result of
an &%IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by &%Humans.")
(documentation SyntheticSubstance ChineseLanguage "这是任何由 &%IntentionalProcess 所造成的
&%Substance ， 也就是任何由 &%Humans 所制造的物质。")

(<=>
   (instance ?SUBSTANCE SyntheticSubstance)
   (exists (?PROCESS)
      (and
         (instance ?PROCESS IntentionalProcess)
         (result ?PROCESS ?SUBSTANCE)
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE Substance))))

(subclass NaturalSubstance Substance)
(documentation NaturalSubstance EnglishLanguage "Any &%Substance that is not the result of
an &%IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally.")
(documentation NaturalSubstance ChineseLanguage "这是任何不是由 &%IntentionalProcess 所造成的
 &%Substance ， 也就是任何自然地产生的物质。")

(subclass PureSubstance Substance)
(partition PureSubstance CompoundSubstance ElementalSubstance)
(documentation PureSubstance EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Substances with constant
composition.  A &%PureSubstance can be either an element (&%ElementalSubstance)
or a compound of elements (&%CompoundSubstance).  Examples: Table salt
(sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O),
iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2).")
(documentation PureSubstance ChineseLanguage "这是拥有不变成分 &%Substance 的 &%Class 。
&%PureSubstance 可以是元素 (&%ElementalSubstance)， 又或者是拥有多个元素的化合物
(&%CompoundSubstance)。例如：食盐（氯化钠，NaCl)、糖（蔗糖，C_{12}H_{22}O_{11})、水（H_2O)
、铁（Fe)、铜（Cu)和氧（O_2)。")

(subclass ElementalSubstance PureSubstance)
(documentation ElementalSubstance EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%PureSubstances that
cannot be separated into two or more &%Substances by ordinary chemical
(or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. &%ElementalSubstances
are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu),
and oxygen (O_2).  &%ElementalSubstances are the simplest
&%PureSubstances.")
(documentation ElementalSubstance ChineseLanguage "这是&%PureSubstance &%Class，它是不能通
过普通的化学（或物理)手段分割成两个或以上 &%Substance。这不包括核反应。 &%ElementalSubstance 由单
一一个原子组成。例如：铁 (Fe)、 铜(Cu) 和氧 (O_2)。 &%ElementalSubstance 是最简单的
&%PureSubstance。")


(subclass Metal ElementalSubstance)
(documentation Metal EnglishLanguage "A &%Metal is an &%ElementalSubstance that conducts
heat and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered
into sheets or drawn into wire.  About 80% of the known chemical elements
(&%ElementalSubstances) are metals.")
(documentation Metal ChineseLanguage " &%Metal 是能传热和电 的 &%ElementalSubstance，它有
光泽、能反射光的许多颜色，并且可以打造成片材或拉成线。 约有80％的已知化学元素(&%ElementalSubstance)
是金属。")

(subclass Atom ElementalSubstance)
(documentation Atom EnglishLanguage "An extremely small unit of matter that retains its
identity in Chemical reactions.  It consists of an &%AtomicNucleus and
&%Electrons surrounding the &%AtomicNucleus.")
(documentation Atom ChineseLanguage "这是一个极小的物质单位，它能
在化学反应中保持自己的本性。它由一个 &%AtomicNucleus 和 以个包围着 &%AtomicNucleus 的 &%Electron
所组成。")

(=>
   (instance ?ATOM Atom)
   (exists (?PROTON ?ELECTRON)
      (and
         (component ?PROTON ?ATOM)
         (component ?ELECTRON ?ATOM)
         (instance ?PROTON Proton)
         (instance ?ELECTRON Electron))))

(=>
   (instance ?ATOM Atom)
   (forall (?NUCLEUS1 ?NUCLEUS2)
      (=>
         (and
            (component ?NUCLEUS1 ?ATOM)
            (component ?NUCLEUS2 ?ATOM)
            (instance ?NUCLEUS1 AtomicNucleus)
            (instance ?NUCLEUS2 AtomicNucleus))
         (equal ?NUCLEUS1 ?NUCLEUS2))))

(subclass SubatomicParticle ElementalSubstance)
(documentation SubatomicParticle EnglishLanguage "The class of &%ElementalSubstances that
are smaller than &%Atoms and compose &%Atoms.")
(documentation SubatomicParticle ChineseLanguage "这是比 &%Atom 还要小、由 &%Atom 组成
的 &%ElementalSubstance 类别。")

(=>
   (instance ?PARTICLE SubatomicParticle)
   (exists (?ATOM)
      (and
         (instance ?ATOM Atom)
         (part ?PARTICLE ?ATOM))))

(subclass AtomicNucleus SubatomicParticle)
(documentation AtomicNucleus EnglishLanguage "The core of the &%Atom.  It is composed of
&%Protons and &%Neutrons.")
(documentation AtomicNucleus ChineseLanguage "&%Atom 的核心， 由 &%Proton 和 &%Neutron
 组成。")

(=>
   (instance ?NUCLEUS AtomicNucleus)
   (exists (?NEUTRON ?PROTON)
      (and
         (component ?NEUTRON ?NUCLEUS)
         (component ?PROTON ?NUCLEUS)
         (instance ?NEUTRON Neutron)
         (instance ?PROTON Proton))))

(subclass Electron SubatomicParticle)
(documentation Electron EnglishLanguage "&%SubatomicParticles that surround the
&%AtomicNucleus.  They have a negative charge.")
(documentation Electron ChineseLanguage "这是包围着 &%AtomicNucleus 的 &%SubatomicParticle
, 它们具有负电荷。")

(subclass Proton SubatomicParticle)
(documentation Proton EnglishLanguage "Components of the &%AtomicNucleus.  They have a
positive charge.")
(documentation Proton ChineseLanguage "这是 &%AtomicNucleus 的组件， 它们具有正电荷。")

(subclass Neutron SubatomicParticle)
(documentation Neutron EnglishLanguage "Components of the &%AtomicNucleus.  They have no
charge.")
(documentation Neutron ChineseLanguage "这是 &%AtomicNucleus 的组件， 它们不含电荷。")

(subclass CompoundSubstance PureSubstance)
(documentation CompoundSubstance EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Substances that contain
two or more elements (&%ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight.
The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method
of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element).
The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still
retains all of the properties of the compound.  Examples: Table salt (sodium
chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). ")
(documentation CompoundSubstance ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Substance &%Class ，以确定的重量比例
，拥有两个或以上元素 (&%ElementalSubstance)。不管事用什麽方法提炼，纯复合物的成分保持不变。复合物由
超过一中原子（元素)组成。分子这个术语通常用来识别哪些仍然保留化合物所有性质的最小单元。例如：食盐
（氯化钠，NaCl)、糖（蔗糖，C_{12}H_{22}O_{11})、水（H_2O)。")

(subclass Mixture Substance)
(documentation Mixture EnglishLanguage "A &%Mixture is two or more &%PureSubstances,
combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties.
The components of a &%Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without
the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly
dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. ")
(documentation Mixture ChineseLanguage " &%Mixture 是两个或以上、以各种比例组成 - 各自保留自身
特定性质的 &%PureSubstance。 &%Mixture 的成分可以通过物理途径分离，即不曾建立或打破成分之间的化学键。
例如：空气、彻底溶于水中的食盐、牛奶、木材和混凝土中。")

(=>
   (instance ?MIXTURE Mixture)
   (exists (?PURE1 ?PURE2)
      (and
         (instance ?PURE1 PureSubstance)
         (instance ?PURE2 PureSubstance)
         (not (equal ?PURE1 ?PURE2))
         (part ?PURE1 ?MIXTURE)
         (part ?PURE2 ?MIXTURE))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MIXTURE Mixture)
      (part ?SUBSTANCE ?MIXTURE)
      (not (instance ?SUBSTANCE Mixture)))
   (instance ?SUBSTANCE PureSubstance))

(subclass CorpuscularObject SelfConnectedObject)
(disjoint CorpuscularObject Substance)
(documentation CorpuscularObject EnglishLanguage "A &%SelfConnectedObject whose parts have
properties that are not shared by the whole.")
(documentation CorpuscularObject ChineseLanguage "这是一个整体和部分之间不存在共有的特性
&%SelfConnectedObject。 ")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ CorpuscularObject)
   (exists (?SUBSTANCE1 ?SUBSTANCE2)
      (and
         (subclass ?SUBSTANCE1 Substance)
         (subclass ?SUBSTANCE2 Substance)
         (material ?SUBSTANCE1 ?OBJ)
         (material ?SUBSTANCE2 ?OBJ)
         (not (equal ?SUBSTANCE1 ?SUBSTANCE2)))))

(subclass Region Object)
(documentation Region EnglishLanguage "A topographic location.  &%Regions encompass
surfaces of &%Objects, imaginary places, and &%GeographicAreas.  Note
that a &%Region is the only kind of &%Object which can be located at
itself.  Note too that &%Region is not a subclass of &%SelfConnectedObject,
because some &%Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have &%parts which are not
&%connected with one another.")
(documentation Region ChineseLanguage "这是一个地理位置。 &%Region 包括 &%Object 的表面、虚构的
地方 和 &%GeographicArea 。注：&%Region 是唯一能够定位于作自身的 &%Object 。 另外要注意的是
&%Region 不是 &%SelfConnectedObject 的子类别， 因为有一些 &%Region ，像群岛有些 &%part 跟其他部分
不 &%connected 。")

(=>
   (instance ?REGION Region)
   (exists (?PHYS)
      (located ?PHYS ?REGION)))

(subclass Collection Object)
(disjoint Collection SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation Collection EnglishLanguage "Collections have &%members like &%Classes, but,
unlike &%Classes, they have a position in space-time and &%members can be
added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the
&%Collection.  Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks
of sheep.")
(documentation Collection ChineseLanguage "群体和 &%Class 一样，拥有 &%member ，可它又不像
&%Class， 因为它们在时空有一个定位，而且 &%Collection 可以加和减 &%member 却不会改变自身的身份。它的
例子有工具包、足球队和羊群。")

(=>
  (instance ?COLL Collection)
  (exists (?OBJ)
    (member ?OBJ ?COLL)))

(subrelation member part)
(instance member AsymmetricRelation)
(instance member IntransitiveRelation)
(domain member 1 Object)
(domain member 2 Collection)
(relatedInternalConcept member instance)
(relatedInternalConcept member element)
(documentation member EnglishLanguage "A specialized common sense notion of part for
uniform parts of &%Collections.  For example, each sheep in a flock of
sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock.")
(documentation member ChineseLanguage "这是对属于 &%Collection 相同部分的专业常识概念。例如：
羊群中的每只羊，跟羊群间，是成员关系。")

(instance subCollection BinaryPredicate)
(instance subCollection PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subCollection 1 Collection)
(domain subCollection 2 Collection)

(documentation subCollection EnglishLanguage "(&%subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that
the &%Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the &%Collection ?COLL2.")
(documentation subCollection ChineseLanguage "(&%subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) 的意思是
&%Collection ?COLL1 是 &%Collection ?COLL2 的真正部分。")
(subrelation subCollection part)

(<=>
  (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2)
  (forall (?MEMBER)
    (=>
      (member ?MEMBER ?COLL1)
      (member ?MEMBER ?COLL2))))

(subclass ContentBearingPhysical Physical)
(documentation ContentBearingPhysical EnglishLanguage "Any &%Object or &%Process that
expresses content.  This covers &%Objects that contain a &%Proposition,
such as a book, as well as &%ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly
contain a &%Proposition.")
(documentation ContentBearingPhysical ChineseLanguage "任何能表达内容的 &%Object 或 &%Process
。这包括有 &%Proposition 的 &%Object ，像一本书和同样有 &%Proposition 的 &%ManualSignLanguage。")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingPhysical)
   (exists (?THING)
      (represents ?OBJ ?THING)))

(subclass ContentBearingProcess ContentBearingPhysical)

;; NS: add.  Missing!
(subclass ContentBearingProcess Process)

;; NS: cf.  Note that &%ManualHumanLanguage is not a subclass of
;; &%Process, despite the documentation statement below.
(documentation ContentBearingProcess EnglishLanguage "Any &%Process, for example
&%ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a &%Proposition.")
(documentation ContentBearingProcess ChineseLanguage "任何的 &%Process ，例如有 &%Proposition
的 &%ManualHumanLanguage 。")

(subclass ContentBearingObject CorpuscularObject)
(subclass ContentBearingObject ContentBearingPhysical)
(relatedInternalConcept ContentBearingObject containsInformation)
(documentation ContentBearingObject EnglishLanguage "Any &%SelfConnectedObject that
expresses content.  This content may be a &%Proposition, e.g. when the
&%ContentBearingObject is a &%Sentence or &%Text, or it may be a representation of an
abstract or physical object, as with an &%Icon, a &%Word or a &%Phrase.")
(documentation ContentBearingObject ChineseLanguage "任何能表达内容的 &%SelfConnectedObject
内容可以是一篇 &%Proposition ， 举例说当 &%ContentBearingObject 是一个 &%Sentence 或 &%Text ，
又或者是抽象或有形物体像一个 &%Icon 、一个 &%Word 或一个 &%Phrase 。")

(subclass SymbolicString ContentBearingObject)
(documentation SymbolicString EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of alphanumeric sequences.")
(documentation SymbolicString ChineseLanguage "这是文数字序列的 &%Class 。")


(subclass Character SymbolicString)
(documentation Character EnglishLanguage "An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals,
etc.  Note that a &%Character may or may not be part of a &%Language.  &%Character
is a subclass of &%SymbolicString, because every instance of &%Character is
an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element.")
(documentation Character ChineseLanguage "字母表中的一个元素、一组数字等。注： &%Character 可能是
也可能不是 &%Language 的一部分。 &%Character 是 &%SymbolicString 的子类别，因为 &%Character 的每
一个实例都是一个含又单一元素的文数字序列。")

(=>
    (instance ?STRING SymbolicString)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (part ?PART ?STRING)
            (instance ?PART Character))))

(instance containsInformation BinaryPredicate)
(instance containsInformation AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation containsInformation represents)
(domain containsInformation 1 ContentBearingPhysical)
(domain containsInformation 2 Proposition)
(documentation containsInformation EnglishLanguage "A subrelation of &%represents.  This
predicate relates a &%ContentBearingPhysical to the &%Proposition that is
expressed by the &%ContentBearingPhysical. Examples include the relationships
between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its
musical content.")
(documentation containsInformation ChineseLanguage "这是 &%represents 的子类别。这个术语把
&%ContentBearingPhysical 和这个  &%ContentBearingPhysical 所表达的 &%Proposition 联系起来。
它的例子包括一本实体小说和它所讲故事之间的关系，以及一篇总曲谱和的它音乐内容之间的关系。")

(subclass Icon ContentBearingPhysical)
(documentation Icon EnglishLanguage "This is the subclass of &%ContentBearingPhysical
which are not part of a &%Language and which have some sort of similarity
with the &%Objects that they represent.  This &%Class would include symbolic
roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc.")
(documentation Icon ChineseLanguage "这是 &%ContentBearingPhysical 的子类别，
这不属于 &%Language 的部分，并且和 &%Object 所代表有相似的地方 这 &%Class 可包括具有象征性的路标、具
代表性的艺术品、照片等。")

(subclass MotionPicture Text)
(documentation MotionPicture EnglishLanguage "A &%ContentBearingObject which depicts
motion (and which may have an audio or text component as well).  This &%Class covers
films, videos, etc.")
(documentation MotionPicture ChineseLanguage "这是描述动作（并且其也可以具有音频或文本成分)
的 &%ContentBearingObject 。 这个 &%Class 涵盖电影，视频等。")

(subclass LinguisticExpression ContentBearingPhysical)
(disjoint LinguisticExpression Icon)
(documentation LinguisticExpression EnglishLanguage "This is the subclass of
&%ContentBearingPhysical which are language-related.  Note that this &%Class
encompasses both &%Language and the the elements of &%Languages,
e.g. &%Words.")
(documentation LinguisticExpression ChineseLanguage "这是 &%ContentBearingPhysical
和语言有关联的子类本。 注：这个 &%Class 涵盖 &%Language 和属于 &%Language 的元素，例如 &%Words 。")

(subclass Language LinguisticExpression)
(disjointDecomposition Language AnimalLanguage HumanLanguage ComputerLanguage)
(documentation Language EnglishLanguage "A system of signs for expressing thought.  The
system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges
gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created
by a person or group of people.")
(documentation Language ChineseLanguage "这是表达思想的符号系统。这系统可以是自然或是人工的，也就是
说是一种逐渐形成的文化产品，或者是由一个人或一群人所故意创造的。")

(subclass AnimalLanguage Language)
(documentation AnimalLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Languages used by
&%Animals other than &%Humans.")
(documentation AnimalLanguage ChineseLanguage "这是除了 &%Human 以外 &%Animal 所用的
&%Language 的 &%subclass。 ")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LANG AnimalLanguage)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
   (and
      (instance ?AGENT Animal)
      (not (instance ?AGENT Human))))

(subclass ArtificialLanguage Language)
(documentation ArtificialLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Languages that are
designed by &%Humans.")
(documentation ArtificialLanguage ChineseLanguage "这是由 &%Human 所设计的 &%Language 的
&%subclass 。")

(subclass ComputerLanguage ArtificialLanguage)
(documentation ComputerLanguage EnglishLanguage "The class of &%Languages designed for
and interpreted by a computer.")
(documentation ComputerLanguage ChineseLanguage "这是一组为点算计而设，也是由电算计来解读的
 &%Languages 类别。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LANG ComputerLanguage)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
   (instance ?AGENT Machine))

(subclass HumanLanguage Language)
(partition HumanLanguage NaturalLanguage ConstructedLanguage)
(partition HumanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage ManualHumanLanguage)
(documentation HumanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Languages used by
&%Humans.")
(documentation HumanLanguage ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Human 所用 &%Language 的 &%subclass 。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LANG HumanLanguage)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
   (instance ?AGENT Human))

(subclass ConstructedLanguage HumanLanguage)
(subclass ConstructedLanguage ArtificialLanguage)
(documentation ConstructedLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%ConstructedLanguage is a
&%HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language
community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by
one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more
grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved
naturally.  This &%Class includes languages like Esperanto that were
created to facilitate international communication")
(documentation ConstructedLanguage ChineseLanguage " &%ConstructedLanguage 是一种没有机会
在语言社区自然的演变的 &%HumanLanguage ，反而它的核心语法和词汇是由一个或以上的语言专家所编造，一般的
目的是为了编制一个文法比其他任何自然演化语言更有规则的语言。这个 &%Class 包括像「世界语」的语言，它们的出
现是为了促进国际间的沟通。")

(=>
   (instance ?LANG ConstructedLanguage)
   (exists (?PLAN)
      (and
         (instance ?PLAN Planning)
         (result ?PLAN ?LANG))))

(subclass NaturalLanguage HumanLanguage)
(documentation NaturalLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%HumanLanguages which
are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation.  This
&%Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish,
Japanese, etc.  Note that this class includes dialects of natural
languages.")
(documentation NaturalLanguage ChineseLanguage "这个 &%subclass 的 &%HumanLanguage ， 非由
设计而来， 而是经过世世代代演变而成。 这个 &%Class 包括所有国家语言，例如 英语、西班牙语、日本语等等。
注：这个类别也包括自然语言的方言。")

(subclass ManualHumanLanguage HumanLanguage)
(documentation ManualHumanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ManualHumanLanguage is a
&%HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such
as the shape, position, and movement of the hands.")
(documentation ManualHumanLanguage ChineseLanguage " &%ManualHumanLanguage 是一种用手势和动作
来表达的 &%HumanLanguage ， 例如像手的形状、位置和动作等。")

(subclass SpokenHumanLanguage HumanLanguage)
(documentation SpokenHumanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SpokenHumanLanguage is a
&%HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also
be represented visually through writing, although not all
&%SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form.")
(documentation SpokenHumanLanguage ChineseLanguage " &%SpokenHumanLanguage 是一种用人类的声音
来表达的 &%HumanLanguage 。它也可以用书写，以视像的形式来表达，可是不是所有的 &%SpokenHumanLanguage
都编纂有书面语。")

(instance EnglishLanguage NaturalLanguage)
(instance EnglishLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage)
(documentation EnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "A Germanic language that incorporates many
roots from the Romance languages.  It is the official language of the &%UnitedStates,
the &%UnitedKingdom, and many other countries.")
(documentation EnglishLanguage ChineseLanguage "这是一种包括很多罗曼语族字根的日耳曼语族，它是
&%UnitedStates ， &%UnitedKingdom 和很多其他国家的官方语言。")

(subclass Word LinguisticExpression)
(documentation Word EnglishLanguage "A term of a &%Language that represents a concept.")
(documentation Word ChineseLanguage "这是某种 &%Language 来表达一个概念的词语。")

(subclass Formula Sentence)
(documentation Formula EnglishLanguage "A syntactically well-formed formula in the
SUO-KIF knowledge representation language.")
(documentation Formula ChineseLanguage "一个句法结构良好、以SUO-KIF知识表示语言的公式。")

;; The following ground facts incorporate the 'Agent' hierarchy from the
;; corresponding ontology on the Ontolingua server.  It also includes
;; predicates defined in the ITBM-CNR ontology "Actors".

(subclass Agent Object)
(documentation Agent EnglishLanguage "Something or someone that can act on its own and
produce changes in the world.")
(documentation Agent ChineseLanguage "能够自主行动、并对世界作出改变的人和物。")

(=>
  (instance ?AGENT Agent)
  (exists (?PROC)
    (capability ?PROC agent ?AGENT)))

(subclass SentientAgent Agent)

;; NS: delete.
;; (documentation SentientAgent EnglishLanguage "An &%Agent that has rights but may or may
;; not have responsibilities and the ability to reason.  If the latter are
;; present, then the &%Agent is also an instance of &%CognitiveAgent.
;; Domesticated animals are an example of &%SentientAgents that are not
;; also &%CognitiveAgents.")

;; NS: add.
(documentation SentientAgent EnglishLanguage "A &%SentientAgent is an
&%Agent that is capable of &%Perception and experiences some level of
consciousness (see &%ConsciousnessAttribute).  If the &%Agent is able
to reason at a comparatively high level (evinced by the ability to
learn, plan, and feel emotions), then it is also an instance of
&%CognitiveAgent.  A &%DomesticAnimal is a &%SentientAgent, but may or
may not be a &%CognitiveAgent, depending on the type of &%Animal.")
(documentation SentientAgent ChineseLanguage " &%SentientAgent 是一个能够 &%Perception
(感知)的 &%Agent， 并且在某程度上能感受到意识 （同时参考 &%ConsciousnessAttribute)。如果一个
&%Agent 能够以相对高层次的理智去思考的话（表现出能够学习、计划和体会情感)，那么这个也是
&%CognitiveAgent 的一个实例。 &%DomesticAnimal 是一个 &%SentientAgent，但是它是不是一个
&%CognitiveAgent 却确定于究竟它是哪一种 &%Animal。")

(subclass CognitiveAgent SentientAgent)

;; NS: delete.
;; (documentation CognitiveAgent EnglishLanguage "A &%SentientAgent with
;; responsibilities and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans,
;; etc.  This is essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person.  Note
;; that, although &%Human is a subclass of &%CognitiveAgent, there may be
;; instances of &%CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of &%Human.
;; For example, chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some
;; extraterrestrials
;; (if they exist) may be &%CognitiveAgents.")

;; NS: add.
(documentation CognitiveAgent EnglishLanguage "A &%CognitiveAgent is
an &%Agent that has the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, and
experience emotions.  Although &%Human is a subclass of
&%CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of &%CognitiveAgent which are
not also instances of &%Human.  For example, &%Primates, dolphins,
whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) might be considered
&%CognitiveAgents.")
(documentation CognitiveAgent ChineseLanguage " &%CognitiveAgent 是一个能够思考、深思熟虑、计划
和体会感情的 &%Agent。虽然 &%Human 是 &%CognitiveAgent 的子类别，也可以出现非 &%Human 而却是
&%CognitiveAgent 的实例。例如：&%Primate、海豚、鲸鱼和外星人（如果它们存在的话)可以算是
&%CognitiveAgent。")

;; NS: new.  Since an Entity might or might not be considered a
;; LegalAgent for its entire existence, depending on the
;; circumstances, it might be better to represent &%LegalAgent as a
;; &%RelationalAttribute.

(subclass LegalAgent Agent)

;; NS: add.
(documentation LegalAgent EnglishLanguage "A &%LegalAgent is an
&%Agent that is allowed by law to to act and be treated as a legal
person for certain purposes, such as being a party to a lawsuit,
owning property, and entering into a contract.  Typically, a
&%LegalAgent is either an adult &%Human or some type of
&%Organization.  Depending on the prevailing legal system in a given
time and location, &%Humans in general, as well as other
&%CognitiveAgents, typically will have additional legal rights and
obligations beyond those accorded to &%LegalAgents.  See the Wikipedia
description of <a
href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristic_person>Juristic
person</a>.")
(documentation LegalAgent ChineseLanguage " &%LegalAgent 是一个在法律上能够为某种目的以法人身份
行事和被人对待的 &%Agent，例如：作为诉讼的当事人、拥有财产和签订合同。 通常一个 &%LegalAgent 要不是成年
的 &%Human 就是某类 &%Organization。 视乎当时当地盛行的法制，一般来说 &%Human 和其他的
&%CognitiveAgent 通常拥有超过赋予给 &%LegalAgent 的额外的法定权利和义务。可参考这个维基百科网址的注解
<ahref=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristic_person>Juristicperson</a>。")

;; NS: add.
(<=>
  (holdsDuring ?TIME
    (instance ?AGENT LegalAgent))
  (holdsDuring ?TIME
    (or
      (capability LegalAction agent ?AGENT)
      (capability LegalAction patient ?AGENT))))

(instance leader BinaryPredicate)
(instance leader AsymmetricRelation)
(instance leader SingleValuedRelation)
(domain leader 1 Agent)
(domain leader 2 Human)
(documentation leader EnglishLanguage "(&%leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON)
means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON.")

(=>
  (holdsDuring ?TIME (leader ?X ?Y))
  (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?Y Living)))

(subclass Process Physical)
(documentation Process EnglishLanguage "The class of things that happen
and have temporal parts or stages.  Examples include extended events
like a football match or a race, actions like &%Pursuing and &%Reading,
and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that occurs in
time but is not an &%Object.  Note that a &%Process may have
participants 'inside' it which are &%Objects, such as the players
in a football match.  In a 4D ontology, a &%Process is something whose
spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages
roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.")
(documentation Process ChineseLanguage " 这个类别属于发生的事物，它具有时间的部分或阶段。
例子包括：历时颇长的事件如足球比赛或赛跑，行动如追踪、阅读和及各种生物过程。它的形式定义是：任何在某时间发生
而又不是 &%Object 的存在着。 注：&%Process 内可以有 &%Object 参加者介入，例如球赛的球员。四维的
知识本体论认为 &%Process 的时空幅度可分成大约和时间轴平衡的数个时间阶段。")

(subclass DualObjectProcess Process)
(documentation DualObjectProcess EnglishLanguage "Any &%Process that requires two,
nonidentical &%patients.")
(documentation DualObjectProcess ChineseLanguage "任何需要两个不同 &%patient 的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (instance ?PROCESS DualObjectProcess)
   (exists (?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
         (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ1)
         (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ2)
         (not (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(subclass SingleAgentProcess Process)
(documentation SingleAgentProcess EnglishLanguage "&%SingleAgentProcess
is the &%Class of all &%Processes that require exactly one &%agent in order to occur.")
(documentation SingleAgentProcess ChineseLanguage " &%SingleAgentProcess 这个 &%Class 里
所有的 &%Process 都需要恰好一个 &%agent 才能发生。")

(=>
  (instance ?PROC SingleAgentProcess)
  (exists (?AGENT)
    (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)))

(=>
    (and
      (instance ?PROC SingleAgentProcess)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT_1)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT_2))
    (and
      (equal ?AGENT_1 ?AGENT_2)
      (not
        (exists (?AGENT_3)
          (and
            (agent ?PROC ?AGENT_3)
            (not
              (equal ?AGENT_3 ?AGENT_1)))))))

(subclass Abstract Entity)
(disjointDecomposition Abstract Quantity Attribute SetOrClass Relation Proposition)
(documentation Abstract EnglishLanguage "Properties or qualities as distinguished from any
particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium.
Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical
objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular
place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment.")
(documentation Abstract ChineseLanguage "这些特质或质量，和任何以物理媒介化身的特质/质量不同。抽象
的实例在意义上，可以说是像数学物体如集合和关系般存在，但是它们不能没有任何物理编码或化身便存在于特定的时间
和地点。")

;; Something is Abstract just in case it has neither a spatial nor temporal
;; location.

(=>
   (instance ?ABS Abstract)
   (not
      (exists (?POINT)
         (or
            (located ?ABS ?POINT)
            (time ?ABS ?POINT)))))

(subclass Quantity Abstract)
(documentation Quantity EnglishLanguage "Any specification of how many or how much of
something there is.  Accordingly, there are two subclasses of &%Quantity:
&%Number (how many) and &%PhysicalQuantity (how much).")
(documentation Quantity ChineseLanguage "这是任何表示东西数量或多少的规格。故此 &%Quantity 共有两个
子类别：&%Number （数量)和 &%PhysicalQuantity (多少)。")

(subclass Attribute Abstract)
;(partition Attribute InternalAttribute RelationalAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(partition Attribute InternalAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation Attribute EnglishLanguage "Qualities which we cannot or choose not to
reify into subclasses of .")
(documentation Attribute ChineseLanguage "这是我们不能够或选择不去具体化为 &%Object 的子类别的
质量。")

(instance property BinaryPredicate)
(domain property 1 Entity)
(domain property 2 Attribute)
(documentation property EnglishLanguage "This &%Predicate holds between an instance of
&%Entity and an instance of &%Attribute.  (&%property ?ENTITY ?ATTR)
means that ?ENTITY has the &%Attribute ?ATTR.")
(documentation property ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Predicate 在 &%Entity 的实例和 &%Attribute 的
实例成立。(&%property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) 的意思是 ?ENTITY 有 ?ATTR 的 &%Attribute。")

(instance attribute AsymmetricRelation)
(instance attribute IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance attribute TotalValuedRelation)
(subrelation attribute property)
(domain attribute 1 Object)
(documentation attribute EnglishLanguage "(&%attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that
?PROPERTY is a &%Attribute of ?OBJECT.  For example,
(&%attribute &%MyLittleRedWagon &%Red).")
(documentation attribute ChineseLanguage "(&%attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) 的意思是
?PROPERTY 是 ?OBJECT 的 &%Attribute。例如：(&%attribute &%MyLittleRedWagon &%Red)。")

(instance manner AsymmetricRelation)
(instance manner IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance manner TotalValuedRelation)
(subrelation manner property)
(domain manner 1 Process)
(disjointRelation manner attribute)
(documentation manner EnglishLanguage "(&%manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the
&%Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the &%Attribute ?MANNER.  The &%Attributes
of &%Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the
speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports
competition.")
(documentation manner ChineseLanguage "(&%manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) 的意思是 ?PROCESS 这个
&%Process 由 ?MANNER 这个 &%Attribute 来修饰。 &%Processe 的 &%Attribute 通常以副词来表示，这些
包括像风的速度、一个舞蹈的风格或一种运动比赛竞争的激烈程度等。")

; Seldom used function that appears to cause a very complex contradiction

; (instance AbstractionFn UnaryFunction)
; (instance AbstractionFn PartialValuedRelation)
; (domain AbstractionFn 1 Class)
; (range AbstractionFn Attribute)
; (documentation AbstractionFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Class into
; the instance of &%Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership
; in the &%Class.")

; (<=>
;   (equal (AbstractionFn ?CLASS) ?ATTR)
;    (forall (?INST)
;       (<=>
;          (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
;          (property ?INST ?ATTR))))

(instance ExtensionFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ExtensionFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain ExtensionFn 1 Attribute)
(range ExtensionFn Class)
(documentation ExtensionFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Attribute
into the &%Class whose condition for membership is the &%Attribute.")
(documentation ExtensionFn ChineseLanguage "这个 &%UnaryFunction 把一个 &%Attribute 联系到
属于这个 &%Attribute 属性条件的 &%Class。")

; (<=>
;    (equal (ExtensionFn ?ATTRIBUTE) ?CLASS)
;    (equal (AbstractionFn ?CLASS) ?ATTRIBUTE))

(subclass InternalAttribute Attribute)
(documentation InternalAttribute EnglishLanguage "Any &%Attribute of an &%Entity that is
an internal property of the &%Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility,
etc.")
(documentation InternalAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Entity 的 &%Attribute，任何属于
 &%Entity 内在的特质，如它的形状、颜色和脆弱的程度等。")

(subclass PhysicalAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation PhysicalAttribute EnglishLanguage "An &%InternalAttribute given by physical
properties of the object.")
(documentation PhysicalAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是来自物体的物理特质的 &%InternalAttribute
。")

(subclass RelationalAttribute Attribute)
(documentation RelationalAttribute EnglishLanguage "Any &%Attribute that an &%Entity has
by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another &%Entity or set of &%Entities,
e.g. &%SocialRoles and &%PositionalAttributes.")
(documentation RelationalAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Entity 的 &%Attribute，属于任何来自
它和另一个 &%Entity 或 一组 &%Entity 之间的关系. 如： &%SocialRole 和 &%PositionalAttribute。")

;; The following formulas incorporate the Number hierarchy from the
;; ontology 'kif-numbers' on the Ontolingua server.

(subclass Number Quantity)
(partition Number RealNumber ImaginaryNumber ComplexNumber)
(documentation Number EnglishLanguage "A measure of how many things there are, or how
much there is, of a certain kind.  &%Numbers are subclassed into
&%RealNumber, &%ComplexNumber, and &%ImaginaryNumber.")
(documentation Number ChineseLanguage "这是用来量度东西的数量或者某种东西的分量。 &%Numbers 可分为
 &%RealNumber、 &%ComplexNumber 和 &%ImaginaryNumber。")

(instance lessThan BinaryPredicate)
(instance lessThan TransitiveRelation)
(instance lessThan IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance lessThan RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn lessThan RealNumber)
(domain lessThan 1 Quantity)
(domain lessThan 2 Quantity)
(documentation lessThan EnglishLanguage "(&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just
in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.")
(documentation lessThan ChineseLanguage "(&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) 是真的
以防 ?NUMBER1 的 &%Quantity 比 ?NUMBER2 的 &%Quantity 要少。")

(instance greaterThan BinaryPredicate)
(instance greaterThan TotalValuedRelation)
(instance greaterThan TransitiveRelation)
(instance greaterThan IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance greaterThan RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn greaterThan RealNumber)
(domain greaterThan 1 Quantity)
(domain greaterThan 2 Quantity)
(inverse greaterThan lessThan)
(documentation greaterThan EnglishLanguage "(&%greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true
just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity
?NUMBER2.")
(documentation greaterThan ChineseLanguage "(&%greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) 是真的以防
?NUMBER1 的 &%Quantity 比 ?NUMBER2 的 &%Quantity 要大。")

(instance lessThanOrEqualTo BinaryPredicate)
(instance lessThanOrEqualTo PartialOrderingRelation)
(instance lessThanOrEqualTo RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn lessThanOrEqualTo RealNumber)
(domain lessThanOrEqualTo 1 Quantity)
(domain lessThanOrEqualTo 2 Quantity)
(documentation lessThanOrEqualTo EnglishLanguage "(&%lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to
the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.")
(documentation lessThanOrEqualTo ChineseLanguage "(&%lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
是真的以防 ?NUMBER1 的 &%Quantity 少于或者等于 ?NUMBER2 的 &%Quantity。")

(<=>
  (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
  (or
    (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
    (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

(instance greaterThanOrEqualTo BinaryPredicate)
(instance greaterThanOrEqualTo PartialOrderingRelation)
(instance greaterThanOrEqualTo RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn greaterThanOrEqualTo RealNumber)
(domain greaterThanOrEqualTo 1 Quantity)
(domain greaterThanOrEqualTo 2 Quantity)
(inverse greaterThanOrEqualTo lessThanOrEqualTo)
(documentation greaterThanOrEqualTo EnglishLanguage "(&%greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1
?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than or equal to the
&%Quantity ?NUMBER2.")
(documentation greaterThanOrEqualTo ChineseLanguage "(&%greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1
?NUMBER2) 是真的以防 ?NUMBER1 的 &%Quantity 多于或者等于 ?NUMBER2 的 &%Quantity。")

(<=>
  (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
  (or
    (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
    (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

(subclass RealNumber Number)
(partition RealNumber NegativeRealNumber NonnegativeRealNumber)
(partition RealNumber RationalNumber IrrationalNumber)
(documentation RealNumber EnglishLanguage "Any &%Number that can be expressed as a
(possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any &%Number that has a position
on the number line.")
(documentation RealNumber ChineseLanguage "任何可以表达为一个（可能是无限的)十进制的 &%Number，
即任何在数字线上佔有一席位 &%Number。")

(subclass ImaginaryNumber Number)
(documentation ImaginaryNumber EnglishLanguage "Any &%Number that is the result of
multiplying a &%RealNumber by the square root of -1.")
(documentation ImaginaryNumber ChineseLanguage "这是将一个 &%RealNumber 乘以-1的平方根的积，它
可以是任何一个的 &%Number。")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ImaginaryNumber)
   (exists (?REAL)
      (and
         (instance ?REAL RealNumber)
         (equal ?NUMBER (MultiplicationFn ?REAL (SquareRootFn -1))))))

(subclass RationalNumber RealNumber)
(documentation RationalNumber EnglishLanguage "Any &%RealNumber that is the product of
dividing two &%Integers.")
(documentation RationalNumber ChineseLanguage "这是把两个 &%Integer 相除的商，它可以是任何一个的
 &%RealNumber。")

(subclass IrrationalNumber RealNumber)
(documentation IrrationalNumber EnglishLanguage "Any &%RealNumber that is not also a
&%RationalNumber.")
(documentation IrrationalNumber ChineseLanguage "这是任何一个不是 &%RationalNumber 的
 &%RealNumber。")

(subclass NonnegativeRealNumber RealNumber)
(documentation NonnegativeRealNumber EnglishLanguage "A &%RealNumber that is greater than
or equal to zero.")
(documentation NonnegativeRealNumber ChineseLanguage "这是一个大于或等于零的 &%RealNumber。")

(<=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeRealNumber)
   (and
      (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 0)
      (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)))

(subclass PositiveRealNumber NonnegativeRealNumber)
(documentation PositiveRealNumber EnglishLanguage "A &%RealNumber that is greater than
zero.")
(documentation PositiveRealNumber ChineseLanguage "这是一个大于零的 &%RealNumber。")

(<=>
   (instance ?NUMBER PositiveRealNumber)
   (and
      (greaterThan ?NUMBER 0)
      (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)))

(subclass NegativeRealNumber RealNumber)
(documentation NegativeRealNumber EnglishLanguage "A &%RealNumber that is less than
zero.")
(documentation NegativeRealNumber ChineseLanguage "这是一个小于零的 &%RealNumber。")

(<=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NegativeRealNumber)
   (and
      (lessThan ?NUMBER 0)
      (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)))

(subclass Integer RationalNumber)
(partition Integer OddInteger EvenInteger)
(partition Integer NegativeInteger NonnegativeInteger)
(documentation Integer EnglishLanguage "A negative or nonnegative whole number.")
(documentation Integer ChineseLanguage "这是一个负或非负的整数。")

(subclass EvenInteger Integer)
(documentation EvenInteger EnglishLanguage "An &%Integer that is evenly divisible
by 2.")
(documentation EvenInteger ChineseLanguage "这是一个可以被2整除的 &%Integer。")

(subclass OddInteger Integer)
(documentation OddInteger EnglishLanguage "An &%Integer that is not evenly divisible
by 2.")
(documentation OddInteger ChineseLanguage "这是一个不能被2整除的 &%Integer。")

(subclass PrimeNumber Integer)
(documentation PrimeNumber EnglishLanguage "An &%Integer that is evenly divisible only
by itself and 1.")
(documentation PrimeNumber ChineseLanguage "这是一个只能被自己或1整除的 &%Integer。")

(subclass NonnegativeInteger Integer)
(subclass NonnegativeInteger NonnegativeRealNumber)
(documentation NonnegativeInteger EnglishLanguage "An &%Integer that is greater than
or equal to zero.")
(documentation NonnegativeInteger ChineseLanguage "这是一个大于或等于零的 &%Integer。")

(=>
  (instance ?X NonnegativeInteger)
  (greaterThan ?X -1))

(subclass NegativeInteger Integer)
(subclass NegativeInteger NegativeRealNumber)
(documentation NegativeInteger EnglishLanguage "An &%Integer that is less than zero.")
(documentation NegativeInteger ChineseLanguage "这是一个小于零的 &%Integer。")

(=>
  (instance ?X NegativeInteger)
  (greaterThan 0 ?X))

(subclass PositiveInteger NonnegativeInteger)
(subclass PositiveInteger PositiveRealNumber)
(documentation PositiveInteger EnglishLanguage "An &%Integer that is greater than zero.")
(documentation PositiveInteger ChineseLanguage "这是一个大于零的 &%Integer。")

(=>
  (instance ?X PositiveInteger)
  (greaterThan ?X 0))

(subclass BinaryNumber RealNumber)
(documentation BinaryNumber EnglishLanguage "Elements from the number system with base 2.
Every &%BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0.")
(documentation BinaryNumber ChineseLanguage "这是二进制数字系统的元素。
所有的 &%BinaryNumber 都是以1而0的排列来表示的。")

(subclass ComplexNumber Number)
(disjoint ComplexNumber RealNumber)
(documentation ComplexNumber EnglishLanguage "A &%Number that has the form: x + yi, where
x and y are &%RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1.")
(documentation ComplexNumber ChineseLanguage "这是一个有来自x + yi形式的&%Number，x和y是
&%RealNumber，i是-1的平方根。")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ComplexNumber)
   (exists (?REAL1 ?REAL2)
      (and
         (instance ?REAL1 RealNumber)
         (instance ?REAL2 RealNumber)
         (equal ?NUMBER
           (AdditionFn ?REAL1
             (MultiplicationFn ?REAL2
               (SquareRootFn -1)))))))

(subclass PhysicalQuantity Quantity)
(partition PhysicalQuantity ConstantQuantity FunctionQuantity)
(documentation PhysicalQuantity EnglishLanguage "A &%PhysicalQuantity is a measure of
some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's
diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable
solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial
coordinates).  Every &%PhysicalQuantity is either a &%ConstantQuantity
or &%FunctionQuantity.  Instances of &%ConstantQuantity are dependent
on a &%UnitOfMeasure, while instances of &%FunctionQuantity are
&%Functions that map instances of &%ConstantQuantity to other instances
of &%ConstantQuantity (e.g., a &%TimeDependentQuantity is a
&%FunctionQuantity).  Although the name and definition of
&%PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, a &%PhysicalQuantity need
not be material.  Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity,
etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible.
Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of &%PhysicalQuantity.
A &%PhysicalQuantity is  distinguished from a pure &%Number by the fact that
the former is associated with a dimension of measurement.")
(documentation PhysicalQuantity ChineseLanguage "&%PhysicalQuantity是一种用来衡量建模世界上的
一些可以量度的部分，例如：「地球的直径」（长度固定）和「装满了可变形的固体的应力」（应力的衡量，它是一个有
三个空间坐标的函数）。 &%PhysicalQuantity 要不是 &%ConstantQuantity，就是 &%FunctionQuantity。
&%ConstantQuantity 的实例需要有一个 &%UnitOfMeasure，而 &%FunctionQuantity 的实例是要靠一个
&%Function， 它把 &%ConstantQuantity 的实例和其它 &%ConstantQuantity 的实例联系在一起（举例说，
 &%TimeDependentQuantity 属于 &%FunctionQuantity）。 &%PhysicalQuantity 这个名字和定义是借用物
理理论，但是 &%PhysicalQuantity 不一定是指物质上的。 除了长度、时间和速度等这些尺度以外，非物理尺寸如
货币也是可行的。因此，金钱会是 &%PhysicalQuantity 的实例。 &%PhysicalQuantity 和纯 &%Number
的区别在于前者附有一个衡量的尺度。")

(subclass ConstantQuantity PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation ConstantQuantity EnglishLanguage "A &%ConstantQuantity
is a &%PhysicalQuantity that has a constant value, e.g. 3 &%Meters and
5 &%HourDurations.  The magnitude (see &%MagnitudeFn) of every
&%ConstantQuantity is a &%RealNumber.  &%ConstantQuantity is
distinguished from &%FunctionQuantity, in that each instance of the
latter is formed through the mapping of one &%PhysicalQuantity to
another &%PhysicalQuantity.  Each instance of &%ConstantQuantity is
expressed with the &%BinaryFunction &%MeasureFn, which takes a
&%Number and a &%UnitOfMeasure as arguments.  For example, 3 &%Meters
is expressed as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter).  Instances of
&%ConstantQuantity form a partial order (see
&%PartialOrderingRelation) with the &%lessThan relation, since
&%lessThan is a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities and &%lessThan is
defined over the &%RealNumbers.  The &%lessThan relation is not a
total order (see &%TotalOrderingRelation) over the class
&%ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of
&%ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to
elements of other subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity
(such as mass quantities).")
(documentation ConstantQuantity ChineseLanguage "&%ConstantQuantity 是含不变值的
&%PhysicalQuantity，如 3 &%Meter 和 5 &%HourDuration。所有 &%ConstantQuantity 的幅度 （见 
&%MagnitudeFn）都是 &%RealNumber。 &%ConstantQuantity 有别于 &%FunctionQuantity，
后者的每一个实例是通过把一个 &%PhysicalQuantity 连接到另一个 &%PhysicalQuantity 而成。 每个
&%ConstantQuantity 的实例使用 &%BinaryFunction &%MeasureFn 来表示， 它需要两个参数：一个 
&%Number 和一个 &%UnitOfMeasure。例如：3 &%Meter 以 (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter) 表示。
&%ConstantQuantity 的实例与 &%lessThan 关系组成一个部分顺序 （见 &%PartialOrderingRelation)，
因为 &%lessThan 是一个 &%RelationExtendedToQuantities，而 &%lessThan 以 &%RealNumber 来定义的。
&%lessThan 关系不是一个以 &%ConstantQuantity 类别的 全部顺序 （见 &%TotalOrderingRelation）因为
&%ConstantQuantity 一些子类别的元素 （如长度值）和 &%ConstantQuantity 其他子类别的元素 （如质量）
属完全不同。")

(subclass TimeMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation TimeMeasure EnglishLanguage "The class of temporal durations (instances
of &%TimeDuration) and positions of &%TimePoints and &%TimeIntervals along
the universal timeline (instances of &%TimePosition).")
(documentation TimeMeasure ChineseLanguage "这个是通用时间轴( &%TimePosition 的实例)上的类别， 
它包括时间段( &%TimeDuration 的实例)，与 &%TimePoint 和 &%TimeInterval 的定位。")

(subclass TimeDuration TimeMeasure)
(documentation TimeDuration EnglishLanguage "Any measure of length of time,
with or without respect to the universal timeline.")
(documentation TimeDuration ChineseLanguage "这是任何量度时间的衡量，它可以是是基于通用时间轴的，
也可以是不基于通用时间轴的的。")

(subclass TimePosition TimeMeasure)
(partition TimePosition TimeInterval TimePoint)
(documentation TimePosition EnglishLanguage "Any &%TimePoint or &%TimeInterval
along the universal timeline from &%NegativeInfinity to
&%PositiveInfinity.")
(documentation TimePosition ChineseLanguage "这是从 &%NegativeInfinity到 &%PositiveInfinity
通用时间轴上的任何 &%TimePoint 或 &%TimeInterval。")

(subclass TimeInterval TimePosition)
(documentation TimeInterval EnglishLanguage "An interval of time.
Note that a &%TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the
universal timeline.  Note too that a &%TimeInterval has no gaps,
i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals.")
(documentation TimeInterval ChineseLanguage "这是一个时段。注： &%TimeInterval 在通用时间轴上
皆有范围和位置；另外 &%TimeInterval 是没有间隙的，即这个类别只含凸时间间隔。")

(subclass TimePoint TimePosition)
(documentation TimePoint EnglishLanguage "An extensionless point on
the universal timeline.  The &%TimePoints at which &%Processes occur
can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but
conceptually &%TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like.  That
is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a &%TimePoint
lasts.")
(documentation TimePoint ChineseLanguage "这是通用时间轴上无法延伸的的一点。 我们在不同程度的准确
和近似值上，可以知道 &%Process 发生的 &%TimePoint，但是 &%TimePoint 在概念上是成点状而非间隔状，
也就是说， 说 &%TimePoint 持续了多长是没有意义的。")

(subclass FunctionQuantity PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation FunctionQuantity EnglishLanguage "A &%FunctionQuantity
is a &%PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a &%Function that maps
from one or more instances of &%ConstantQuantity to another instance
of &%ConstantQuantity.  For example, the velocity of a particle would
be represented by a &%FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which
are instances of &%ConstantQuantity) to values of distance
(also instances of &%ConstantQuantity).  Note that all elements of the
range of the &%Function corresponding to a &%FunctionQuantity have the
same physical dimension as the &%FunctionQuantity itself.")
(documentation FunctionQuantity ChineseLanguage "
&%FunctionQuantity
是一个由 &%Function 它把 &%ConstantQuantity 的一个或以上的实例和其它 &%ConstantQuantity 的实例
联系在一起，例如：粒子的速度是用 &%FunctionQuantity， 把时间的值( &%ConstantQuantity的实例)和距离
的值(也是 &%ConstantQuantity的实例)连在一起来表示。注：和 &%FunctionQuantity 对应的 &%Function 
范围内所有的元素和那个 &%FunctionQuantity 本身的物理尺寸是相同的。")

(subclass UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity FunctionQuantity)
(documentation UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity EnglishLanguage "A
&%subclass of &%FunctionQuantity, instances of which are returned by
&%UnaryFunctions that map from one instance of the &%Class
&%ConstantQuantity to another instance of the &%Class
&%ConstantQuantity.")
(documentation UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity ChineseLanguage "这是 &%FunctionQuantity 的一个
&%subclass，它的实例由 &%UnaryFunction 把 &%ConstantQuantity &%Class 的一个实例联系到
&%ConstantQuantity &%Class 的另一个 实例所产生。")

(subclass TimeDependentQuantity UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity)
(documentation TimeDependentQuantity EnglishLanguage "A
&%UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time.  All instances of
this &%Class are returned by &%Functions that map a time quantity into
another &%ConstantQuantity such as temperature.  For example, 'the
temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a
&%TimeDependentQuantity, since its value depends on the time.")
(documentation TimeDependentQuantity ChineseLanguage "这是连续时间的 
&%UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity。这个 &%Class 的所有实例都是由 &%Function 把时间和另一个 
&%ConstantQuantity 如温度联系来表示的。例如：'在帝国大厦顶的温度‘是一个 &%TimeDependentQuantity，
因为它的值取决于时间。")

(subclass SetOrClass Abstract)
(partition SetOrClass Set Class)
(documentation SetOrClass EnglishLanguage "The &%SetOrClass of &%Sets
and &%Classes, i.e. any instance of &%Abstract that has &%elements or
&%instances.")
(documentation SetOrClass ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Set 和 &%Class 的 &%SetOrClass，也就是说
任何 &%Abstract 有 &%element 或 &%instance的实例。")

;; comment it out to avoid (instance SetOrClass SetOrClass)
;(subclass Class SetOrClass)
(documentation Class EnglishLanguage "&%Classes differ from &%Sets in three important
respects. First, &%Classes are not assumed to be extensional.  That is, distinct
&%Classes might well have exactly the same instances.  Second, &%Classes typically
have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the &%Class.  So,
for example, the condition `human' determines the &%Class of &%Humans.  Note that
some &%Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the &%Class of &%Abstract
things is &%Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves.  Third, the instances
of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain
duplicate instances.")
(documentation Class ChineseLanguage " &%Class 在三个重要方面与 &%Set 不同：第一，我们不假设
&%Class 为能延伸的，也就是说不同的 &%Class 可能由完全相同的实例。第二，&%Class 通常有一个决定该 
&%Class 实例的附带`条件'。所以举例说：`人类' 决定 &%Human 的 &%Class。注：有些 &%Class 可能满足自身
的条件(例如 &%Abstract 东西的 &%Class 是 &%Abstract) 所以它们本身成为实例。 第三：一个类别的实例可能
只在该类别出现一次，也就是输一个泪奔不能拥有重复的实例。")

(subclass Set SetOrClass)
(documentation Set EnglishLanguage "A &%SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well
as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory.  &%Sets differ
from &%Classes in two important respects.  First, &%Sets are extensional -
two &%Sets with the same &%elements are identical.  Second, a &%Set can be
an arbitrary stock of objects.  That is, there is no requirement that &%Sets
have an associated condition that determines their membership.  Note that &%Sets
are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. &%elements of a &%Set may occur more
than once in the &%Set.")
(documentation Set ChineseLanguage "这是个 &%SetOrClass 能满足延伸性和由集合理论的某些选择所指定
的其他约束。&%Set 在两个重要方面与 &%Classes 不同：第一，&%Sets 是可以延伸的 - 两个拥有一样 
&%element 的 &%Set 是相同的。第二，一个 &%Set 可以是一堆随意组成的东西。这就是说 &%Set 不需要具有确定
其成员资格的相关联条件。注：我们并没有假设每个 &%Set 为独一无二的集合，即是说一个 &%Set 的组员可以在那个 
&%Set 出现超过一次。")

(subclass Relation Abstract)
(disjointDecomposition Relation BinaryRelation TernaryRelation QuaternaryRelation
QuintaryRelation VariableArityRelation) (partition Relation Predicate Function List)
(partition Relation TotalValuedRelation PartialValuedRelation)
(documentation Relation EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of relations.  There are three kinds
of &%Relation:  &%Predicate, &%Function, and &%List.  &%Predicates and
&%Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples.  The difference between
these two &%Classes is that &%Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while
&%Functions cover term-forming operators.  A &%List, on the other hand, is a
particular ordered n-tuple.")
(documentation Relation ChineseLanguage "这是关系的 &%Class。现有三类的 &%Relation: 
&%Predicate， &%Function 和 &%List。 &%Predicate 和&%Function 皆表示有序的n元组集合， 这两个 
&%Class 的差别在于 &%Predicate 包括组成公式的运算符，而&%Function 则包括组成 术语的运算符，而一个 
&%List 却是一个特定的有序n元组。")

;; The following part of the ontology covers the various classes under
;; 'Relation'.  Most of the content here is taken from frame-ontology,
;; abstract-algebra, kif-relations, and kif-extensions (ontologies
;; available on the Ontolingua server).

(subclass SingleValuedRelation Relation)
(subclass SingleValuedRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation SingleValuedRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%Relation is a
&%SingleValuedRelation just in case an assignment of values to every argument position
except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position.
Note that not all &%SingleValuedRelations are &%TotalValuedRelations.")
(documentation SingleValuedRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%Relation是 
&%SingleValuedRelation 以确保除了最后一个参数之外，每一个参数的位置只有一个赋值，而最后的参数
顶多可以决定最后一个参数的位置。注：不是所有的 &%SingleValuedRelation 都是 &%TotalValuedRelation。")

;; TODO: this appears to be a syntax error when call replacePredVar in sigma's code
;(=>
;   (instance ?REL SingleValuedRelation)
;   (forall (@ROW ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2)
;      (=>
;         (and
;            (?REL @ROW ?ITEM1)
;            (?REL @ROW ?ITEM2))
;         (equal ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2))))

(subclass TotalValuedRelation Relation)
(subclass TotalValuedRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation TotalValuedRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%Relation is a
&%TotalValuedRelation just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument
position of the &%Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position
except the last one.  Note that declaring a &%Relation to be both a &%TotalValuedRelation
and a &%SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function.")
(documentation TotalValuedRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%Relation 是
&%TotalValuedRelation 以防该 &%Relation 最后参数位置出现一个赋值, 假设除了最后一个之外每个参数位置都
有一个赋值。注：声明一个 &%Relation 既是 &%TotalValuedRelation 又是 &%SingleValuedRelation 
表示这是一个总函数。")


(<=>
   (and
     (instance ?REL TotalValuedRelation)
     (instance ?REL Predicate))
   (exists (?VALENCE)
      (and
         (instance ?REL Relation)
         (valence ?REL ?VALENCE)
         (=>
            (forall (?NUMBER ?ELEMENT ?CLASS)
               (=>
                  (and
                     (lessThan ?NUMBER ?VALENCE)
                     (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS)
                     (equal ?ELEMENT (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)))
                  (instance ?ELEMENT ?CLASS)))
            (exists (?ITEM)
               (?REL @ROW ?ITEM))))))

(subclass PartialValuedRelation Relation)
(documentation PartialValuedRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%Relation is a &%PartialValuedRelation
just in case it is not a &%TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values
to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there
is a value assignment for the last argument position.  Note that, if a &%Relation
is both a &%PartialValuedRelation and a &%SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial
function.")
(documentation PartialValuedRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%Relation 是
&%PartialValuedRelation 是为了确保它不是一个 &%TotalValuedRelation，也就是说除了最后一个之外给每一个
参数位置分配一个值，但这不一定等于已经为最后一个参数位置设定赋值。注：如果一个 &%Relation既是 
&%PartialValuedRelation 又是 &%SingleValuedRelation的话，那么它就是一个部分函数。")

(subclass BinaryRelation Relation)
(subclass BinaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation BinaryRelation EnglishLanguage "&%BinaryRelations are relations that are
true only of pairs of things.  &%BinaryRelations are represented as slots
in frame systems.")
(documentation BinaryRelation ChineseLanguage " &%BinaryRelation 是只有在关系联系两样东西的时候
才算是真，框架理论以槽代表 &%BinaryRelation。")

(subclass ReflexiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation ReflexiveRelation EnglishLanguage "&%Relation ?REL is reflexive iff
(?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST.")
(documentation ReflexiveRelation ChineseLanguage "&%Relation ?REL 属于自反关系当且仅当所有
?INST 都是(?REL ?INST ?INST)。")

;; appear to be a contradiction when ?REL = subclass
;;(<=>
;;   (instance ?REL ReflexiveRelation)
;;   (?REL ?INST ?INST))

(subclass IrreflexiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation IrreflexiveRelation EnglishLanguage "&%Relation ?REL is irreflexive
iff (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST.")
(documentation IrreflexiveRelation ChineseLanguage "&%Relation ?REL 属于非自反关系当且仅当没有
一个?INST 是(?REL ?INST ?INST)。")

(=>
   (instance ?REL IrreflexiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST)
      (not
         (?REL ?INST ?INST))))

(subclass SymmetricRelation BinaryRelation)
(disjoint SymmetricRelation AntisymmetricRelation)
(documentation SymmetricRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is
symmetric just iff (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL
?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.")
(documentation SymmetricRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation ?REL 属于对称关系只是
当且仅当所有的 ?INST1 和 ?INST2 是 (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) 意味着 (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1)。")

(=>
   (instance ?REL SymmetricRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(subclass AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation)
(subclass AsymmetricRelation AntisymmetricRelation)
(documentation AsymmetricRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation is asymmetric if and 
only if it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation and an &%IrreflexiveRelation.")
(documentation AsymmetricRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation 属于不对称关系
当且仅当它既是一个 &%AntisymmetricRelation 又是一个 &%IrreflexiveRelation。")

(<=>
   (instance ?REL AsymmetricRelation)
   (and
       (instance ?REL AntisymmetricRelation)
       (instance ?REL IrreflexiveRelation)))

(subclass AntisymmetricRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation AntisymmetricRelation EnglishLanguage "&%BinaryRelation ?REL is an
&%AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1
?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1).  In other words, for all ?INST1
and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1
and ?INST2 are identical.  Note that it is possible for an
&%AntisymmetricRelation to be a &%ReflexiveRelation.")
(documentation AntisymmetricRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation ?REL 是
&%AntisymmetricRelation 如果不同的 ?INST1 和 ?INST2 是(?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) 不意味着
(?REL ?INST2 ?INST1)。也就是说当所有的 ?INST1 和 ?INST2 是 (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)和
(?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) 意味着 ?INST1 和 ?INST2 是相同的。注：一个&%AntisymmetricRelation 有可能
是一个 &%ReflexiveRelation。")

(=>
   (instance ?REL AntisymmetricRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))
         (equal ?INST1 ?INST2))))

(subclass TrichotomizingRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation TrichotomizingRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a
&%TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of
distinct individuals are elements of ?REL.")
(documentation TrichotomizingRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation ?REL 是
&%TrichotomizingRelation 万一所有有序的一对东西出现 ?REL 元素的不同个体。")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TrichotomizingRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (or
         (and
            (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (not (equal ?INST1 ?INST2))
            (not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1)))
         (and
            (not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2))
            (equal ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1)))
         (and
            (not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2))
            (not (equal ?INST1 ?INST2))
            (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1)))))

(subclass TransitiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(disjoint TransitiveRelation IntransitiveRelation)
(documentation TransitiveRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive
if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3),
for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.")
(documentation TransitiveRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation ?REL 是传递关系
如果所有的 ?INST1， ?INST2和 ?INST3 是(?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) 和 (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) 意味着
 (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3)。")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TransitiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3))
         (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3))))

(subclass IntransitiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation IntransitiveRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is
intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not
(?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.")
(documentation IntransitiveRelation ChineseLanguage "野葛 &%BinaryRelation ?REL 是非传递关系
除非所有的 ?INST1， ?INST2 和 ?INST3 是 (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) 和 (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3)不意味着
(?REL ?INST1 ?INST3)。")

(=>
   (instance ?REL IntransitiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3))
         (not
            (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3)))))

(subclass PartialOrderingRelation TransitiveRelation)
(subclass PartialOrderingRelation AntisymmetricRelation)
(subclass PartialOrderingRelation ReflexiveRelation)
(subclass PartialOrderingRelation TotalValuedRelation)
(documentation PartialOrderingRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation is a partial
ordering if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and
a &%TransitiveRelation.")
(documentation PartialOrderingRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation 属于部分顺序
关系如果它是一个 &%ReflexiveRelation、 &%AntisymmetricRelation 和 &%TransitiveRelation。")

(subclass TotalOrderingRelation PartialOrderingRelation)
(subclass TotalOrderingRelation TrichotomizingRelation)
(documentation TotalOrderingRelation EnglishLanguage  "A &%BinaryRelation is a
&%TotalOrderingRelation if it is a &%PartialOrderingRelation
and a &%TrichotomizingRelation.")
(documentation TotalOrderingRelation ChineseLanguage  "一个 &%BinaryRelation 是
&%TotalOrderingRelation 如果它是一个 &%PartialOrderingRelation和 &%TrichotomizingRelation。")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TotalOrderingRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (and
         (or
            (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))
         (or
            (not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2))
            (not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))))

(subclass EquivalenceRelation TransitiveRelation)
(subclass EquivalenceRelation SymmetricRelation)
(subclass EquivalenceRelation ReflexiveRelation)
(documentation EquivalenceRelation EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation is an equivalence
relation if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, a &%SymmetricRelation, and a
&%TransitiveRelation.")
(documentation EquivalenceRelation ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation 是等价关系如果它是
一个 &%ReflexiveRelation、 &%SymmetricRelation 和&%TransitiveRelation。")

(subclass CaseRole BinaryPredicate)
(subclass CaseRole InheritableRelation)
(subclass CaseRole AsymmetricRelation)
(documentation CaseRole EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Predicates relating the
spatially distinguished parts of a &%Process. &%CaseRoles include, for
example, the &%agent, &%patient or &%destination of an action, the flammable
substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain.")
(documentation CaseRole ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%Predicate 的 &%Class， 它把 &%Process 
中可以从空间上区别的部分联系起来。 &%CaseRole 包括 &%agent、 &%patient 或行动的 &%destination 
这些例子、燃烧过程中的易燃物质，或是降雨过程中的雨水。")

(documentation involvedInEvent EnglishLanguage "(involvedInEvent ?EVENT ?THING) means
that in the &%Process ?EVENT, the &%Entity ?THING plays some &%CaseRole.")
(documentation involvedInEvent ChineseLanguage "(involvedInEvent ?EVENT ?THING) 的意思是
在 ?EVENT这个 &%Process，?THING 这个 &%Entity 佔着一点 &%CaseRole。")
(instance involvedInEvent BinaryPredicate)
(instance involvedInEvent AsymmetricRelation)
(domain involvedInEvent 1 Process)
(domain involvedInEvent 2 Entity)

; AP - this axiom below seems questionable, what about relations we just haven't
; "discovered" yet.
;(=>
;  (involvedInEvent ?E ?T)
;  (exists (?R)
;    (and
;      (instance ?R CaseRole)
;      (subrelation ?R involvedInEvent)
;      (?R ?E ?T))))

(=>
  (instance ?R CaseRole)
  (subrelation ?R involvedInEvent))

(instance agent CaseRole)
(instance agent PartialValuedRelation)
(domain agent 1 Process)
(domain agent 2 Agent)
(subrelation agent involvedInEvent)
(documentation agent EnglishLanguage "(&%agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is
an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the &%Process
?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention.  For example, Eve is an
&%agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.")
(documentation agent ChineseLanguage "(&%agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) 的意思是 ?AGENT，不管它
有没有生命，也不管他有没有自主意图，它在 ?PROCESS 这个 &%Process 中是一个主动的决定因素。例如：在以下
'夏娃咬了一口苹果'这命题中，夏娃是个 &%agent。")

(instance destination CaseRole)
(instance destination PartialValuedRelation)
(domain destination 1 Process)
(domain destination 2 Entity)
(subrelation destination involvedInEvent)
(documentation destination EnglishLanguage "(destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that
?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS.  For example,
Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition:  Bob went
to Danbury.  Note that this is a very general &%CaseRole and, in
particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'.
Thus, John would be the &%destination in the following proposition:
Tom gave a book to John.")
(documentation destination ChineseLanguage "(destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) 的意思是
?GOAL 是 ?PROCESS 过程的目标或目的。例如：在以下'鲍勃去了丹伯里'这命题中，鲍勃会是终点。注：这是一个
非常概括的 &%CaseRole， 而特别是它包括'接受者' 和 '受益者'这两个概念，故此，在以下
'汤姆给了约翰一本书'这命题中，约翰会是 &%destination。")

(instance experiencer CaseRole)
(instance experiencer PartialValuedRelation)
(domain experiencer 1 Process)
(domain experiencer 2 Agent)
(subrelation experiencer involvedInEvent)
(documentation experiencer EnglishLanguage "(&%experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means
that ?AGENT experiences the &%Process ?PROCESS.  For example, Yojo
is the &%experiencer of seeing in the following proposition:  Yojo
sees the fish.  Note that &%experiencer, unlike &%agent, does
not entail a causal relation between its arguments.")
(documentation experiencer ChineseLanguage "(&%experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) 的意思是
?AGENT 在经历 ?PROCESS 这个 &%Process。 例如：在以下'佑舟看见哪尾鱼'这命题，佑舟是看见这过程的
&%experiencer。注： &%experiencer 不像 &%agent，参数之间并不需要含有因果关系。")

(subrelation instrument patient)
(instance instrument CaseRole)
(instance instrument PartialValuedRelation)
(domain instrument 1 Process)
(domain instrument 2 Object)
(documentation instrument EnglishLanguage "(instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL
is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not
changed by ?EVENT.  For example, the key is an &%instrument in the
following proposition: The key opened the door.  Note that &%instrument
and &%resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair.")
(documentation instrument ChineseLanguage "(instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) 的意思是
?TOOL 是主事者令?EVENT 发生的工具，而且 ?TOOL 并没受到 ?EVENT 的改变。例如：在以下'哪钥匙把门打开了'
这命题，钥匙是个 &%instrument。 注：&%instrument 和 &%resource 这两个参数不可以用同一对的顺序来
表示。 ")

(instance origin CaseRole)
(instance origin PartialValuedRelation)
(domain origin 1 Process)
(domain origin 2 Object)
(subrelation origin involvedInEvent)
(documentation origin EnglishLanguage "(&%origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE
indicates where the ?Process began.  Note that this relation implies
that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not
participate throughout the process.  For example, the submarine is the
&%origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a
submarine.")
(documentation origin ChineseLanguage "(&%origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) 的意思是
 ?SOURCE 指出 ?Process 从哪开始。注：这个关系意味着 ?SOURCE 在过程开始时是存在的，但是它不一定有参与
 整个过程中。例如：在以下'导弹是从潜艇发射的'这命题，潜艇是个 &%origin。")

(instance patient CaseRole)
(instance patient PartialValuedRelation)
(domain patient 1 Process)
(domain patient 2 Entity)
(subrelation patient involvedInEvent)
(documentation patient EnglishLanguage "(&%patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY
is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc.
For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the
canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of &%patients.  Note
that the &%patient of a &%Process may or may not undergo structural
change as a result of the &%Process.  The &%CaseRole of &%patient is used
when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a
&%Process.")
(documentation patient ChineseLanguage "(&%patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) 的意思是 ?ENTITY
是 ?PROCESS 中一个可以被搬动、被告诉和能体验等的参与者。例如：在'那只猫吞掉了那只金丝雀'和'比利喜欢这啤酒'
的直接受事体会是 &%patient 的例子。注：一个&%Process 的 &%patient 可能会也可能不会因为该 &%Process
而经历结构上的变化。用 &%patient 这个 &%CaseRole 是当我们想尽可能以最广泛的代表来 要指出 &%Process 
的受事体。")

(subrelation resource patient)
(instance resource CaseRole)
(instance resource PartialValuedRelation)
(domain resource 1 Process)
(domain resource 2 Object)
(disjointRelation resource result)
(disjointRelation resource instrument)
(disjointRelation result instrument)
(documentation resource EnglishLanguage "(&%resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that
?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS,
and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS.  For example, soap is a
&%resource in the following proposition:  the gun was carved out of soap.
Note that &%resource differs from &%instrument, another subrelation of
&%patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in
some way by the &%Process.")
(documentation resource ChineseLanguage "(&%resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) 的意思是
?RESOURCE 在 ?PROCESS 开始时存在、?PROCESS 利用了他、结果它受到 ?PROCESS 的改变。例如：
在以下'这枪是用肥皂雕刻出来的'这命题，肥皂是个 &%resource。注：
&%resource 和 &%patient 的另外一个自关系 &%instrument 不同的地方在于，资源的内在或物理特性在某方面
收到了 &%Process 的改变。")

(documentation resourceExhausted EnglishLanguage "(&%resourceExhausted ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is completely used up by the ?PROCESS. For example, fuel is a 
&%resourceExhausted in the following proposition: the plane run out of fuel and ditched in the sea.")
(documentation resourceExhausted ChineseLanguage "(&%resourceExhausted ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) 
的意思是 ?RESOURCE 在 ?PROCESS 开始时存在、?PROCESS 利用了他、结果它完全被 ?PROCESS 消耗掉了。例如：
在以下'那飞机的燃料耗尽了，就丢到大海里了'这命题，燃料是个 &%resourceExhausted。")

(domain resourceExhausted 1 Process)
(domain resourceExhausted 2 Object)
(instance resourceExhausted CaseRole)
(instance resourceExhausted AsymmetricRelation)
(instance resourceExhausted BinaryPredicate)
(instance resourceExhausted PartialValuedRelation)

(=>
    (and
        (resourceExhausted ?P ?R)
        (instance ?R ?C))
    (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?P))
        (not
            (exists (?OBJ1)
                (and
                    (part ?OBJ1 ?R)
                    (instance ?OBJ1 ?C))))))

(subrelation result patient)
(instance result CaseRole)
(instance result PartialValuedRelation)
(domain result 1 Process)
(domain result 2 Entity)
(documentation result EnglishLanguage "(result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is
a product of ?ACTION.  For example, house is a &%result in the
following proposition: Eric built a house.")
(documentation result ChineseLanguage "(result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT)的意思是 ?OUTPUT 是 ?ACTION 
的产品。例如：在以下'埃里克建了一栋房子'这命题，房子是个 &%result。")

(subclass InheritableRelation Relation)
(documentation InheritableRelation EnglishLanguage "The class of &%Relations whose
properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the
&%subrelation &%Predicate.")
(documentation InheritableRelation ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%Relation 类别，它的特性可以是
通过 &%subrelation &%Predicate 把特性在类别的层次结构承传下去。")

(subclass ProbabilityRelation Relation)
(subclass ProbabilityRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation ProbabilityRelation EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Relations that
permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation.")
(documentation ProbabilityRelation ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%Relation 类别，它允许评估事件
或情况出现的机率。")

(instance ProbabilityFn ProbabilityRelation)
(instance ProbabilityFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance ProbabilityFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ProbabilityFn 1 Formula)
(range ProbabilityFn RealNumber)
(instance ProbabilityFn AsymmetricRelation)
(documentation ProbabilityFn EnglishLanguage "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations,
&%ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of
affairs.  (&%ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability
of ?FORMULA.")
(documentation ProbabilityFn ChineseLanguage "这是其中一个基本的 &%ProbabilityRelation，
&%ProbabilityFn 是用来描述事态的先验机率。(&%ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA)表示 ?FORMULA 的先验机率。")

(instance conditionalProbability ProbabilityRelation)
(instance conditionalProbability TernaryPredicate)
(domain conditionalProbability 1 Formula)
(domain conditionalProbability 2 Formula)
(domain conditionalProbability 3 RealNumber)
(documentation conditionalProbability EnglishLanguage "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.
&%conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional
probability.  (&%conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means
that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is
?NUMBER.")
(documentation conditionalProbability ChineseLanguage "这是其中一个基本的 
&%ProbabilityRelations，&%conditionalProbability 是用来描述一个条件机率的数值。
(&%conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) 的意思是，如果 ?FORMULA1 属真，那么
?FORMULA2 会是真，它出现的机率会是?NUMBER。")

(instance increasesLikelihood ProbabilityRelation)
(instance increasesLikelihood BinaryPredicate)
(instance increasesLikelihood IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain increasesLikelihood 1 Formula)
(domain increasesLikelihood 2 Formula)
(disjointRelation increasesLikelihood decreasesLikelihood)
(disjointRelation increasesLikelihood independentProbability)
(disjointRelation decreasesLikelihood independentProbability)
(documentation increasesLikelihood EnglishLanguage "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.
(&%increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more
likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.")
(documentation increasesLikelihood ChineseLanguage "这是其中一个基本的 &%ProbabilityRelation，
(&%increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)的意思是如果 ?FORMULA1 属真，那么 ?FORMULA2 更有
可能会是真的。")

(=>
   (and
      (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (equal (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA2) ?NUMBER1)
      (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER2))
   (greaterThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(instance decreasesLikelihood ProbabilityRelation)
(instance decreasesLikelihood BinaryPredicate)
(instance decreasesLikelihood IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain decreasesLikelihood 1 Formula)
(domain decreasesLikelihood 2 Formula)
(documentation decreasesLikelihood EnglishLanguage "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.
(&%decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less
likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.")
(documentation decreasesLikelihood ChineseLanguage "这是其中一个基本的 &%ProbabilityRelation，
(&%decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)的意思是如果 ?FORMULA1 属真，那么 ?FORMULA2 不太
可能会是真的。")

(=>
   (and
      (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (equal (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA2) ?NUMBER1)
      (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER2))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(instance independentProbability ProbabilityRelation)
(instance independentProbability BinaryPredicate)
(instance independentProbability SymmetricRelation)
(domain independentProbability 1 Formula)
(domain independentProbability 2 Formula)
(documentation independentProbability EnglishLanguage "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.
(&%independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of
?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent.")
(documentation independentProbability ChineseLanguage "这是其中一个基本的
 &%ProbabilityRelation，(&%independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) 的意思是
 ?FORMULA1 和 ?FORMULA2 属真机率是独立的。")

(=>
   (and
      (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (equal (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA2) ?NUMBER1)
      (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER2))
   (equal ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FORMULA1 Formula)
      (instance ?FORMULA2 Formula))
   (or
      (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)))

(subclass SpatialRelation Relation)
(subclass SpatialRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation SpatialRelation EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Relations that are
spatial in a wide sense.  This &%Class includes mereological relations
and topological relations.")
(documentation SpatialRelation ChineseLanguage "这是一个广义的空间 &%Relation &%Class，这个
&%Class 包括分体论关系和拓扑关系。")

(subclass TemporalRelation Relation)
(subclass TemporalRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation TemporalRelation EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of temporal &%Relations.
This &%Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals,
(temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension.")
(documentation TemporalRelation ChineseLanguage "这是时间 &%Relation 的 &%Class，这个 &%Class 
包括间隔拓扑的(时间)概念、(时间)模式和(时间)延伸。")

(subclass IntentionalRelation InheritableRelation)
(subclass IntentionalRelation Relation)
(documentation IntentionalRelation EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Relations between
an &%Agent and one or more &%Entities, where the &%Relation requires that
the &%Agent have awareness of the &%Entity.")
(documentation IntentionalRelation ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Agent 和一个或以上的 &%Entity 之间
的 &%Relation &%Class，这个 &%Relation 要求 &%Agent 对 &%Entity 有认知。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL IntentionalRelation)
      (?REL ?AGENT @ROW)
      (inList ?OBJ (ListFn @ROW)))
   (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?OBJ))

(instance prefers TernaryPredicate)
(instance prefers IntentionalRelation)
(domain prefers 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain prefers 2 Formula)
(domain prefers 3 Formula)
(documentation prefers EnglishLanguage "(&%prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that
&%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1
over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal.")
(documentation prefers ChineseLanguage "(&%prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) 的意思是
在所有条件相同的情况下， &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT 喜欢 ?FORMULA1 所描述的事态多于 ?FORMULA2 所描述
的事态。 ")

(subclass PropositionalAttitude IntentionalRelation)
(subclass PropositionalAttitude AsymmetricRelation)
(subclass PropositionalAttitude InheritableRelation)
(documentation PropositionalAttitude EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of
&%IntentionalRelations where the &%Agent has awareness of a
&%Proposition.")
(documentation PropositionalAttitude ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%IntentionalRelation 
&%Class，它的 &%Agent 对 &%Proposition 有认知。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL PropositionalAttitude)
      (?REL ?AGENT ?FORMULA))
   (instance ?FORMULA Formula))

(subclass ObjectAttitude IntentionalRelation)
(subclass ObjectAttitude InheritableRelation)
(disjoint ObjectAttitude PropositionalAttitude)
(documentation ObjectAttitude EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%IntentionalRelations
where the &%Agent has awareness of an instance of &%Physical.")
(documentation ObjectAttitude ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%IntentionalRelation 
&%Class，它的 &%Agent 对 &%Physical 的实例有认知。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL ObjectAttitude)
      (?REL ?AGENT ?THING))
   (instance ?THING Physical))

(instance inScopeOfInterest BinaryPredicate)
(instance inScopeOfInterest IntentionalRelation)
(domain inScopeOfInterest 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain inScopeOfInterest 2 Entity)
(documentation inScopeOfInterest EnglishLanguage "A very general &%Predicate.
(&%inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the
scope of interest of ?AGENT.  Note that the interest indicated can be
either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in
avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.")
(documentation inScopeOfInterest ChineseLanguage "这是一个十分笼统的 &%Predicate，
(&%inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) 的意思是 ?ENTITY 在 ?AGENT 的留意范围之内。注：这注意可以是
正面或负面的，也就是说 ?AGENT 可以是有意图要避开或是推荐 ?ENTITY。")

(<=>
   (exists (?PROCESS)
      (and
         (instance ?PROCESS IntentionalProcess)
         (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
         (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
         (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJECT)))
   (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?OBJECT))

(instance needs ObjectAttitude)
(instance needs BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation needs inScopeOfInterest)
(domain needs 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain needs 2 Physical)
(documentation needs EnglishLanguage "(&%needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is
physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.")
(documentation needs ChineseLanguage "(&%needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) 的意思是 ?AGENT的继续存在物质上
需要 ?OBJECT。")

(=>
    (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT)
    (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT))

(instance wants ObjectAttitude)
(instance wants BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation wants inScopeOfInterest)
(relatedInternalConcept wants desires)
(domain wants 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain wants 2 Physical)
(documentation wants EnglishLanguage "(&%wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT,
i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals.  Note that there is
no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.")
(documentation wants ChineseLanguage "(&%wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) 的意思是 ?AGENT 想要 ?OBJECT，
也就是说 ?AGENT 相信 ?OBJECT 会满足它其中一个的意愿。 注：这并不意味着施事体没有它所想要的东西。")

(=>
   (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?OBJ ?PURP ?AGENT)))

(=>
  (and
    (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)
    (instance ?OBJ Object))
  (desires ?AGENT
    (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

(instance desires PropositionalAttitude)
(instance desires BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation desires inScopeOfInterest)
(relatedInternalConcept desires wants)
(domain desires 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain desires 2 Formula)
(documentation desires EnglishLanguage "(&%desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants
to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA.  Note that there
is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true.
Note too that &%desires is distinguished from &%wants only in that the former
is a &%PropositionalAttitude, while &%wants is an &%ObjectAttitude.")
(documentation desires ChineseLanguage "(&%desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) 的意思是 ?AGENT 想要
实现 ?FORMULA 所表达的事态。注：这并不意味着施事体想要的东西不能成真。另外要注意的是 &%desires 和 
&%wants 的区别只在于前者是一个 &%PropositionalAttitude， 而 &%wants 是一个 &%ObjectAttitude。")

(instance considers PropositionalAttitude)
(instance considers BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation considers inScopeOfInterest)
(domain considers 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain considers 2 Formula)
(documentation considers EnglishLanguage "(&%considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT
considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by
?FORMULA.")
(documentation considers ChineseLanguage "(&%considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) 的意思是 ?AGENT 在
考虑或怀疑 ?FORMULA 所表达的命题是否真实。")

(instance believes PropositionalAttitude)
(instance believes BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation believes inScopeOfInterest)
(domain believes 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain believes 2 Formula)
(documentation believes EnglishLanguage "The epistemic predicate of belief.
(&%believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition
expressed by ?FORMULA.")
(documentation believes ChineseLanguage "这是信念的知识谓词，(&%believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)的
意思是 ?AGENT 相信 ?FORMULA 所表达的命题。")

(=>
   (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA))))

(instance knows PropositionalAttitude)
(instance knows BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation knows inScopeOfInterest)
(domain knows 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain knows 2 Formula)
(documentation knows EnglishLanguage "The epistemic predicate of knowing.  (&%knows
?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by
?FORMULA.  Note that &%knows entails conscious awareness, so this
&%Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or
unconscious knowledge.")
(documentation knows ChineseLanguage "这是认识的知识谓词， (&%knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) 的意思是
?AGENT 认识 ?FORMULA 所表达的命题。 注：&%knows 意味着有意识的认知，因此这个 &%Predicate 不能够用来
表达沉默或无意识的知识。")

(=>
  (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
  (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA))

(=>
  (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
  (truth ?FORMULA True))

(subclass TernaryRelation Relation)
(subclass TernaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation TernaryRelation EnglishLanguage "&%TernaryRelations relate three items.
The two &%subclasses of &%TernaryRelation are &%TernaryPredicate and
&%BinaryFunction.")
(documentation TernaryRelation ChineseLanguage "&%TernaryRelation 连接三个项目，
&%TernaryRelation 的两个 &%subclass 是 &%TernaryPredicate 和 &%BinaryFunction。")

(subclass QuaternaryRelation Relation)
(subclass QuaternaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuaternaryRelation EnglishLanguage "&%QuaternaryRelations relate four
items.  The two &%subclasses of &%QuaternaryRelation are
&%QuaternaryPredicate and &%TernaryFunction.")
(documentation QuaternaryRelation ChineseLanguage "&%QuaternaryRelation 连接四个项目。
&%QuaternaryRelation 的两个 &%subclass 是 &%QuaternaryPredicate 和 &%TernaryFunction。")

(subclass QuintaryRelation Relation)
(subclass QuintaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuintaryRelation EnglishLanguage "&%QuintaryRelations relate five items.
The two &%subclasses of &%QuintaryRelation are &%QuintaryPredicate and
&%QuaternaryFunction.")
(documentation QuintaryRelation ChineseLanguage "&%QuintaryRelation 连接物个项目。
&%QuintaryRelation 的两个 &%subclass 是 &%QuintaryPredicate 和 &%QuaternaryFunction。")

(subclass List Relation)
(documentation List EnglishLanguage "Every &%List is a particular ordered n-tuple of
items.  Generally speaking, &%Lists are created by means of the &%ListFn
&%Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a
&%List with the items in the same order.  Anything, including other
&%Lists, may be an item in a &%List.  Note too that &%Lists are
extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are
identical.  Note too that a &%List may contain no items.  In that case,
the &%List is the &%NullList.")
(documentation List ChineseLanguage "每个 &%List 是项目一个独特有序的n元组。 一般来说，&%List 
是由 &%ListFn &%Function 来造成的，它可以接受任何数量的参数，然后交出一个有相同顺序项目的 &%List。
任何东西，包括其它的 &%List 都可以是一个 &%List 的项目。注：&%List 是可以延伸的 - 两个含有相同项目以
相同顺序排列的列表是一样的。另外也注意 一个 &%List 可以是空项的，在这情况下，这个 &%List 是个 
&%NullList。
")

;(=>
;  (and
;    (instance ?LIST List)
;    (not
;      (instance ?LIST NullList)))
;  (exists (?NUMBER1 ?ITEM1)
;    (and
;      (not
;        (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) ?ITEM1))
;      (forall (?NUMBER2)
;        (=>
;          (and
;            (instance ?NUMBER2 PositiveInteger)
;            (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
;          (exists (?ITEM2)
;            (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM2)))))))

(subclass UniqueList List)
(documentation UniqueList EnglishLanguage "A &%List in which no item appears more than 
once,i.e. a &%List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2
such that (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2)
return the same value.")
(documentation UniqueList ChineseLanguage "这个 &%List 里的没有一个项目是出现超过一次的，也就是说
这是一个没有不同数字 ?NUMBER1 和 ?NUMBER2 的 &%List，使得(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) 和
(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) 会交出相同的值。")

(=>
   (instance ?LIST UniqueList)
   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (=>
         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2))
         (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))))

(instance NullList List)
(documentation NullList EnglishLanguage "The &%List that has no items.  The uniqueness of
&%NullList follows from the extensionality of &%Lists, i.e. the fact that
two &%Lists with the same items in the same order are identical.")
(documentation NullList ChineseLanguage "这是一个没有项目的 &%List，&%NullList 的独特之处是因为
 &%List 是可以延伸，也就是说俩个含有相同项目以相同顺序排列的列表是一样的。")

;(<=>
;   (equal ?LIST NullList)
;   (and
;      (instance ?LIST List)
;      (not
;         (exists (?ITEM)
;            (inList ?ITEM ?LIST)))))

(instance ListFn Function)
(instance ListFn VariableArityRelation)
(domain ListFn 1 Entity)
;; (instance ListFn TotalValuedRelation) - appears to be a contradiction with VariableArityRelation
(range ListFn List)
(documentation ListFn EnglishLanguage "A &%Function that takes any number of arguments and
returns the &%List containing those arguments in exactly the same order.")
(documentation ListFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个可以接受任何数量的参数，然后交出含有跟哪些参数完全
相同顺序的 &%Function。")

(=>
   (exhaustiveDecomposition ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?OBJ)
      (=>
         (instance ?OBJ ?CLASS)
         (exists (?ITEM)
            (and
               (inList ?ITEM (ListFn @ROW))
               (instance ?OBJ ?ITEM))))))

(=>
   (disjointDecomposition ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?ITEM)
      (=>
         (inList ?ITEM (ListFn @ROW))
         (subclass ?ITEM ?CLASS))))

(=>
   (disjointDecomposition ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2)
      (=>
         (and
            (inList ?ITEM1 (ListFn @ROW))
            (inList ?ITEM2 (ListFn @ROW))
            (not
               (equal ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2)))
         (disjoint ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2))))

(<=>
  (disjointDecomposition ?CLASS ?ROW1 ?ROW2 ?ROW3)
  (and
    (disjoint ?ROW1 ?ROW2)
    (disjoint ?ROW2 ?ROW3)
    (disjoint ?ROW3 ?ROW1)))

(instance ListOrderFn BinaryFunction)
(instance ListOrderFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain ListOrderFn 1 List)
(domain ListOrderFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(range ListOrderFn Entity)
(documentation ListOrderFn EnglishLanguage "(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item
that is in the ?NUMBER position in the &%List ?LIST.  For example,
(&%ListOrderFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday) 2) would return the
value &%Tuesday.")
(documentation ListOrderFn ChineseLanguage "(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) 表示在 ?LIST 
&%List 第?NUMBER个位置的项目。例如：
(&%ListOrderFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday) 2) 交出的值会是 &%Tuesday。")

;(=>
;   (and
;      (instance ?LIST1 List)
;      (not
;        (equal ?LIST1 NullList))
;      (not
;        (equal ?LIST2 NullList))
;      (instance ?LIST2 List)
;      (forall (?NUMBER)
;         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER))))
;   (equal ?LIST1 ?LIST2))

(=>
   (and
      (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS)
      (instance ?REL Predicate)
      (?REL @ROW))
   (instance (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER) ?CLASS))

(=>
   (and
      (domainSubclass ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS)
      (instance ?REL Predicate)
      (?REL @ROW))
   (subclass (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER) ?CLASS))

(instance ListLengthFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ListLengthFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ListLengthFn 1 List)
(range ListLengthFn NonnegativeInteger)
(documentation ListLengthFn EnglishLanguage "A &%Function that takes a &%List as its sole
argument and returns the number of items in the &%List.  For example,
(&%ListLengthFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would return the
value 3.")
(documentation ListLengthFn ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Function 接受一个 &%List 作为它唯一的参数，
然后交出这个 &%List 中项目的数量。例如：
(&%ListLengthFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday))交出的值会是3。")

;(=>
;   (and
;      (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST) ?NUMBER1)
;      (instance ?LIST List)
;      (not
;        (equal ?LIST NullList))
 ;     (instance ?NUMBER1 PositiveInteger))
;   (forall (?NUMBER2)
;      (<=>
;         (exists (?ITEM)
;            (and
;               (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM)
;               (inList ?ITEM ?LIST)))
;         (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(forall (@ROW ?ITEM)
  (equal
    (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM))
    (SuccessorFn (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW)))))

(forall (@ROW ?ITEM)
  (equal
    (ListOrderFn
      (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM)
      (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM))) ?ITEM))

(=>
   (and
     (valence ?REL ?NUMBER)
     (instance ?REL Predicate))
   (forall (@ROW)
      (=>
         (?REL @ROW)
         (equal (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW)) ?NUMBER))))

;(=>
;   (and
;      (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST1) ?NUMBER)
;      (instance ?LIST List)
;      (not
;        (equal ?LIST NullList))
;      (instance ?NUMBER1 PositiveInteger))
;   (exists (?LIST2 ?ITEM)
;      (and
;         (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
;         (equal (SuccessorFn ?NUMBER) (ListLengthFn ?LIST2))
;         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 (SuccessorFn ?NUMBER)) ?ITEM))))

(instance ListConcatenateFn BinaryFunction)
(instance ListConcatenateFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ListConcatenateFn 1 List)
(domain ListConcatenateFn 2 List)
(range ListConcatenateFn List)
(documentation ListConcatenateFn EnglishLanguage "A &%Function that returns the 
concatenation
of the two &%Lists that are given as arguments.  For example, the value of
(&%ListConcatenateFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday) (&%ListFn &%Wednesday
&%Thursday)) would be (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday &%Thursday).")
(documentation ListConcatenateFn ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Function 把由两个参数所设定的 &%List
串联起来。例如：(&%ListConcatenateFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday) (&%ListFn &%Wednesday
&%Thursday)) 会成了 (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday &%Thursday)。")

; removed to solve an obscure contradiction, but needs to be reexamined
;
;(<=>
;   (and
;     (equal ?LIST3 (ListConcatenateFn ?LIST1 ?LIST2))
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST1 NullList))
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST2 NullList)))
;   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
;      (=>
;         (and
;            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 (ListLengthFn ?LIST1))
;            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 (ListLengthFn ?LIST2))
;            (instance ?NUMBER1 PositiveInteger)
;            (instance ?NUMBER2 PositiveInteger))
;         (and
;            (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST3 ?NUMBER1) (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER1))
;            (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST3 (AdditionFn (ListLengthFn ?LIST1) ?NUMBER2)) (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER2))))))

(instance inList BinaryPredicate)
(instance inList IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance inList AsymmetricRelation)
(instance inList PartialValuedRelation)
(domain inList 1 Entity)
(domain inList 2 List)
(documentation inList EnglishLanguage "The analog of &%element and &%instance for &%Lists.
(&%inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the &%List ?LIST.  For example,
(&%inList &%Tuesday (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would be true.")
(documentation inList ChineseLanguage "这是类似 &%List 的 &%element 和 &%instance。
(&%inList ?OBJ ?LIST) 的意思是 ?OBJ 是在 ?LIST &%List 里。例如：
(&%inList &%Tuesday (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) 是真的")

(=>
   (inList ?ITEM ?LIST)
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) ?ITEM)))

(instance subList BinaryPredicate)
(instance subList PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subList 1 List)
(domain subList 2 List)
(documentation subList EnglishLanguage "(&%subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a
sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and
the elements that are common to both &%Lists have the same order in both
&%Lists.  Elements that are common to both Lists and are consecutive in one
list must also be consecutive in the other list. (Therefore - the list of
prime numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 5 7] is not a subList of the
natural numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]).")
(documentation subList ChineseLanguage "(&%subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) 的意思是 ?LIST1 是 ?LIST2 
的子类别，也就是说 ?LIST1 的所有的元素都是 ?LIST2 的元素，同时属于这两个 &%List 的元素在两个 &%List 
的顺序是相同的。同时出现在这两个表列的元素，如果那些元素在其中一个表列是连续的，那么它们在另外一个表列也必须
会连续的。(所以 - 小于10 [1 2 3 5 7]的素数表列不是小于10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]自然数表列的子类别)。")

;(=>
;   (and
;     (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST1 NullList))
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST2 NullList)))
;   (forall (?ITEM)
;      (=>
;         (inList ?ITEM ?LIST1)
;         (inList ?ITEM ?LIST2))))

;(=>
;   (and
;     (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST1 NullList))
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST2 NullList)))
;   (exists (?NUMBER3)
;      (forall (?ITEM)
;         (=>
;            (inList ?ITEM ?LIST1)
;            (exists (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
;               (and
;                  (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER1) ?ITEM)
;                  (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM)
;                  (equal ?NUMBER2 (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER3))))))))

(instance initialList BinaryPredicate)
(instance initialList PartialOrderingRelation)
(subrelation initialList subList)

(documentation initialList EnglishLanguage "(&%initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means
that ?LIST1 is a &%subList of ?LIST2 and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns
the same value as (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of
?NUMBER over which (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined.")

(documentation initialList ChineseLanguage "(&%initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) 的意思是 ?LIST1
是 ?LIST2 的一个 &%subList，而且(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER)，所交出按照
(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER)里定义 ?NUMBER 的所有的值和(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER)相同
的值。")

;(=>
;   (and
;     (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST1 NullList))
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST2 NullList)))
;   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
;      (=>
;         (and
;            (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST1) ?NUMBER1)
;            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
;         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER2) (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER2)))))

(forall (@ROW ?ITEM)
  (initialList (ListFn @ROW) (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM)))

(instance identicalListItems BinaryPredicate)
(instance identicalListItems EquivalenceRelation)
(domain identicalListItems 1 List)
(domain identicalListItems 2 List)

(documentation identicalListItems EnglishLanguage "(&%identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their
respective lists.  Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share
exactly the same items, they may order these items differently.")
(documentation identicalListItems ChineseLanguage "(&%identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
的意思是?LIST1 和 ?LIST2 在它们各自的列表，拥有完全相同的项目。虽然 ?LIST1 和 ?LIST2 需要共同拥有完全
相同的项目，但是它们的项目可以按不同的顺序排列。")

;(=>
;   (and
;     (identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST1 NullList))
;     (not
;       (equal ?LIST2 NullList)))
;   (<=>
;      (inList ?ITEM ?LIST1)
;      (inList ?ITEM ?LIST2)))

(subclass Predicate Relation)
(subclass Predicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation Predicate EnglishLanguage "A &%Predicate is a sentence-forming &%Relation.
Each tuple in the &%Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects.
The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a &%Predicate is denoted
by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the
objects so related.  In the case of &%BinaryPredicates, the fact can
be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of
arg_1 is arg_2'.")
(documentation Predicate ChineseLanguage "&%Predicate 是一个作句的 &%Relation，这个 
&%Relation 的每一个元组都是物体有限、有序的的句子。一个特定组员是一个 &%Predicate 的元素这事实，由
 '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)'来表示， arg_i 是关联的事物。在 &%BinaryPredicate 的情况下，
 可以读成 `arg_1 是 *predicate* arg_2' 或者 `arg_1 的一个 *predicate* 是 arg_2'。")

(subclass Function SingleValuedRelation)
(subclass Function InheritableRelation)
(documentation Function EnglishLanguage "A &%Function is a term-forming &%Relation that
maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this
n-tuple with at most one range element.  Note that the range is a &%SetOrClass,
and each element of the range is an instance of the &%SetOrClass.")
(documentation Function ChineseLanguage "&%Function 是一个造词的 &%Relation，它以最多一个元素
范围，把n元组的参数和这n元组有关的范围联系起来。注：范围是一个&%SetOrClass，而且范围内的每个元素是这个
 &%SetOrClass 的一个实例。")


(subclass UnaryFunction Function)
(subclass UnaryFunction BinaryRelation)
(subclass UnaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation UnaryFunction EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Functions that require a
single argument.")
(documentation UnaryFunction ChineseLanguage "这是个需要单一一个参数的 &%Function &%Class。")
              
(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION UnaryFunction)
   (valence ?FUNCTION 1))

(subclass OneToOneFunction UnaryFunction)
(documentation OneToOneFunction EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%UnaryFunctions which
are one to one.  A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the
domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y).")
(documentation OneToOneFunction ChineseLanguage "这是个一对一的 &%UnaryFunction &%Class，对于
所有在定义域F的X和Y，函数F是一对一的，这是以防X不同于Y，那么F(X)就和F(Y)不相同。 ")

(=>
   (instance ?FUN OneToOneFunction)
   (forall (?ARG1 ?ARG2)
      (=>
         (and
            (domain ?FUN 1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?ARG1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?ARG2 ?CLASS)
            (not (equal ?ARG1 ?ARG2)))
         (not (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUN ?ARG1) (AssignmentFn ?FUN ?ARG2))))))

(subclass SequenceFunction OneToOneFunction)
(documentation SequenceFunction EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%OneToOneFunctions whose 
rangeis a subclass of the &%PositiveIntegers.")
(documentation SequenceFunction ChineseLanguage "这是 &%OneToOneFunction &%Class， 它的范围
是 &%PositiveInteger 的子类别。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SEQ SequenceFunction)
      (range ?SEQ ?CLASS))
   (subclass ?CLASS Integer))

(subclass BinaryFunction Function)
(subclass BinaryFunction TernaryRelation)
(subclass BinaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation BinaryFunction EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Functions that require
two arguments.")
(documentation BinaryFunction ChineseLanguage "这是个需要两个参数的 &%Function &%Class。")

(=>
  (instance ?FUNCTION BinaryFunction)
  (valence ?FUNCTION 2))

(subclass AssociativeFunction BinaryFunction)
(documentation AssociativeFunction EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction is associative if
bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the &%Function.  More
precisely, a &%Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case
(?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to
(?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2,
and ?INST3.")
(documentation AssociativeFunction ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryFunction 属于关联性的如果
使用括号并没有影响 &%Function 所交出的值，更确切的说，对于所有的?INST1、 ?INST2 和 ?INST3，
 &%Function ?FUNCTION 是关联性的，以防(?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3))和
 (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3)相同。")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION AssociativeFunction)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (domain ?FUNCTION 1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST3 ?CLASS))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3))
             (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3)))))

(subclass CommutativeFunction BinaryFunction)
(documentation CommutativeFunction EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction is commutative if
the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value
returned by the function.  More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is
commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION
?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.")
(documentation CommutativeFunction ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryFunction 属于可交换的如果
参数的顺序不影响函数所交出的值，更确切的说，对于所有的?INST1 和 ?INST2，&%Function ?FUNCTION 
是可交换的，以防(?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) 和 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1)相同。")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION CommutativeFunction)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (domain ?FUNCTION 1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2)
                (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1)))))

(subclass TernaryFunction Function)
(subclass TernaryFunction QuaternaryRelation)
(subclass TernaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation TernaryFunction EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Functions that require
exactly three arguments.")
(documentation TernaryFunction ChineseLanguage "这是个需要恰好三个参数的 &%Function &%Class。")

(=>
  (instance ?FUNCTION TernaryFunction)
  (valence ?FUNCTION 3))

(subclass QuaternaryFunction Function)
(subclass QuaternaryFunction QuintaryRelation)
(subclass QuaternaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuaternaryFunction EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Functions that require
exactly four arguments.")
(documentation QuaternaryFunction ChineseLanguage "这是个需要恰好四个参数的 &%Function 
&%Class。")

(=>
  (instance ?FUNCTION QuaternaryFunction)
  (valence ?FUNCTION 4))

(subclass ContinuousFunction Function)
(documentation ContinuousFunction EnglishLanguage "&%Functions which are continuous.
This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits
are devised.")
(documentation ContinuousFunction ChineseLanguage "这是连续的 &%Function，直到得出了它的极限，
这个概念会被看成为原函数。")

(subclass BinaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass BinaryPredicate BinaryRelation)
(subclass BinaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation BinaryPredicate EnglishLanguage "A &%Predicate relating two items - its
valence is two.")
(documentation BinaryPredicate ChineseLanguage "这是一个联系两个项目的 &%Predicate
 - 它的配价是二。")

(=>
  (instance ?REL BinaryPredicate)
  (valence ?REL 2))

(subclass TernaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass TernaryPredicate TernaryRelation)
(subclass TernaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation TernaryPredicate EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Predicates that require
exactly three arguments.")
(documentation TernaryPredicate ChineseLanguage "这是一个需要三个参数的 &%Predicate &%Class。")

(=>
  (instance ?REL TernaryPredicate)
  (valence ?REL 3))

(subclass QuaternaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass QuaternaryPredicate QuaternaryRelation)
(subclass QuaternaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuaternaryPredicate EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Predicates that
require four arguments.")
(documentation QuaternaryPredicate ChineseLanguage "这是一个需要四个参数的 &%Predicate 
&%Class。")

(=>
  (instance ?REL QuaternaryPredicate)
  (valence ?REL 4))

(subclass QuintaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass QuintaryPredicate QuintaryRelation)
(subclass QuintaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuintaryPredicate EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Predicates that
require five arguments.")
(documentation QuintaryPredicate ChineseLanguage "这是一个需要五个参数的 &%Predicate 
&%Class。")

(=>
  (instance ?REL QuintaryPredicate)
  (valence ?REL 5))

(subclass VariableArityRelation Relation)
(documentation VariableArityRelation EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Relations that
do not have a fixed number of arguments.")
(documentation VariableArityRelation ChineseLanguage "这是个没有固定数量参数的 &%Relation
&%Class。")

(=>
  (instance ?REL VariableArityRelation)
  (not
    (exists (?INT)
    (valence ?REL ?INT))))

(subclass RelationExtendedToQuantities Relation)
(subclass RelationExtendedToQuantities InheritableRelation)
(documentation RelationExtendedToQuantities EnglishLanguage "A
&%RelationExtendedToQuantities is a &%Relation that, when it is true on
a sequence of arguments that are &%RealNumbers, it is also true on a
sequence of instances of &%ConstantQuantity with those magnitudes in some unit of
measure.  For example, the &%lessThan relation is extended to quantities.
This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2,
(&%lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1,
?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (&%MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT),
?QUANTITY2 = (&%MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2),
for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured.
Note that, when a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from
&%RealNumbers to instances of &%ConstantQuantity, the &%ConstantQuantity must be
measured along the same physical dimension.")
(documentation RelationExtendedToQuantities ChineseLanguage "
&%RelationExtendedToQuantities 是一个 &%Relation，如果它对一串 &%RealNumber 的参数值是真的，那么
他对一串有着和一些衡量单位幅度 &%ConstantQuantity 的实例也是真的。例如： &%lessThan 关系可延伸到数量
上， 意思是(&%lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) 对于 ?QUANTITY1 和 ?QUANTITY2 所有的数量对，
当且仅当对于某些 ?NUMBER1，?NUMBER2 和 ?UNIT，?QUANTITY1 = (&%MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT)，
?QUANTITY2 = (&%MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT)和(&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)，对于所有
 ?QUANTITY1 和 ?QUANTITY2 可以量度的单位 ?UNIT。注：当一个 &%RelationExtendedToQuantities 由
&%RealNumber 被延伸到 &%ConstantQuantity 的实例实时，该 &%ConstantQuantity 必须以相同的实物尺寸
来量度。")

(subclass LogicalOperator Predicate)
(documentation LogicalOperator EnglishLanguage "This &%Class comprises all
of the logical operators (viz. 'and', 'or', 'not', '=>', and '<=>').")

(subclass Proposition Abstract)
(documentation Proposition EnglishLanguage "&%Propositions are &%Abstract entities that
express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts.  As an example,
the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the &%Proposition that the
entity named Yojo is an element of the &%Class of Cats.  Note that
propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual
sentences of a &%Language.  They may encompass the content expressed by
theories, books, and even whole libraries.  It is important to distinguish
&%Propositions from the &%ContentBearingObjects that express them.  A
&%Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat,
but a &%ContentBearingObject is an &%Object that represents this information.
A &%Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations:
strings, sounds, icons, etc.  For example, the &%Proposition that the cat is
on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed
on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence
of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form")
(documentation Proposition ChineseLanguage "&%Proposition 是 &%Abstract 实体， 它表达一个完整
的意思或是一套想法。例如：公式 '(instance Yojo Cat)' 表达 &%Proposition 为那个叫佑舟的实体是猫 
&%Class 的一个元素。注：命题限于由 &%Language 的个别句子所表达的内容，这可以包括由理论、书本和甚至整个
图书馆所表达的内容。千万要区别 &%Proposition 和表达命题的 &%ContentBearingObject ，
&%Proposition 实一个信息，例如说猫在地毯上；但是 &%ContentBearingObject 是一个表达该信息的 
&%Object。 &%Proposition 可以有多个描述的抽象概念：字符串、声音和图标等。例如：猫在地毯上这个
&%Proposition 在这里是以显示器上或者是打印在纸上的一串图形字符来表示，但是它也可以由一系列的声音或者是某些
非拉丁字母或是某些加密形式来表示。")

(instance closedOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance closedOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain closedOn 1 Function)
(domain closedOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation closedOn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction is closed on a &%SetOrClass
if it is defined for all instances of the &%SetOrClass and its value is
always an instance of the &%SetOrClass.")
(documentation closedOn ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryFunction 在一个 &%SetOrClass 是封闭的
如果它在这个 &%SetOrClass 所有的实例已经定义了，而且它的值永远是这个 &%SetOrClass 的一个实例。")

;(=>
;   (and
;      (closedOn ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
;      (instance ?FUNCTION UnaryFunction))
;   (forall (?INST)
;      (=>
;         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
;         (instance (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST) ?CLASS))))

;(=>
;   (and
;      (closedOn ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
;      (instance ?FUNCTION BinaryFunction))
;   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
;      (=>
;         (and
;            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
;            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS))
;         (instance (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?CLASS))))

(instance reflexiveOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance reflexiveOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain reflexiveOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain reflexiveOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation reflexiveOn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation is reflexive on a
&%SetOrClass only if every instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation
to itself.")
(documentation reflexiveOn ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation 在一个 &%SetOrClass是自反
的除非这个 &%SetOrClass 的每一个实例戴着和自身相关的关系。")

(=>
   (and
     (reflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
     (instance ?RELATION Predicate))
   (forall (?INST)
      (=>
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
         (?RELATION ?INST ?INST))))

(instance irreflexiveOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance irreflexiveOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain irreflexiveOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain irreflexiveOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation irreflexiveOn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a
&%SetOrClass only if no instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to
itself.")
(documentation irreflexiveOn ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation 在一个 &%SetOrClass 是
非自反的除非这个 &%SetOrClass 里没有一个实里戴着和自身相关的关系。")

(=>
   (and
     (irreflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
     (instance ?RELATION Predicate))
   (forall (?INST)
      (=>
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
         (not
            (?RELATION ?INST ?INST)))))

(instance partialOrderingOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance partialOrderingOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain partialOrderingOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain partialOrderingOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation partialOrderingOn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation is a partial
ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the
&%SetOrClass, and it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a
&%TransitiveRelation.")
(documentation partialOrderingOn ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation 在一个 &%SetOrClass
使部分顺序的，除非这个关系是在这个&%SetOrClass 是 &%reflexiveOn，而且它既是 &%AntisymmetricRelation
又是 &%TransitiveRelation。")

(=>
   (partialOrderingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (and
      (reflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
      (instance ?RELATION TransitiveRelation)
      (instance ?RELATION AntisymmetricRelation)))

(instance totalOrderingOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance totalOrderingOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain totalOrderingOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain totalOrderingOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation totalOrderingOn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a total
ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either
(?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2
in the &%SetOrClass.")
(documentation totalOrderingOn ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation ?REL 在一个 
&%SetOrClass 是一个完全的顺序的，除非对于这个 &%SetOrClass 里每一个?INST1 和 ?INST2，
(?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) 或者是 (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) 是部分顺序的。")

(<=>
     (totalOrderingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
     (and
          (partialOrderingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
          (trichotomizingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)))

(instance trichotomizingOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance trichotomizingOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain trichotomizingOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain trichotomizingOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation trichotomizingOn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is
trichotomizing on a &%SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2
of the &%SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds:  (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2),
(?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2).")
(documentation trichotomizingOn ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation ?REL 在一个 
&%SetOrClass 属于三分关系，除非对于这个 &%SetOrClass 所有的 ?INST1 和 ?INST2 的实例，
起码任何以下一个 (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)，(?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) 或 (equal ?INST1 ?INST2)
是真的。")

(=>
   (and
     (trichotomizingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
     (instance ?RELATION Predicate))
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS))
         (or
            (?RELATION ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (?RELATION ?INST2 ?INST1)
            (equal ?INST1 ?INST2)))))

(instance equivalenceRelationOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance equivalenceRelationOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain equivalenceRelationOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain equivalenceRelationOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation equivalenceRelationOn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation is an
&%equivalenceRelationOn a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn
the &%SetOrClass and it is both a &%TransitiveRelation and a
&%SymmetricRelation.")
(documentation equivalenceRelationOn ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryRelation 在一个 
&%SetOrClass 是 &%equivalenceRelationOn，除非这个关系在这个 &%SetOrClass 是 &%reflexiveOn，
而且也要既是 &%TransitiveRelation，又是 &%SymmetricRelation。")

(=>
   (equivalenceRelationOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (and
      (instance ?RELATION TransitiveRelation)
      (instance ?RELATION SymmetricRelation)
      (reflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)))

(instance distributes BinaryPredicate)
(domain distributes 1 BinaryFunction)
(domain distributes 2 BinaryFunction)
(documentation distributes EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive 
over another &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case
(?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to
(?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)),
for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.")
(documentation distributes ChineseLanguage "一个 &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 是另一个 
&%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 的分布函数， 以防对于所有的 ?INST1，?INST2 和 ?INST3，
(?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) 等于
(?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3))。")

;(=>
;   (distributes ?FUNCTION1 ?FUNCTION2)
;   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
;      (=>
;         (and
;            (domain ?FUNCTION1 1 ?CLASS1)
;            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS1)
;            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS1)
;            (instance ?INST3 ?CLASS1)
;            (domain ?FUNCTION2 1 ?CLASS2)
;            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS2)
;            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS2)
;            (instance ?INST3 ?CLASS2))
;         (equal
;           (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION1 ?INST1
;             (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3))
;           (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION2
;             (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2)
;             (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3))))))

(documentation relatedEvent EnglishLanguage "(relatedEvent ?EVENT1 ?EVENT2) means
that the &%Process ?EVENT1 is related to the Process ?EVENT2.  The
relationship is between separate individual events, not events and
their subprocesses.  On the other hand, two &%subProcesses of the same
overarching event may be &%relatedEvents.  The argument order does not
imply temporal ordering.")
(documentation relatedEvent ChineseLanguage "(relatedEvent ?EVENT1 ?EVENT2) 的意思是
 &%Process ?EVENT1 和 过程 ?EVENT2 有关连，这是个别事件之间的关系, 而非事件和它自过程之间的关系。但是
一个总体时间的两个 &%subProcess 可以是 &%relatedEvent，参数的顺序并不代表时间的时许。")
(instance relatedEvent BinaryPredicate)
(instance relatedEvent SymmetricRelation)
(domain relatedEvent 1 Process)
(domain relatedEvent 2 Process)
(=>
  (and
    (subProcess ?S1 ?P)
    (subProcess ?S2 ?P))
  (relatedEvent ?S1 ?S2))

(instance causes BinaryPredicate)
(instance causes AsymmetricRelation)
(domain causes 1 Process)
(domain causes 2 Process)
(relatedInternalConcept causes causesSubclass)
(subrelation causes relatedEvent)
(documentation causes EnglishLanguage "The causation relation between instances of 
&%Process.(&%causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS1
brings about the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS2.")
(documentation causes ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Process 实例之间的因果关系，
(&%causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2)的意思是 &%Process ?PROCESS1 的实例引起 &%Process ?PROCESS2 的
实例。")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC1 Process)
   (exists (?PROC2)
      (causes ?PROC2 ?PROC1)))
(=>
  (causes ?P1 ?P2)
  (earlier (WhenFn ?P1) (WhenFn ?P2)))

(instance causesSubclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance causesSubclass AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass causesSubclass 1 Process)
(domainSubclass causesSubclass 2 Process)
(documentation causesSubclass EnglishLanguage "The causation relation
between subclasses of &%Process.
(&%causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of &%Process ?PROCESS1
brings about the subclass of &%Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (&%causesSubclass &%Killing
&%Death).")
(documentation causesSubclass ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Process 子类别之间的因果关系，
(&%causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) 的意思是 &%Process ?PROCESS1 的子类别导致
&%Process ?PROCESS2 的子类别，例如： (&%causesSubclass &%Killing &%Death)。")

(=>
   (causesSubclass ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
   (forall (?INST2)
      (=>
         (instance ?INST2 ?PROC2)
         (exists (?INST1)
           (and
             (instance ?INST1 ?PROC1)
             (causes ?INST1 ?INST2))))))

(instance causesProposition BinaryPredicate)
(instance causesProposition AsymmetricRelation)
(domain causesProposition 1 Formula)
(domain causesProposition 2 Formula)
(documentation causesProposition EnglishLanguage "(&%causesProposition ?FORMULA1
?FORMULA2) means that the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA1
causes, or mechanistically brings about, the state of affairs
described by ?FORMULA2.  Note that unlike &%entails, the time
during which ?FORMULA2 holds cannot precede the time during which
?FORMULA1 holds, although ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 can hold
simultaneously.  Note, also, that &%causesProposition is a
predicate, not a truth function.  The following rule
(contraposition) does not hold: (=> (causesProp ?FORMULA1
?FORMULA2) (causesProp (not ?FORMULA2) (not ?FORMULA1))).")
(documentation causesProposition ChineseLanguage "(&%causesProposition ?FORMULA1
?FORMULA2) 的意思是由 ?FORMULA1 描述事态引起或者是决定性和实质上地导致由 ?FORMULA2 描述的事态。注：
有别于 &%entails，?FORMULA2 发生的时间不能够早过 ?FORMULA1 发生地时间，但是 ?FORMULA1 和 
?FORMULA2 可以同时发生，也要注意的是 &%causesProposition 是一个谓词，而不是一个真值函数。以下的规则
(对立)不能成立：(=> (causesProp ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) 
(causesProp (not ?FORMULA2) (not ?FORMULA1)))。")

(=>
  (and
    (holdsDuring ?T2 ?SIT2)
    (holdsDuring ?T1 ?SIT1)
    (instance ?T1 TimeInterval)
    (instance ?T2 TimeInterval)
    (causesProposition ?SIT1 ?SIT2))
  (beforeOrEqual (BeginFn ?T1) (BeginFn ?T2)))

(instance copy BinaryPredicate)
(instance copy EquivalenceRelation)
(domain copy 1 Object)
(domain copy 2 Object)
(documentation copy EnglishLanguage "relates an &%Object to an exact copy of the
&%Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original
with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal
location.")
(documentation copy ChineseLanguage "这个概念把一个 &%Object 和这个 &%Object 一摸一样地副本联系
起来，而原本和它一摸一样的副本，在所有的特性除了(可能) 空间和/或时间地位置上，是没有区别的。")

(=>
   (copy ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?ATTR)
      (=>
         (attribute ?OBJ1 ?ATTR)
         (attribute ?OBJ2 ?ATTR))))

(instance time BinaryPredicate)
(instance time TemporalRelation)
(instance time AsymmetricRelation)
(instance time TotalValuedRelation)
(domain time 1 Physical)
(domain time 2 TimePosition)
(relatedInternalConcept time located)
(relatedInternalConcept time holdsDuring)
(documentation time EnglishLanguage "This relation holds between an instance of
&%Physical and an instance of &%TimePosition just in case the temporal
lifespan of the former includes the latter.  In other words, (&%time
?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME.  Note
that &%time does for instances of &%Physical what &%holdsDuring does
for instances of &%Formula. The constants &%located and &%time are
the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.")
(documentation time ChineseLanguage "这个关系用于一个 &%Physical 实例 和一个 &%TimePosition 
实例之间，以防前者所存在的的时间包含了后者的。 换句话说，(&%time ?THING ?TIME) 的意思是 ?THING 在 ?TIME
出现或发生。注： &%time 在于 &%Physical 实例，就相等于 &%holdsDuring 用在 &%Formula 的实例上，常数
 &%located 和 &%time 分别是是基本的空间和时间谓词。")

(instance holdsDuring BinaryPredicate)
(instance holdsDuring AsymmetricRelation)
(domain holdsDuring 1 TimePosition)
(domain holdsDuring 2 Formula)
(documentation holdsDuring EnglishLanguage "(&%holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the
proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME.  Note
that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every &%TimePoint which is a
&%temporalPart of ?TIME.")
(documentation holdsDuring ChineseLanguage "(&%holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) 的意思是
由 ?FORMULA 表示的命题在 ?TIME时段是事实。注：这意味着 ?FORMULA 在每一个 &%TimePoint 都是真的，
&%TimePoint 是 ?TIME 一个的 &%temporalPart。")

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?TIME ?SITUATION1)
      (entails ?SITUATION1 ?SITUATION2))
   (holdsDuring ?TIME ?SITUATION2))

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (not ?SITUATION))
   (not (holdsDuring ?TIME ?SITUATION)))

(instance capability TernaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass capability 1 Process)
(domain capability 2 CaseRole)
(domain capability 3 Object)
(documentation capability EnglishLanguage "(&%capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means
that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in &%Processes of
type ?PROCESS.")
(documentation capability ChineseLanguage "(&%capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) 的意思是 ?OBJ
由能力在 ?PROCESS 类型的 &%Process 担任 ?ROLE 的本分。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ROLE CaseRole)
      (?ROLE ?ARG1 ?ARG2)
      (instance ?ARG1 ?PROC)
      (subclass ?PROC Process))
   (capability ?PROC ?ROLE ?ARG2))

(=>
  (capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ)
  (modalAttribute
    (exists (?P)
      (and
        (instance ?P ?PROCESS)
        (?ROLE ?P ?OBJ))) Possibility))

(instance exploits BinaryPredicate)
(instance exploits AsymmetricRelation)
(domain exploits 1 Object)
(domain exploits 2 Agent)
(documentation exploits EnglishLanguage "(&%exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used
by ?AGENT as a &%resource in an unspecified instance of &%Process.  This
&%Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the
relations &%agent and &%resource.")
(documentation exploits ChineseLanguage "(&%exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) 的意思是 ?AGENT 利用 ?OBJ
作为一个没有指定 &%Process 实例的 &%resource，这个 &%Predicate 就如它的相关定义所说的，是由 &%agent
和 &%resource 的关系所组成的。")

(=>
     (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT)
     (exists (?PROCESS)
          (and
               (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
               (resource ?PROCESS ?OBJ))))

(instance hasPurpose BinaryPredicate)
(instance hasPurpose AsymmetricRelation)
(domain hasPurpose 1 Physical)
(domain hasPurpose 2 Formula)
(documentation hasPurpose EnglishLanguage "This &%Predicate expresses the concept of a
conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention.
Accordingly, (&%hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of
&%Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the &%Proposition expressed by
?FORMULA.  Note that there is an important difference in meaning between
the &%Predicates &%hasPurpose and &%result.  Although the second argument
of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former,
a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result
may be neither expected nor desired.  For example, a machine process may
have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no
goal, a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.")
(documentation hasPurpose ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Predicate 表达一个常规目标的概念，也就是说这个
目标事出自一个中立主事者的意图。 因此，(&%hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) 的意思是 &%Physical 的实例
 ?THING 的意图是由 ?FORMULA 所表达的 &%Proposition。注：&%Predicates &%hasPurpose 和 &%result 
 之间在意义上存在着一个重要的差异。虽然后者的第二个参数可以满足前者的第二个参数，常规目标是一个预期和
 受期待的成果，而结果可以是预期或者受期待的。例如：一个机器过程可以有出果却没有目标，毫无目的的游荡会有一个
 成果却没有目标，一个学习过程可以有目标却没有任何的成果，如此类推。")

(instance hasPurposeForAgent TernaryPredicate)
(domain hasPurposeForAgent 1 Physical)
(domain hasPurposeForAgent 2 Formula)
(domain hasPurposeForAgent 3 Agent)
(documentation hasPurposeForAgent EnglishLanguage "Expresses a cognitive attitude of an
agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical.  More precisely,
(&%hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of
?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.  Very complex
issues are involved here.  In particular, the rules of inference of the
first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second
argument position of this &%Predicate.")
(documentation hasPurposeForAgent ChineseLanguage "这个是由主事对于一个特定的物理实例表达的一种
认知态度，更确实的说，(&%hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) 的意思是 ?FORMULA 所表达的
命题是 ?AGENT 做 ?THING 的目，这里包含了一些十分复杂的问题，特别是一阶逻辑的推理原则对于这个 
&%Predicate 的第二个参数位置并不能保持真实。")

(=>
   (hasPurpose ?THING ?PURPOSE)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?PURPOSE ?AGENT)))

(instance hasSkill BinaryPredicate)
(instance hasSkill AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass hasSkill 1 Process)
(domain hasSkill 2 Agent)
(documentation hasSkill EnglishLanguage "Similar to the &%capability &%Predicate
with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/
demonstrated to some measurable degree.")
(documentation hasSkill ChineseLanguage "这个是类似 &%capability &%Predicate 但有额外的限制，
就是这个能力是可以用某种可量度的程度实践/演示出来。")

(=>
   (hasSkill ?PROC ?AGENT)
   (capability ?PROC agent ?AGENT))

(instance confersNorm TernaryPredicate)
(domain confersNorm 1 Entity)
(domain confersNorm 2 Formula)
(domain confersNorm 3 ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation confersNorm EnglishLanguage "Expresses the relationship between a 
&%Formula,an &%Entity, and an &%ObjectiveNorm when the &%Entity brings it about that
the &%Formula has the &%ObjectiveNorm.")
(documentation confersNorm ChineseLanguage "这个概念表达一个 &%Formula 、一个 &%Entity 和一个
&%ObjectiveNorm 之间的关系：就是这个 &%Entity 所表示的 &%Formula 有那个 &%ObjectiveNorm。")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (confersNorm ?ENTITY ?FORMULA ?NORM))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn ?TIME) (not (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?NORM)))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn ?TIME) (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?NORM))))

(instance deprivesNorm TernaryPredicate)
(disjointRelation deprivesNorm confersNorm)
(domain deprivesNorm 1 Entity)
(domain deprivesNorm 2 Formula)
(domain deprivesNorm 3 ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation deprivesNorm EnglishLanguage "Expresses the relationship between an
&%Entity, a &%Formula, and an &%ObjectiveNorm when the &%Entity
brings it about that the &%Formula does not have the &%ObjectiveNorm.")
(documentation deprivesNorm ChineseLanguage "这个概念表达了一个 &%Entity，&%Formula 和一个 
&%ObjectiveNorm 之间的关系：就是这个 &%Entity 所表示的 &%Formula 没有那个 &%ObjectiveNorm。")
(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (deprivesNorm ?ENTITY ?FORMULA ?NORM))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn ?TIME) (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?NORM))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn ?TIME) (not (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?NORM)))))

(instance partlyLocated SpatialRelation)
(instance partlyLocated BinaryPredicate)
(instance partlyLocated TotalValuedRelation)
(domain partlyLocated 1 Physical)
(domain partlyLocated 2 Object)
(documentation partlyLocated EnglishLanguage "(&%partlyLocated ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means
that the instance of &%Physical ?OBJ1 is at least partially located at ?OBJ2.  For
example, Istanbul is partly located in &%Asia and partly located in &%Europe.
Note that &%partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation:  &%located
is an immediate &%subrelation of &%partlyLocated and &%exactlyLocated is
an immediate &%subrelation of &%located.")
(documentation partlyLocated ChineseLanguage "(&%partlyLocated ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的意思是
&%Physical 的实例 ?OBJ1 起码有一部分位于 ?OBJ2。例如：伊斯坦布尔有一部分位于 &%Asia, 并有一部分位于
&%Europe。注：&%partlyLocated 是最基本的位置关系： &%located 是 &%partlyLocated 的直接
&%subrelation，而 &%exactlyLocated 是 &%located 的直接 &%subrelation。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?OBJ1 Object)
    (partlyLocated ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
  (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?OBJ1 Object)
    (partlyLocated ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
  (exists (?SUB)
    (and
      (part ?SUB ?OBJ1)
      (located ?SUB ?OBJ2))))

(instance located AntisymmetricRelation)
(instance located TransitiveRelation)
(instance located TotalValuedRelation)
(subrelation located partlyLocated)

(domain located 1 Physical)
(domain located 2 Object)

(documentation located EnglishLanguage "(&%located ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is
&%partlyLocated at ?OBJ2, and there is no &%part of ?OBJ1 that is not &%located at
?OBJ2.")
(documentation located ChineseLanguage "(&%located ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 的意思是 ?OBJ1 
&%partlyLocated 在 ?OBJ2，而且没有一处 ?OBJ1的 &%part 不是 &%located 在?OBJ2。")

(=>
  (located ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
  (forall (?SUB)
    (=>
      (part ?SUB ?OBJ1)
      (located ?SUB ?OBJ2))))

(instance eventPartlyLocated CaseRole)
(instance eventPartlyLocated PartialValuedRelation)
(subrelation eventPartlyLocated partlyLocated)
(domain eventPartlyLocated 1 Process)
(domain eventPartlyLocated 2 Object)
(documentation eventPartlyLocated EnglishLanguage "(&%eventPartlyLocated ?PROC ?OBJ)
means that some &%subProcess of &%Process ?PROC is located in &%Object ?OBJ.")
(documentation eventPartlyLocated ChineseLanguage "(&%eventPartlyLocated ?PROC ?OBJ)
的意思是 &%Process ?PROC 的某些 &%subProcess 是位于 &%Object ?OBJ。")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage eventPartlyLocated "event partly located")

(=>
  (eventPartlyLocated ?PROC ?OBJ)
  (exists (?SUB)
    (and
      (subProcess ?SUB ?PROC)
      (eventLocated ?SUB ?OBJ))))

(=>
  (origin ?PROCESS ?LOC)
  (eventPartlyLocated ?PROCESS ?LOC))

(=>
  (destination ?PROCESS ?LOC)
  (eventPartlyLocated ?PROCESS ?LOC))

(subrelation eventPartlyLocated involvedInEvent)

(subrelation eventLocated eventPartlyLocated)
(instance eventLocated CaseRole)
(instance eventLocated TotalValuedRelation)
(documentation eventLocated EnglishLanguage "(&%eventLocated ?PROC ?OBJ) means that
the entire &%Process ?PROC is located on &%Object ?OBJ, meaning that all &%subProcess
of ?PROC is located on ?OBJ")
(documentation eventLocated ChineseLanguage "(&%eventLocated ?PROC ?OBJ) 的意思是整个 
&%Process ?PROC 是位于 &%Object ?OBJ，也就是说所有 ?PROC 的 &%subProcess 是位于 ?OBJ。")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage eventLocated "event located")

(=>
  (eventLocated ?PROCESS ?OBJ)
  (forall (?SUB)
    (=>
      (subProcess ?SUB ?PROCESS)
      (eventLocated ?SUB ?OBJ))))

(subrelation exactlyLocated located)
(documentation exactlyLocated EnglishLanguage "The actual, minimal location of an
Object.  This is a subrelation of the more general &%Predicate
&%located.")
(documentation exactlyLocated ChineseLanguage "这是一个物体的实际和最简约的位置，这是更加概括的
 &%Predicate &%located 的子关系。")
(=>
   (exactlyLocated ?OBJ ?REGION)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHEROBJ)
         (and
            (exactlyLocated ?OTHEROBJ ?REGION)
            (not
               (equal ?OTHEROBJ ?OBJ))))))

(instance between SpatialRelation)
(instance between TernaryPredicate)
(domain between 1 Object)
(domain between 2 Object)
(domain between 3 Object)
(documentation between EnglishLanguage "(between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is
spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3.  Note that this implies that
?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1
and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2.")
(documentation between ChineseLanguage "(between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) 的意思是 ?OBJ2 在空间上
位于 ?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ3 之间。 注：这意味着 ?OBJ2 正正位于在 ?OBJ1 和?OBJ3 之间，即是 ?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ3 
的射影 和 ?OBJ2 的射影重叠。")

(=>
  (between ?END1 ?MID ?END2)
  (between ?END2 ?MID ?END1))

(documentation betweenOnPath EnglishLanguage "(betweenOnPath ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3 ?PATH)
means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 on the path
?PATH.  Note that this is a more specialized relation of between since any
object that is between others with respect to a particular path is also
simply between them.")
(documentation betweenOnPath ChineseLanguage "(betweenOnPath ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3 ?PATH)
的意思是 ?OBJ2 所处的路径 ?PATH 在空间上位于 ?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ3 之间。注：这是之间的一个更加专门的关系，
因为在一条路径上之间的任何物体，根本就是在它们之间。")

(instance betweenOnPath SpatialRelation)
(instance betweenOnPath QuaternaryPredicate)
(domain betweenOnPath 1 Object)
(domain betweenOnPath 2 Object)
(domain betweenOnPath 3 Object)
(domain betweenOnPath 4 Object)

(=>
  (betweenOnPath ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3 ?PATH)
  (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))

(instance traverses BinaryPredicate)
(instance traverses SpatialRelation)
(domain traverses 1 Object)
(domain traverses 2 Object)
(documentation traverses EnglishLanguage "(&%traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
crosses or extends across ?OBJ2.  Note that &%crosses and
&%penetrates are subrelations of &%traverses.")
(documentation traverses ChineseLanguage "(&%traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 的意思是 ?OBJ1 横过或者
是延伸跨越跨 ?OBJ2. 注：&%crosses 和 &%penetrates是 &%traverses 的子类别。")

(=>
   (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (or
      (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(subrelation crosses traverses)
(instance crosses AsymmetricRelation)
(instance crosses TransitiveRelation)
(disjointRelation crosses connected)
(documentation crosses EnglishLanguage "(crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that
&%Object ?OBJ1 &%traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being &%connected
to it.")
(documentation crosses ChineseLanguage "(crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 的意思是 &%Object ?OBJ1 
&%traverses 物体 ?OBJ2，但是并没有和它 &%connected。")

(subrelation penetrates traverses)
(instance penetrates AsymmetricRelation)
(instance penetrates IntransitiveRelation)
(instance penetrates PartialValuedRelation)
(documentation penetrates EnglishLanguage "(penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that
?OBJ1 is &%connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length,
width or depth).")
(documentation penetrates ChineseLanguage "(penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 的意思是 ?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ2
起码在一整个维度(长度、阔度或深度) &%connected。")

(=>
  (penetrates ?X ?Y)
  (meetsSpatially ?X ?Y))

(instance WhereFn BinaryFunction)
(instance WhereFn SpatialRelation)
(instance WhereFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain WhereFn 1 Physical)
(domain WhereFn 2 TimePoint)
(range WhereFn Region)
(relatedInternalConcept WhereFn WhenFn)
(documentation WhereFn EnglishLanguage "Maps an &%Object and a &%TimePoint at which the
&%Object exists to the &%Region where the &%Object existed at that
&%TimePoint.")
(documentation WhereFn ChineseLanguage "这个函数把一个 &%Object 和 一个 &%TimePoint 连在一起，
它的意思是这个 &%Object 在 &%TimePoint 存在于 &%Region。")

(<=>
   (equal (WhereFn ?THING ?TIME) ?REGION)
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (exactlyLocated ?THING ?REGION)))

(instance possesses BinaryPredicate)
(instance possesses AsymmetricRelation)
(domain possesses 1 Agent)
(domain possesses 2 Object)
(documentation possesses EnglishLanguage "&%Relation that holds between an &%Agent and
an &%Object when the &%Agent has ownership of the &%Object.")
(documentation possesses ChineseLanguage "这是一个属于一个 &%Agent 和一个 &%Object 的 
&%Relation，当这个 &%Agent 拥有这个 &%Object 时，这段关系就成立了。 ")

(=>
   (possesses ?PERSON ?OBJ)
   (modalAttribute (uses ?OBJ ?PERSON) Permission))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TIME TimePosition)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (possesses ?AGENT1 ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (possesses ?AGENT2 ?OBJ)))
   (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))

(instance PropertyFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PropertyFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PropertyFn 1 Agent)
(range PropertyFn Set)
(documentation PropertyFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to the
&%Set of &%Objects owned by the &%Agent.")
(documentation PropertyFn ChineseLanguage "这是个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%Agent 和属于
 &%Agent 的 &%Object &%Set 联系起来。")
 
(<=>
   (instance ?OBJ (PropertyFn ?PERSON))
   (possesses ?PERSON ?OBJ))

(instance precondition BinaryPredicate)
(instance precondition AsymmetricRelation)
(instance precondition TransitiveRelation)
(domainSubclass precondition 1 Process)
(domainSubclass precondition 2 Process)
(documentation precondition EnglishLanguage "A very general &%Predicate.  (&%precondition
?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an
instance of ?PROC1 also exists.")
(documentation precondition ChineseLanguage "这是一个十分概括的 &%Predicate。(&%precondition
?PROC1 ?PROC2) 的意思是 ?PROC2 的实例只能在 ?PROC1 的实例也存在的时候才能存在。")
 
(=>
   (precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
   (=>
      (exists (?INST2) (instance ?INST2 ?PROC2))
      (exists (?INST1) (instance ?INST1 ?PROC1))))

(instance hindersSubclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance hindersSubclass IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance hindersSubclass PartialValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass hindersSubclass 1 Process)
(domainSubclass hindersSubclass 2 Process)
(documentation hindersSubclass EnglishLanguage "A very general &%Predicate.  
(&%hindersSubclass
?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the &%Process ?PROC1 hindersSubclass or hinders
the occurrence of the &%Process ?PROC2.  For example, obstructing an
object hindersSubclass moving it.  Note that this is a relation between types
of &%Processes, not between instances.")
(documentation hindersSubclass ChineseLanguage "这是一个十分概括的 &%Predicate，
(&%hindersSubclass ?PROC1 ?PROC2)的意思是 &%Process 类 ?PROC1 &%hindersSubclass 或是阻碍
 &%Process 类 ?PROC2 发生。例如：阻挡一个物体 &%hindersSubclass 移动它。注：这是 &%Process 类别之间
 的关系，而不是 &%Process 的实例之间的关系。 ")
 
(=>
  (hindersSubclass ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
  (forall (?TIME ?PLACE)
    (decreasesLikelihood
      (holdsDuring ?TIME
        (exists (?INST1)
          (and
            (instance ?INST1 ?PROC1)
            (eventLocated ?INST1 ?PLACE))))
      (holdsDuring ?TIME
        (exists (?INST2)
          (and
            (instance ?INST2 ?PROC2)
            (eventLocated ?INST2 ?PLACE)))))))

(instance preventsSubclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance preventsSubclass IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance preventsSubclass PartialValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass preventsSubclass 1 Process)
(domainSubclass preventsSubclass 2 Process)
(relatedInternalConcept preventsSubclass hindersSubclass)
(documentation preventsSubclass EnglishLanguage "A very general &%Predicate.  (preventsSubclass ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 preventsSubclass the occurrence of ?PROC2.  In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2
cannot occur at the same time and place.  For example, innoculating
preventsSubclass contracting disease.  Note that this is a relation between types
of &%Processes, not between instances.")
(documentation preventsSubclass ChineseLanguage "这是一个十分概括的 &%Predicate，
(preventsSubclass ?PROC1 ?PROC2) 的意思是 ?PROC1 类 &%preventsSubclass ?PROC2 类发生。换句话说，
如果 ?PROC1 在某个特定的时空发生的话， ?PROC2 就不可能在相同的时空发生。例如：注射疫苗
&%preventsSubclass 感染疾病。注：这是 &%Process 类别之间的关系，而不是 &%Process 的实例之间
的关系。")

(=>
  (preventsSubclass ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
  (forall (?TIME ?PLACE)
    (=>
      (holdsDuring ?TIME
        (exists (?INST1)
          (and
            (instance ?INST1 ?PROC1)
            (eventLocated ?INST1 ?PLACE))))
      (not
        (holdsDuring ?TIME
          (exists (?INST2)
            (and
              (instance ?INST2 ?PROC2)
              (eventLocated ?INST2 ?PLACE))))))))

(instance prevents BinaryPredicate)
(instance prevents IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance prevents PartialValuedRelation)
(domain prevents 1 Process)
(domainSubclass prevents 2 Process)
(relatedInternalConcept prevents preventsSubclass)
(relatedInternalConcept prevents hinders)
(documentation prevents EnglishLanguage "A very general &%Predicate.  (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. Note the difference between this relation and &%preventsSubclass, which is relating classes and not instance-class.")
(documentation prevents ChineseLanguage "这是一个十分概括的 &%Predicate，
(prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2)的意思是 ?PROC1 的一个实例阻止 ?PROC2 类的发生。注：这个关系和 
&%preventsSubclass 的区别在于，后者是联系类别，而不是实例-类别。")

(=>
  (and
    (prevents ?X ?P)
    (equal (WhenFn ?X) ?T)
    (eventLocated ?X ?L))
  (not
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (exists (?Y)
        (and
          (instance ?Y ?P)
          (eventLocated ?Y ?L))))))

(instance hinders BinaryPredicate)
(instance hinders IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance hinders PartialValuedRelation)
(domain hinders 1 Process)
(domainSubclass hinders 2 Process)
(relatedInternalConcept hinders hindersSubclass)
(documentation hinders EnglishLanguage "A genral &%Predicate, where (hinders ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC1 &%decreasesLikelihood of occurrence of ?PROC2. Compare with &%prevents which is stronger and &%hindersSubclass which relates classes of &%Processes.")
(documentation hinders ChineseLanguage "这是一个概括的 &%Predicate，(hinders ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
的意思是 ?PROC1 的一个实例 &%decreasesLikelihood ?PROC2 类的发生。这个比 &%prevents 要弱，而
&%hindersSubclass 则是联系 &%Process 类别之间的关系。")

(=>
  (hinders ?X ?PROC)
  (decreasesLikelihood
    (and
      (equal (WhenFn ?X) ?T)
      (eventLocated ?X ?L))
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (exists (?Y)
        (and
          (instance ?Y ?PROC)
          (eventLocated ?Y ?L))))))

(instance refers BinaryPredicate)
(domain refers 1 Entity)
(domain refers 2 Entity)
(documentation refers EnglishLanguage "(&%refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that &%refers is
more general in meaning than &%represents, because presumably something
can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing.
For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of
oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy,
the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options
for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies,
etc.")
(documentation refers ChineseLanguage "(&%refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 的意思是 ?OBJ1 提到或引用
?OBJ2。注：&%refers 的意思比 &%represents 更概括，因为大概可以说，只有当一样东西在引用另一样东西时
才能描述这件东西。例如：一篇主题为油价最近的变化的文章可以提到许多其它的东西，如：总体经济状况、
加利福尼亚的天气、全球变暖的前景、替代能源的选择和各家石油公司股票的价格，等等。")

(subrelation names refers)
(domain names 1 SymbolicString)
(documentation names EnglishLanguage "(&%names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing 
?ENTITY
has the &%SymbolicString ?STRING as its name.  Note that &%names and &%represents
are the two immediate &%subrelations of &%refers.  The predicate &%names is used
when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the
predicate &%represents is used for referring items that have such content.")
(documentation names ChineseLanguage "(&%names ?STRING ?ENTITY) 的意思是 物体 ?ENTITY 的
名字是 &%SymbolicString ?STRING。注：&%names 和 &%represents 是 &%refers 的两个直接的
&%subrelation。 引用光是一个标签，而没有含义内容的东西时，用谓词 &%names，有内容的东西时用谓词
&%represents。 ")

(subrelation uniqueIdentifier names)
(instance uniqueIdentifier SingleValuedRelation)
(instance uniqueIdentifier PartialValuedRelation)
(documentation uniqueIdentifier EnglishLanguage "The class of &%names that uniquely 
identify
an instance of &%Entity.  Some examples of &%uniqueIdentifiers are the keys
of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book
Number).")
(documentation uniqueIdentifier ChineseLanguage "这是专门识别 &%Entity 的一个实例的 &%names
类别，&%uniqueIdentifier 的一些例子包括数据库应用程序数据库表的索引，和ISBN(国际标准书号)。")

(subrelation represents refers)
(documentation represents EnglishLanguage "A very general semiotics &%Predicate.
(&%represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates,
expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY.  The &%Predicates
&%containsInformation and &%realization are subrelations of &%represents.
Note that &%represents is a subrelation of &%refers, since something can
represent something else only if it refers to this other thing.  See the
documentation string for &%names.")
(documentation represents ChineseLanguage "这是一个十分概括的符号 &%Predicate，
(&%represents ?THING ?ENTITY) 的意思是 ?THING 在某些方面表示、表意味、 想象和形容 ?ENTITY等等。
 &%Predicate &%containsInformation 和 &%realization 是 &%represents 的子关系。注： 
 &%represents 是 &%refers 的子关系，因为只有当一样东西在引用另一样东西时，才能描述这件东西。可参考
&%names 的文档字符串。")

(instance representsForAgent TernaryPredicate)
(domain representsForAgent 1 Entity)
(domain representsForAgent 2 Entity)
(domain representsForAgent 3 Agent)
(documentation representsForAgent EnglishLanguage "A very general predicate.
(&%representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT
chooses to use ?ENTITY1 to 'stand for' ?ENTITY2.")
(documentation representsForAgent ChineseLanguage "这是一个十分概括的谓词，
(&%representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) 的意思是 ?AGENT 选择用 ?ENTITY1 来 '代表' 
?ENTITY2。")

(=>
   (representsForAgent ?REP ?ENTITY ?AGENT)
   (represents ?REP ?ENTITY))

(instance representsInLanguage TernaryPredicate)
(domain representsInLanguage 1 LinguisticExpression)
(domain representsInLanguage 2 Entity)
(domain representsInLanguage 3 Language)
(documentation representsInLanguage EnglishLanguage "A very general predicate.
(&%representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the
&%LinguisticExpression ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the &%Language
?LANGUAGE.")
(documentation representsInLanguage ChineseLanguage "这是一个十分概括的谓词，
(&%representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE)的意思是 &%LinguisticExpression ?THING 
在 &%Language ?LANGUAGE 代表 ?ENTITY。")

(=>
   (representsInLanguage ?REP ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (representsForAgent ?REP ?ENTITY ?AGENT)))

(instance equivalentContentClass EquivalenceRelation)
(domainSubclass equivalentContentClass 1 ContentBearingPhysical)
(domainSubclass equivalentContentClass 2 ContentBearingPhysical)
(documentation equivalentContentClass EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryPredicate that relates 
two subclasses of &%ContentBearingPhysical.  (&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1
?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is
also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa.  An example
would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha
Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'.  Note that
(&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (&%subsumesContentClass
?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1).")
(documentation equivalentContentClass ChineseLanguage "这是个联系两个 
&%ContentBearingPhysical 子类别的 &%BinaryPredicate，(&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 
?CLASS2) 的意思是由 ?CLASS1 的每一个实例所表达的内容，也由 ?CLASS2 的每一个实例表达，反之亦然。阿加莎·
克里斯蒂的著作“东方快车谋杀案”的英语和俄语版之间的关系，就是一个例子。注：
(&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) 暗示 (&%subsumesContentClass
?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) 和 (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)。")

(<=>
   (and
      (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1))
   (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))

(instance subsumesContentClass BinaryPredicate)
(instance subsumesContentClass PartialOrderingRelation)
(domainSubclass subsumesContentClass 1 ContentBearingPhysical)
(domainSubclass subsumesContentClass 2 ContentBearingPhysical)
(documentation subsumesContentClass EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryPredicate that relates two
subclasses of &%ContentBearingPhysical.  (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1
?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is
also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1.  Examples include the
relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and
one of its chapters.  Note that this is a relation between subclasses of
&%ContentBearingObject, rather than instances.  If one wants to relate
instances, the &%Predicate &%subsumesContentInstance can be used.  Note
that &%subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases.  Consider, for
example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its
Book of Genesis.  This relation holds for every copy of this edition and
not just for a single instance.")
(documentation subsumesContentClass ChineseLanguage "这是个联系两个 
&%ContentBearingPhysical 子类别的 &%BinaryPredicate，(&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1
?CLASS2) 的意思是由 ?CLASS1 的每一个实例所表达的内容，也由 ?CLASS2 的每一个实例表达。例如：
一首诗和这首诗的一节或一本书和这本书的一章的关系。 注：这是 &%ContentBearingObject 的子类别之间的关系，
而不是实例之间的关系。如果要联系实例时，可以用 &%Predicate &%subsumesContentInstance。也要注意
我们在很多情况下都需要用 &%subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. 例如：
圣经的国王詹姆斯版本和它的创世记书之间的关系， 这个关系适用于此版本的每个副本，而不仅仅是单一的实例。")


(=>
  (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
  (forall (?OBJ2 ?INFO)
    (=>
      (and
        (instance ?OBJ2 ?CLASS2)
        (containsInformation ?OBJ2 ?INFO))
      (exists (?OBJ1)
        (and
          (instance ?OBJ1 ?CLASS1)
          (containsInformation ?OBJ1 ?INFO))))))

(subrelation equivalentContentInstance subsumesContentInstance)
(instance equivalentContentInstance EquivalenceRelation)
(domain equivalentContentInstance 1 ContentBearingPhysical)
(domain equivalentContentInstance 2 ContentBearingPhysical)
(relatedInternalConcept equivalentContentInstance equivalentContentClass)
(documentation equivalentContentInstance EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryPredicate relating two
instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical.  (&%equivalentContentInstance
?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to
the content expressed by ?OBJ2.  An example would be the relationship
between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed
copy of the same letter.  Note that (&%equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1
?OBJ2) implies (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and
(&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2).")
(documentation equivalentContentInstance ChineseLanguage "这是个联系两个 
&%ContentBearingPhysical 实例的 &%BinaryPredicate，(&%equivalentContentInstance
?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的意思是由 ?OBJ1 所表达的内容和由 ?OBJ2 所表达的内容是相同的。一封给律师的信的手稿和
同一封信的打字本之间的关系便是一个例子。 注：(&%equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 暗示 
(&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 和 (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2)。")

(<=>
   (and
      (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
   (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(instance subsumesContentInstance BinaryPredicate)
(instance subsumesContentInstance PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subsumesContentInstance 1 ContentBearingPhysical)
(domain subsumesContentInstance 2 ContentBearingPhysical)
(relatedInternalConcept subsumesContentInstance subsumesContentClass)
(documentation subsumesContentInstance EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryPredicate relating two
instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical.  (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed
by ?OBJ1.  An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and
one of its stanzas.  Note that this is a relation between instances,
rather than &%Classes.  If one wants to assert a content relationship
between &%Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a
part of that work, the relation &%subsumesContentClass should be used.")
(documentation subsumesContentInstance ChineseLanguage "这是个联系两个 
&%ContentBearingPhysical 实例的 &%BinaryPredicate，(&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
的意思是 ?OBJ2 所表达的内容是 ?OBJ1所表达内容的一部分。一首手写的诗和这首诗的一节之间的关系。注：这是个
实例和实例之间的关系而非 &%Class 的关系。如果要表达 &%Class 之间的关系，例如一份含知识版权的作品和这个
作品的一部分之间的关系，因该用 &%subsumesContentClass 关系。")

(=>
   (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?INFO)
      (=>
         (containsInformation ?OBJ2 ?INFO)
         (containsInformation ?OBJ1 ?INFO))))

(subrelation realization represents)
(instance realization AsymmetricRelation)
(domain realization 1 Process)
(domain realization 2 Proposition)
(relatedInternalConcept realization equivalentContentInstance)
(relatedInternalConcept realization containsInformation)
(documentation realization EnglishLanguage "A subrelation of &%represents.
(&%realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which
expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical
performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the
reading of a poem.")
(documentation realization ChineseLanguage "这是 &%represents 的一个子关系，
(&%realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) 的意思是 ?PROCESS 是一个表达 ?PROP 内容的过程。例子包括：一个演绎
一分乐谱内容的特定音乐表演，或是讀一首诗。")

(=>
   (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
         (containsInformation ?OBJ ?PROP))))

(instance expressedInLanguage BinaryPredicate)
(instance expressedInLanguage AsymmetricRelation)
(domain expressedInLanguage 1 LinguisticExpression)
(domain expressedInLanguage 2 Language)
(documentation expressedInLanguage EnglishLanguage "(&%expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG)
means that the &%LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the &%Language
?LANG.")
(documentation expressedInLanguage ChineseLanguage "(&%expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG)
的意思是 &%LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS 是 &%Language ?LANG 的一部分。")

(<=>
  (expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANGUAGE)
  (exists (?PROP)
    (representsInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?PROP ?LANGUAGE)))

(instance subProposition BinaryPredicate)
(instance subProposition TransitiveRelation)
(instance subProposition IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance subProposition PartialValuedRelation)
(domain subProposition 1 Proposition)
(domain subProposition 2 Proposition)
(documentation subProposition EnglishLanguage "(&%subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that
?PROP1 is a &%Proposition which is a proper part of the &%Proposition ?PROP2.
In other words, &%subProposition is the analogue of &%properPart for chunks
of abstract content.")
(documentation subProposition ChineseLanguage "(&%subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) 的意思是
?PROP1 是一个 &%Proposition，它是 &%Proposition ?PROP2 的一个真正部分。换句话说 &%subProposition
是一堆抽象内容的 &%properPart 的类似物。")

(=>
   (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2)
   (forall (?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (=>
         (and
            (containsInformation ?OBJ1 ?PROP1)
            (containsInformation ?OBJ2 ?PROP2))
         (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(subrelation subPlan subProposition)
(instance subPlan TransitiveRelation)
(instance subPlan IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance subPlan PartialValuedRelation)
(domain subPlan 1 Plan)
(domain subPlan 2 Plan)
(documentation subPlan EnglishLanguage "(&%subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1
is a &%Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2.  This relation is generally
used to relate a supporting &%Plan to the overall &%Plan in a particular
context.")
(documentation subPlan ChineseLanguage "(&%subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) 的意思是 ?PLAN1 是一个
 &%Plan，它是 ?PLAN2 的真正部分。这个关系一般用来在特定的情况下，把整个 &%Plan 和它的一个支援 &%Plan
 联系。")

(instance uses BinaryPredicate)
(instance uses AsymmetricRelation)
(domain uses 1 Object)
(domain uses 2 Agent)
(documentation uses EnglishLanguage "(&%uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by
?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified &%Process.  This &%Predicate,
as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the &%CaseRoles
&%agent and &%instrument.")
(documentation uses ChineseLanguage "(&%uses ?OBJECT AGENT) 的意思是 ?AGENT 在一个没有指定的
 &%Process 所用的工具是 ?OBJECT，这个 &%Predicate 就如它的定义所说的，由&%CaseRole、&%agent
和 &%instrument 构成。")

(=>
  (uses ?OBJ ?AGENT)
  (exists (?PROC)
    (and
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?OBJ))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;  NUMERIC FUNCTIONS   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

(instance MultiplicationFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MultiplicationFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance MultiplicationFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance MultiplicationFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance MultiplicationFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MultiplicationFn 1 Quantity)
(domain MultiplicationFn 2 Quantity)
(range MultiplicationFn Quantity)
(documentation MultiplicationFn EnglishLanguage "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers,
then (&%MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product
of these numbers.")
(documentation MultiplicationFn ChineseLanguage "如果 ?NUMBER1 和 ?NUMBER2 是 &%Number，那么
(&%MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)就是这些数字的算术积。")

(instance AdditionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance AdditionFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance AdditionFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance AdditionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance AdditionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain AdditionFn 1 Quantity)
(domain AdditionFn 2 Quantity)
(range AdditionFn Quantity)
(documentation AdditionFn EnglishLanguage "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then
(&%AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these
numbers.")
(documentation AdditionFn ChineseLanguage "如果 ?NUMBER1 和 ?NUMBER2 是 &%Number,那么
(&%AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)就是这些数字的算术和。")

(forall (?NUMBER)
  (equal (SuccessorFn ?NUMBER) (AdditionFn ?NUMBER 1)))

(instance SubtractionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance SubtractionFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance SubtractionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance SubtractionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain SubtractionFn 1 Quantity)
(domain SubtractionFn 2 Quantity)
(range SubtractionFn Quantity)
(documentation SubtractionFn EnglishLanguage "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers,
then (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference
between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2.  An
exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case
(&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2.")
(documentation SubtractionFn ChineseLanguage "如果 ?NUMBER1 和 ?NUMBER2 是 &%Number,那么
(&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) 就是 ?NUMBER1 和 ?NUMBER2 的算术差，即使 ?NUMBER1 减
 ?NUMBER2，除了在 ?NUMBER1 等于0时，那么(&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)就是 ?NUMBER2 
 的负数。")

(forall (?NUMBER)
  (equal (PredecessorFn ?NUMBER) (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER 1)))

(instance DivisionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance DivisionFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance DivisionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance DivisionFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain DivisionFn 1 Quantity)
(domain DivisionFn 2 Quantity)
(range DivisionFn Quantity)
(documentation DivisionFn EnglishLanguage "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then
(&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by
?NUMBER2.  Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2.  Note too that (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1
?NUMBER2) is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0.")
(documentation DivisionFn ChineseLanguage "如果 ?NUMBER1 和 ?NUMBER2 是 &%Number,那么
(&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)就是 ?NUMBER1 除 ?NUMBER2 的商。注：当 ?NUMBER1 = 1 时，
(&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)就是 ?NUMBER2 的倒数。也要注意的是当 ?NUMBER2 = 0 时，
(&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1?NUMBER2) 会是为定义。")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RationalNumber)
   (exists (?INT1 ?INT2)
      (and
         (instance ?INT1 Integer)
         (instance ?INT2 Integer)
         (equal ?NUMBER (DivisionFn ?INT1 ?INT2)))))

(instance AbsoluteValueFn UnaryFunction)
(instance AbsoluteValueFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain AbsoluteValueFn 1 RealNumber)
(range AbsoluteValueFn NonnegativeRealNumber)
(documentation AbsoluteValueFn EnglishLanguage "The value of (&%AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER)
is the absolute value of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")
(documentation AbsoluteValueFn ChineseLanguage "(&%AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER)的值时
&%RealNumber ?NUMBER 的绝对值。")

(<=>
     (and
         (equal (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER1) ?NUMBER2)
         (instance ?NUMBER1 RealNumber)
         (instance ?NUMBER2 RealNumber))
     (or
         (and
              (instance ?NUMBER1 NonnegativeRealNumber)
              (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
         (and
              (instance ?NUMBER1 NegativeRealNumber)
              (equal ?NUMBER2 (SubtractionFn 0 ?NUMBER1)))))

(instance CeilingFn UnaryFunction)
(instance CeilingFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain CeilingFn 1 RealNumber)
(range CeilingFn Integer)
(documentation CeilingFn EnglishLanguage "(&%CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest
&%Integer greater than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")
(documentation CeilingFn ChineseLanguage "(&%CeilingFn ?NUMBER)得出大于或等于 &%RealNumber
?NUMBER 的最小 &%Integer。")

(=>
   (equal (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) ?INT)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERINT)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERINT Integer)
            (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?OTHERINT ?NUMBER)
            (lessThan ?OTHERINT ?INT)))))

(instance CosineFn UnaryFunction)
(instance CosineFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain CosineFn 1 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(range CosineFn RealNumber)
(documentation CosineFn EnglishLanguage "(&%CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the
&%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE.  The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the
side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.")
(documentation CosineFn ChineseLanguage "(&%CosineFn ?DEGREE)得出 &%PlaneAngleMeasure 
?DEGREE 的余弦。在一个直角三角形， ?DEGREE 的余弦是?DEGREE 傍边的边和斜边的比率。")

(instance DenominatorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance DenominatorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain DenominatorFn 1 RealNumber)
(range DenominatorFn Integer)
(documentation DenominatorFn EnglishLanguage "(&%DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the
denominator of the canonical reduced form of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")
(documentation DenominatorFn ChineseLanguage "(&%DenominatorFn ?NUMBER)得出 &%RealNumber 
?NUMBER 还原规范形式的分母。")

(instance ExponentiationFn BinaryFunction)
(instance ExponentiationFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance ExponentiationFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ExponentiationFn 1 Quantity)
(domain ExponentiationFn 2 Integer)
(range ExponentiationFn Quantity)
(documentation ExponentiationFn EnglishLanguage "(&%ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns
the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the &%Integer ?INT.")
(documentation ExponentiationFn ChineseLanguage "(&%ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT)交出
 &%RealNumber ?NUMBER 的 &%Integer ?INT次方。")

(instance FloorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance FloorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain FloorFn 1 RealNumber)
(range FloorFn Integer)
(documentation FloorFn EnglishLanguage "(&%FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest &%Integer
less than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")
(documentation FloorFn ChineseLanguage "(&%FloorFn ?NUMBER) 得出小于或等于 &%RealNumber 
?NUMBER 的最大 &%Integer。")

(=>
   (equal (FloorFn ?NUMBER) ?INT)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERINT)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERINT Integer)
            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?OTHERINT ?NUMBER)
            (greaterThan ?OTHERINT ?INT)))))

(instance GreatestCommonDivisorFn Function)
(instance GreatestCommonDivisorFn VariableArityRelation)
(instance GreatestCommonDivisorFn PartialValuedRelation)
(range GreatestCommonDivisorFn Integer)
(domain GreatestCommonDivisorFn 1 Number)
(documentation GreatestCommonDivisorFn EnglishLanguage "(&%GreatestCommonDivisorFn
?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of
?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.")
(documentation GreatestCommonDivisorFn ChineseLanguage "(&%GreatestCommonDivisorFn
?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER)得出 ?NUMBER1 到 ?NUMBER 的最大公约数。")

(=>
    (GreatestCommonDivisorFn @ROW)
    (=>
        (inList ?ELEMENT
            (ListFn @ROW))
        (instance ?ELEMENT Number)))

(=>
   (equal (GreatestCommonDivisorFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=>
         (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
         (equal (RemainderFn ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER) 0))))

(=>
   (equal (GreatestCommonDivisorFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)
   (not (exists (?GREATER)
      (and
         (greaterThan ?GREATER ?NUMBER)
         (forall (?ELEMENT)
            (=>
               (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
               (equal (RemainderFn ?ELEMENT ?GREATER) 0)))))))

(documentation multiplicativeFactor EnglishLanguage "(multiplicativeFactor ?NUMBER1 
?NUMBER2)means that ?NUMBER1 is a factor of ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 can be multiplied by
some &%Integer to give ?NUMBER2 as a result.")
(documentation multiplicativeFactor ChineseLanguage "(multiplicativeFactor ?NUMBER1 
?NUMBER2)的意思是 ?NUMBER1 是 ?NUMBER2 因子，即是 ?NUMBER1 可以成某些 &%Integer 而得出
?NUMBER2。")

(instance multiplicativeFactor BinaryPredicate)
(instance multiplicativeFactor TransitiveRelation)
(domain multiplicativeFactor 1 Integer)
(domain multiplicativeFactor 2 Integer)

(=>
  (multiplicativeFactor ?N1 ?N2)
  (exists (?I)
    (and
      (instance ?I Integer)
      (equal ?N2 (MultiplicationFn ?N1 ?I)))))

(instance ImaginaryPartFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ImaginaryPartFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ImaginaryPartFn 1 ComplexNumber)
(range ImaginaryPartFn ImaginaryNumber)
(documentation ImaginaryPartFn EnglishLanguage "(&%ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns
the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.")
(documentation ImaginaryPartFn ChineseLanguage "(&%ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) 得出 ?NUMBER 
有它的因子为-1的平方根的部分。")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ComplexNumber)
   (exists (?PART1 ?PART2)
      (and
         (equal ?PART1 (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER))
         (equal ?PART2 (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER)))))

(instance IntegerSquareRootFn UnaryFunction)
(instance IntegerSquareRootFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain IntegerSquareRootFn 1 RealNumber)
(range IntegerSquareRootFn NonnegativeInteger)
(documentation IntegerSquareRootFn EnglishLanguage "(&%IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER)
returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER.")
(documentation IntegerSquareRootFn ChineseLanguage "(&%IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER)
得出 ?NUMBER 平方根的整数。 ")

(instance LeastCommonMultipleFn Function)
(instance LeastCommonMultipleFn PartialValuedRelation)
(instance LeastCommonMultipleFn VariableArityRelation)
(range LeastCommonMultipleFn Integer)
(domain LeastCommonMultipleFn 1 Number)
(documentation LeastCommonMultipleFn EnglishLanguage "(&%LeastCommonMultipleFn
?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of
?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.")
(documentation LeastCommonMultipleFn ChineseLanguage "(&%LeastCommonMultipleFn
?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) 得出 ?NUMBER1 到 ?NUMBER 的最小公倍数。")

(=>
    (LeastCommonMultipleFn @ROW)
    (=>
        (inList ?ELEMENT
            (ListFn @ROW))
        (instance ?ELEMENT Number)))

(=>
   (equal (LeastCommonMultipleFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=>
         (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
         (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?ELEMENT) 0))))

(=>
   (equal (LeastCommonMultipleFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)
   (not (exists (?LESS)
      (and
         (lessThan ?LESS ?NUMBER)
         (forall (?ELEMENT)
            (=>
               (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
               (equal (RemainderFn ?LESS ?ELEMENT) 0)))))))

(instance LogFn BinaryFunction)
(domain LogFn 1 RealNumber)
(domain LogFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(range LogFn RealNumber)
(documentation LogFn EnglishLanguage "(LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the
&%RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the &%Integer ?INT.")
(documentation LogFn ChineseLanguage "(LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) 得出&%RealNumber ?NUMBER 以 
&%Integer ?INT 为基数的对数。")


(instance MaxFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MaxFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance MaxFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance MaxFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance MaxFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MaxFn 1 Quantity)
(domain MaxFn 2 Quantity)
(range MaxFn Quantity)
(documentation MaxFn EnglishLanguage "(&%MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of
?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2.  In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2,
&%MaxFn returns one of its arguments.")
(documentation MaxFn ChineseLanguage "(&%MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)得出 ?NUMBER1 和 ?NUMBER2 
中最大值。 一旦 ?NUMBER1 等于 ?NUMBER2 的话 &%MaxFn 就得出其中的一个参数。")

(=>
   (equal (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (or
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2)
         (greaterThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2))))

(instance MinFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MinFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance MinFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance MinFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance MinFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MinFn 1 Quantity)
(domain MinFn 2 Quantity)
(range MinFn Quantity)
(documentation MinFn EnglishLanguage "(&%MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of
?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2.  In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2,
&%MinFn returns one of its arguments.")
(documentation MinFn ChineseLanguage "(&%MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)得出 ?NUMBER1 和 ?NUMBER2 
中最小值。 一旦 ?NUMBER1 等于 ?NUMBER2 的话 &%MinFn 就得出其中的一个参数。")

(=>
   (equal (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (or
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2)
         (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2))))

(instance NumeratorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance NumeratorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain NumeratorFn 1 RealNumber)
(range NumeratorFn Integer)
(documentation NumeratorFn EnglishLanguage "(&%NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator
of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER.")
(documentation NumeratorFn ChineseLanguage "(&%NumeratorFn ?NUMBER)得出 ?NUMBER 还原规范形式
的分子。")

(instance Pi PositiveRealNumber)
(documentation Pi EnglishLanguage "&%Pi is the &%RealNumber that
is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter.  It is
approximately equal to 3.141592653589793.")
(documentation Pi ChineseLanguage "&%Pi 是一个 &%RealNumber，它是圆圈的圆周和直径的比率，大约等于
 3.141592653589793。")

(instance NumberE PositiveRealNumber)
(documentation NumberE EnglishLanguage "&%NumberE is the &%RealNumber that is the base for
natural logarithms.  It is approximately equal to 2.718282.")
(documentation NumberE ChineseLanguage "&%NumberE 是一个 &%RealNumber，它是自然对数的机率，大约
等于2.718282。")

(instance RationalNumberFn UnaryFunction)
(domain RationalNumberFn 1 Number)
(range RationalNumberFn RationalNumber)
(documentation RationalNumberFn EnglishLanguage "(&%RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns
the rational representation of ?NUMBER.")
(documentation RationalNumberFn ChineseLanguage "(&%RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER)得出 ?NUMBER
的比值。")

(instance RealNumberFn UnaryFunction)
(domain RealNumberFn 1 Number)
(range RealNumberFn RealNumber)
(documentation RealNumberFn EnglishLanguage "(RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of
?NUMBER that is a &%RealNumber.")
(documentation RealNumberFn ChineseLanguage "(RealNumberFn ?NUMBER)得出 ?NUMBER 的
 &%RealNumber 部分。")

(instance ReciprocalFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ReciprocalFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance ReciprocalFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ReciprocalFn 1 Quantity)
(range ReciprocalFn Quantity)
(documentation ReciprocalFn EnglishLanguage "(ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal
element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator
(&%MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER.  Not all numbers have a reciprocal
element.  For example the number 0 does not.  If a number ?NUMBER has a
reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be
1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1.  The reciprocal of an element is &%equal to
applying the &%ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power
-1.")
(documentation ReciprocalFn ChineseLanguage "(ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) 是相对于乘法运算 (&%MultiplicationFn),?NUMBER 的乘法逆元素(倒数),即是 1/?NUMBER。不是所有的数字都有倒数的，
比如说数字0就没有。如果一个数字 ?NUMBER有倒数 ?RECIP的话，那么 ?NUMBER 和 ?RECIP 的积会是1, 例如：
3*1/3 = 1。一个元素的倒数 &%equal 对那个元素以-1的次方，应用 &%ExponentiationFn 函数。")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER Quantity)
   (equal (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) (ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER -1)))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER Quantity)
   (equal 1 (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER))))

(instance RemainderFn BinaryFunction)
(instance RemainderFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance RemainderFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain RemainderFn 1 Quantity)
(domain RemainderFn 2 Quantity)
(range RemainderFn Quantity)
(documentation RemainderFn EnglishLanguage "(RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the
remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR.
The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR.")
(documentation RemainderFn ChineseLanguage "(RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR)是数字
?NUMBER 除以数字 ?DIVISOR 的余数，商数的正负值与 ?DIVISOR 相同。")

(<=>
   (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (equal (AdditionFn (MultiplicationFn (FloorFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)) ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER) ?NUMBER1))

(=>
   (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER2) (SignumFn ?NUMBER)))


(=>
  (instance ?NUMBER EvenInteger)
  (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 2) 0))

(=>
  (instance ?NUMBER OddInteger)
  (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 2) 1))

(=>
   (instance ?PRIME PrimeNumber)
   (forall (?NUMBER)
      (=>
         (equal (RemainderFn ?PRIME ?NUMBER) 0)
         (or
            (equal ?NUMBER 1)
            (equal ?NUMBER ?PRIME)))))

(instance RoundFn UnaryFunction)
(instance RoundFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance RoundFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain RoundFn 1 Quantity)
(range RoundFn Quantity)
(documentation RoundFn EnglishLanguage "(&%RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the &%Integer closest
to ?NUMBER on the number line.  If ?NUMBER is halfway between two
&%Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger &%Integer.")
(documentation RoundFn ChineseLanguage "(&%RoundFn ?NUMBER)是在数字线上最接近 ?NUMBER 的
 &%Integer，如果 ?NUMBER 位于两个 &%Integer 的一半(例如：3.5)时, 这将会得出较大的 &%Integer。")

(=>
   (equal (RoundFn ?NUMBER1) ?NUMBER2)
   (or
      (=>
         (lessThan (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)) 0.5)
         (equal ?NUMBER2 (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)))
      (=>
         (greaterThanOrEqualTo (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)) 0.5)
         (equal ?NUMBER2 (CeilingFn ?NUMBER1)))))

(instance SignumFn UnaryFunction)
(instance SignumFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain SignumFn 1 RealNumber)
(range SignumFn Integer)
(documentation SignumFn EnglishLanguage "(SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER.
This is one of the following values:  -1, 1, or 0.")
(documentation SignumFn ChineseLanguage "(SignumFn ?NUMBER) 得出 ?NUMBER 的正负符号，这将会是
以下其中的一个值： -1， 1 或 0。")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeRealNumber)
   (or
      (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) 1)
      (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) 0)))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER PositiveRealNumber)
   (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) 1))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NegativeRealNumber)
   (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) -1))

(instance SineFn UnaryFunction)
(instance SineFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain SineFn 1 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(range SineFn RealNumber)
(documentation SineFn EnglishLanguage "(&%SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the
&%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE.  The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side
opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.")
(documentation SineFn ChineseLanguage "(&%SineFn ?DEGREE)是 &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE
的正弦。在一个直角三角形， ?DEGREE 的正弦是?DEGREE 对边和斜边的比率。")

(instance SquareRootFn UnaryFunction)
(domain SquareRootFn 1 RealNumber)
(range SquareRootFn Number)
(documentation SquareRootFn EnglishLanguage "(SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal
square root of ?NUMBER.")
(documentation SquareRootFn ChineseLanguage "(SquareRootFn ?NUMBER)是 ?NUMBER的主要平方根。")

(=>
   (equal (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER1) ?NUMBER2)
   (equal (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER1))

(instance TangentFn UnaryFunction)
(instance TangentFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain TangentFn 1 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(range TangentFn RealNumber)
(documentation TangentFn EnglishLanguage "(&%TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the
&%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE.  The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of
the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled
triangle.")
(documentation TangentFn ChineseLanguage "(&%TangentFn ?DEGREE)是 &%PlaneAngleMeasure
?DEGREE 的切线。在一个直角三角形， ?DEGREE 的切线是?DEGREE 对边和?DEGREE 的比率。")

(=>
   (instance ?DEGREE PlaneAngleMeasure)
   (equal (TangentFn ?DEGREE) (DivisionFn (SineFn ?DEGREE) (CosineFn ?DEGREE))))

(instance identityElement BinaryPredicate)
(instance identityElement AsymmetricRelation)
(domain identityElement 1 BinaryFunction)
(domain identityElement 2 Entity)
(documentation identityElement EnglishLanguage "An object ?ID is the identity element
for &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST,
applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST.")
(documentation identityElement ChineseLanguage "一个物体的 ?ID 是 &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION
的身份元素，以防?INST的每一个实例，应用 ?FUNCTION 到 ?INST 和 ?ID 会得出 ?INST。")

(=>
   (identityElement ?FUNCTION ?ID)
   (forall (?INST)
      (=>
         (and
            (domain ?FUNCTION 1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST ?CLASS))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?ID ?INST) ?INST))))

(identityElement MultiplicationFn 1)
(identityElement AdditionFn 0)
(identityElement SubtractionFn 0)
(identityElement DivisionFn 1)

(instance SuccessorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance SuccessorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain SuccessorFn 1 Integer)
(range SuccessorFn Integer)
(documentation SuccessorFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to
its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6.")
(documentation SuccessorFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个&%Integer 和它
的后续联系起来，例如：5的后继是6。")

(=>
   (equal (SuccessorFn ?INT1) (SuccessorFn ?INT2))
   (equal ?INT1 ?INT2))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (lessThan ?INT (SuccessorFn ?INT)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INT1 Integer)
      (instance ?INT2 Integer))
   (not
      (and
         (lessThan ?INT1 ?INT2)
         (lessThan ?INT2 (SuccessorFn ?INT1)))))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (equal ?INT (SuccessorFn (PredecessorFn ?INT))))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (equal ?INT (PredecessorFn (SuccessorFn ?INT))))

(instance PredecessorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PredecessorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PredecessorFn 1 Integer)
(range PredecessorFn Integer)
(documentation PredecessorFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to
its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.")
(documentation PredecessorFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个&%Integer 和它
的前驱联系起来，例如：5的前驱是4。")

(=>
   (equal (PredecessorFn ?INT1) (PredecessorFn ?INT2))
   (equal ?INT1 ?INT2))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (greaterThan ?INT (PredecessorFn ?INT)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INT1 Integer)
      (instance ?INT2 Integer))
   (not
      (and
         (lessThan ?INT2 ?INT1)
         (lessThan (PredecessorFn ?INT1) ?INT2))))

(instance average PartialValuedRelation)
(instance average BinaryPredicate)
(instance average SingleValuedRelation)
(domain average 1 List)
(domain average 2 RealNumber)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage average "average")
(documentation average EnglishLanguage "A partial function that relates a &%List to a
&%RealNumber, provided that the &%List only has list elements that are
&%RealNumbers. The &%RealNumber associated with the &%List is equal to the
mathematical average of the &%RealNumbers in the &%List divided by the total
number of list elements.")
(documentation average ChineseLanguage "这是一个部分函数，只要一个 &%List 的元素都是 
&%RealNumber，它会把这个&%List 和一个 &%RealNumber 联系起来。和这个 &%List 联系的 &%RealNumber
等于这个 &%List 内的 &%RealNumber 的数学平均 除以列表元素的总数。")

(=>
  (average ?LIST ?AVERAGE)
        (forall (?LISTITEM)
    (=>
      (inList ?LISTITEM ?LIST)
      (instance ?LISTITEM RealNumber))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;     SET/CLASS THEORY      ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; The following part of the ontology covers set-theoretic predicates
;; and functions.  Most of the content here is taken from the kif-sets
;; ontology (available on the Ontolingua server).

(subrelation subset subclass)
(domain subset 1 Set)
(domain subset 2 Set)
(documentation subset EnglishLanguage "(subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the
&%elements of the &%Set ?SET1 are also &%elements of the &%Set ?SET2.")
(documentation subset ChineseLanguage "(subset ?SET1 ?SET2)是真的，以防 &%Set ?SET1 的
 &%elements 也是 &%Set ?SET2 的 &%element。")

(=>
   (subset ?SUBSET ?SET)
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=>
         (element ?ELEMENT ?SUBSET)
         (element ?ELEMENT ?SET))))

(instance element BinaryPredicate)
(instance element AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation element instance)
(domain element 1 Entity)
(domain element 2 Set)
(documentation element EnglishLanguage "(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case
?ENTITY is contained in the &%Set ?SET.  An &%Entity can be an &%element
of another &%Entity only if the latter is a &%Set.")
(documentation element ChineseLanguage "(element ?ENTITY ?SET)是真的，以防 &%Set ?SET 已包含
了这个 ?ENTITY。一个 &%Entity 可以是另外一个 &%Entity 的 &%element 当且仅当后者是一个 &%Set。")

(=>
  (forall (?ELEMENT)
    (<=>
      (element ?ELEMENT ?SET1)
      (element ?ELEMENT ?SET2)))
  (equal ?SET1 ?SET2))

(instance UnionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance UnionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain UnionFn 1 SetOrClass)
(domain UnionFn 2 SetOrClass)
(range UnionFn SetOrClass)
(documentation UnionFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to
the union of these &%SetOrClasses.  An object is an &%element of the union
of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an &%instance of either &%SetOrClass.")
(documentation UnionFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它把两个 &%SetOrClass 和
这两个 &%SetOrClass 的并集联系起来。一个物体是这两个 &%SetOrClass 的并集的一个 &%element，以防它是
两个 &%SetOrClass 其中之一的一个 &%instance。")

;; TODO: this appears to be a contradiction in inference
;(<=>
;  (equal ?U (UnionFn ?C1 ?C2))
;  (forall (?I1 ?I2 ?I3)
;    (=>
;      (and
;        (instance ?I1 ?C1)
;        (instance ?I2 ?C2)
;        (instance ?I3 ?U))
;      (and
;        (instance ?I1 ?U)
;        (instance ?I2 ?U)
;        (or
;          (instance ?I3 ?C1)
;          (instance ?I3 ?C2))))))

(instance IntersectionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance IntersectionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain IntersectionFn 1 SetOrClass)
(domain IntersectionFn 2 SetOrClass)
(range IntersectionFn SetOrClass)
(documentation IntersectionFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two
&%SetOrClasses to the intersection of these &%SetOrClasses.  An object is
an instance of the intersection of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is
an instance of both of those &%SetOrClasses.")
(documentation IntersectionFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它把两个
&%SetOrClass 这两个 &%SetOrClass 的交集联系起来。一个物体是这两个 &%SetOrClass 的交集的一个实例，
以防它同时是这两个 &%SetOrClass 的一个 &%instance。")

(instance RelativeComplementFn BinaryFunction)
(instance RelativeComplementFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain RelativeComplementFn 1 SetOrClass)
(domain RelativeComplementFn 2 SetOrClass)
(range RelativeComplementFn SetOrClass)
(documentation RelativeComplementFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two
&%SetOrClasses to the difference between these &%SetOrClasses.  More
precisely, (&%RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) denotes the instances
of ?CLASS1 that are not also instances of ?CLASS2.")
(documentation RelativeComplementFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它把两个
&%SetOrClass 和这两个 &%SetOrClass 的差异联系起来，更确实的说，(&%RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 
?CLASS2)得出在 ?CLASS1 却不属于 ?CLASS2 的实例。")

(instance ComplementFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ComplementFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ComplementFn 1 SetOrClass)
(range ComplementFn SetOrClass)
(documentation ComplementFn EnglishLanguage "The complement of a given &%SetOrClass C is 
the &%SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C.  In other words, an
object is an instance of the complement of a &%SetOrClass C just in case it
is not an instance of C.")
(documentation ComplementFn ChineseLanguage "一个特定的 &%SetOrClass C 的补集，是一个包含所有
东西、但不包括C实例的 &%SetOrClass。换句话数，一个物体是 &%SetOrClass C 补集的一个实例，以防它不是C
的一个实例。")

(instance GeneralizedUnionFn UnaryFunction)
(instance GeneralizedUnionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass GeneralizedUnionFn 1 SetOrClass)
(range GeneralizedUnionFn SetOrClass)
(documentation GeneralizedUnionFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that takes a 
&%SetOrClass of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%SetOrClass which is the
merge of all of the &%Classes in the original &%SetOrClass, i.e. the &%SetOrClass
containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the
original &%SetOrClass.")
(documentation GeneralizedUnionFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它拿 &%Class 的
一个 &%SetOrClass 为它的单一参数，然后返回由原本 &%SetOrClass 的所有 &%Class 合并为一个 
&%SetOrClass，即是这个 &%SetOrClass 里的实例包括只属于原本 &%SetOrClass 的实例。")

(instance GeneralizedIntersectionFn UnaryFunction)
(instance GeneralizedIntersectionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass GeneralizedIntersectionFn 1 SetOrClass)
(range GeneralizedIntersectionFn SetOrClass)
(documentation GeneralizedIntersectionFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that takes a
&%SetOrClass of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%SetOrClass which
is the intersection of all of the &%Classes in the original &%SetOrClass, i.e.
the &%SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all
instances of the original &%SetOrClass.")
(documentation GeneralizedIntersectionFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它拿 
&%Class 的一个 &%SetOrClass 为它的单一参数，然后返回由原本 &%SetOrClass 所有 &%Class 的交集为一个 
&%SetOrClass，即是这个 &%SetOrClass 里的实例只包括出现在所有原本 &%SetOrClass 的实例。")

(instance CardinalityFn UnaryFunction)
(instance CardinalityFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance CardinalityFn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain CardinalityFn 1 (UnionFn SetOrClass Collection))
(range CardinalityFn Number)
(documentation CardinalityFn EnglishLanguage "(CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the
number of instances in the &%SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of
members in the ?CLASS &%Collection.")

;; comment it out to avoid (instance SetOrClass SetOrClass)
;(subclass NullSet SetOrClass)
(documentation NullSet EnglishLanguage "Any &%SetOrClass that contains no instances.")
(documentation NullSet ChineseLanguage "任何没有实例的 &%SetOrClass")

(=>
   (instance ?SET NullSet)
   (not (exists (?INST) (instance ?INST ?SET))))

;; comment it out to avoid (instance SetOrClass SetOrClass)
;(subclass NonNullSet SetOrClass)
(documentation NonNullSet EnglishLanguage "Any &%SetOrClass that contains at least one
instance.")
(documentation NonNullSet ChineseLanguage "任何包含起码一个实例的 &%SetOrClass。")

(=>
   (instance ?SET NonNullSet)
   (exists (?INST) (instance ?INST ?SET)))

(subclass FiniteSet Set)
(documentation FiniteSet EnglishLanguage "A &%Set containing a finite number of 
elements.")
(documentation FiniteSet ChineseLanguage "这是一个包含一组有限元素的 &%Set。")

(=>
   (instance ?SET FiniteSet)
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (and
         (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeInteger)
         (equal ?NUMBER (CardinalityFn ?SET)))))

;; comment it out to avoid (instance SetOrClass SetOrClass)
;(subclass PairwiseDisjointClass SetOrClass)/
(documentation PairwiseDisjointClass EnglishLanguage "A &%SetOrClass is a &%PairwiseDisjointClass
just in case every instance of the &%SetOrClass is either &%equal to or &%disjoint
from every other instance of the &%SetOrClass.")
(documentation PairwiseDisjointClass ChineseLanguage "一个 &%SetOrClass 是
&%PairwiseDisjointClass 以防这个 &%SetOrClass 的每一个实例和 &%SetOrClass 中其他任何一个实例是
 &%equal 或者是 &%disjoint 关系。")

(=>
   (instance ?SUPERCLASS PairwiseDisjointClass)
   (forall (?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?CLASS1 ?SUPERCLASS)
            (instance ?CLASS2 ?SUPERCLASS))
         (or
            (equal ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
            (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)))))

;; comment it out to avoid (instance SetOrClass SetOrClass)
;(subclass MutuallyDisjointClass SetOrClass)
(documentation MutuallyDisjointClass EnglishLanguage "A &%SetOrClass is a 
&%MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of 
the instances of the original &%SetOrClass.")
(documentation MutuallyDisjointClass ChineseLanguage "一个 &%SetOrClass 实
&%MutuallyDisjointClass， 以防并没有属于原来的 &%SetOrClass 所有实例相交的实例。")

(=>
   (instance ?CLASS MutuallyDisjointClass)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?INST1))
         (exists (?INST3)
            (and
               (instance ?INST3 ?CLASS)
               (not (instance ?INST2 ?INST3)))))))

(instance KappaFn BinaryFunction)
(instance KappaFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain KappaFn 1 SymbolicString)
(domain KappaFn 2 Formula)
(range KappaFn Class)
(documentation KappaFn EnglishLanguage "A class-forming operator that takes two
arguments:  a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound
occurrence of the variable.  The result of applying &%KappaFn to a
variable and a formula is the &%SetOrClass of things that satisfy the formula.
For example, we can denote the &%SetOrClass of prime numbers that are less
than 100 with the following expression:  (KappaFn ?NUMBER
(and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))).  Note that
the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no
axiomatic support for it.")
(documentation KappaFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个组成类别的运算符，它拿两个参数：一个变数和一个
包含属于这个变数，起码一个不受限制例子的公式。应用 &%KappaFn 到一个变数和一个公式的结果是一个包含
满足这个公式东西的 &%SetOrClass。例如：我们用以下的方式表达小于100素数的 &%SetOrClass：
(KappaFn ?NUMBER (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100)))。注：请尽量避免
用这个函数，因为目前还没有编写公理来支持它。

")

;; At some point we may be able to make use of 'KappaFn' by implementing a macro
;; that decomposes every occurrence of 'KappaFn' into a complex formula.  For
;; example the macro might replace every instance of Schema 1 with an instance
;; of Schema 2.
;;
;; Schema 1:  (KappaFn <variable> <formula>)
;;
;; Schema 2: (exists (?LIST)
;;             (and
;;               (instance ?LIST UniqueList)
;;               (forall (<variable>)
;;                 (<=>
;;                   (inList <variable> ?LIST)
;;                   <formula>))))
;;


;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;  GRAPH THEORY   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'NUMERIC FUNCTIONS'

(subclass Graph Abstract)
(documentation Graph EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of graphs, where a graph is understood
to be a set of &%GraphNodes connected by &%GraphArcs.  Note that this
&%Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a
&%GraphPath between any two &%GraphNodes.  Note too that every &%Graph
is required to contain at least two &%GraphArcs and three &%GraphNodes.")
(documentation Graph ChineseLanguage "这是图的 &%Class，我们可以把图理解成一组由 &%GraphArc 联系
的 &%GraphNode。注：这个 &%Class 只包括连通图，即是两个 &%GraphNode 之间有一个 &%GraphPath 的图，
也要注意的是每一个 &%Graph 需要拥有起码两个 &%GraphArc 和三个 &%GraphNode。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
      (instance ?NODE1 GraphNode)
      (instance ?NODE2 GraphNode)
      (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
      (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
      (not (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))
   (exists (?ARC ?PATH)
      (or
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)
         (and
            (subGraph ?PATH ?GRAPH)
            (instance ?PATH GraphPath)
            (or
               (and
                  (equal (BeginNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE1)
                  (equal (EndNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE2))
               (and
                  (equal (BeginNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE2)
                  (equal (EndNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE1)))))))

(=>
   (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
   (exists (?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?NODE3 ?ARC1 ?ARC2)
      (and
         (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE3 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?ARC1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?ARC2 ?GRAPH)
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC1)
         (links ?NODE2 ?NODE3 ?ARC2)
         (not (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE2))
         (not (equal ?NODE2 ?NODE3))
         (not (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE3))
         (not (equal ?ARC1 ?ARC2)))))

(subclass DirectedGraph Graph)
(documentation DirectedGraph EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of directed graphs.  A
directed graph is a &%Graph in which all &%GraphArcs
have direction, i.e. every &%GraphArc has an initial node (see
&%InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).")
(documentation DirectedGraph ChineseLanguage "这是有向图的 &%Class，有向图的所有 &%GraphArc 都
有方向，即是每一个 &%GraphArc 有一个始点(可参考 &%InitialNodeFn)和一个终点(可参考
 &%TerminalNodeFn)。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH DirectedGraph)
      (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
      (graphPart ?ARC ?GRAPH))
   (exists (?NODE1 ?NODE2)
      (and
         (equal (InitialNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE1)
         (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE2))))

(subclass Tree DirectedGraph)
(documentation Tree EnglishLanguage "A Tree is a &%DirectedGraph that has no
&%GraphLoops.")
(documentation Tree ChineseLanguage "树是一个没有 &%GraphLoop 的 &%DirectedGraph。")

(=>
  (instance ?GRAPH Tree)
  (not
    (exists (?LOOP)
      (and
        (instance ?LOOP GraphLoop)
        (graphPart ?LOOP ?GRAPH)))))

(=>
  (instance ?GRAPH Tree)
  (not
    (exists (?LOOP)
      (and
        (instance ?LOOP GraphCircuit)
        (graphPart ?LOOP ?GRAPH)))))

(=>
  (instance ?GRAPH Tree)
  (not
    (exists (?ARC1 ?ARC2 ?NODE)
      (and
        (graphPart ?ARC1 ?GRAPH)
        (graphPart ?ARC2 ?GRAPH)
        (graphPart ?NODE ?GRAPH)
        (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC1) ?NODE)
        (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC2) ?NODE)
        (not (equal ?ARC1 ?ARC2))))))

(subclass GraphPath DirectedGraph)
(documentation GraphPath EnglishLanguage "Informally, a single, directed route between
two &%GraphNodes in a &%Graph.  Formally, a &%DirectedGraph that is a
&%subGraph of the original &%Graph and such that no two &%GraphArcs in
the &%DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see &%InitialNodeFn) or
the same terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).")
(documentation GraphPath ChineseLanguage "非形式来说，这是一个 &%Graph 的两个 &%GraphNode 之间
的单一有向的路径。形式的说，这是一个 &%DirectedGraph，它是原来的 &%Graph 的 &%subGraph，而使得
这个 &%DirectedGraph 里没有两个 &%GraphArc 有着相同的始点(可参考 &%InitialNodeFn) 或相同的终点
 (可参考 &%TerminalNodeFn)。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH GraphPath)
      (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
      (graphPart ?ARC ?GRAPH))
   (=>
      (equal (InitialNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE)
      (not (exists (?OTHER)
         (and
            (equal (InitialNodeFn ?OTHER) ?NODE)
            (not (equal ?OTHER ?ARC)))))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH GraphPath)
      (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
      (graphPart ?ARC ?GRAPH))
   (=>
      (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE)
      (not (exists (?OTHER)
         (and
            (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?OTHER) ?NODE)
            (not (equal ?OTHER ?ARC)))))))

(subclass GraphCircuit GraphPath)
(documentation GraphCircuit EnglishLanguage "A &%GraphPath that begins (see
&%BeginNodeFn) and ends (see &%EndNodeFn) at the same
&%GraphNode.")
(documentation GraphCircuit ChineseLanguage "这是一个开始 (可参考 &%BeginNodeFn) 和结束 (可参考 
&%EndNodeFn) 都在同一个 &%GraphNode 的 &%GraphPath。")

(<=>
   (instance ?GRAPH GraphCircuit)
   (exists (?NODE)
      (and
         (equal (BeginNodeFn ?GRAPH) ?NODE)
         (equal (EndNodeFn ?GRAPH) ?NODE))))

(subclass MultiGraph Graph)
(documentation MultiGraph EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of multigraphs.  A multigraph
is a &%Graph containing at least one pair of &%GraphNodes that are
connected by more than one &%GraphArc.")
(documentation MultiGraph ChineseLanguage "这是多样图的 &%Class，一个多样图拥有起码一对联系超过
一个 &%GraphArc &%GraphNode 的 &%Graph。")

(<=>
   (instance ?GRAPH MultiGraph)
   (exists (?ARC1 ?ARC2 ?NODE1 ?NODE2)
      (and
         (graphPart ?ARC1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?ARC2 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC1)
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC2)
         (not (equal ?ARC1 ?ARC2)))))

(subclass PseudoGraph Graph)
(documentation PseudoGraph EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of pseudographs.  A pseudograph
is a &%Graph containing at least one &%GraphLoop.")
(documentation PseudoGraph ChineseLanguage "这是伪图的 &%Class， 一个伪图是拥有起码一个 
&%GraphLoop 的 &%Graph。")

(<=>
   (instance ?GRAPH PseudoGraph)
   (exists (?LOOP)
      (and
         (instance ?LOOP GraphLoop)
         (graphPart ?LOOP ?GRAPH))))

(subclass GraphElement Abstract)
(partition GraphElement GraphNode GraphArc)
(documentation GraphElement EnglishLanguage "Noncompositional parts of &%Graphs.
These parts are restricted to &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs.")
(documentation GraphElement ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Graph 的非组成部分，这些部分限于 &%GraphNode
和 &%GraphArc。")

(=>
   (instance ?PART GraphElement)
   (exists (?GRAPH)
      (and
         (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
         (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH))))

(subclass GraphNode GraphElement)
(documentation GraphNode EnglishLanguage "&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes
and &%GraphArcs.  Every &%GraphNode is linked by a &%GraphArc.")
(documentation GraphNode ChineseLanguage "&%Graph 是由 &%GraphNode 和 &%GraphArc 组成，所有的
&%GraphNode 都是由 &%GraphArc 联系的.")

(=>
   (instance ?NODE GraphNode)
   (exists (?OTHER ?ARC)
      (links ?NODE ?OTHER ?ARC)))

(subclass GraphArc GraphElement)
(documentation GraphArc EnglishLanguage "&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes
and &%GraphArcs.  Every &%GraphArc links two &%GraphNodes.")
(documentation GraphArc ChineseLanguage "&%Graph 是由 &%GraphNode 和 &%GraphArc 组成，每个
&%GraphArc 都会联系两个 &%GraphNode。")

(=>
   (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
   (exists (?NODE1 ?NODE2)
      (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)))

(subclass GraphLoop GraphArc)
(documentation GraphLoop EnglishLanguage "A &%GraphArc in which a &%GraphNode is
linked to itself.")
(documentation GraphLoop ChineseLanguage "这是一个由 &%GraphNode 联系着自己的 &%GraphArc。")

(<=>
   (instance ?LOOP GraphLoop)
   (exists (?NODE)
      (links ?NODE ?NODE ?LOOP)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (InitialNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE)
      (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE))
   (instance ?ARC GraphLoop))

(instance links TernaryPredicate)
(domain links 1 GraphNode)
(domain links 2 GraphNode)
(domain links 3 GraphArc)
(documentation links EnglishLanguage "a &%TernaryPredicate that specifies the
&%GraphArc connecting two &%GraphNodes.")
(documentation links ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%TernaryPredicate， 它指定联系两个 &%GraphNode
的 &%GraphArc。")

(=>
   (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)
   (links ?NODE2 ?NODE1 ?ARC))

(instance graphPart BinaryPredicate)
(instance graphPart AsymmetricRelation)
(instance graphPart TotalValuedRelation)
(instance graphPart IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain graphPart 1 GraphElement)
(domain graphPart 2 Graph)
(documentation graphPart EnglishLanguage "A basic relation for &%Graphs and their
parts.  (&%graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a &%GraphArc
or &%GraphNode of the &%Graph ?GRAPH.")
(documentation graphPart ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Graph 和它的部分之间的一个基本关系。
(&%graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) 的意思是 ?PART 是&%Graph ?GRAPH 的一个 &%GraphArc 或 &%GraphNode。")

(instance subGraph BinaryPredicate)
(instance subGraph ReflexiveRelation)
(instance subGraph TransitiveRelation)
(domain subGraph 1 Graph)
(domain subGraph 2 Graph)
(documentation subGraph EnglishLanguage "The relation between two &%Graphs when one
&%Graph is a part of the other. (&%subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means
that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2.")
(documentation subGraph ChineseLanguage "这是形容两个 &%Graph，而其中一个图是另外一个图的一部分时
的关系，(&%subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2)的意思是 ?GRAPH1 是 ?GRAPH2 的一部分。")

(=>
  (and
    (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2)
    (graphPart ?ELEMENT ?GRAPH1))
  (graphPart ?ELEMENT ?GRAPH2))

(instance pathLength BinaryPredicate)
(instance pathLength AsymmetricRelation)
(instance pathLength IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain pathLength 1 GraphPath)
(domain pathLength 2 PositiveInteger)
(documentation pathLength EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies the
length (in number of &%GraphNodes) of a &%GraphPath.
(&%pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in
the &%GraphPath ?PATH.")
(documentation pathLength ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryPredicate，它指定一个 &%GraphPath
的长度 (以&%GraphNode 以的数量)，(&%pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER)的意思是在 &%GraphPath ?PATH 上有
?NUMBER 的节点。")

(instance InitialNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(instance InitialNodeFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain InitialNodeFn 1 GraphArc)
(range InitialNodeFn GraphNode)
(documentation InitialNodeFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%GraphArc to the initial node of the &%GraphArc.  Note
that this is a partial function.  In particular, the function is
undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.")
(documentation InitialNodeFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%GraphArc
和这个 &%GraphArc的始点联系起来。 注：这是一个部分函数，特别是当 &%GraphArc 不属于 &%DirectedGraph 
时，这会是个为定义的函数。")

(instance TerminalNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(instance TerminalNodeFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain TerminalNodeFn 1 GraphArc)
(range TerminalNodeFn GraphNode)
(documentation TerminalNodeFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%GraphArc to the terminal node of the &%GraphArc.  Note that this
is a partial function.  In particular, the function is undefined
for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.")
(documentation TerminalNodeFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction， 它把一个 &%GraphArc 
和这个 &%GraphArc的终点联系起来。 注：这是一个部分函数，特别是当 &%GraphArc 不属于 &%DirectedGraph 
时，这会是个为定义的函数。")

(instance BeginNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(instance BeginNodeFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain BeginNodeFn 1 GraphPath)
(range BeginNodeFn GraphNode)
(relatedInternalConcept BeginNodeFn InitialNodeFn)
(documentation BeginNodeFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath
to the &%GraphNode that is the beginning of the &%GraphPath.  Note that,
unlike &%InitialNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode),
&%BeginNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a beginning.")
(documentation BeginNodeFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%GraphPath
联系到 &%GraphPath 开端的 &%GraphNode。注：跟 &%InitialNodeFn 不同 (把一个 &%GraphArc 和一个
 &%GraphNode 联系)， &%BeginNodeFn 是一个总体的函数 - 每个 &%GraphPath 都有它的开端。")

(instance EndNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(instance EndNodeFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain EndNodeFn 1 GraphPath)
(range EndNodeFn GraphNode)
(relatedInternalConcept EndNodeFn TerminalNodeFn)
(documentation EndNodeFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath
to the &%GraphNode that is the end of the &%GraphPath.  Note that, unlike
&%TerminalNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode),
&%EndNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a end.")
(documentation EndNodeFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%GraphPath 和
&%GraphPath 末端的&%GraphNode。注：和 &%TerminalNodeFn不同 (把一个 &%GraphArc 和一个
 &%GraphNode 联系)，&%EndNodeFn 是一个总体的函数 - 每个 &%GraphPath 都有它的末端。")

(instance arcWeight BinaryPredicate)
(instance arcWeight SingleValuedRelation)
(domain arcWeight 1 GraphArc)
(domain arcWeight 2 Quantity)
(documentation arcWeight EnglishLanguage "This predicate indicates the value of a
&%GraphArc in a &%Graph.  This could map to the length of a road in
a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system.")
(documentation arcWeight ChineseLanguage "这个谓词表示 &%GraphArc 在一个 &%Graph 的值。 这可以
表示一个道路网络的长度，或者是管道系统内管道的流量。")

(instance PathWeightFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PathWeightFn 1 GraphPath)
(range PathWeightFn Quantity)
(documentation PathWeightFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%GraphPath to the sum of the &%arcWeights on the &%GraphArcs in
the &%GraphPath.")
(documentation PathWeightFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction， 它把一个 &%GraphPath
联系到在这条 &%GraphPath &%GraphArcs 上的 &%arcWeight 总和。")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?SUM)
      (subGraph ?SUBPATH ?PATH)
      (graphPart ?ARC1 ?PATH)
      (arcWeight ?ARC1 ?NUMBER1)
      (forall (?ARC2)
         (=>
            (graphPart ?ARC2 ?PATH)
            (or
               (graphPart ?ARC2 ?SUBPATH)
               (equal ?ARC2 ?ARC1)))))
   (equal ?SUM (AdditionFn (PathWeightFn ?SUBPATH) ?NUMBER1)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?SUM)
      (graphPart ?ARC1 ?PATH)
      (graphPart ?ARC2 ?PATH)
      (arcWeight ?ARC1 ?NUMBER1)
      (arcWeight ?ARC2 ?NUMBER2)
      (forall (?ARC3)
         (=>
            (graphPart ?ARC3 ?PATH)
            (or
               (equal ?ARC3 ?ARC1)
               (equal ?ARC3 ?ARC2)))))
   (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

(instance MinimalWeightedPathFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MinimalWeightedPathFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MinimalWeightedPathFn 1 GraphNode)
(domain MinimalWeightedPathFn 2 GraphNode)
(range MinimalWeightedPathFn GraphPath)
(documentation MinimalWeightedPathFn EnglishLanguage "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two
&%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs
between the two &%GraphNodes.")
(documentation MinimalWeightedPathFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它以两个 
&%GraphNode 之间弧衡量总和的最小值，把两个 &%GraphNode 分配到 &%GraphPath 上。")

(=>
   (equal (MinimalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
   (instance ?PATH (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MinimalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?NUMBER1))
   (forall (?PATH2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?PATH2 (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2))
            (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH2) ?NUMBER2))
         (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(instance MaximalWeightedPathFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MaximalWeightedPathFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MaximalWeightedPathFn 1 GraphNode)
(domain MaximalWeightedPathFn 2 GraphNode)
(range MaximalWeightedPathFn GraphPath)
(documentation MaximalWeightedPathFn EnglishLanguage "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two
&%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs
between the two &%GraphNodes.")
(documentation MaximalWeightedPathFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它以两个 
&%GraphNode 之间弧衡量总和的最大值，把两个 &%GraphNode 分配到 &%GraphPath 上。")

(=>
   (equal (MaximalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
   (instance ?PATH (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MaximalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?NUMBER1))
   (forall (?PATH2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?PATH2 (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2))
            (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH2) ?NUMBER2))
         (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(instance GraphPathFn BinaryFunction)
(instance GraphPathFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain GraphPathFn 1 GraphNode)
(domain GraphPathFn 2 GraphNode)
(rangeSubclass GraphPathFn GraphPath)
(documentation GraphPathFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%GraphNodes
to the &%Class of &%GraphPaths between those two nodes.  Note that the two
&%GraphNodes must belong to the same &%Graph.")
(documentation GraphPathFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它把两个&%GraphNode 
联系到这两个节点之间的 &%GraphPath &%Class。注：这两个 &%GraphNode 必须属于同一个 &%Graph。")

(=>
   (and
      (graphPart ?PATH ?GRAPH)
      (not (instance ?GRAPH DirectedGraph)))
   (<=>
      (equal (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
      (equal (GraphPathFn ?NODE2 ?NODE1) ?PATH)))

(instance CutSetFn UnaryFunction)
(domain CutSetFn 1 Graph)
(rangeSubclass CutSetFn GraphPath)
(documentation CutSetFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the
&%Class of &%GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate
graphs if cut.  There may be more than one cutset for a given graph.")
(documentation CutSetFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，在要切开一个 &%Graph 的时候，
它会给这个图分配把它划分为两的 &%GraphPath &%Class。 同一个图可以有多种分割的组合。")

(instance MinimalCutSetFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MinimalCutSetFn 1 Graph)
(rangeSubclass MinimalCutSetFn GraphPath)
(relatedInternalConcept MinimalCutSetFn CutSetFn)
(documentation MinimalCutSetFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph
the &%Class of &%GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the &%Graph and
which have the least number of &%GraphArcs.")
(documentation MinimalCutSetFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它以最少条 
&%GraphArc 把一个 &%Graph 划分的分割组合，给这个 &%Graph 分配 &%GraphPath &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
   (subclass (MinimalCutSetFn ?GRAPH) (CutSetFn ?GRAPH)))

(=>
   (equal (MinimalCutSetFn ?GRAPH) ?PATHCLASS)
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (forall (?PATH)
         (=>
            (instance ?PATH ?PATHCLASS)
            (pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER)))))

(not
  (exists (?PATH1 ?PATH2)
    (and
      (instance ?PATH1 (CutSetFn ?GRAPH))
      (instance ?PATH2 (MinimalCutSetFn ?GRAPH))
      (pathLength ?PATH1 ?NUMBER1)
      (pathLength ?PATH2 ?NUMBER2)
      (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))))

;; link the physical system to the abstract graph

(instance abstractCounterpart BinaryPredicate)
(domain abstractCounterpart 1 Abstract)
(domain abstractCounterpart 2 Physical)
(subrelation abstractCounterpart represents)
(documentation abstractCounterpart EnglishLanguage "(abstractCounterpart ?AB ?PHYS)
relates a &%Physical entity to an &%Abstract one which is an idealized
model in some dimension of the &%Physical entity.  For example, an
&%Abstract &%GraphNode could be stated to be the counterpart of an
actual &%Computer in a &%ComputerNetwork.")
(documentation abstractCounterpart ChineseLanguage "(abstractCounterpart ?AB ?PHYS)
它一个 &%Physical 实体和这个 &%Physical entity 在某些维度的理想模式的 &%Abstract 联系，例如：
&%Abstract &%GraphNode 可以表达为 &%ComputerNetwork 里一个实际 &%Computer 的对应。")

(subclass PhysicalSystem Physical)
(documentation PhysicalSystem EnglishLanguage "&%PhysicalSystem is the class of complex
&%Physical things.  A &%PhysicalSystem may have one or more
corresponding abstract &%Graph representations.")
(documentation PhysicalSystem ChineseLanguage "&%PhysicalSystem 是一类复杂的 &%Physical 物体，
一个 &%PhysicalSystem 可以有一个或一个以上的对应抽象 &%Graph 的代表。")

(instance subSystem BinaryPredicate)
(domain subSystem 1 PhysicalSystem)
(domain subSystem 2 PhysicalSystem)

(documentation subSystem EnglishLanguage "(&%subSystem ?SUB ?SYSTEM) means that the
&%PhysicalSystem ?SUB is a part of the &%PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM.")
(documentation subSystem ChineseLanguage "(&%subSystem ?SUB ?SYSTEM) 的意思是
&%PhysicalSystem ?SUB 是 &%PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM 的一部分。")

(instance systemPart BinaryPredicate)
(domain systemPart 1 Physical)
(domain systemPart 2 PhysicalSystem)

(documentation systemPart EnglishLanguage "(&%systemPart ?PART ?SYSTEM) means that
the &%Physical thing ?PART is a &%SystemElement in the &%PhysicalSystem
?SYSTEM.")
(documentation systemPart ChineseLanguage "(&%systemPart ?PART ?SYSTEM)的意思是 &%Physical 
物体 ?PART 是 &%PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM 的一个 &%SystemElement。")

(=>
  (and
    (subSystem ?SUB ?SYSTEM)
    (systemPart ?PART ?SUB))
  (systemPart ?PART ?SYSTEM))

(instance graphMeasure BinaryPredicate)
(domain graphMeasure 1 Graph)
(domain graphMeasure 2 UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation graphMeasure EnglishLanguage "(graphMeasure ?GRAPH ?MEAS) fixes a
&%UnitOfMeasure that is used for the &%arcWeight of a given &%Graph.  Stating
such a relationship entails that the components of given graph are the
&%abstractCounterparts of sets of &%Physical &%Entity(ies).")
(documentation graphMeasure ChineseLanguage "(graphMeasure ?GRAPH ?MEAS)给一个 &%Graph 的
&%arcWeight 设定一个 &%UnitOfMeasure。说明这个关系意味着某个图的元件，是 &%Physical &%Entity 集合里
的 &%abstractCounterpart。")
(=>
  (graphMeasure ?G ?M)
  (forall (?AC)
    (and
      (graphPart ?AC ?G)
      (exists (?PC)
        (abstractCounterpart ?AC ?PC)))))
(=>
  (and
    (graphMeasure ?G ?M)
    (instance ?AN GraphNode)
    (instance ?AA GraphArc)
    (abstractCounterpart ?AN ?PN)
    (abstractCounterpart ?AA ?PA)
    (arcWeight ?AA (MeasureFn ?N ?M)))
  (measure ?PA (MeasureFn ?N ?M)))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;  UNITS OF MEASURE   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'NUMERIC FUNCTIONS'

;; This section was originally based on the relations in the Quantities
;; ontology (developed by ITBM-CNR) and the units of measure in the
;; "Standard Units" and "Standard Dimensions" ontologies on the Ontolingua
;; server.  This content has been extensively revised by Helena Sofia Pinto
;; of the Instituto Superior Tecnico in Portugal.  The sources for these
;; revisions were:
;; - Barry Taylor, NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the
;;   International System of Units (SI), 1995.
;; - Encyclopaedia Britannica (on-line version at http://www.britannica.com)

(subclass UnitOfMeasure PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation UnitOfMeasure EnglishLanguage "A standard of measurement for some dimension.
For example, the &%Meter is a &%UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length,
as is the &%Inch.  There is no intrinsic property of a &%UnitOfMeasure that
makes it primitive or fundamental, rather, a system of units (e.g.
&%SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and
assigns units for each.")
(documentation UnitOfMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是某些量䋞的量度标准。例如：&%Meter 和 &%Inch
是长度的 &%UnitOfMeasure。&%UnitOfMeasure 没有令它原始和基本的固有性质, 反而一个单位制( 例如：
&%SystemeInternationalUnit)可决定一组的正交维度，并给每一个维度分配单位。")

(subclass CompositeUnitOfMeasure UnitOfMeasure)
(subclass CompositeUnitOfMeasure FunctionQuantity)
(documentation CompositeUnitOfMeasure EnglishLanguage "Instances
of this &%Class are &%UnitsOfMeasure defined by the functional
composition of other units, each of which might be a
&%CompositeUnitOfMeasure or a &%NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure.")
(documentation CompositeUnitOfMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是由其他单位的复合函数所决定的 
&%UnitsOfMeasure &%Class 的实例，当中的每一个可以是一个 &%CompositeUnitOfMeasure 或是一个 &%NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure。")

(subclass NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure UnitOfMeasure)
(subclass NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure EnglishLanguage "Instances of
this &%Class are &%UnitsOfMeasure that are applied to a single
dimension, and so are not intrinsically defined by the functional
composition of other units.")
(documentation NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是应用单一维度的 &%UnitsOfMeasure 
&%Class 的实例，因此它不是由其他单位的复合函数在本质上决定的。")

(partition UnitOfMeasure CompositeUnitOfMeasure NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure)

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?QUANT (MeasureFn ?N ?UNIT))
    (instance ?UNIT CompositeUnitOfMeasure))
  (instance ?QUANT FunctionQuantity))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?QUANT (MeasureFn ?N ?UNIT))
    (instance ?UNIT NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure))
  (instance ?QUANT ConstantQuantity))


(subclass SystemeInternationalUnit UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation SystemeInternationalUnit EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of Systeme
International (SI) units.")
(documentation SystemeInternationalUnit ChineseLanguage "这是一个国际单位制的 &%Class。")

(subclass LengthMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation LengthMeasure EnglishLanguage "A &%subclass of
&%ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of length.")
(documentation LengthMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是 &%ConstantQuantity 的 &%subclass，它的实例
都是用来量度长度的。")

(subclass UnitOfLength NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfLength EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%LengthMeasure.")
(documentation UnitOfLength ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以用 &%MeasureFn 来
组成 &%LengthMeasure 实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure。")

(subclass MassMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation MassMeasure EnglishLanguage "A &%subclass of
&%ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of the amount of
matter in an &%Object.")
(documentation MassMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是 &%ConstantQuantity 的 &%subclass，是量度 
&%Object 所含物质数量的实例。")

(subclass UnitOfMass NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfMass EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%MassMeasure, which denote the amount of matter in
&%PhysicalObjects.")
(documentation UnitOfMass EnglishLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以用 &%MeasureFn 来
组成 &%MassMeasure 实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure，来表示 &%PhysicalObject 所含物质的数量。")

(subclass AreaMeasure FunctionQuantity)
(documentation AreaMeasure EnglishLanguage "Measures of the amount of space in two
dimensions.")
(documentation AreaMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是用来量度二维空间的尺度。")

(subclass UnitOfArea CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfArea EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%AreaMeasure.")
(documentation UnitOfArea ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以用 &%MeasureFn 来
组成 &%AreaMeasure 实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure.")

(subclass VolumeMeasure FunctionQuantity)
(documentation VolumeMeasure EnglishLanguage "Measures of the amount of space in three
dimensions.")
(documentation VolumeMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是用来量度三维空间的尺度。")

(subclass UnitOfVolume CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfVolume EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%VolumeMeasure.")
(documentation UnitOfVolume ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以用 &%MeasureFn 来
组成 &%VolumeMeasure 实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure。")

(subclass TemperatureMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation TemperatureMeasure EnglishLanguage "Measures of temperature.
In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the
average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing.")
(documentation TemperatureMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是用来量度温度的，科学上来说，一件东西的温度
是构成这个东西原子或分子的平均速度。")

(subclass UnitOfTemperature NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfTemperature EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%TemperatureMeasure.")
(documentation UnitOfTemperature ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以用 
&%MeasureFn 来组成 &%TemperatureMeasure 实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure。")

(subclass CurrencyMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation CurrencyMeasure EnglishLanguage "Instances of this
&%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity are measures of &%monetaryValue
stated in terms of some &%UnitOfCurrency such as &%UnitedStatesDollar,
&%UnitedStatesCent, RMB, Lira, Yen, etc.")
(documentation CurrencyMeasure ChineseLanguage "这个 &%ConstantQuantity &%subclass 的实例是
用来量度 &%monetaryValue 的，它以某些 &%UnitOfCurrency 如 &%UnitedStatesDollar 
，&%UnitedStatesCent、人民币、日元等等来表示。")

(subclass UnitOfCurrency NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfCurrency EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%CurrencyMeasure.")
(documentation UnitOfCurrency ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以用 
&%MeasureFn 来组成 &%CurrencyMeasure 实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure。")

(subclass AngleMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation AngleMeasure EnglishLanguage "The value of an angle in a plane or in a
solid.")
(documentation AngleMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是平面或固体一个角度的值。")

(subclass UnitOfAngularMeasure NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfAngularMeasure EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%AngleMeasure.")
(documentation UnitOfAngularMeasure ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以用 
&%MeasureFn 来组成 &%AngleMeasure 实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure。")

(subclass PlaneAngleMeasure AngleMeasure)
(documentation PlaneAngleMeasure EnglishLanguage "The value of an angle in a plane.")
(documentation PlaneAngleMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是平面一个角度的值。")

(subclass SolidAngleMeasure AngleMeasure)
(disjoint SolidAngleMeasure PlaneAngleMeasure)
(documentation SolidAngleMeasure EnglishLanguage "The value of an angle in a solid.")
(documentation SolidAngleMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是固体一个角度的值。")

(subclass UnitOfInformation NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfInformation EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%InformationMeasure.")
(documentation UnitOfInformation ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以用 
&%MeasureFn 来组成 &%InformationMeasure 实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure。")

(subclass UnitOfDuration NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfDuration EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%TimeDuration.  Note that &%TimeDuration is a &%subclass
of &%TimeMeasure.")
(documentation UnitOfDuration ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以用 
&%MeasureFn 来组成 &%TimeDuration  实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure。注： &%TimeDuration 是 
&%TimeMeasure 的一个 &%subclass。")

(instance MeasureFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MeasureFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MeasureFn 1 RealNumber)
(domain MeasureFn 2 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MeasureFn PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation MeasureFn EnglishLanguage "This &%BinaryFunction maps a
&%RealNumber and a &%UnitOfMeasure to that &%Number of units.  It is
used to express `measured' instances of &%PhysicalQuantity.  Example:
the concept of three meters is represented as (&%MeasureFn 3
&%Meter).")
(documentation MeasureFn ChineseLanguage "这个 &%BinaryFunction 把一个 &%RealNumber 和一个
&%UnitOfMeasure 联系成这个 &%Number 的单位。 这是用来表达 &%PhysicalQuantity 的某种分量的实例。
例如：三米可以这样来表示 (&%MeasureFn 3&%Meter)。")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfLength))
   (instance ?QUANT LengthMeasure))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMass))
   (instance ?QUANT MassMeasure))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfArea))
   (instance ?QUANT AreaMeasure))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfVolume))
   (instance ?QUANT VolumeMeasure))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfTemperature))
   (instance ?QUANT TemperatureMeasure))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfCurrency))
   (instance ?QUANT CurrencyMeasure))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfAngularMeasure))
   (instance ?QUANT AngleMeasure))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfDuration))
   (instance ?QUANT TimeDuration))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfInformation))
   (instance ?QUANT InformationMeasure))

; AP - this axiom below doesn't look right, what about functions that
; return unitless ratios

;(=>
;   (and
;      (instance ?REL RelationExtendedToQuantities)
;      (instance ?REL TernaryRelation)
;      (instance ?NUMBER1 RealNumber)
;      (instance ?NUMBER2 RealNumber)
;      (?REL ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ?VALUE))
;   (forall (?UNIT)
;      (=>
;         (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
;         (?REL (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT) (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT) (MeasureFn ?VALUE ?UNIT)))))


(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL RelationExtendedToQuantities)
      (instance ?REL BinaryRelation)
      (instance ?NUMBER1 RealNumber)
      (instance ?NUMBER2 RealNumber)
      (?REL ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
   (forall (?UNIT)
      (=>
         (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
         (?REL (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT) (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT)))))

(subclass UnitOfMeasureMultiplier UnaryFunction)
(subclass UnitOfMeasureMultiplier TotalValuedRelation)
(documentation UnitOfMeasureMultiplier EnglishLanguage "Each
&%instance of this &%Class is a &%UnaryFunction that, when evaluated
on its single argument, a &%UnitOfMeasure, produces another
&%UnitOfMeasure that is a numeric multiple of the argument.")
(documentation UnitOfMeasureMultiplier ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 的每一个 &%instance 都是
&%UnaryFunction，当我们以单一的参数来评估的话， 一个 &%UnitOfMeasure 会产生出另一个 &%UnitOfMeasure，
也就是说这是参数的一个数值倍数。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?FUNCTION UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
    (instance ?UNIT CompositeUnitOfMeasure))
  (instance (?FUNCTION ?UNIT) CompositeUnitOfMeasure))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?FUNCTION UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
    (instance ?UNIT NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure))
  (instance (?FUNCTION ?UNIT) NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure))

(instance KiloFn UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
(domain KiloFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range KiloFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation KiloFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure.
For example, (&%KiloFn &%Gram) is 1,000 &%Grams.")
(documentation KiloFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%UnitOfMeasure 联系
都等于原本 &%UnitOfMeasure 1,000倍的 &%UnitOfMeasure 上。 例如： (&%KiloFn &%Gram) 是
 1,000 &%Grams。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
    (equal ?KILOUNIT (KiloFn ?UNIT)))
  (equal (MeasureFn 1 ?KILOUNIT) (MeasureFn 1000 ?UNIT)))

(instance MegaFn UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
(domain MegaFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MegaFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MegaFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%MegaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000 &%Hertz.")
(documentation MegaFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%UnitOfMeasure 联系
都等于原本 &%UnitOfMeasure 1,000,000倍的 &%UnitOfMeasure 上。 例如：(&%MegaFn &%Hertz)是
 1,000,000 &%Hertz。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
    (equal ?MEGAUNIT (MegaFn ?UNIT)))
  (equal (MeasureFn 1 ?MEGAUNIT) (MeasureFn 1000000 ?UNIT)))

(instance GigaFn UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
(domain GigaFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range GigaFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation GigaFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%GigaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 &%Hertz.")
(documentation GigaFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%UnitOfMeasure 联系
都等于原本 &%UnitOfMeasure 1,000,000,000倍的 &%UnitOfMeasure 上。 例如：(&%GigaFn &%Hertz)是
 1,000,000,000 &%Hertz。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
    (equal ?GIGAUNIT (GigaFn ?UNIT)))
  (equal (MeasureFn 1 ?GIGAUNIT) (MeasureFn 1000000000 ?UNIT)))

(instance TeraFn UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
(domain TeraFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range TeraFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation TeraFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure
into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%TeraFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 &%Hertz.")
(documentation TeraFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%UnitOfMeasure 联系
都等于原本 &%UnitOfMeasure 1,000,000,000,000倍的 &%UnitOfMeasure 上。 例如：(&%TeraFn &%Hertz)
是 1,000,000,000,000 &%Hertz.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
    (equal ?TERAUNIT (TeraFn ?UNIT)))
  (equal (MeasureFn 1 ?TERAUNIT) (MeasureFn 1000000000000 ?UNIT)))

(instance MilliFn UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
(domain MilliFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MilliFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MilliFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure.
For example, (&%MilliFn &%Gram) is .001 &%Grams.")
(documentation MilliFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%UnitOfMeasure 联系
都等于原本 &%UnitOfMeasure 1,000之一的 &%UnitOfMeasure 上。 例如：(&%MilliFn &%Gram) 是
.001 &%Grams。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
    (equal ?MILLIUNIT (MilliFn ?UNIT)))
  (equal (MeasureFn 1 ?MILLIUNIT) (MeasureFn 0.001 ?UNIT)))

(instance MicroFn UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
(domain MicroFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MicroFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MicroFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure.
For example, (&%MicroFn &%Meter) is .000001 &%Meters.")
(documentation MicroFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%UnitOfMeasure 联系
都等于原本 &%UnitOfMeasure 1,000,000之一的 &%UnitOfMeasure 上。 例如：(&%MicroFn &%Meter)是
 .000001 &%Meters.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
    (equal ?MICROUNIT (MicroFn ?UNIT)))
  (equal (MeasureFn 1 ?MICROUNIT) (MeasureFn 0.000001 ?UNIT)))

(instance NanoFn UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
(domain NanoFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range NanoFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation NanoFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%MicroFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000001
&%SecondDurations.")
(documentation NanoFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%UnitOfMeasure 联系
都等于原本 &%UnitOfMeasure 1,000,000,000之一的 &%UnitOfMeasure 上。 例如：
(&%MicroFn &%SecondDuration) 是 .000000001 &%SecondDurations。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
    (equal ?NANOUNIT (NanoFn ?UNIT)))
  (equal (MeasureFn 1 ?NANOUNIT) (MeasureFn 0.000000001 ?UNIT)))

(instance PicoFn UnitOfMeasureMultiplier)
(domain PicoFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range PicoFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation PicoFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%PicoFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000000001
&%SecondDurations.")
(documentation PicoFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%UnitOfMeasure 联系
都等于原本 &%UnitOfMeasure 1,000,000,000,000之一的 &%UnitOfMeasure 上。 例如：
(&%PicoFn &%SecondDuration) 是 .000000000001 &%SecondDurations.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
    (equal ?PICOUNIT (PicoFn ?UNIT)))
  (equal (MeasureFn 1 ?PICOUNIT) (MeasureFn 0.000000000001 ?UNIT)))

(instance IntervalFn BinaryFunction)
(instance IntervalFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain IntervalFn 1 ConstantQuantity)
(domain IntervalFn 2 ConstantQuantity)
(rangeSubclass IntervalFn ConstantQuantity)
(relatedInternalConcept IntervalFn RecurrentTimeIntervalFn)
(documentation IntervalFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that
maps two instances of &%ConstantQuantity to the &%subclass of
&%ConstantQuantity that comprises the interval from the first
&%ConstantQuantity to the second &%ConstantQuantity.  For
example, (&%IntervalFn (&%MeasureFn 8 &%Meter) (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Meter))
would return the &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity comprising quantities
between 8 and 14 meters in length.")
(documentation IntervalFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它把 &%ConstantQuantity
的两个实例联系到包含从第一个 &%ConstantQuantity 到第二个 &%ConstantQuantity 的间隔的
&%ConstantQuantity &%subclass 上。例如：(&%IntervalFn (&%MeasureFn 8 &%Meter)
 (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Meter))会得出包含长度由8 到14 米之间数量的 &%ConstantQuantity &%subclass。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?QUANTITY (IntervalFn ?FROM ?TO))
    (instance ?FROM ?CLASS)
    (instance ?TO ?CLASS))
  (instance ?QUANTITY ?CLASS))

(<=>
   (instance ?QUANTITY (IntervalFn ?FROM ?TO))
   (and
        (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?QUANTITY ?FROM)
        (lessThanOrEqualTo ?QUANTITY ?TO)))

(instance MagnitudeFn UnaryFunction)
(instance MagnitudeFn TotalValuedRelation)

(domain MagnitudeFn 1 PhysicalQuantity)
(range MagnitudeFn RealNumber)
(documentation MagnitudeFn EnglishLanguage "The magnitude of a &%PhysicalQuantity is the
numeric value for the quantity.  In other words, &%MagnitudeFn converts
a &%PhysicalQuantity with an associated &%UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary
&%RealNumber.  For example, the magnitude of the (&%ConstantQuantity 2
&%Kilometer) is the &%RealNumber 2.   Note that the magnitude of a
quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original
quantity.")
(documentation MagnitudeFn ChineseLanguage "一个 &%PhysicalQuantity 的大小是这个量的数值。换句
话说， &%MagnitudeFn 以相关的 &%UnitOfMeasure 把一个 &%PhysicalQuantity 转换成一个普通的 
&%RealNumber。例如：(&%ConstantQuantity 2 &%Kilometer)的大小是 &%RealNumber 2。注：某种单位的量
成以这个单位会等于原本的量。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
    (equal ?QUANT (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT)))
  (equal (MagnitudeFn ?QUANT) ?NUMBER))

(instance UnitFn UnaryFunction)
(instance UnitFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain UnitFn 1 PhysicalQuantity)
(range UnitFn UnitOfMeasure)

(documentation UnitFn EnglishLanguage "&%UnitFn returns just the
&%UnitOfMeasure of a &%PhysicalQuantity with an associated
&%UnitOfMeasure and &%RealNumber magnitude.  For example, the unit of
the &%ConstantQuantity (&%MeasureFn 2 &%Kilometer) is the
&%UnitOfMeasure &%Kilometer.")
(documentation UnitFn ChineseLanguage "
&%UnitFn 以相关的 &%UnitOfMeasure 和 &%RealNumber 大小，只得出一个 &%PhysicalQuantity 的 
&%UnitOfMeasure。例如：&%ConstantQuantity (&%MeasureFn 2 &%Kilometer)的单位是
&%UnitOfMeasure &%Kilometer。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
      (equal ?QUANT (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT)))
   (equal (UnitFn ?QUANT) ?UNIT))

(instance PerFn BinaryFunction)
(instance PerFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PerFn 1 PhysicalQuantity)
(domain PerFn 2 PhysicalQuantity)

(range PerFn FunctionQuantity)

(documentation PerFn EnglishLanguage "&%PerFn maps two instances of &%PhysicalQuantity to
the &%FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances.  For example,
(&%PerFn (&%MeasureFn 2 (&%MicroFn &%Gram)) (&%MeasureFn 1 (&%KiloFn
&%Gram))) denotes the &%FunctionQuantity of 2 micrograms per kiogram.
This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge engineer to
dynamically generate instances of &%FunctionQuantity.")
(documentation PerFn ChineseLanguage "&%PerFn 把两个 &%PhysicalQuantity 的实例联系到由这两个实例
所组成的 &%FunctionQuantity。例如：(&%PerFn (&%MeasureFn 2 (&%MicroFn &%Gram)) (&%MeasureFn 1 
(&%KiloFn&%Gram)))表示2微克/千克的 &%FunctionQuantity。这个函数很有用因为它允许知识工程师随时编制新的
 &%FunctionQuantity 实例。")

(subrelation DensityFn PerFn)
(instance DensityFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance DensityFn BinaryFunction)
(domain DensityFn 1 MassMeasure)
(domain DensityFn 2 VolumeMeasure)
(range DensityFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation DensityFn EnglishLanguage "&%DensityFn maps an instance of &%MassMeasure
and an instance of &%VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this
proportion of mass and volume.  For example, (&%DensityFn (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Gram)
(&%MeasureFn 1 &%Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter.")
(documentation DensityFn ChineseLanguage "&%DensityFn 把 &%MassMeasure 的实例和 
&%VolumeMeasure 的实例和由这个质量和体积比例所代表的密度联系起来。例如：
(&%DensityFn (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Gram)(&%MeasureFn 1 &%Liter)) 表示密度3克/升。")

(subrelation SpeedFn PerFn)
(instance SpeedFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance SpeedFn BinaryFunction)
(domain SpeedFn 1 LengthMeasure)
(domain SpeedFn 2 TimeDuration)
(range SpeedFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation SpeedFn EnglishLanguage "Maps an instance of &%LengthMeasure and an instance of
&%TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time.
For example, (&%SpeedFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile)(&%MeasureFn 1 &%HourDuration))
represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour.")
(documentation SpeedFn ChineseLanguage "这个函数把&%LengthMeasure 的一个实例和 &%TimeDuration 
的一个实例和由这个时间和距离比例所代表的速率联系起来。例如：
(&%SpeedFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile)(&%MeasureFn 1 &%HourDuration))表示速度55英里每小时。")

(instance VelocityFn QuaternaryFunction)
(instance VelocityFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain VelocityFn 1 LengthMeasure)
(domain VelocityFn 2 TimeDuration)
(domain VelocityFn 3 Region)
(domain VelocityFn 4 DirectionalAttribute)
(range VelocityFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation VelocityFn EnglishLanguage "Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed
and the direction of the speed.  For example (&%VelocityFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile)
(&%MeasureFn 2 &%HourDuration) ?REFERENCE &%North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles
per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE.")
(documentation VelocityFn ChineseLanguage "这个函数指出一个物体的速度，也就是说速率和速率的方向。
例如： (&%VelocityFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile)
(&%MeasureFn 2 &%HourDuration) ?REFERENCE &%North)表示从一个预定的坐标 ?REFERENCE
以每小时55英里的速度向北移动。")

(=>
   (measure ?OBJECT (VelocityFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME ?REF ?DIRECTION))
   (measure ?OBJECT (SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)))

;; Now the units of measure:

;; First base units for the SI system. No conversion functions are
;; provided for these units.

;; Length Base Unit

(instance Meter UnitOfLength)
(instance Meter SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Meter EnglishLanguage "SI &%UnitOfLength.  Symbol:  m. It is one of the
base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%Meter
is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time
interval of 1/299792458 of a &%SecondDuration.")
(documentation Meter ChineseLanguage "&%UnitOfLength 的国际单位制。符号：m。这是国际单位制中的一
个基本单位，而它现在的定义如下：&%Meter 是光在真空中在时距 1/299792458 &%SecondDuration 内所行经的
距离。")

;; Mass Base Unit

(instance Gram UnitOfMass)
(instance Gram SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Gram EnglishLanguage "Submultiple of kilogram.  Symbol: g.
1 kilogram = 1000 &%Grams.")

;; Time Base Unit

(instance SecondDuration UnitOfDuration)
(instance SecondDuration SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation SecondDuration EnglishLanguage "SI &%UnitOfDuration.  Symbol: s.
It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as
follows: the &%SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of
the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.")
(documentation SecondDuration  ChineseLanguage "&%UnitOfDuration 的国际单位制。符号：s。这是
国际单位制中的一个基本单位，而它现在的定义如下：&%SecondDuration 是銫133原子基態的兩個超精細能階間躍遷
對應輻射的9,192,631,770個週期的持續時間。")

;; Electric Current Base Unit

(instance Ampere CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Ampere SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Ampere EnglishLanguage "SI electric current measure.  Symbol: A. It is
one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the &%Ampere is
that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel
conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and
placed 1 &%Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors
a force equal to 2*10^(-7) &%Newton per &%Meter of length.")
(documentation Ampere ChineseLanguage "这是量度电流的国际单位制。符号：A。这是国际单位制中的一个基本
单位，而它现在的定义如下：&%Ampere 是在真空中相距为1 &%Meter的两根无限长平行直导线，通以相等的恒定电流，
当每 &%Meter 导线上所受作用力为2*10^(-7) &%Newton时，各导线上的电流。")

;; Thermodynamic Temperature Base Unit

(instance KelvinDegree UnitOfTemperature)
(instance KelvinDegree SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation KelvinDegree EnglishLanguage "SI &%UnitOfMeasure used
with &%MeasureFn to produce terms denoting instances of
&%TemperatureMeasure.  Symbol: K.  It is one of the base units in
SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system).  Kelvin differs from the
Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be
273.16 &%KelvinDegrees while it is 0 &%CelsiusDegrees.  The magnitudes
of intervals in the two scales are the same.  By definition the
conversion constant is 273.15.")
(documentation KelvinDegree ChineseLanguage "这是一个国际单位制的 &%UnitOfMeasure，它和 
&%MeasureFn 一起应用，来产生用来表示 &%TemperatureMeasure 实例的用语，符号：K。这是国际单位制中的一个
基本单位，(它也是智能运输系统的一个单位)。开尔文和摄氏的分别在于水的三相點定義為273.16 &%KelvinDegree，
而摄氏度则为 0 &%CelsiusDegree，两个温度单位中的间隔大小相同。按照定义，转换常数为273.15。")

;; Amount Of Substance Base Unit

(instance Mole UnitOfMass)
(instance Mole SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Mole EnglishLanguage "SI amount of substance
unit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as
follows: the &%Mole is the amount of substance of a system which
contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
&%Kilograms of carbon 12.  Note that, when this &%UnitOfMeasure is
used, the elementary entities must be specified - they may be atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles.")
(documentation Mole ChineseLanguage "这是物质单位的国际单位制数量。 符号：mol。这是国际单位制中的
一个基本单位，而它现在的定义如下：&%Mole 是一系统物质所含基本微粒个数与0.012 &%Kilogram 碳-12中所含原子
个数相等量。注：在应用这个 &%UnitOfMeasure 时，我们必须指定基本的实体：它们可以是原子、分子、离子和电子
等等，或是由这些粒子所组成的东西。")

;; Luminosity Intensity Base Unit

(instance Candela CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Candela SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Candela EnglishLanguage "SI luminosity intensity measure.  Symbol: cd.
It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as
follows:  the &%Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction,
of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12
&%Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683
&%Watt per &%Steradian.")
(documentation Candela  ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度亮度强度的单位。符号：cd。这是国际单位制
中的一个基本单位，而它现在的定义如下：&%Candela 是給定一個频率为 540*10^12 &%Hertz 的单色辐射光源與一
個方向，且該輻射源在该方向的輻射強度为1/683 &%Watt/ &%Steradian，則該輻射源在該方向的發光強度。")

(instance Liter UnitOfVolume)
(documentation Liter EnglishLanguage "Unit of volume in the metric
system.  It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic
decimeter (0.001 cubic meter).  Symbol: l.")
(documentation Liter ChineseLanguage "公制中的体积单位。 而它现在的定义等于一立方分米(0.001立方米)。
符号：l。")

(instance Centimeter UnitOfLength)
(documentation Centimeter EnglishLanguage "Submultiple of &%Meter.  Symbol: cm. It is
the 100th part of a &%Meter")
(documentation Centimeter ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Meter 的约数，符号：cm。它是100分之一
&%Meter。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Centimeter)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.01) Meter))

(documentation Millimeter EnglishLanguage "Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: mm. A millimeter
is the 1000th part of a meter")
(documentation Millimeter ChineseLanguage "这是米的约数，符号：mm。1毫米是1000分之一米。")
(instance Millimeter UnitOfLength)

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Millimeter)
  (MeasureFn
    (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.001) Meter))

(instance Kilometer UnitOfLength)
(documentation Kilometer EnglishLanguage "Supermultiple of &%Meter. Symbol: km. A
&%Meter is the 1000th part of a &%Kilometer")
(documentation Kilometer ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Meter 的倍数。符号：km。1 &%Meter 是1000之
1 &%Kilometer。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Kilometer)
  (MeasureFn
    (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1000) Meter))


;; What follows are derived SI units with special names and symbols
;; (multiples and submultiples are together since they represent
;; quantities of the same kind).

;; Plane angle unit

(instance Radian UnitOfAngularMeasure)
(instance Radian SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Radian EnglishLanguage "SI plane angle measure.  Symbol: rad.  It is the
angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's
radius. Another definition is:  the plane angle between two radii of a
circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the
radius.  &%Radian = m/m = 1.")
(documentation Radian ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度平面角度的单位，符号：rad。它是在圆上所切出
的圆弧长度等於半徑時的圓心角；另一个定义是：圆周的两个半径之间的平面角，在圆周上切除长度等于半径的弧。
 &%Radian = m/m = 1。")

;; Solid angle unit

(instance Steradian UnitOfAngularMeasure)
(instance Steradian SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Steradian EnglishLanguage "SI solid angle measure.  Symbol: sr.  It is
the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose
area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius.  Another definition
is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere,
cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square
with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.  &%Steradian =
m^2/m^2 = 1.")
(documentation Steradian ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度立体角度的单位，符号：sr。它是由一个球体
表面切出一个面积等于球体半径平方的一个立体角。另一个定义是：一个球体中心顶点的立体角，它是从球体表面切出
等于一个四边长度和球体半径的正方形的面积。&%Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1。")

;; Frequency units

(subclass FrequencyMeasure TimeDependentQuantity)
(documentation FrequencyMeasure EnglishLanguage "A &%subclass of
&%TimeDependentQuantity, instances of which are measures of the
frequency with which some &%Process occurs.")
(documentation FrequencyMeasure ChineseLanguage "&%TimeDependentQuantity 的 &%subclass，
, 它有些实例是用来量度某些 &%Process 发生的频率。 ")

(subclass UnitOfFrequency CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfFrequency EnglishLanguage "Every instance of this
&%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form
instances of &%FrequencyMeasure.")
(documentation UnitOfFrequency ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 所有的实例都是可以和 &%MeasureFn
一起应用来组成 &%FrequencyMeasure 实例的 &%UnitOfMeasure。")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfFrequency))
   (instance ?QUANT FrequencyMeasure))

(instance Hertz UnitOfFrequency)
(instance Hertz SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Hertz EnglishLanguage "SI frequency measure.  Symbol: Hz. It is the
number of cycles per second.  &%Hertz = s^(-1).  Note that &%Hertz
does not have a conversion function.")
(documentation Hertz ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度频率的单位，符号：Hz。它是每秒週期運動的次
數。 &%Hertz = s^(-1)。注： &%Hertz 并没有转换函数。")

; Force Unit

(instance Newton CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Newton SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Newton EnglishLanguage "SI force measure.  Symbol: N. It is that force
which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 &%Meter per
&%SecondDuration.  &%Newton = m*kg*s^(-2).")
(documentation Newton ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度力的单位，符号：N。它是使質量1公斤物體的
加速度為1 &%Meter/&%SecondDuration 所需要的力. &%Newton = m*kg*s^(-2)。")

; Pressure unit

(instance Pascal CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Pascal SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Pascal EnglishLanguage "SI pressure measure.  Symbol:Pa. It is the
pressure of one &%Newton per square &%Meter.  &%Pascal = N/m^2
= m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2).")
(documentation Pascal ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制的压强单位，符号：Pa。它等于一&%Newtonp 平方
 &%Meter 的压强。 &%Pascal = N/m^2= m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2)。")

; Energy Unit

(instance Joule CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Joule SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Joule EnglishLanguage "SI energy measure.  Symbol: J.  It is the work
done when the point of application of 1 &%Newton is displaced a distance
of 1 &%Meter in the direction of the force.  &%Joule = N*m =
m^2*kg*s^(-2).")
(documentation Joule ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度能量的单位，符号：J。它等於施加1 &%Newton
牛頓作用力，向力的方向，經過1 &%Meter 公尺距離所需的能量。&%Joule = N*m = m^2*kg*s^(-2)。")

; Power Units

(instance Watt CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Watt SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Watt EnglishLanguage "SI power measure.  Symbol: W.  A &%UnitOfMeasure
that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by
&%TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production
of energy (or work) at the rate of one &%Joule per &%SecondDuration.
&%Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3).")
(documentation Watt ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制的功率单位，符号：W。它是一个量度量度功率的 
&%UnitOfMeasure，也就是说能量转换或耗散除以 &%TimeDuration。这是以1 &%Joule／&%SecondDuration 的
速率所产生的能量(或功)。&%Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3)。")

(instance Horsepower CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Horsepower EnglishLanguage "A power measure that is equal to 746 &%Watts.")
(documentation Horsepower ChineseLanguage "这是等于 746 &%Watts，用来量度功率的单位。")

(=>
  (instance ?N RealNumber)
  (equal
    (MeasureFn ?N Horsepower)
    (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?N 746) Watt)))

;;; Note: According to SI one should not use the expression "per unit of."


; Electric Charge Units

(instance Coulomb CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Coulomb SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Coulomb EnglishLanguage "SI electric charge measure.  Symbol: C. It is
the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of
a conductor in an electric circuit during each &%SecondDuration by a
current of 1 &%Ampere. &%Coulomb = s*A.")
(documentation Coulomb ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度电量单位，符号：C。库仑是当电路载有1 
&%Ampere 穩定電流时，在1 &%SecondDuration 秒内通过导线横截面积的电量。&%Coulomb = s*A.")

(=>
  (equal ?QUANTITY (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Coulomb))
  (instance ?QUANTITY TimeDependentQuantity))

; Electric Potential Units

(instance Volt CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Volt SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Volt EnglishLanguage "SI electric potential measure.  Symbol: V.  It is
the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting
wire carrying a constant current of 1 &%Ampere, when the power dissipated
between these points is equal to 1 &%Watt.  &%Volt = W/A =
m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1).")
(documentation Volt ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度电压单位，符号：V。它是在載有1 &%Ampere
恆定電流的導線上，當兩點之間導線上的功率耗散為1 &%Watt 時，這兩點之間的電位差。
&%Volt = W/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1)。")

; Capacitance Units

(instance Farad CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Farad SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Farad EnglishLanguage "SI capacitance measure.  Symbol: F.  It is the
capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears
a difference of potential of 1 &%Volt when it is charged by a quantity
of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb.  &%Farad = C/V =
m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2.")
(documentation Farad ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制的电容单位，符号：F。它是当两个出现 1 &%Volt 
的电位差的平面被等于1 库仓充电时，它们之间电容器的电容。 &%Farad = C/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2。")

;Electric Resistance Units

(instance Ohm CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Ohm SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Ohm EnglishLanguage "SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric
resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference
of potential of 1 &%Volt, applied between these two points,
produces in this conductor a current of 1 &%Ampere, this conductor not
being the force of any electromotive force.  &%Ohm = V/A =
m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2).")
(documentation Ohm ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度电阻值的单位。它是在一個無電動勢的導體上，在兩
點間施压 1 &%Volt 電壓，令在導體上產生 1 &%Ampere 電流時，此時兩點間的電阻是1歐姆。
&%Ohm = V/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2)。")

; Electric Conductance Units

(instance Siemens CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Siemens SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Siemens EnglishLanguage "SI electric conductance measure.  Symbol:  S.
In the case of direct current, the conductance in &%Siemens is the
reciprocal of the resistance in &%Ohms, in the case of alternating current,
it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms.  siemens = A/V =
m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2.")
(documentation Siemens ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度电导的单位。符号：S。在直流电的情况下，
以 &%Siemens 为单位的电导是以 &%Ohm 为单位电阻的倒数，在交流电的情况下，它是以欧姆为单位阻抗的倒数。
siemens = A/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2。")

; Magnetic Flux Units

(instance Weber CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance  Weber SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Weber EnglishLanguage "SI magnetic flux measure.  Symbol: Wb. It is the
magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an
electromotive force of 1 &%Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform
rate in 1 &%SecondDuration.  &%Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1)." )
(documentation Weber ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度磁通量的单位。符号：Wb。韦伯是连接电路一圈，
以平均 1 &%SecondDuration 的速度递减到零所產生1 &%Volt 的電動勢。
&%Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1)。" )

; Magnetic Flux Density Units

(instance Tesla CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Tesla SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Tesla EnglishLanguage "SI magnetic flux density measure.  Symbol:  T.
One &%Tesla equals one &%Weber per square &%Meter.  &%Tesla = Wb/m^2 =
kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1).")
(documentation Tesla  ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度磁通量密度的单位。符号：T。1 &%Tesla 等于
每平方 &%Meter 1 &%Weber。 &%Tesla = Wb/m^2 = kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1)。")

; Inductance Units

(instance Henry CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Henry SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Henry EnglishLanguage "SI inductance measure.  Symbol: H.  One &%Henry
is equivalent to one &%Volt divided by one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration.
If a current changing at the rate of one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration
induces an electromotive force of one &%Volt, the circuit has an
inductance of one &%Henry.  &%Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2).")
(documentation Henry ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度电感的单位。符号：H。1 &%Henry 等于1
 &%Volt 除以1 &%Ampere/ &%SecondDuration.如果电路中电流每 &%SecondDuration 变化1 &%Ampere,则会
产生1 &%Volt 的感应电动势，此时电路的电感定义为1&%Henry。&%Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2)。")

; Celsius Temperature unit

(instance CelsiusDegree UnitOfTemperature)
(instance CelsiusDegree SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation CelsiusDegree EnglishLanguage "A &%TemperatureMeasure.  The freezing point
and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 &%CelsiusDegrees and 100
&%CelsiusDegrees.")
(documentation CelsiusDegree ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%TemperatureMeasure，水的冰点和沸点
分别是 0 &%CelsiusDegree 和 100 &%CelsiusDegree。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER CelsiusDegree)
  (MeasureFn (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER 273.15) KelvinDegree))

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER CelsiusDegree)
  (MeasureFn (DivisionFn (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER 32) 1.8) FahrenheitDegree))

; Luminous Flux Units

(instance Lumen CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Lumen SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Lumen EnglishLanguage "SI luminous flux measure.  Symbol: lm.  It is the
amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 &%Steradian from a
uniform point source having an intensity of one &%Candela.  &%Lumen =
cd*sr = cd * 1.")
(documentation Lumen ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制的光通量单位。符号：lm。这是从一个光源发射1
&%Candela 强度的光通过1 &%Steradian 的立体角向外散发的光通量。&%Lumen = cd*sr = cd * 1。")

; Illuminance Units

(instance Lux CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Lux SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Lux EnglishLanguage "SI illuminance measure.  Symbol: lx.  It is the
amount of illumination provided when one &%Lumen is evenly distributed
over an area of 1 square &%Meter. This is also equivalent to the
illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one
&%Meter from a point source of one &%Candela.  &%Lux = lm/m^2 =
m^(-2)*cd.")
(documentation Lux ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制的照度单位。符号：lx。这是当1 &%Lumen 的光通量
平均散发到 1 平方 &%Meter 的面积时所有产生的照明度。它也等于离光源1 &%Candela 1 &%Meter 所有点表面所
收到的照明。&%Lux = lm/m^2 = m^(-2)*cd。")

; Activity Units

(instance Becquerel CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Becquerel SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Becquerel EnglishLanguage "SI radioactivity measure.  Symbol: Bq.  It 
measures the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is
that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic
disintegration per &%SecondDuration.  &%Becquerel = s^(-1).")
(documentation Becquerel ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度放射性活度的单位。符号：Bq。它量度指定
样本物质所含的放射性活度。这是以每 &%SecondDuration 分解一个原子衰变所得的放射元素量。 
&%Becquerel = s^(-1)。")

(=>
  (equal ?QUANTITY (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Becquerel))
  (instance ?QUANTITY TimeDependentQuantity))

; Absorbed Dose Units

(instance Gray CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Gray SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Gray EnglishLanguage "SI absorbed dose measure.  Symbol: Gy.  It measures
the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately
to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to
matter by ionizing radiation is 1 &%Joule per kilogram.  &%Gray = J/kg
= m^2*s^(-2).")
(documentation Gray  ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度电离辐射吸收剂量的单位。符号：Gy。它量度活
组织所吸收的辐射剂量。它大约等于当电离辐射给物质放射单位质量每公斤 1 &%Joule 的能量时，物体 所吸收的剂量
&%Gray = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)。")

; Dose Equivalent Units

(instance Sievert CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(instance Sievert SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Sievert EnglishLanguage "SI dose equivalent measure.  Symbol: Sv.  It is
a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation.  The &%Sievert makes it
possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes
into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation,
since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons--
has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed
dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in &%Sievert) is
the dose of the radiation in &%Gray multiplied by a quality factor that
is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation.
Accordingly, one &%Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation
roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one &%Gray of gamma
radiation.  &%Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)")
(documentation Sievert ChineseLanguage "这是国际单位制量度受辐射等效生物当量的单位。符号：Sv。它是
电离辐射的一个生物剂量的单位。&%Sievert令归化不同类型的辐射剂量变得可行。它考虑到电离辐射的相对生物学效力，
因为这种辐射的每种形式，对于指定的吸收剂量，例如X射线、伽马射线、中子，对活组织具有轻微不同的影响。想等于
一种指定辐射的剂量(&%Sievert)是以 &%Gray 为剂量的辐射乘以基于辐射的相对生物效应的一个品质因数。因此，
1 &%Sievert 通常定义为大致等于伽马辐射1 &%Gray 生物效力的辐射量。&%Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)")

; Units that are accepted for -use- with SI

(instance DayDuration UnitOfDuration)
(documentation DayDuration EnglishLanguage "Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours.")
(documentation DayDuration ChineseLanguage "这是时间单位，1日 = 24小时。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER DayDuration)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 24) HourDuration))

(instance HourDuration UnitOfDuration)
(documentation HourDuration EnglishLanguage "Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes.")
(documentation HourDuration ChineseLanguage "这是时间单位，1小时 = 60分钟。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER HourDuration)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 60) MinuteDuration))

(instance MinuteDuration UnitOfDuration)
(documentation MinuteDuration EnglishLanguage "Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. ")
(documentation MinuteDuration ChineseLanguage "这是时间单位，1分钟 = 60秒。 ")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MinuteDuration)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 60) SecondDuration))

(instance WeekDuration UnitOfDuration)
(documentation WeekDuration EnglishLanguage "Time unit.  A week's duration is seven 
days.")
(documentation WeekDuration ChineseLanguage "这是时间单位，一周 为期七天。")

 (equal
   (MeasureFn ?NUMBER WeekDuration)
   (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 7) DayDuration))

(instance MonthDuration UnitOfDuration)
(documentation MonthDuration EnglishLanguage "Time unit.  A month's duration is at least
28 days, and no more than 31 days.  Note that this unit is a range, rather
than an exact amount, unlike most other units.")
(documentation MonthDuration ChineseLanguage "这是时间单位，一个月为期起码28天，而会超过31天。注：
和其它大多数的单位不同，这是一个范围的单位，而不是一个准确数字。")

(greaterThanOrEqualTo
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MonthDuration)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 28) DayDuration))

(lessThanOrEqualTo
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MonthDuration)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 31) DayDuration))

(instance YearDuration UnitOfDuration)
(documentation YearDuration EnglishLanguage "Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year =
365 days = 31536000 seconds.")
(documentation YearDuration ChineseLanguage "这是时间单位，一个日历年，1年=365日=31536000秒。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER YearDuration)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 365) DayDuration))

;; What follows are units that are also accepted for use with SI.  The
;; SI equivalents for these units are obtained experimentally.

(instance Amu UnitOfMass)
(documentation Amu EnglishLanguage "Atomic mass unit.  Symbol: u. It is the mass of
the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope.")
(documentation Amu ChineseLanguage "这是原子质量单位，符号：u。它是碳-12同位素原子质量的1/12。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Amu)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.6605402E-24) Gram))

(instance ElectronVolt CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation ElectronVolt EnglishLanguage "The &%ElectronVolt is an energy measure.
Symbol: eV.  It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing
through a potential difference of 1 &%Volt in a vacuum.")
(documentation ElectronVolt ChineseLanguage "&%ElectronVolt 是一个能量单位，符号：eV。它是一个
电子在真空的情况下，经过 1 &%Volt电位差所获得的动能。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ElectronVolt)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.60217733E-19) Joule))

;; The following units have been temporarily accepted for use with
;; SI units.

(instance Angstrom UnitOfLength)
(documentation Angstrom EnglishLanguage "The &%Angstrom is a &%LengthMeasure.
1 &%Angstrom = 10^(-10) m")
(documentation Angstrom ChineseLanguage "&%Angstrom 是一个 &%LengthMeasure。
1 &%Angstrom = 10^(-10) m")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Angstrom)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.0E-10) Meter))

;; The following units are unacceptable in SI but are part of other
;; systems of measurement that are widely used.

;; More Length units

(instance FootLength UnitOfLength)
(documentation FootLength EnglishLanguage "English length unit of feet.")
(documentation FootLength ChineseLanguage "这是英制长度单位的英尺。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER FootLength)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.3048) Meter))

(instance Inch UnitOfLength)
(documentation Inch EnglishLanguage "English length unit of inches.")
(documentation Inch ChineseLanguage "这是英制长度单位的英寸。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Inch)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.0254) Meter))

(instance Mile UnitOfLength)
(documentation Mile EnglishLanguage "English length unit of miles.")
(documentation Mile ChineseLanguage "这是英制长度单位的英里。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Mile)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1609.344) Meter))

;; More Volume units

(instance UnitedStatesGallon UnitOfVolume)
(relatedInternalConcept UnitedStatesGallon UnitedKingdomGallon)
(documentation UnitedStatesGallon EnglishLanguage "Unit of volume commonly used in the
United States.")
(documentation UnitedStatesGallon ChineseLanguage "这是美国普遍使用的容量单位。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER UnitedStatesGallon)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 3.785411784) Liter))

(instance Quart UnitOfVolume)
(documentation Quart EnglishLanguage "English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a
&%UnitedStatesGallon.")

(documentation Quart ChineseLanguage "这是英制量度容量的单位，它等于1/4 &%UnitedStatesGallon。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Quart)
  (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 4) UnitedStatesGallon))

(instance Pint UnitOfVolume)
(documentation Pint EnglishLanguage "English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a
&%Quart.")
(documentation Pint ChineseLanguage "这是英制量度容量的单位，它等于1/2 &%Quart。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Pint)
  (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 2) Quart))

(instance Cup UnitOfVolume)
(documentation Cup EnglishLanguage "English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a
&%Pint.")
(documentation Cup ChineseLanguage "这是英制量度容量的单位，它等于1/2 &%Pint。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Cup)
  (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 2) Pint))

(instance Ounce UnitOfVolume)
(documentation Ounce EnglishLanguage "English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a
&%Cup.")
(documentation Ounce ChineseLanguage "这是英制量度容量的单位，它等于1/8 &%Cup.")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Ounce)
  (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 8) Cup))

(instance UnitedKingdomGallon UnitOfVolume)
(documentation UnitedKingdomGallon EnglishLanguage "Unit of volume commonly used in the
United Kingdom.")
(documentation UnitedKingdomGallon ChineseLanguage "这是英国普遍使用的容量单位。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER UnitedKingdomGallon)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 4.54609) Liter))

;; More Mass units

(instance AtomGram UnitOfMass)
(documentation AtomGram EnglishLanguage "&%MassMeasure that is also known as the 
gram-atom.
Defined as the mass in grams of 1 &%Mole of pure substance.  For example,
1 &%AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 &%Gram of pure Carbon 12.  2 &%AtomGram
of the same substance will be 24 &%Gram of it.  This is an unusual unit in
that it is essentially 1 &%Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the
actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance.")
(documentation AtomGram ChineseLanguage "这是 &%MassMeasure，也称为克原子，它的定义为以克计
1 &%Mole 纯物质的质量。例如：1 &%AtomGram 的碳-12会是12 &%Gram 的纯碳-12。2 &%AtomGram 相同的物质
会是它的 24 &%Gram。这是一个不寻常的单位，因为它基本上1 &%Mole 的'东西'是以克来量度，所以实际值，也就是
它的质量要看物质的种类。")

(documentation Kilogram EnglishLanguage "Supermultiple of &%Gram. Symbol: kg. 1 
&%Kilogram = 1000 Grams.")
(documentation Kilogram ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Gramm 的倍数，符号：kg. 
1 &%Kilogram = 1000克。")
(instance Kilogram SystemeInternationalUnit)
(instance Kilogram UnitOfMass)

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Kilogram)
  (MeasureFn
    (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1000) Gram))

(domain weight 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain weight 2 MassMeasure)
(instance weight BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation weight measure)
(documentation weight EnglishLanguage "(&%weight ?O ?MM) means that on planet earth
the &%SelfConnectedObject ?O has the weight ?MM.")
(documentation weight ChineseLanguage "(&%weight ?O ?MM)的意思是在地球上，这个
 &%SelfConnectedObject ?O 的重量是 ?MM。")

(instance PoundMass UnitOfMass)
(documentation PoundMass EnglishLanguage "English mass unit of pounds.")
(documentation PoundMass ChineseLanguage "英制质量单位磅。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER PoundMass)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 453.59237) Gram))

(instance Slug UnitOfMass)
(documentation Slug EnglishLanguage "English mass unit of slugs.")
(documentation Slug ChineseLanguage "英制质量单位斯勒格。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Slug)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 14593.90) Gram))

;; More Temperature units

(instance RankineDegree UnitOfTemperature)
(documentation RankineDegree EnglishLanguage "A &%TemperatureMeasure.  Note
that 0 &%RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0
&%KelvinDegrees).")
(documentation RankineDegree ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%TemperatureMeasure。注：0 
&%RankineDegree 和绝对零度是一样的(即是 0 &%KelvinDegrees)。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER RankineDegree)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.8) KelvinDegree))

(instance FahrenheitDegree UnitOfTemperature)
(documentation FahrenheitDegree EnglishLanguage "A &%UnitOfTemperature that is commonly
used in the United States.  On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point
of water is 32 &%FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is
212 &%FahrenheitDegrees.")
(documentation FahrenheitDegree ChineseLanguage "这是一个在美国普遍使用的 &%UnitOfTemperature，
在华氏表上，水的冰点是32 &%FahrenheitDegree ，而水的沸点是212 &%FahrenheitDegree。")

;; More Force units

(instance PoundForce CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation PoundForce EnglishLanguage "English pound of force. The conversion
factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A
mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this
constant.")
(documentation PoundForce ChineseLanguage "英制力的单位磅力。它的换算因子决定于自由落体的局部加速度。
和这个常数相关的换算公理会用平均值。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER PoundForce)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 4.448222) Newton))

;; More Energy units

(instance Calorie CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Calorie EnglishLanguage "A &%Calorie is an energy measure.")
(documentation Calorie ChineseLanguage "一个 &%Calorie 是量度能量的单位。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Calorie)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 4.1868) Joule))

(instance BritishThermalUnit CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation BritishThermalUnit EnglishLanguage "An energy measure.")
(documentation BritishThermalUnit ChineseLanguage "这是一种量度能量的单位。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER BritishThermalUnit)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1055.05585262) Joule))

;; More plane angle units

(instance AngularDegree UnitOfAngularMeasure)
(documentation AngularDegree EnglishLanguage "A plane angle measure.")
(documentation AngularDegree ChineseLanguage "这是一种量度平面角度的单位。")

(=>
  (equal ?QUANT (MeasureFn ?N AngularDegree))
  (instance ?QUANT PlaneAngleMeasure))

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER AngularDegree)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER (DivisionFn Pi 180)) Radian))

(=>
   (measure ?ANGLE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER AngularDegree))
   (and
      (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 0)
      (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 360)))

(equal (MeasureFn 0 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 360 AngularDegree))

; Other interesting units of measure

; Currency units

(instance UnitedStatesDollar UnitOfCurrency)
(documentation UnitedStatesDollar EnglishLanguage "A currency measure.")
(documentation UnitedStatesDollar ChineseLanguage "这是一种货币单位。")


(instance UnitedStatesCent UnitOfCurrency)
(documentation UnitedStatesCent EnglishLanguage "A currency measure. 1 &%UnitedStatesCent 
is equal to .01 &%UnitedStatesDollars.")
(documentation UnitedStatesCent ChineseLanguage "这是一种货币单位, 1 &%UnitedStatesCent 等于
 .01 &%UnitedStatesDollar。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER UnitedStatesCent)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.01) UnitedStatesDollar))

(instance EuroDollar UnitOfCurrency)
(documentation EuroDollar EnglishLanguage "A currency measure of most European Union 
countries.")
(documentation EuroDollar ChineseLanguage "这是大部分欧盟国家使用的货币单位。")

(instance EuroCent UnitOfCurrency)
(documentation EuroCent EnglishLanguage "A currency measure.  1 &%EuroCent is equal to .01
&%EuroDollars.")
(documentation EuroCent ChineseLanguage "这是一种货币单位,1 &%EuroCent 等于 .01 &%EuroDollar。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER EuroCent)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.01) EuroDollar))

; Information units

(subclass InformationMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation InformationMeasure EnglishLanguage "Measures of the amount of information.
Includes &%Bit, &%Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. &%KiloByte and
&%MegaByte.")
(documentation InformationMeasure ChineseLanguage "这是量度信息量的单位，它包括 &%Bit、 &%Byte、
和其他多个如：&%KiloByte 和 &%MegaByte 等。")

(instance Bit UnitOfInformation)
(documentation Bit EnglishLanguage "One &%Bit of information.  A one or a zero.")
(documentation Bit ChineseLanguage "1 &%Bit 的信息，可以是1或0。")

(instance Byte UnitOfInformation)
(documentation Byte EnglishLanguage "One &%Byte of information.  A &%Byte is eight
&%Bits.")
(documentation Byte ChineseLanguage "1 &%Byte 的信息，1 &%Byte 是 8 &%Bits。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Byte)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 8) Bit))

(instance KiloByte UnitOfInformation)
(documentation KiloByte EnglishLanguage "One &%KiloByte (KB) of information.  One
&%KiloByte is 1024 &%Bytes.  Note that this sense of 'kilo' is
different from the one accepted in the SI system.")
(documentation KiloByte ChineseLanguage "1 &%KiloByte (KB)的信息，1 &%KiloByte 是1024
&%Byte。注： '千'在这的意思不同于广泛被接受的国际单位制的千。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER KiloByte)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1024) Byte))

(instance MegaByte UnitOfInformation)
(documentation MegaByte EnglishLanguage "One &%MegaByte (MB) of information.  One
&%MegaByte is 1024 &%KiloBytes.  Note that this sense of 'mega' is
different from the one accepted in the SI system.")
(documentation MegaByte ChineseLanguage "1 &%MegaByte (MB)的信息，1 &%MegaByte 是1024 
&%KiloByte。注： '兆'在这的意思不同于广泛被接受的国际单位制的兆。")

(equal
  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MegaByte)
  (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1024) KiloByte))

;; The following content was inspired by the Quantities ontology
;; developed by ITBM-CNR.

(instance measure BinaryPredicate)
(instance measure AsymmetricRelation)
(domain measure 1 Object)
(domain measure 2 PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation measure EnglishLanguage "A very general &%Predicate for
asserting that a particular &%Object is measured by a particular
&%PhysicalQuantity.  In general, the second argument of this
&%Predicate will be a term produced with the &%Function &%MeasureFn.")
(documentation measure ChineseLanguage "这是一个非常概括的 &%Predicate， 它用于断言一个特定的
&%Object 是由一种特定的 &%PhysicalQuantity 来量度。一般来说，这个 &%Predicate 的第二个参数会是由
&%Function &%MeasureFn 所产生的术语。")

(instance age SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation age measure)
(domain age 2 TimeDuration)
(documentation age EnglishLanguage "Simply relates an &%Object to a &%ConstantQuantity
specifying the age of the &%Object.")
(documentation age ChineseLanguage "这只是把一个 &%Object 和一个用来指定这个 &%Object 的岁数的
 &%ConstantQuantity 联系起来。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TIME TimePoint)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (age ?OBJ ?DURATION)))
   (duration (TimeIntervalFn (BeginFn (WhenFn ?OBJ)) ?TIME) ?DURATION))

(subrelation linearExtent measure)
(domain linearExtent 2 LengthMeasure)
(documentation linearExtent EnglishLanguage "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the 
measure of an &%Object from one point to another point along its surface.  Note
that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that
the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of
a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that
separates two distinct objects.")
(documentation linearExtent ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryPredicate，它是用于表示量度
一个 &%Object 表面上从一点到另一点间的距离。注：谓词 &%length 和 &%distance 之间的分别在于，&%length
是用来表示一个单一物体其中一个维度的 &%LengthMeasure，而是用来表示两个不同物体之间的&%LengthMeasure。")

(instance width SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation width linearExtent)
(documentation width EnglishLanguage "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure
of an &%Object from side to side at its widest span.")
(documentation width ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryPredicate， 它是用来表示一个 &%Object 从
一边到另一边最大的距离。")

(subrelation height linearExtent)
(domain height 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain height 2 LengthMeasure)
(documentation height EnglishLanguage "The height of an &%Object is the distance between
its &%top and its &%bottom.")
(documentation height ChineseLanguage "一个 &%Object 的高度是它的顶部和底部之间的距离。")

(instance length SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation length linearExtent)
(documentation length EnglishLanguage "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure
of an &%Object along its longest span.")
(documentation length ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryPredicate，它是用来表示一个 &%Object最
长部分的幅度。")
(=>
  (length ?O ?M)
  (not
    (exists (?M2)
      (and
        (linearExtent ?O ?M2)
	(greaterThan ?M2 ?M)))))

(subclass Oval ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure)
(documentation Oval EnglishLanguage "The class of &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures that are
produced by the intersection of a &%Cone with a &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure.")
(documentation Oval ChineseLanguage "这是 &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure 的类别，它是由一个
&%Cone 和 &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure 相交所产生的。")

(subclass Circle Oval)
(documentation Circle EnglishLanguage "The class of &%Ovals such that all 
&%GeometricPoints that make up the &%Circle are equidistant from a single 
&%GeometricPoint, known as the center of the &%Circle.")
(documentation Circle ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Oval 的类别，以至构成 &%Circle 的
所有 &%GeometricPoint 和单一的 &%GeometricPoint，称为 &%Circle 的中心是等距的。")

(=>
  (instance ?C Circle)
  (exists (?R)
    (radius ?C ?R)))

(=>
  (instance ?C Circle)
  (exists (?P)
    (equal (CenterOfCircleFn ?C) ?P)))

(documentation CenterOfCircleFn EnglishLanguage "(CenterOfCircleFn ?CIRCLE) denotes the
&%GeometricPoint that is the center of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE.")
(documentation CenterOfCircleFn ChineseLanguage "(CenterOfCircleFn ?CIRCLE) 表示 &%Circle
 ?CIRCLE 的中心的 &%GeometricPoint。")
(instance CenterOfCircleFn UnaryFunction)
(instance CenterOfCircleFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain CenterOfCircleFn 1 Circle)
(range CenterOfCircleFn GeometricPoint)

(instance radius BinaryPredicate)
(instance radius SingleValuedRelation)
(instance radius TotalValuedRelation)
(domain radius 1 Circle)
(domain radius 2 LengthMeasure)
(documentation radius EnglishLanguage "(&%radius ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the radius of
the &%Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH.")
(documentation radius ChineseLanguage "(&%radius ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) 的意思是 &%Circle ?CIRCLE
的半径的长度是 ?LENGTH。")

(=>
   (radius ?CIRCLE ?RADIUS)
   (exists (?POINT)
      (forall (?PART)
         (=>
            (pointOfFigure ?PART ?CIRCLE)
            (geometricDistance ?PART ?POINT ?RADIUS)))))

;(subrelation diameter width) causing domain of 1st argument inconsistency
(instance diameter BinaryPredicate)
(instance diameter SingleValuedRelation)
(instance diameter TotalValuedRelation)
(domain diameter 1 Circle)
(domain diameter 2 LengthMeasure)
(documentation diameter EnglishLanguage "(&%diameter ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the 
diameter of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH.")
(documentation diameter ChineseLanguage "(&%diameter ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) 的意思是 &%Circle
?CIRCLE 的直径的长度是 ?LENGTH。")

(=>
   (diameter ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH)
   (exists (?HALF)
      (and
         (radius ?CIRCLE ?HALF)
         (equal (MultiplicationFn ?HALF 2) ?LENGTH))))

(instance distance SingleValuedRelation)
(instance distance SpatialRelation)
(instance distance TernaryPredicate)
(instance distance TotalValuedRelation)
(domain distance 1 Physical)
(domain distance 2 Physical)
(domain distance 3 LengthMeasure)
(documentation distance EnglishLanguage "(&%distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the
shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT.  Note
that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that
the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of
a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that
separates two distinct objects.")
(documentation distance ChineseLanguage "(&%distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) 的意思是两个物体
?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ2 最短的距离是 ?QUANT。注：谓词 &%length 和 &%distance 之间的分别在于，&%length
是用来表示一个单一物体其中一个维度的 &%LengthMeasure，而是用来表示两个不同物体之间的&%LengthMeasure。")

(=>
   (distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT)
   (distance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 ?QUANT))

(subrelation altitude distance)
(instance altitude SingleValuedRelation)
(instance altitude PartialValuedRelation)
(documentation altitude EnglishLanguage "A &%TernaryPredicate that is
used to state the &%distance between the &%top of an &%Object and
another point that is below the &%top of the &%Object (often this
other point will be sea level).  Note that this &%Predicate can be
used to specify, for example, the height of geographic features,
e.g. mountains, the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites
around the Earth.")
(documentation altitude ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%TernaryPredicate，它是用来表示一个 &%Object
的 &%top 和这个 &%Object &%top 以下的另外一点 (通常这一点会是海平面)之间的 &%distance。注：这个
 &%Predicate 可以用来指定例如地理特征的高度如山、飞机的高度和环绕地球的卫星轨道。")

(=>
   (altitude ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEIGHT)
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Above))

(=>
   (altitude ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEIGHT)
   (exists (?TOP)
      (and
         (top ?TOP ?OBJ1)
         (distance ?TOP ?OBJ2 ?HEIGHT))))

(subrelation depth distance)
(instance depth SingleValuedRelation)
(documentation depth EnglishLanguage "A &%TernaryPredicate that is
used to state the &%distance between the &%top of an &%Object and
another point that is above the &%top of the &%Object (often this
other point will be sea level).  Note that this &%Predicate can be
used to specify, for example, the depth of marine life or submarines,
for example.")
(documentation depth ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%TernaryPredicate，它是用来表示一个 &%Object
的 &%top 和这个 &%Object &%top 以上的另外一点 (通常这一点会是海平面)之间的 &%distance。注这个
 &%Predicate 可以用来指定例如海洋生物或潜艇的深度。")

(=>
   (depth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?DEPTH)
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Below))

(=>
   (depth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?DEPTH)
   (exists (?BOTTOM)
      (and
         (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJ1)
         (distance ?BOTTOM ?OBJ2 ?DEPTH))))

(instance larger BinaryPredicate)
(instance larger SpatialRelation)
(instance larger TransitiveRelation)
(instance larger IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance larger TotalValuedRelation)
(domain larger 1 Object)
(domain larger 2 Object)
(documentation larger EnglishLanguage "(&%larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is
larger, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.")
(documentation larger ChineseLanguage "(&%larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的意思是 ?OBJ1 在所有的
&%LengthMeasure 方面比 ?OBJ2 大。")

(<=>
  (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
  (forall (?QUANT1 ?QUANT2 ?UNIT)
    (=>
      (and
        (measure ?OBJ1 (MeasureFn ?QUANT1 ?UNIT))
        (measure ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn ?QUANT2 ?UNIT))
        (instance ?UNIT UnitOfLength))
      (greaterThan ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2))))

(instance smaller BinaryPredicate)
(instance smaller SpatialRelation)
(instance smaller TotalValuedRelation)
(instance smaller TransitiveRelation)
(instance smaller IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain smaller 1 Object)
(domain smaller 2 Object)
(inverse smaller larger)
(documentation smaller EnglishLanguage "(&%smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
is smaller, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.")
(documentation smaller ChineseLanguage "(&%smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的意思是 ?OBJ1 在所有的
&%LengthMeasure 方面比 ?OBJ2 小。")

(instance monetaryValue SingleValuedRelation)
(instance monetaryValue AsymmetricRelation)
(instance monetaryValue BinaryPredicate)
(domain monetaryValue 1 Physical)
(domain monetaryValue 2 CurrencyMeasure)
(documentation monetaryValue EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryPredicate that associates an
&%Object or &%Process with its value expressed as an instance of
&%CurrencyMeasure.")
(documentation monetaryValue ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryPredicate，它把一个
&%Object 或 &%Process 和以一个&%CurrencyMeasure来表示它的价值联系起来。")

(instance WealthFn UnaryFunction)
(instance WealthFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain WealthFn 1 Agent)
(range WealthFn CurrencyMeasure)
(documentation WealthFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to a
&%CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the &%Agent.
Note that this &%Function is generally used in conjunction with the
&%Function &%PropertyFn, e.g. (&%WealthFn (&%PropertyFn BillGates)) would
return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings.")
(documentation WealthFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%Agent 和
指明这个 &%Agent 所拥有的财产的价值以一个 &%CurrencyMeasure 联系起来。注：这个 &%Function 一般
和 &%Function &%PropertyFn 结合起来应用，例如：(&%WealthFn (&%PropertyFn BillGates))会得出比尔
盖茨控股的总货币价值。")

(<=>
   (equal (WealthFn ?PERSON) ?AMOUNT)
   (monetaryValue (PropertyFn ?PERSON) ?AMOUNT))

(instance barometricPressure BinaryPredicate)
(instance barometricPressure AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation barometricPressure measure)
(domain barometricPressure 1 Object)
(domain barometricPressure 2 UnitOfAtmosphericPressure)
(documentation barometricPressure EnglishLanguage
"(&%barometricPressure ?AREA ?PRESSURE) means that the atmospheric
pressure measured at ?AREA is ?PRESSURE.  Barometric pressure is
typically expressed in units of &%InchMercury or &%MmMercury.  For
example, standard sea level pressure is 29.92 inches (760 mm) of mercury:
(&%barometricPressure &%SeaLevel (&%MeasureFn 29.92 &%InchMercury)).")
(documentation barometricPressure ChineseLanguage "(&%barometricPressure ?AREA ?PRESSURE)
的意思是在 ?AREA 所量度到的气压是?PRESSURE。气压一般以 &%InchMercury 或 &%MmMercury 单位来表示。
例如：标准海平面压力是水银29.92英寸 (760毫米)汞柱:
(&%barometricPressure &%SeaLevel (&%MeasureFn 29.92 &%InchMercury))。")

(subclass UnitOfAtmosphericPressure CompositeUnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitOfAtmosphericPressure EnglishLanguage "&%UnitOfAtmosphericPressure 
includes those instances of &%UnitOfMeasure used to measure atmospheric pressure 
(&%barometricPressure), e.g., &%InchMercury.")
(documentation UnitOfAtmosphericPressure ChineseLanguage "&%UnitOfAtmosphericPressure 
包括用来量度气压 (&%barometricPressure)如： &%InchMercury的 &%UnitOfMeasure 的实例。 ")

(instance InchMercury UnitOfAtmosphericPressure)
(documentation InchMercury EnglishLanguage "&%InchMercury is a &%UnitOfMeasure
for &%barometricPressure.  It is used to express the number of
inches of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the
surrounding air pressure.")
(documentation InchMercury ChineseLanguage "&%InchMercury 是 &%barometricPressure 的一种
&%UnitOfMeasure，它用来表示被气压环绕的汞气压计上汞柱的英寸数目。")

(instance MmMercury UnitOfAtmosphericPressure)
(documentation MmMercury EnglishLanguage "&%MmMercury is a &%UnitOfMeasure
for &%barometricPressure.  It is used to express the number
of millimeters of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer
 by the surrounding air pressure.")
(documentation MmMercury ChineseLanguage "&%MmMercury 是 &%barometricPressure 的一种
 &%UnitOfMeasure，它用来表示被气压环绕的汞气压计上汞柱的毫米数目。")

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; TEMPORAL CONCEPTS ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; The first part of this section contains definitions relations involving
;; temporal notions.  Most of these definitions and axioms were derived from
;; the work of James Allen.  This part of the section was extensively revised on
;; the basis of comments from Pat Hayes.  The second part of this section
;; is an attempt to incorporate the Simple-Time ontology from the
;; Ontolingua server into the SUMO.

(instance PositiveInfinity TimePoint)
(documentation PositiveInfinity EnglishLanguage "The &%TimePoint that is after
all other &%TimePoints.")
(documentation PositiveInfinity ChineseLanguage "这是所有其他 &%TimePoint 之后的
 &%TimePoint。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
      (not (equal ?POINT PositiveInfinity)))
   (before ?POINT PositiveInfinity))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
      (not (equal ?POINT PositiveInfinity)))
   (exists (?OTHERPOINT)
      (temporallyBetween ?POINT ?OTHERPOINT PositiveInfinity)))

(instance NegativeInfinity TimePoint)
(documentation NegativeInfinity EnglishLanguage "The &%TimePoint that is before
all other &%TimePoints.")
(documentation NegativeInfinity ChineseLanguage "这是所有其他 &%TimePoint 之前的
 &%TimePoint。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
      (not (equal ?POINT NegativeInfinity)))
   (before NegativeInfinity ?POINT))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
      (not (equal ?POINT NegativeInfinity)))
   (exists (?OTHERPOINT)
      (temporallyBetween NegativeInfinity ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT)))

(instance duration BinaryPredicate)
(instance duration AsymmetricRelation)
(instance duration TotalValuedRelation)
(domain duration 1 TimeInterval)
(domain duration 2 TimeDuration)
(documentation duration EnglishLanguage "(&%duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the
duration of the &%TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME.  Note that this
&%Predicate can be used in conjunction with the &%Function &%WhenFn
to specify the duration of any instance of &%Physical.")
(documentation duration ChineseLanguage "(&%duration ?POS ?TIME)的意思是 &%TimePosition ?POS
的长短是 ?TIME。注；这个 &%Predicate 可以和 &%Function &%WhenFn 一起使用来指定任何 &%Physical 的
持续时间。")

(instance frequency BinaryPredicate)
(instance frequency AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass frequency 1 Process)
(domain frequency 2 TimeDuration)
(documentation frequency EnglishLanguage "(&%frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the
&%Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.")
(documentation frequency ChineseLanguage "(&%frequency ?PROC ?TIME)的意思是 &%Process 类别
 ?PROC 在每隔 ?TIME 重复发生一次。")

(=>
   (frequency ?PROC ?TIME1)
   (forall (?TIME2)
      (=>
         (duration ?TIME2 ?TIME1)
         (exists (?POSITION)
            (and
               (temporalPart ?POSITION ?TIME2)
               (holdsDuring ?POSITION (exists (?INST) (instance ?INST ?PROC))))))))

(instance temporalPart BinaryPredicate)
(instance temporalPart TemporalRelation)
(instance temporalPart PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain temporalPart 1 TimePosition)
(domain temporalPart 2 TimePosition)

(documentation temporalPart EnglishLanguage "The temporal analogue of the spatial &%part
predicate.  (&%temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that &%TimePosition ?POS1
is part of &%TimePosition ?POS2.  Note that since &%temporalPart is a
&%ReflexiveRelation every &%TimePostion is a &%temporalPart of itself.")
(documentation temporalPart ChineseLanguage "这是类似空间谓词 &%part 的时间部分。
(&%temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2)的意思是 &%TimePosition ?POS1 是 &%TimePosition ?POS2 的一部分。
注：因为 &%temporalPart 是 &%ReflexiveRelation，所以每个 &%TimePostion 都是它本身的 
一个 &%temporalPart。")

(=>
   (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
   (exists (?INTERVAL)
      (and
         (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
         (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (exists (?POINT)
      (and
         (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
         (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?TIME1 ?SITUATION)
      (temporalPart ?TIME2 ?TIME1))
   (holdsDuring ?TIME2 ?SITUATION))

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?INTERVAL (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2))
      (instance ?INST1 Physical)
      (instance ?INST2 Physical))
   (and
      (time ?INST1 ?INTERVAL)
      (time ?INST2 ?INTERVAL)))

(<=>
   (temporalPart ?POS (WhenFn ?THING))
   (time ?THING ?POS))

(instance BeginFn TemporalRelation)
(instance BeginFn UnaryFunction)
(instance BeginFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain BeginFn 1 TimeInterval)
(range BeginFn TimePoint)
(documentation BeginFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to
the &%TimePoint at which the interval begins.")
(documentation BeginFn  ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%TimeInterval 和
这个时段开始的 &%TimePoint 联系起来。")

(=>
   (origin ?PROCESS ?OBJ)
   (eventLocated (WhereFn ?PROCESS (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS))) (WhereFn ?OBJ (BeginFn 
   (WhenFn ?OBJ)))))

(=>
   (equal (BeginFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT)
   (forall (?OTHERPOINT)
      (=>
         (and
            (temporalPart ?OTHERPOINT ?INTERVAL)
            (not (equal ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT)))
         (before ?POINT ?OTHERPOINT))))

(instance EndFn TemporalRelation)
(instance EndFn UnaryFunction)
(instance EndFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain EndFn 1 TimeInterval)
(range EndFn TimePoint)
(documentation EndFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to
the &%TimePoint at which the interval ends.")
(documentation EndFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%TimeInterval 和
这个时段结束的 &%TimePoint联系起来。")

(=>
   (equal (EndFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT)
   (forall (?OTHERPOINT)
      (=>
         (and
            (temporalPart ?OTHERPOINT ?INTERVAL)
            (not (equal ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT)))
         (before ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT))))

(=>
     (and
          (resource ?PROC ?OBJ)
          (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (measure ?OBJ ?QUANT1))
          (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (measure ?OBJ ?QUANT2)))
     (greaterThan ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2))

(subrelation starts temporalPart)
(instance starts TemporalRelation)
(instance starts TransitiveRelation)
(instance starts IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance starts TotalValuedRelation)
(domain starts 1 TimeInterval)
(domain starts 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation starts EnglishLanguage "(&%starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that
?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same
initial &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.")
(documentation starts ChineseLanguage "(&%starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) 的意思是 ?INTERVAL1
和 ?INTERVAL2 两个是 &%TimeInterval 有共同的开始 &%TimePoint，而 ?INTERVAL1 比 ?INTERVAL2 先
结束。")

(<=>
   (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (and
      (equal
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1)
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2))
      (before
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL1)
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL2))))

(subrelation finishes temporalPart)
(instance finishes TemporalRelation)
(instance finishes TransitiveRelation)
(instance finishes IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance finishes TotalValuedRelation)
(domain finishes 1 TimeInterval)
(domain finishes 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation finishes EnglishLanguage "(&%finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that
?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same
ending &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.")
(documentation finishes ChineseLanguage "(&%finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) 的意思是
?INTERVAL1 和 ?INTERVAL 2两个是 &%TimeInterval 有共同的结束 &%TimePoint，而 ?INTERVAL2 比 
?INTERVAL1 先开始。")

(<=>
   (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (and
      (before
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2)
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1))
      (equal
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL2)
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL1))))

(instance before TemporalRelation)
(instance before IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance before TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation before beforeOrEqual)
(relatedInternalConcept before earlier)
(domain before 1 TimePoint)
(domain before 2 TimePoint)
(documentation before EnglishLanguage "(&%before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1
precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.")
(documentation before ChineseLanguage "(&%before ?POINT1 ?POINT2)的意思是 ?POINT1 在通用时
间轴上比 ?POINT2 先开始。")

;; An Object exists (and, hence, retains its identity) over time, i.e.,
;; an object exists at every point over some interval of time.

(=>
    (instance ?OBJ Object)
    (exists (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
       (and
          (instance ?TIME1 TimePoint)
          (instance ?TIME2 TimePoint)
          (before ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
          (forall (?TIME)
             (=>
               (and
                 (beforeOrEqual ?TIME1 ?TIME)
                 (beforeOrEqual ?TIME ?TIME2))
               (time ?OBJ ?TIME))))))

(=>
   (result ?PROC ?OBJ)
   (forall (?TIME)
      (=>
         (before ?TIME (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROC)))
         (not
            (time ?OBJ ?TIME)))))

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (before (BeginFn ?INTERVAL) (EndFn ?INTERVAL)))

(instance beforeOrEqual BinaryPredicate)
(instance beforeOrEqual TemporalRelation)
(instance beforeOrEqual PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain beforeOrEqual 1 TimePoint)
(domain beforeOrEqual 2 TimePoint)
(documentation beforeOrEqual EnglishLanguage "(&%beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that 
?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.")
(documentation beforeOrEqual ChineseLanguage "(&%beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) 的意思是 
?POINT1 在通用时间轴上和 ?POINT2 是一致或比它先开始。")

(=>
   (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
   (or
       (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
       (equal ?POINT1 ?POINT2)))

(instance temporallyBetween TemporalRelation)
(instance temporallyBetween TernaryPredicate)
(instance temporallyBetween PartialValuedRelation)
(subrelation temporallyBetween temporallyBetweenOrEqual)
(domain temporallyBetween 1 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetween 2 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetween 3 TimePoint)
(documentation temporallyBetween EnglishLanguage "(&%temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2
?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the &%TimePoints
?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before
?POINT3.")
(documentation temporallyBetween ChineseLanguage "(&%temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2
?POINT3)的意思是 &%TimePoint ?POINT2 位于 &%TimePoint ?POINT1 和 ?POINT3 之间，即是 ?POINT1 
在?POINT2 之前，而 ?POINT2 在 ?POINT3 之前。")

(<=>
   (temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3)
   (and
      (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
      (before ?POINT2 ?POINT3)))

(instance temporallyBetweenOrEqual TemporalRelation)
(instance temporallyBetweenOrEqual TernaryPredicate)
(instance temporallyBetweenOrEqual PartialValuedRelation)
(domain temporallyBetweenOrEqual 1 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetweenOrEqual 2 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetweenOrEqual 3 TimePoint)
(documentation temporallyBetweenOrEqual EnglishLanguage "(&%temporallyBetweenOrEqual 
?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the
&%TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint
?POINT3.")
(documentation temporallyBetweenOrEqual ChineseLanguage "(&%temporallyBetweenOrEqual 
?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3)的意思是 &%TimePoint ?POINT1 等于或是在 &%TimePoint ?POINT2 之前，
而 ?POINT2 等于或是在 &%TimePoint?POINT3 之前。")

(<=>
   (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3)
   (and
      (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
      (beforeOrEqual ?POINT2 ?POINT3)))

(<=>
   (and
      (time ?PHYS ?TIME)
      (instance ?TIME TimePoint))
   (temporallyBetweenOrEqual (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PHYS)) ?TIME (EndFn (WhenFn ?PHYS))))

(instance overlapsTemporally BinaryPredicate)
(instance overlapsTemporally TemporalRelation)
(instance overlapsTemporally ReflexiveRelation)
(instance overlapsTemporally SymmetricRelation)
(domain overlapsTemporally 1 TimeInterval)
(domain overlapsTemporally 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation overlapsTemporally EnglishLanguage "(&%overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1
?INTERVAL2) means that the &%TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2
have a &%TimeInterval as a common part.")
(documentation overlapsTemporally ChineseLanguage "(&%overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1
?INTERVAL2)的意思是 &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 和 ?INTERVAL2 有 &%TimeInterval 作为它们的
一个共同部分。")

(<=>
   (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (exists (?INTERVAL3)
      (and
         (instance ?INTERVAL3 TimeInterval)
         (temporalPart ?INTERVAL3 ?INTERVAL1)
         (temporalPart ?INTERVAL3 ?INTERVAL2))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL BinaryPredicate)
      (instance ?REL SpatialRelation)
      (?REL ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
   (overlapsTemporally (WhenFn ?OBJ1) (WhenFn ?OBJ2)))

(subrelation during temporalPart)
(instance during TransitiveRelation)
(instance during IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation during overlapsTemporally)
(domain during 1 TimeInterval)
(domain during 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation during EnglishLanguage "(&%during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that
?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2.")
(documentation during ChineseLanguage "(&%during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)的意思是 ?INTERVAL1
比 ?INTERVAL2 要晚开始和先  结束。")

(=>
   (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (and
      (before (EndFn ?INTERVAL1) (EndFn ?INTERVAL2))
      (before (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2) (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1))))

(instance meetsTemporally BinaryPredicate)
(instance meetsTemporally TemporalRelation)
(instance meetsTemporally AsymmetricRelation)
(instance meetsTemporally IntransitiveRelation)
(instance meetsTemporally TotalValuedRelation)
(domain meetsTemporally 1 TimeInterval)
(domain meetsTemporally 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation meetsTemporally EnglishLanguage "(&%meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
means that the terminal point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the
initial point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2.")
(documentation meetsTemporally ChineseLanguage "(&%meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
的意思是 &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 的终点是 &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 起点。")

(<=>
   (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (equal
      (EndFn ?INTERVAL1)
      (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2)))

(=>
  (and
    (equal
      (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1)
      (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2))
    (equal
      (EndFn ?INTERVAL1)
      (EndFn ?INTERVAL2)))
    (equal ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2))

(instance earlier BinaryPredicate)
(instance earlier TemporalRelation)
(instance earlier TransitiveRelation)
(instance earlier IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance earlier TotalValuedRelation)
(domain earlier 1 TimeInterval)
(domain earlier 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation earlier EnglishLanguage "(&%earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that
the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2
begins.")
(documentation earlier ChineseLanguage "(&%earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)的意思是
 &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 在 &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 开始前结束。")

(<=>
    (earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
    (before (EndFn ?INTERVAL1) (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2)))

(instance cooccur BinaryPredicate)
(instance cooccur TemporalRelation)
(instance cooccur EquivalenceRelation)
(domain cooccur 1 Physical)
(domain cooccur 2 Physical)
(documentation cooccur EnglishLanguage "(&%cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the
&%Object or &%Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with,
or jointly with the &%Object or &%Process ?THING2.  This covers the
following temporal relations:  is co-incident with, is concurrent with,
is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.")
(documentation cooccur ChineseLanguage "(&%cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2)的意思是 &%Object 或
&%Process ?THING1 和 &%Object 或 &%Process ?THING2 同时一起发生。这包括以下的时间关系：巧合、同时
发生、同一时段发生和伴随发生。")

(<=>
   (cooccur ?PHYS1 ?PHYS2)
   (equal (WhenFn ?PHYS1) (WhenFn ?PHYS2)))

;; The following functions generate &%TimeIntervals.

(instance TimeIntervalFn BinaryFunction)
(instance TimeIntervalFn TemporalRelation)
(instance TimeIntervalFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain TimeIntervalFn 1 TimePoint)
(domain TimeIntervalFn 2 TimePoint)
(range TimeIntervalFn TimeInterval)
(documentation TimeIntervalFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that takes two 
&%TimePoints as arguments and returns the &%TimeInterval defined by these two 
&%TimePoints.Note that the first &%TimePoint must occur earlier than the second 
&%TimePoint.")
(documentation TimeIntervalFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它接受两个
&%TimePoint 参数，然后得出由这两个 &%TimePoint 所界定的 &%TimeInterval。注：第一个 &%TimePoint
必须要比第二个 &%TimePoint 先开始。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT1 TimePoint)
      (instance ?POINT2 TimePoint)
      (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
      (equal (TimeIntervalFn ?POINT1 ?POINT2) ?INTERVAL))
   (and
      (equal (BeginFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT1)
      (equal (EndFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT2)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT1 TimePoint)
      (instance ?POINT2 TimePoint)
      (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
      (equal (TimeIntervalFn ?POINT1 ?POINT2) ?INTERVAL))
   (forall (?POINT)
      (<=>
         (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT ?POINT2)
         (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL))))

(instance RecurrentTimeIntervalFn TemporalRelation)
(instance RecurrentTimeIntervalFn BinaryFunction)
(instance RecurrentTimeIntervalFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass RecurrentTimeIntervalFn 1 TimeInterval)
(domainSubclass RecurrentTimeIntervalFn 2 TimeInterval)
(rangeSubclass RecurrentTimeIntervalFn TimeInterval)
(documentation RecurrentTimeIntervalFn EnglishLanguage "A function that is useful for 
generating recurring time intervals.  For example, (&%RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (&%HourFn 6 
&%Day)(&%HourFn 12 &%Day)) returns the &%Class of &%TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the
morning and ending at 12 noon.  For another example, (&%RecurrentTimeInterval
&%Saturday &%Sunday) returns the &%Class of all weekends.  For still another example,
(&%RecurrentTimeInterval &%June &%August) returns the &%Class containing the academic
summer period.")
(documentation RecurrentTimeIntervalFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个方便得出重复发生时段的函数。例如：
(&%RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (&%HourFn 6 &%Day)(&%HourFn 12 &%Day))会得出从早上6时开始至中午12结束
的 &%TimeInterval &%Class。例如：(&%RecurrentTimeInterval &%Saturday &%Sunday)得出所有周末的
&%Class。又例如：(&%RecurrentTimeInterval &%June &%August)得出学年的夏季 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn ?TIMECLASS1 ?TIMECLASS2))
   (exists (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
      (and
         (instance ?TIME1 ?TIMECLASS1)
         (instance ?TIME2 ?TIMECLASS2)
         (starts ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL)
         (finishes ?TIME2 ?INTERVAL))))

(instance WhenFn TemporalRelation)
(instance WhenFn UnaryFunction)
(instance WhenFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain WhenFn 1 Physical)
(range WhenFn TimeInterval)
(documentation WhenFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Object or
&%Process to the exact &%TimeInterval during which it exists.  Note
that, for every &%TimePoint ?TIME outside of the &%TimeInterval
(WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.")
(documentation WhenFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%Object 或 
&%Process 联系到它存在的准确 &%TimeInterval。注：在 &%TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING)以外的
每一个 &%TimePoint ?TIME， (time ?THING ?TIME) 并不存在")

(instance PastFn TemporalRelation)
(instance PastFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PastFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PastFn 1 TimePosition)
(range PastFn TimeInterval)
(documentation PastFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition
to the &%TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at
&%NegativeInfinity.")
(documentation PastFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction， 它把一个 &%TimePosition 联系
到和它相遇并在 &%NegativeInfinity 开始的 &%TimeInterval。")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (meetsTemporally (PastFn ?INTERVAL) ?INTERVAL))

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (equal (PastFn ?INTERVAL) (TimeIntervalFn NegativeInfinity (BeginFn ?INTERVAL))))

(instance ImmediatePastFn TemporalRelation)
(instance ImmediatePastFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ImmediatePastFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ImmediatePastFn 1 TimePosition)
(range ImmediatePastFn TimeInterval)
(documentation ImmediatePastFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that
immediately precedes the &%TimePosition.")
(documentation ImmediatePastFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction， 它把一个
&%TimePosition 和紧接这个 &%TimePosition 之前的一个既短而又不确定的 &%TimeInterval。")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (finishes (ImmediatePastFn ?INTERVAL) (PastFn ?INTERVAL)))

(instance FutureFn TemporalRelation)
(instance FutureFn UnaryFunction)
(instance FutureFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain FutureFn 1 TimePosition)
(range FutureFn TimeInterval)
(documentation FutureFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition
to the &%TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at &%PositiveInfinity.")
(documentation FutureFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%TimePosition
联系到和它相遇并在 &%PositiveInfinity 结束的 &%TimeInterval。")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL (FutureFn ?INTERVAL)))

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (equal (FutureFn ?INTERVAL) (TimeIntervalFn (EndFn ?INTERVAL) PositiveInfinity)))

(instance ImmediateFutureFn TemporalRelation)
(instance ImmediateFutureFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ImmediateFutureFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ImmediateFutureFn 1 TimePosition)
(range ImmediateFutureFn TimeInterval)
(documentation ImmediateFutureFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that
immediately follows the &%TimePosition.")
(documentation ImmediateFutureFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction， 它把一个
&%TimePosition 和紧随这个 &%TimePosition 的一个既短而又不确定的 &%TimeInterval。")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (starts (ImmediateFutureFn ?INTERVAL) (FutureFn ?INTERVAL)))

;; The following definitions and axioms (down to the next section break)
;; cover the content in the Simple-Time ontology on the Ontolingua server.

(instance date BinaryPredicate)
(instance date SingleValuedRelation)
(instance date AsymmetricRelation)
(domain date 1 Physical)
(domain date 2 Day)
(subrelation date time)
(documentation date EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies a
&%TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution
of one day, for a particular &%Object or &%Process.")
(documentation date ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryPredicate， 它以绝对日历时间，以一天为限，
为特定的 &%Object 或 &%Process 指定一个 &%TimePosition。")

(instance YearFn TemporalRelation)
(instance YearFn UnaryFunction)
(instance YearFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain YearFn 1 Integer)
(rangeSubclass YearFn Year)
(documentation YearFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a number to the 
corresponding calendar &%Year.  For example, (&%YearFn 1912) returns the &%Class 
containing just one instance, the year of 1912.  As might be expected, positive integers 
return years in the Common Era, while negative integers return years in B.C.E.  Note that 
this function returns a &%Class as a value.  The reason for this is that the related 
functions, viz. &%MonthFn, &%DayFn, &%HourFn, &%MinuteFn, and &%SecondFn, are used to 
generate both specific &%TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do 
this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than 
individuals.")
(documentation YearFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction， 它把一个数字和对应的日历 &%Year
联系起来。例如：(&%YearFn 1912)会得出，1912年这个只有一个实例的 &%Class。正如所料的，正整数会得出公元
的年份，而负整数会得出 公元前的年份。注：这个函数得出一个 &%Class 作为它的值，原因是和它相关的函数，即
&%MonthFn、 &%DayFn、 &%HourFn、 &%MinuteFn 和 &%SecondFn 等，是用来得出特定的 &%TimeInterval
和重复发生的时段，而唯一的做法是把这些函数的领域和范围当成类别而不是个别的实例。")

(instance MonthFn TemporalRelation)
(instance MonthFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MonthFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass MonthFn 1 Month)
(domainSubclass MonthFn 2 Year)
(rangeSubclass MonthFn Month)
(documentation MonthFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of &%Month 
and a subclass of &%Year to the class containing the &%Month corresponding to that 
&%Year. For example (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the 
eighth &%Month, i.e. August, of the &%Year 1912.  For another example, (&%MonthFn &%August
&%Year) is equal to &%August, the class of all months of August.  Note that this function
returns a &%Class as a value.  The reason for this is that the related functions, viz.
DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals
and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of
these functions classes rather than individuals.")
(documentation MonthFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它把 &%Month 的子类别与
&%Year 的子类别和该 &%Year 对应 &%Month 的类别联系起来。例如：(&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))
是包含第八个 &%Month 的类别，即是1912 &%Year 的八月。另一个例子是(&%MonthFn &%August &%Year)等于
 &%August，这是所有八月的类别。注：这个函数得出一个 &%Class 作为它的值，原因是和它相关的函数，即
 &%MonthFn、 &%DayFn、 &%HourFn、 &%MinuteFn 和 &%SecondFn 等，是用来得出特定的 &%TimeInterval
 和重复发生的时段，而唯一的做法是把这些函数的领域和范围当成类别而不是个别的实例。")

(instance DayFn TemporalRelation)
(instance DayFn BinaryFunction)
(instance DayFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain DayFn 1 PositiveInteger)
(domainSubclass DayFn 2 Month)
(rangeSubclass DayFn Day)
(documentation DayFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a 
&%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Months to the &%Days within each &%Month 
corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%DayFn 16 &%August) is the 
&%Class of all sixteenth days of August.  For another example, (&%DayFn 9 &%Month) would 
return the class of all ninth days of any month.  For still another example, (&%DayFn 18
(&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912.")
(documentation DayFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction， 它把一个 &%PositiveRealNumber
与一个 &%Month 的子类别，分配到每个 &%Month 内对应该 &%PositiveRealNumber 的 &%Day。例如：
 (&%DayFn 16 &%August) 是八月份所有第16日的 &%Class，又例如： (&%DayFn 9 &%Month)会得出任何一个月
 的第九日。再一个例子：(&%DayFn 18(&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912)))表示1912年八月十八日。")

(=>
   (instance ?DAY (DayFn ?NUMBER ?MONTH))
   (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 31))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 (DayFn ?NUMBER1 ?MONTH))
      (instance ?DAY2 (DayFn ?NUMBER2 ?MONTH))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(instance HourFn TemporalRelation)
(instance HourFn BinaryFunction)
(instance HourFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain HourFn 1 NonnegativeInteger)
(domainSubclass HourFn 2 Day)
(rangeSubclass HourFn Hour)
(documentation HourFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a 
&%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Days to the &%Hours within each &%Day 
corresponding to that &%NonnegativeInteger.  For example, (&%HourFn 12 &%Thursday) is the 
&%Class of all instances of noon Thursday.  For another example, (&%HourFn 0 &%Day) would 
return the class of all instances of midnight.  For still another example, (&%HourFn 14
(&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of
August 1912.")
(documentation HourFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction， 它把一个 
&%PositiveRealNumber 与一个与一个 &%Day 的子类别，分配到每个 &%Day 内对应那个 &%NonnegativeInteger
 的 &%Hour。例如：(&%HourFn 12 &%Thursday)是所有星期四中午的 &%Class。另外一个例子：
 (&%HourFn 0 &%Day)会得出子夜所有实例的类别。再例如：
 (&%HourFn 14(&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))))表示1912年八月十八日下午两点。")

(=>
   (instance ?HOUR (HourFn ?NUMBER ?DAY))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 24))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HOUR1 (HourFn ?NUMBER1 ?DAY))
      (instance ?HOUR2 (HourFn ?NUMBER2 ?DAY))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?HOUR1 ?HOUR2))

(instance MinuteFn TemporalRelation)
(instance MinuteFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MinuteFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain MinuteFn 1 NonnegativeInteger)
(domainSubclass MinuteFn 2 Hour)
(rangeSubclass MinuteFn Minute)
(documentation MinuteFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a 
&%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Hours to the &%Minutes within each &%Hour 
corresponding to that &%NonnegativeInteger.  For example, 
(&%MinuteFn 30 (&%HourFn 17 &%Day)) is the &%Class
of all 5:30's in the afternoon.  For another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 &%Hour) would return
the class of all instances of quarter past the hour.  For still another example,
(&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))))) denotes
15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.")
(documentation MinuteFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它把一个 
&%PositiveRealNumber 与一个与一个 &%Hour 的子类别，分配到每个 &%Hour 内对应那个 &%NonnegativeInteger
 的 &%Minute。例如：(&%MinuteFn 30 (&%HourFn 17 &%Day))是所有下午5:30的 &%Class。另外一个例子：
(&%MinuteFn 15 &%Hour) 会得出所有每个小时十五分钟实例的类别。再例如：
(&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))))) 
表示1912年八月十八日下午两点十五分钟。")

(=>
   (instance ?MINUTE (MinuteFn ?NUMBER ?HOUR))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 60))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MINUTE1 (MinuteFn ?NUMBER1 ?HOUR))
      (instance ?MINUTE2 (MinuteFn ?NUMBER2 ?HOUR))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?MINUTE1 ?MINUTE2))

(instance SecondFn TemporalRelation)
(instance SecondFn BinaryFunction)
(instance SecondFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain SecondFn 1 PositiveRealNumber)
(domainSubclass SecondFn 2 Minute)
(rangeSubclass SecondFn Second)
(documentation SecondFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a 
&%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Minutes to the &%Seconds within each &%Minute 
corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%SecondFn 4 (&%MinuteFn 5 
&%Hour)) is the &%Class of all fourth &%Seconds of every fifth &%Minute of every hour.  
For another example, (&%SecondFn 8 &%Minute) would return the eighth second of every 
minute.  For still another example, (&%SecondFn 9 (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 
(&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on 
the 18th day of August 1912.")
(documentation SecondFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它把一个 
&%PositiveRealNumber 与一个与一个 &%minute 的子类别，分配到每个 &%minute 内对应那个 
&%PositiveRealNumber 的 &%second。例如： (&%SecondFn 4 (&%MinuteFn 5 &%Hour))
是所有每小时五分四秒 &%Class。另外一个例子：(&%SecondFn 8 &%Minute)
会得出所有每分钟八秒。再例如：(&%SecondFn 9 (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 
(&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))))))表示1912年八月十八日下午两点十五分九秒。")

(=>
   (instance ?SECOND (SecondFn ?NUMBER ?MINUTE))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 60))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SECOND1 (SecondFn ?NUMBER1 ?MINUTE))
      (instance ?SECOND2 (SecondFn ?NUMBER2 ?MINUTE))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?SECOND1 ?SECOND2))

(subclass Year TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Year YearFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Year YearDuration)
(documentation Year EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar &%Years.")
(documentation Year ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历 &%Year 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?YEAR Year)
   (duration ?YEAR (MeasureFn 1 YearDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?YEAR1 Year)
      (instance ?YEAR2 Year)
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?YEAR2 ?YEAR1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?YEAR1 ?YEAR2))

(subclass LeapYear Year)
(documentation LeapYear EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all leap years.  These are years
which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly
divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century).")
(documentation LeapYear ChineseLanguage "这是所有闰年的 &%Class。这些年份当中，要不是(i.)能被4
却不能被100整除的，或是 (ii.)能被400整除的(后者是为世纪闰年)。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEAP LeapYear)
      (instance ?LEAP (YearFn ?NUMBER)))
   (or
      (and
         (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 4) 0)
         (not (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 100) 0)))
      (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 400) 0)))

(subclass Month TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Month MonthFn)
(documentation Month EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar &%Months.")
(documentation Month ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(subclass January Month)
(documentation January EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are January.")
(documentation January ChineseLanguage "这是所有一月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH January)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn January ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn February ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass February Month)
(documentation February EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are February.")
(documentation February ChineseLanguage "这是所有二月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH (MonthFn February ?YEAR))
      (instance ?Y ?YEAR)
      (not (instance ?Y LeapYear)))
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 28 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH (MonthFn February ?YEAR))
      (instance ?Y ?YEAR)
      (instance ?Y LeapYear))
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 29 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn February ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn March ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass March Month)
(documentation March EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are March.")
(documentation March ChineseLanguage "这是所有三月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH March)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn March ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn April ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass April Month)
(documentation April EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are April.")
(documentation April ChineseLanguage "这是所有四月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH April)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn April ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn May ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass May Month)
(documentation May EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are May.")
(documentation May ChineseLanguage "这是所有五月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH May)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn May ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn June ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass June Month)
(documentation June EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are June.")
(documentation June ChineseLanguage "这是所有六月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH June)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn June ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn July ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass July Month)
(documentation July EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are July.")
(documentation July ChineseLanguage "这是所有七月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH July)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn July ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn August ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass August Month)
(documentation August EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are August.")
(documentation August ChineseLanguage "这是所有八月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH August)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn August ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn September ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))


(subclass September Month)
(documentation September EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are 
September.")
(documentation September ChineseLanguage "这是所有九月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH September)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn September ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn October ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass October Month)
(documentation October EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are October.")
(documentation October ChineseLanguage "这是所有十月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH October)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn October ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn November ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass November Month)
(documentation November EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are November.")
(documentation November ChineseLanguage "这是所有十一月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH November)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn November ?YEAR))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn December ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass December Month)
(documentation December EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Months which are December.")
(documentation December ChineseLanguage "这是所有十二月 &%Month 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH December)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH1 (MonthFn December ?YEAR1))
      (instance ?MONTH2 (MonthFn January ?YEAR2))
      (instance ?Y1 ?YEAR1)
      (instance ?Y2 ?YEAR2)
      (meetsTemporally ?Y1 ?Y2))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass Day TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Day DayFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Day DayDuration)
(documentation Day EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar &%Days.")
(documentation Day ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历日的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?DAY Day)
   (duration ?DAY (MeasureFn 1 DayDuration)))

(subclass Monday Day)
(documentation Monday EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar Mondays.")
(documentation Monday ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历星期一的 &%Class。")

(subclass Tuesday Day)
(documentation Tuesday EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar Tuesdays.")
(documentation Tuesday ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历星期二的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Monday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Tuesday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Wednesday Day)
(documentation Wednesday EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar Wednesdays.")
(documentation Wednesday ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历星期三的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Tuesday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Wednesday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Thursday Day)
(documentation Thursday EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar Thursdays.")
(documentation Thursday ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历星期四的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Wednesday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Thursday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Friday Day)
(documentation Friday EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar Fridays.")
(documentation Friday ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历星期五的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Thursday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Friday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Saturday Day)
(documentation Saturday EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar Saturdays.")
(documentation Saturday ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历星期六的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Friday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Saturday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Sunday Day)
(documentation Sunday EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar Sundays.")
(documentation Sunday ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历星期日的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Saturday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Sunday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Sunday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Monday)
      (instance ?WEEK1 Week)
      (instance ?WEEK2 Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK1)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK2)
      (meetsTemporally ?WEEK1 ?WEEK2))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Week TimeInterval)
(documentation Week EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all calendar weeks.")
(documentation Week ChineseLanguage "这是所有日历周的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?WEEK Week)
   (duration ?WEEK (MeasureFn 1 WeekDuration)))

(subclass Hour TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Hour HourFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Hour HourDuration)
(documentation Hour EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all clock &%Hours.")
(documentation Hour ChineseLanguage "这是所有时钟 &%Hour 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?HOUR Hour)
   (duration ?HOUR (MeasureFn 1 HourDuration)))

(subclass Minute TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Minute MinuteFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Minute MinuteDuration)
(documentation Minute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all clock &%Minutes.")
(documentation Minute ChineseLanguage "这是所有时钟 &%Minute 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MINUTE Minute)
   (duration ?MINUTE (MeasureFn 1 MinuteDuration)))

(subclass Second TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Second SecondDuration)
(relatedInternalConcept Second SecondFn)
(documentation Second EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all clock &%Seconds.")
(documentation Second ChineseLanguage "这是所有时钟 &%Second 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?SECOND Second)
   (duration ?SECOND (MeasureFn 1 SecondDuration)))

(instance TemporalCompositionFn TemporalRelation)
(instance TemporalCompositionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance TemporalCompositionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain TemporalCompositionFn 1 TimeInterval)
(domainSubclass TemporalCompositionFn 2 TimeInterval)
(rangeSubclass TemporalCompositionFn TimeInterval)
(documentation TemporalCompositionFn EnglishLanguage "The basic &%Function for expressing
the composition of larger &%TimeIntervals out of smaller &%TimeIntervals.
For example, if &%ThisSeptember is an &%instance of &%September,
(&%TemporalCompositionFn &%ThisSeptember &%Day) denotes the &%Class of
consecutive days that make up &%ThisSeptember.  Note that one can obtain
the number of instances of this &%Class by using the function &%CardinalityFn.")
(documentation TemporalCompositionFn ChineseLanguage "这是表示以较小的 &%TimeInterval 组成较大的
&%TimeInterval 的基本 &%Function。例如：如果 &%ThisSeptember 是 &%September 的一个 &%instance，
 那么(&%TemporalCompositionFn &%ThisSeptember &%Day)表示构成 &%ThisSeptember 内连续日数的
  &%Class。注：我们可以用函数 &%CardinalityFn 来得出这个 &%Class 实例的数目。")

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL-TYPE)
            (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS))
         (exists (?DURATION)
            (and
               (duration ?TIME1 ?DURATION)
               (duration ?TIME2 ?DURATION))))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
            (not (equal ?TIME1 ?TIME2)))
         (or
            (meetsTemporally ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
            (meetsTemporally ?TIME2 ?TIME1)
            (earlier ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
            (earlier ?TIME2 ?TIME1)))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?TIME ?CLASS)
         (starts ?TIME ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?TIME ?CLASS)
         (finishes ?TIME ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
            (not (finishes ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL)))
         (exists (?TIME2)
            (and
               (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
               (meetsTemporally ?TIME1 ?TIME2))))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
            (not (starts ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL)))
         (exists (?TIME2)
            (and
               (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
               (meetsTemporally ?TIME2 ?TIME1))))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME TimePoint)
            (temporalPart ?TIME ?INTERVAL))
         (exists (?INSTANCE)
            (and
               (instance ?INSTANCE ?CLASS)
               (temporalPart ?TIME ?INSTANCE))))))

(=>
   (instance ?YEAR Year)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?YEAR Month)) 12))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH Month)
      (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn ?NUMBER DayDuration)))
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?MONTH Day)) ?NUMBER))

(=>
   (instance ?WEEK Week)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?WEEK Day)) 7))

(=>
   (instance ?DAY Day)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?DAY Hour)) 24))

(=>
   (instance ?HOUR Hour)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?HOUR Minute)) 60))

(=>
   (instance ?MINUTE Minute)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?MINUTE Second)) 60))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; MEREOTOPOLOGY ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; Most of this content is taken from Barry Smith's and Nicola Guarino's
;; papers on the subject.

(instance connected BinaryPredicate)
(instance connected SpatialRelation)
(instance connected ReflexiveRelation)
(instance connected SymmetricRelation)
(domain connected 1 Object)
(domain connected 2 Object)
(documentation connected EnglishLanguage "(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 &%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.")
(documentation connected ChineseLanguage "(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的意思是 ?OBJ1
&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 或者是 ?OBJ1 &%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2。")

(=>
     (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
     (or
          (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
          (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(<=>
  (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
  (forall (?PART1 ?PART2)
    (=>
      (equal ?OBJ (MereologicalSumFn ?PART1 ?PART2))
      (connected ?PART1 ?PART2))))

(instance connects SpatialRelation)
(instance connects TernaryPredicate)
(domain connects 1 Object)
(domain connects 2 Object)
(domain connects 3 Object)
(documentation connects EnglishLanguage "The relationship between three things, when one 
of the three things connects the other two.  More formally, (&%connects ?OBJ1
?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3)
and not (&%connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3).")
(documentation connects ChineseLanguage "这是一个联系三样东西的关系，它出现在当三样东西之中的一个把
另外的两个联系起来的时候，更正规的说，(&%connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3)的意思是
(&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)和(&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3)，而不是(&%connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3)。")

(<=>
  (connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3)
  (between ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3))

(<=>
  (connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3)
  (and
    (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
    (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3)
    (not
      (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))))

(=>
  (connects ?ARC ?NODE1 ?NODE2)
  (connects ?ARC ?NODE2 ?NODE1))

;MSv: conflicting definitions: meetsSpatially is irreflexive and connected is a ReflexiveRelation
;(subrelation meetsSpatially connected)
(domain meetsSpatially 1 Object)
(domain meetsSpatially 2 Object)
(relatedInternalConcept meetsSpatially connected)
(instance meetsSpatially IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance meetsSpatially SymmetricRelation)
(disjointRelation meetsSpatially overlapsSpatially)
(documentation meetsSpatially EnglishLanguage "(&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that
?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are &%connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2
&%overlapsSpatially the other.")
(documentation meetsSpatially ChineseLanguage "(&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)得意思是 ?OBJ1 
和 ?OBJ2 是 &%connected 的但是 ?OBJ1 或 ?OBJ2 都没有跟对方 &%overlapsSpatially。")

(subrelation overlapsSpatially connected)
(instance overlapsSpatially ReflexiveRelation)
(instance overlapsSpatially SymmetricRelation)
(documentation overlapsSpatially EnglishLanguage "(&%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means
that the &%Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common.  This is a
reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation.")
(documentation overlapsSpatially ChineseLanguage "(&%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的意思是
&%Objects ?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ2 有些共同的部分。这是一个自反和对称(而不是传递) 的关系。")

(<=>
  (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
       (exists (?OBJ3)
            (and
                 (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)
                 (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2))))

(=>
   (and
      (member ?OBJ1 ?COLL)
      (member ?OBJ2 ?COLL)
      (not (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
   (not
      (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL CaseRole)
      (instance ?OBJ Object)
      (?REL ?PROCESS ?OBJ))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (overlapsSpatially (WhereFn ?PROCESS ?TIME) ?OBJ)))

(instance overlapsPartially BinaryPredicate)
(instance overlapsPartially SymmetricRelation)
(instance overlapsPartially PartialValuedRelation)
(instance overlapsPartially IrreflexiveRelation)
;MSv: overlapsSpatially is ReflexiveRelation, so overlapsPartially can't be subrelation of
;it.
;(subrelation overlapsPartially overlapsSpatially)
(documentation overlapsPartially EnglishLanguage "(&%overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means
that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2
is a &%part of the other.")
(documentation overlapsPartially ChineseLanguage "(&%overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的意思是
?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ2有共同的部分，但是 ?OBJ1 或 ?OBJ2 都不是对方的一个 &%part。")
(domain overlapsPartially 1 Object)
(domain overlapsPartially 2 Object)

(<=>
   (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
         (not (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
         (not (part ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
         (exists (?OBJ3)
            (and
               (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)
               (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2)))))

(=>
  (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
  (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(subrelation superficialPart part)
(instance superficialPart IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance superficialPart TransitiveRelation)
(instance superficialPart PartialValuedRelation)
(documentation superficialPart EnglishLanguage "(&%superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own
(or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are
externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too
is a transitive relation closed under &%MereologicalSumFn and
&%MereologicalProductFn.")
(documentation superficialPart ChineseLanguage "(&%superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
的意思是 ?OBJ1 是 ?OBJ2  没有自身的内在部分的一个部分，(或者直观的说，只有和 ?OBJ2 的部分重叠，在外部和
 ?OBJ2 的分体补充部分lianxi着)。这个也是一个传递关系，受 &%MereologicalSumFn 和
&%MereologicalProductFn 的封闭。")

(=>
  (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
  (and
    (not
      (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
    (not
      (exists (?OBJ3)
        (interiorPart ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)))))

(instance surface AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation surface superficialPart)
(domain surface 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain surface 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation surface EnglishLanguage "(&%surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
is a maximally connected &%superficialPart of ?OBJ2.  Note that some
&%SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow
object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.")
(documentation surface ChineseLanguage "(&%surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的意思是 ?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ2 的
 &%superficialPart 是以最大的程度联系着。注：有些 &%SelfConnectedObject 有超过一块表面，例如：
 一个像网球中空物体，就有内在和外在的表面。")

(=>
  (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
  (forall (?OBJ3)
    (=>
      (superficialPart ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2)
      (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1))))

(subrelation interiorPart part)
(instance interiorPart AsymmetricRelation)
(instance interiorPart TransitiveRelation)
(documentation interiorPart EnglishLanguage "(&%interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means
that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and
any &%superficialPart ?OBJ2.")
(documentation interiorPart ChineseLanguage "(&%interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的意思是 ?OBJ1 是
?OBJ2 的部分，而 ?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ2 的任何 &%superficialPart 之间并没有重叠的部分。")

(=>
  (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
  (forall (?PART)
    (=>
      (superficialPart ?PART ?OBJ2)
      (not
        (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?PART)))))

(subrelation bottom superficialPart)
(instance bottom BinaryPredicate)
(domain bottom 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain bottom 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation bottom EnglishLanguage "(&%bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the
lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.")
(documentation bottom ChineseLanguage "(&%bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT)的说法可以成立，如果
 ?BOTTOM 是 ?OBJECT 最低或最深的最大的表面部分。")

(=>
  (and
    (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT)
    (part ?PART ?OBJECT)
    (not (connected ?PART ?BOTTOM)))
  (orientation ?PART ?BOTTOM Above))

(subrelation top superficialPart)
(instance top BinaryPredicate)
(domain top 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain top 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation top EnglishLanguage "(&%top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest 
maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.")
(documentation top ChineseLanguage "(&%top ?TOP ?OBJECT)的意思是 ?TOP 是 ?OBJECT 最高的最大
的表面部分。")

(=>
  (and
    (top ?TOP ?OBJECT)
    (part ?PART ?OBJECT)
    (not (connected ?PART ?TOP)))
  (orientation ?PART ?TOP Below))

(subrelation side superficialPart)
(instance side BinaryPredicate)
(domain side 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain side 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation side EnglishLanguage "(&%side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of 
the object, as opposed to the &%top or &%bottom.")
(documentation side ChineseLanguage "(&%side ?SIDE ?OBJECT)的意思是 ?SIDE 和 &%top 或 
&%bottom 相反，是一个物体的旁边。")

(=>
  (and
    (side ?SIDE ?OBJECT)
    (part ?PART ?OBJECT)
    (not (connected ?PART ?SIDE)))
      (exists (?DIRECT)
        (orientation ?SIDE ?PART ?DIRECT)))

(=>
  (and
    (top ?TOP ?O)
    (side ?S ?O))
  (not
    (equal ?TOP ?S)))

(<=>
  (width ?OBJECT ?WIDTH)
  (exists (?SIDE1 ?SIDE2)
    (and
      (side ?SIDE1 ?OBJECT)
      (side ?SIDE2 ?OBJECT)
      (distance ?SIDE1 ?SIDE2 ?WIDTH))))

(=>
  (and
    (height ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT)
    (top ?TOP ?OBJECT)
    (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT))
  (distance ?TOP ?BOTTOM ?HEIGHT))

(instance MereologicalSumFn SpatialRelation)
(instance MereologicalSumFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MereologicalSumFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MereologicalSumFn 1 Object)
(domain MereologicalSumFn 2 Object)
(range MereologicalSumFn Object)
(relatedInternalConcept MereologicalSumFn MereologicalProductFn)
(relatedInternalConcept MereologicalSumFn MereologicalDifferenceFn)
(documentation MereologicalSumFn EnglishLanguage "(&%MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to either
?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2.")
(documentation MereologicalSumFn ChineseLanguage "(&%MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)表示
这个 &%Object 含有属于 ?OBJ1 或 ?OBJ2 的部分。")

(=>
  (equal ?OBJ3 (MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
  (forall (?PART)
    (<=>
      (part ?PART ?OBJ3)
      (or
        (part ?PART ?OBJ1)
        (part ?PART ?OBJ2)))))

(instance MereologicalProductFn SpatialRelation)
(instance MereologicalProductFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MereologicalProductFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MereologicalProductFn 1 Object)
(domain MereologicalProductFn 2 Object)
(range MereologicalProductFn Object)
(relatedInternalConcept MereologicalProductFn MereologicalDifferenceFn)
(documentation MereologicalProductFn EnglishLanguage "(&%MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 
?OBJ2)denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1
and ?OBJ2.")
(documentation MereologicalProductFn ChineseLanguage "(&%MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 
?OBJ2)表示 &%Object 含有属于 ?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ2 两者的部分。")

(=>
  (equal ?OBJ3 (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
  (forall (?PART)
    (<=>
      (part ?PART ?OBJ3)
      (and
        (part ?PART ?OBJ1)
        (part ?PART ?OBJ2)))))

(instance MereologicalDifferenceFn SpatialRelation)
(instance MereologicalDifferenceFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MereologicalDifferenceFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MereologicalDifferenceFn 1 Object)
(domain MereologicalDifferenceFn 2 Object)
(range MereologicalDifferenceFn Object)
(documentation MereologicalDifferenceFn EnglishLanguage "(&%MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1
?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1
and not to ?OBJ2.")
(documentation MereologicalDifferenceFn ChineseLanguage "(&%MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1
?OBJ2)表示 &%Object 包含属于 ?OBJ1 但不属于 ?OBJ2 的部分。")

(=>
  (equal ?OBJ3
    (MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
  (forall (?PART)
    (<=>
      (properPart ?PART ?OBJ3)
      (and
        (properPart ?PART ?OBJ1)
        (not
          (properPart ?PART ?OBJ2))))))

;; What follows is an alignment of the Casati and Varzi theory of
;; holes with the SUMO.

(instance hole BinaryPredicate)
(instance hole SpatialRelation)
(instance hole AsymmetricRelation)
(domain hole 1 Hole)
(domain hole 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation hole EnglishLanguage "(&%hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a
&%Hole in ?OBJ.  A &%Hole is a fillable body located at the
&%surface an &%Object.")
(documentation hole ChineseLanguage "(&%hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)的意思是 ?HOLE 是在 ?OBJ 的一个 
&%Hole。 一个 &%Hole 是位于一个 &%Object &%surface 可以被填满的部分。")

(subclass Hole Region)

(documentation Hole EnglishLanguage "A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface
of an &%Object.  Since every &%Hole is ontologically dependent on its host
(i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a &%Hole is defined as
being a &%hole in something.  Note that two &%Holes may occupy the same
region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts.  Any two
hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts the hole.  A
common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes.  Any
object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole, unless its
parts also include parts of that very hole.  Overlapping holes have
overlapping hosts.  No hole is atomic.  Holes are connected with their
hosts.  No hole can have a proper part that is externally connected with
exactly the same things as the hole itself.")
(documentation Hole ChineseLanguage "洞是一个位于 &%Object 物体表面没有形体的部分。因为每个
&%Hole 在本体上依靠着它的主体(即是那个开着洞的物体),一个 &%Hole 的定于是它是在某处的 &%hole。注：两个
&%Hole 可以占据同一个地区或者相同地区的一部分，而没有任何共同的部分。一个洞的任何两个主体有一个完全承载这个
洞的共同真正部分。两个洞的共同主体承载洞的所有部分，任何含有洞为主体的物体就是那个洞的主体，除非它的部分也
包含这个洞的部分。崇德的洞拥有重叠的主体，没有洞拥有原子性的特性，洞与它的主体相连，没有洞可以有一个真正的
部分，而这个真正的部分和有着这个洞本身完全相同的物质，在外部相连接。")

(<=>
  (instance ?HOLE Hole)
  (exists (?OBJ)
    (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)))

(=>
  (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)
  (not
    (instance ?OBJ Hole)))

(=>
  (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)
  (not
     (overlapsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ)))

(=>
  (and
    (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ1)
    (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ2))
  (exists (?OBJ3)
    (and
      (properPart ?OBJ3 (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
      (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ3))))

(=>
  (and
    (hole ?HOLE1 ?OBJ)
    (hole ?HOLE2 ?OBJ))
  (forall (?HOLE3)
    (=>
      (part ?HOLE3 (MereologicalSumFn ?HOLE1 ?HOLE2))
      (hole ?HOLE3 ?OBJ))))

(=>
  (and
    (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ1)
    (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
  (or
    (overlapsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ2)
    (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ2)))

(=>
  (and
    (hole ?HOLE1 ?OBJ1)
    (hole ?HOLE2 ?OBJ2)
    (overlapsSpatially ?HOLE1 ?HOLE2))
  (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
  (instance ?HOLE1 Hole)
  (exists (?HOLE2)
    (properPart ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1)))

(instance HoleHostFn SpatialRelation)
(instance HoleHostFn UnaryFunction)
(instance HoleHostFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance HoleHostFn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain HoleHostFn 1 Hole)
(range HoleHostFn Object)
(documentation HoleHostFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to
the &%Object which is its principal host.  The principle host of a &%Hole
is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only
when the argument is a hole).")
(documentation HoleHostFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction，它把一个 &%Hole 和属于它
主要主体的 &%Object 联系起来。一个 &%Hole 的主要主体是和它最大程度相连的主体(这个概念在这里要符合这个定义
时才能算是一个洞)。")

(=>
  (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)
  (connected ?HOLE ?OBJ))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?HOLE1 Hole)
    (properPart ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1))
  (exists (?OBJ)
    (and
      (meetsSpatially ?HOLE1 ?OBJ)
      (not
        (meetsSpatially ?HOLE2 ?OBJ)))))

(instance Fillable ShapeAttribute)
(documentation Fillable EnglishLanguage "Something is &%Fillable if it can be filled by
something else.  Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled.
Something is fillable just in case it is part of a hole, i.e.,
fillability is an exclusive property of holes and their parts.")
(documentation Fillable ChineseLanguage "如果说一样东西是 &%Fillable，这个东西就是可以由某些其他
的东西来来填满。注：'填满'在这里是指完全的填满，某样东西是可填满，以防它是洞的一部分，即是可以填满这个特性，
是洞和它的部分独有的特性。")

(=>
  (exists (?TIME)
    (holdsDuring ?TIME
      (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE)))
  (attribute ?HOLE Fillable))

(<=>
  (attribute ?HOLE1 Fillable)
  (exists (?HOLE2)
    (and
      (instance ?HOLE2 Hole)
      (part ?HOLE1 ?HOLE2))))

(subrelation partiallyFills located)
(instance partiallyFills SpatialRelation)
(instance partiallyFills AsymmetricRelation)
(domain partiallyFills 1 Object)
(domain partiallyFills 2 Hole)
(documentation partiallyFills EnglishLanguage "(&%partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that
?OBJ &%completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (&%partiallyFills
?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE).
Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may
stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as
(is a limit case of) a partial one.")
(documentation partiallyFills ChineseLanguage "(&%partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE)的意思是?OBJ 
&%completelyFills ?HOLE 的某些部分。注：如果(&%partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)和
(&%part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的话， 那么(&%partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE)就属实。另外也要注意的是，一个把洞部分
填满的物体不需要完全在洞内(它可以突出洞的外面)，即是所有能够把洞完全填满的物质也可符合作为(在有限的情况下)
一个把洞部分填满的物质。")

(=>
  (partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE1)
  (exists (?HOLE2)
    (and
      (part ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1)
      (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE2))))

(instance properlyFills AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation properlyFills partiallyFills)
(domain properlyFills 1 Object)
(domain properlyFills 2 Hole)
(documentation properlyFills EnglishLanguage "(&%properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE)
means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by
?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ.  Note that
&%properlyFills is the dual of &%completelyFills, and is so
related to &%partiallyFills that ?OBJ &%properlyFills ?HOLE just in
case ?OBJ &%partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE.  (Thus, every perfect
filler is both complete and proper in this sense).
Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler
of the hole is connected. Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole 
properly fills (that part of) that hole.")
(documentation properlyFills ChineseLanguage "(&%properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE)的意思是 ?HOLE
是真正的(但可能不是全部的)被 ?OBJ 填充了，即是 ?HOLE 的某些部分被 ?OBJ 完美的填充了。注：
&%properlyFills 和 &%completelyFills 是成双的，因此它也和 &%partiallyFills 相关，一个
?OBJ 会 &%properlyFills ?HOLE， 以防这个 ?OBJ &%partiallyFills 这个 ?HOLE 的每一个部分(故此，
在意义上每一个把洞完美填充的物质是既完整又适当的)。每一个洞和联系这个洞的适当填充物质的所有东西相连，
一个洞(的一部分)的完美填充物质的每一个适当的部分，适当的填充这个洞(它的一部分)。")

(=>
  (properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE1)
  (exists (?HOLE2)
    (and
      (part ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1)
      (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE2))))

(instance completelyFills AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation completelyFills partiallyFills)
(documentation completelyFills EnglishLanguage "(&%completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE)
means that some &%part of the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE.
Note that if (&%completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part
?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE).
A complete filler of (a part of) a hole is connected with everything
with which (that part of) the hole itself is connected.
A perfect filler of (a part of) a hole completely fills every proper
part of (that part of) that hole.")
(documentation completelyFills ChineseLanguage "(&%completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE)
的意思是 &%Object ?OBJ 的一些 &%part 填充了 &%Hole ?HOLE。注：如果是
(&%completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)和(&%part?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)的话，那么(&%completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE)
就属实。能够把一个洞(它的部分)完全填满的物质会和这个洞(它的部分)相关的所有东西相连。能够把一个洞(它的部分)
完美的填充的物质，会填满这个洞(它的部分)的每一个真正的部分。")

(=>
  (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
  (exists (?OBJ2)
    (and
      (part ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)
      (fills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE))))

(instance fills AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation fills completelyFills)
(subrelation fills properlyFills)
(domain fills 1 Object)
(domain fills 2 Hole)
(relatedInternalConcept fills Fillable)
(documentation fills EnglishLanguage "Holes can be filled.  (&%fills ?OBJ ?HOLE)
means that the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE.  Note that
&%fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts 
in common (rather, they may occupy the same spatial region).")
(documentation fills ChineseLanguage "
Holes can be filled.  (&%fills ?OBJ ?HOLE)
means that the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE.  Note that
&%fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts 
in common (rather, they may occupy the same spatial region).")


(=>
  (and
    (fills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
    (attribute ?OBJ2 Fillable))
  (not
    (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(=>
   (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
   (forall (?OBJ2)
     (=>
        (connected ?OBJ2 ?HOLE)
            (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(=>
  (and
    (properlyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
    (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
  (connected ?HOLE ?OBJ2))

(=>
  (and
    (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE1)
    (properPart ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1))
  (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE2))

(=>
  (and
    (fills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
    (properPart ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
  (properlyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE))

(instance HoleSkinFn SpatialRelation)
(instance HoleSkinFn UnaryFunction)
(instance HoleSkinFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance HoleSkinFn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain HoleSkinFn 1 Hole)
(range HoleSkinFn Object)
(documentation HoleSkinFn EnglishLanguage "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the 
skin of the &%Hole.  The skin of a &%Hole is the fusion of those superficial
parts (see &%superficialPart) of the &%Hole's principal host (see
&%HoleHostFn) with which the &%Hole is externally connected.")
(documentation HoleSkinFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%UnaryFunction， 它把一个 &%Hole 和 
&%Hole 的表层联系。一个 &%Hole 的表层是这个 &%Hole 的主要主体 (见 &%HoleHostFn)和这个 &%Hole waibu
相连的表层部分(见 &%superficialPart)所融合而成的。")

(=>
  (equal ?OBJ1 (HoleSkinFn ?HOLE))
  (forall (?OBJ2)
    (<=>
      (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)
      (exists (?OBJ3)
        (and
          (superficialPart ?OBJ3 (HoleHostFn ?HOLE))
          (meetsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ3)
          (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;    PROCESSES    ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'TEMPORAL CONCEPTS'
;; INCLUDES 'OBJECTS'
;; INCLUDES 'QUALITIES'

(instance subProcess BinaryPredicate)
(instance subProcess PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subProcess 1 Process)
(domain subProcess 2 Process)
(documentation subProcess EnglishLanguage "(&%subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that 
?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC.  A subprocess is here understood as a temporally
distinguished part (proper or not) of a &%Process.")
(documentation subProcess ChineseLanguage "(&%subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)的意思是 ?SUBPROC
是 ?PROC 的子过程。在这里，一个子过程可以理解为一个 &%Process 暂时可区分的(真整或非真整的)部分。")

(=>
   (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)
   (temporalPart (WhenFn ?SUBPROC) (WhenFn ?PROC)))

;; NS: delete.  This rule is stated above with different (but
;; equivalent) antecedent order.
;; (=>
;;    (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)
;;    (forall (?REGION)
;;       (=>
;;          (located ?PROC ?REGION)
;;          (located ?SUBPROC ?REGION))))

;; NS: delete.  Redundant ... we've already stated elsewhere that
;; every Physical exists at some time and at some location.
;; (=>
;;   (and
;;     (instance ?PROC Process)
;;     (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC))
;;   (exists (?TIME)
;;     (time ?SUBPROC ?TIME)))

;; The following formulas cover the hierarchy of &%Classes under
;; &%BiologicalProcess.

(subclass BiologicalProcess InternalChange)
(documentation BiologicalProcess EnglishLanguage "A &%Process embodied in an &%Organism.")
(documentation BiologicalProcess ChineseLanguage "这是一个体现在一个 &%Organism 的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC BiologicalProcess)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ Organism)
         (eventLocated ?PROC ?OBJ))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC BiologicalProcess)
      (experiencer ?PROC ?ORG))
   (instance ?ORG Organism))

(subclass PhysiologicProcess BiologicalProcess)
(documentation PhysiologicProcess EnglishLanguage "A normal process of an &%Organism
or part of an &%Organism.")
(documentation PhysiologicProcess ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%Organism 或者是一个 &%Organism
的一部分的一个正常过程。")

(subclass AutonomicProcess PhysiologicProcess)
(disjoint AutonomicProcess IntentionalProcess)
(documentation AutonomicProcess EnglishLanguage "The class of &%PhysiologicProcesses of
which there is not conscious awareness and control.")
(documentation AutonomicProcess ChineseLanguage "这是 &%PhysiologicProcesses 的类别，这些过程
都没有意识和控制。")

(subclass OrganOrTissueProcess AutonomicProcess)
(disjoint OrganOrTissueProcess OrganismProcess)
(documentation OrganOrTissueProcess EnglishLanguage "A &%PhysiologicProcess of a
particular &%Organ or &%Tissue.")
(documentation OrganOrTissueProcess ChineseLanguage "这是一个特定 &%Organ 或 &%Tissue 的
&%PhysiologicProcess。")

(=>
    (instance ?PROC OrganOrTissueProcess)
    (exists (?THING)
        (and
            (eventLocated ?PROC ?THING)
            (or
                (instance ?THING Organ)
                (instance ?THING Tissue)))))

(subclass OrganismProcess PhysiologicProcess)
(documentation OrganismProcess EnglishLanguage "A physiologic function of the
&%Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple
&%Organs or &%Tissues.")
(documentation OrganismProcess ChineseLanguage "这是整个 &%Organism、多个器官系统或多个 &%Organs
或 &%Tissues 的一种生理功能。")

(subclass Birth OrganismProcess)
(documentation Birth EnglishLanguage "The &%Process of being born.")
(documentation Birth ChineseLanguage "这是出生的 &%Process。")

;; NS: We need to provide more explanation of the intended meaning of
;;     &%Birth.

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
      (experiencer ?BIRTH ?AGENT))
   (exists (?DEATH)
      (and
         (instance ?DEATH Death)
         (experiencer ?DEATH ?AGENT))))

(subclass Death OrganismProcess)
(documentation Death EnglishLanguage "The &%Process of dying.")
(documentation Death ChineseLanguage "这是死亡的 &%Process。")

;; NS: delete.  Organisms cannot be Dead.
;; (=>
;;    (and
;;       (instance ?DEATH Death)
;;       (experiencer ?DEATH ?AGENT))
;;    (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?DEATH)) (attribute ?AGENT Dead)))

;; NS: add.  The result of an Organism's Death is a Dead
;; OrganicObject, the parts of which were parts of the Organism
;; immediately before its Death.  This rule should be considered true
;; only by default, since it is not really accurate for an organism
;; that dies, e.g., by being instantaneously vaporized.
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?DEATH Death)
    (instance ?ORG Organism)
    (experiencer ?DEATH ?ORG))
  (exists (?REM)
    (and
      (result ?DEATH ?REM)
      (instance ?REM OrganicObject)
      (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?DEATH))
        (attribute ?REM Dead))
      (=>
        (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?DEATH))
          (part ?OBJ ?REM))
        (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?DEATH))
          (part ?OBJ ?ORG))))))

(subclass Breathing OrganismProcess)
(subclass Breathing AutonomicProcess)
(documentation Breathing EnglishLanguage "The &%Process of respiration, by which oxygen
is made available to an &%Animal.  This covers processes of inhalation,
exhalation, and alternations between the two.")
(documentation Breathing ChineseLanguage "这是呼吸的 &%Process，&%Animal 通过这过程取得氧气。这
包括吸入、呼出氧气和两者的不断交替的过程。")

(subclass Ingesting OrganismProcess)
(documentation Ingesting EnglishLanguage "The &%Process by which food is taken into an
 &%Animal.")
(documentation Ingesting ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Animal 进食的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Ingesting)
      (resource ?ACT ?FOOD))
   (instance ?FOOD (FoodForFn Organism)))

(subclass Eating Ingesting)
(documentation Eating EnglishLanguage "The &%Process by which solid food is
incorporated into an &%Animal.")
(documentation Eating ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Animal 摄入固体食物的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Eating)
      (resource ?ACT ?FOOD))
   (attribute ?FOOD Solid))

(subclass Drinking Ingesting)
(documentation Drinking EnglishLanguage "The &%Process by which liquid food, i.e.
&%Beverages, are incorporated into an &%Animal.")
(documentation Drinking ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Animal 摄入流质食物，即是 &%Beverage的
&%Process。")
(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Drinking)
      (resource ?ACT ?FOOD))
   (attribute ?FOOD Liquid))

(subclass Digesting OrganismProcess)
(subclass Digesting AutonomicProcess)
(documentation Digesting EnglishLanguage "The &%Process by which &%Food that has been
ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by
the &%Organism.")
(documentation Digesting ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Organism 摄入 &%Food 把它分解成更简单的化合物、
吸收的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DIGEST Digesting)
      (agent ?DIGEST ?ORGANISM))
   (exists (?INGEST)
      (and
         (instance ?INGEST Ingesting)
         (agent ?INGEST ?ORGANISM)
         (overlapsTemporally (WhenFn ?INGEST) (WhenFn ?DIGEST)))))

(=>
   (instance ?DIGEST Digesting)
   (exists (?DECOMP)
      (and
         (instance ?DECOMP ChemicalDecomposition)
         (subProcess ?DECOMP ?DIGEST))))

(subclass Growth AutonomicProcess)
(documentation Growth EnglishLanguage "The &%Process of biological development in which
an &%Organism or part of an &%Organism changes its form or its size.")
(documentation Growth ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%Organism 或 &%Organism 的一部分改变它的形状或
大小时的生物发展 &%Process。")

(subclass Replication OrganismProcess)
(documentation Replication EnglishLanguage "The &%Process of biological reproduction.
This can be either a sexual or an asexual process.")
(documentation Replication ChineseLanguage "这是生物繁殖的 &%Process，这可以是有性的或无形的过程
。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REP Replication)
      (agent ?REP ?PARENT)
      (result ?REP ?CHILD))
   (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT))

(=>
   (instance ?REP Replication)
   (exists (?BODY)
      (and
         (instance ?BODY ReproductiveBody)
         (result ?REP ?BODY))))

(subclass SexualReproduction Replication)
(disjoint SexualReproduction AsexualReproduction)
(documentation SexualReproduction EnglishLanguage "Sexual &%Processes of biological
reproduction.")
(documentation SexualReproduction ChineseLanguage "这是有性的生物繁殖 &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REP SexualReproduction)
      (result ?REP ?ORGANISM))
   (exists (?MOTHER ?FATHER)
      (and
         (mother ?ORGANISM ?MOTHER)
         (father ?ORGANISM ?FATHER))))

(subclass AsexualReproduction Replication)
(documentation AsexualReproduction EnglishLanguage "Asexual &%Processes of biological
reproduction.")
(documentation AsexualReproduction ChineseLanguage "这是无性的生物繁殖 &%Process。")

;; NS: delete.
;; (=>
;;    (and
;;       (instance ?REP AsexualReproduction)
;;       (result ?REP ?ORGANISM))
;;    (not
;;       (exists (?PARENT1 ?PARENT2)
;;          (and
;;             (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT1)
;;             (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT2)
;;             (not (equal ?PARENT1 ?PARENT2))))))

;; NS: add.
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?REP AsexualReproduction)
    (result ?REP ?ORGANISM)
    (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT1)
    (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT2))
  (equal ?PARENT1 ?PARENT2))

(subclass PsychologicalProcess BiologicalProcess)
(documentation PsychologicalProcess EnglishLanguage "A &%BiologicalProcess which takes 
place in the mind or brain of an &%Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior
of the &%Organism.")
(documentation PsychologicalProcess ChineseLanguage "这是一个在 &%Organism 的精神或大脑所产生
的 &%BiologicalProcess，它可以在 &%Organism 的行为中表现出来。")

(=>
    (instance ?PROCESS PsychologicalProcess)
    (exists (?ANIMAL)
        (and
            (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
            (experiencer ?PROCESS ?ANIMAL))))

(subclass PathologicProcess BiologicalProcess)
(disjoint PathologicProcess PhysiologicProcess)
(documentation PathologicProcess EnglishLanguage "A disordered process, activity, or
state of the &%Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of
multiple &%Organs or &%Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a
negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are
less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have
systemic effects.")
(documentation PathologicProcess ChineseLanguage "这是整个 &%Organism、一个或多个身体系统或多个
 &%Organ 或 &%Tissue 的一种失调过程、活动或状态。这包括对于负面刺激的正常反应和比生病更含糊的病理情况或
 状态。病理功能常常具有系统性的影响。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PATH PathologicProcess)
      (experiencer ?PATH ?ORG))
   (exists (?PART ?DISEASE)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?ORG)
         (instance ?DISEASE DiseaseOrSyndrome)
         (attribute ?PART ?DISEASE))))

(subclass Injuring PathologicProcess)
(subclass Injuring Damaging)
(documentation Injuring EnglishLanguage "The process of creating a traumatic wound or
injury.  Since &%Injuring is not possible without some biologic function
of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of &%BiologicalProcess.")
(documentation Injuring ChineseLanguage "导致外伤性的创伤或伤害。因为 &%Injuring 不可能不对生物
的某些物理功能造成伤害，所以它属于 &%BiologicalProcess 的子类别。")

(=>
    (instance ?INJ Injuring)
    (exists (?STRUCT)
        (and
            (instance ?STRUCT AnatomicalStructure)
            (patient ?INJ ?STRUCT))))

(<=>
   (instance ?INJ Injuring)
   (and
      (instance ?INJ Damaging)
      (exists (?ORGANISM)
         (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (patient ?INJ ?ORGANISM)))))

(subclass Poisoning Injuring)
(documentation Poisoning EnglishLanguage "A &%Poisoning is caused by an external
substance.  Since &%Poisoning is not possible without some biologic
function which affects the &%Organism being injured, it is a subclass
of &%BiologicalProcess.")
(documentation Poisoning ChineseLanguage " &%Poisoning 是由外来物质造成的，因为 &%Poisoning
不可能不对影响到生物的某些物理功能造成伤害，所以它属于 &%BiologicalProcess 的子类别。")

(=>
    (instance ?POISON Poisoning)
    (exists (?THING)
        (and
            (patient ?POISON ?THING)
            (or
                (instance ?THING Organism)
                (instance ?THING AnatomicalStructure)))))

(=>
  (instance ?POISON Poisoning)
  (exists (?SUBSTANCE)
    (and
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
      (instrument ?POISON ?SUBSTANCE))))

(documentation NaturalProcess EnglishLanguage "A &%Process that take place in nature
spontanously.")
(documentation NaturalProcess ChineseLanguage "这是一个在自然界自然自然发生的 &%Process。")
(subclass NaturalProcess Process)
(disjoint NaturalProcess IntentionalProcess)

(subclass IntentionalProcess Process)
(documentation IntentionalProcess EnglishLanguage "A &%Process that has a specific
purpose for the &%Agent who performs it.")
(documentation IntentionalProcess ChineseLanguage "这是一个对于执行的 &%Agent 有特定目的的
&%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))
   (exists (?PURP)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?PROC ?PURP ?AGENT)))

(=>
   (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
         (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
      (agent ?PROC ?HUMAN)
      (instance ?HUMAN Animal))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?PROC) (attribute ?HUMAN Awake)))

(subclass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess IntentionalProcess)
(subclass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess PsychologicalProcess)
(documentation IntentionalPsychologicalProcess EnglishLanguage "An &%IntentionalProcess 
is a process that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an &%Organism.  
Thus,for example, &%Reasoning is a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess,
because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain.  On the other
hand, &%RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess,
because many instances of &%RecreationOrExercise necessarily have &%subProcesses
of &%BodyMotion.")
(documentation IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ChineseLanguage "&%IntentionalProcess 是
一个可以完全在 &%Organism 的精神或大脑内实现的过程。所以举例说 &%Reasoning 是
 &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess 的子类别意味人可以只用思想/大脑做出理性思维，另一方面
 &%RecreationOrExercise 不是 &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess 的子类别，因为很多
&%RecreationOrExercise 的实例都必须牵涉到 &%BodyMotion 的 &%subProcess。")

(subclass RecreationOrExercise IntentionalProcess)
(documentation RecreationOrExercise EnglishLanguage "A &%Process that is carried out for
the purpose of recreation or exercise.  Since &%RecreationOrExercise is a
subclass of &%IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether
or not it is an instance of the class.  Hence, if John and Bill watch the same
program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely
to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an
instance of &%RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of
watching the television program would however be in the class of &%Seeing, since
being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention).")
(documentation RecreationOrExercise ChineseLanguage "这是一个以娱乐或运动为目而进行的 &%Process。
因为 &%RecreationOrExercise 是 &%IntentionalProcess 的子类别，过程的意图决定它是否属于这个类别的
实例。故此，假如约翰和比利在看同样的电视节目，约翰看着锅里电视是为了放松，而比利看这电视纯粹是为了满足教育
要求，那么约翰看的电视是 &%RecreationOrExercise 的一个实例，但是对比利来说这就不是(可是两人看电视节目
的活动都属于 &%Seeing 的类别，因为后者不需要意图来成立作为它的一个实例。)")

(subclass OrganizationalProcess IntentionalProcess)
(documentation OrganizationalProcess EnglishLanguage "An &%IntentionalProcess that
involves an &%Organization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT OrganizationalProcess)
      (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
   (or
      (instance ?AGENT Organization)
      (exists (?ORG)
         (and
            (instance ?ORG Organization)
            (member ?AGENT ?ORG)))))

(subclass Election OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation Election EnglishLanguage "&%Election is the class of events conducted by an
organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt
resolutions, or settle other issues in that &%Organization.")
(documentation Election ChineseLanguage "&%Election 属于由一个机构所举行事件的类别，其中有资格参加
者对 &%Organization 的事务员投票、通过决议或解决其他的问题。")

(subclass ReligiousProcess OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation ReligiousProcess EnglishLanguage "An &%OrganizationalProcess that is 
carried out within or by a &%ReligiousOrganization.")
(documentation ReligiousProcess ChineseLanguage "这是一个在 &%ReligiousOrganization 内或由它
举行的 &%OrganizationalProcess。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT ReligiousProcess)
      (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
   (or
      (instance ?AGENT ReligiousOrganization)
      (exists (?ORG)
         (and
            (member ?AGENT ?ORG)
            (instance ?ORG ReligiousOrganization)))))

(subclass JoiningAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation JoiningAnOrganization EnglishLanguage "The &%OrganizationalProcess of 
becoming a &%member of an &%Organization.")
(documentation JoiningAnOrganization ChineseLanguage "这是成为一个 &%Organization 的
&%member 的 &%OrganizationalProcess。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?JOIN JoiningAnOrganization)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?JOIN ?PERSON)
      (patient ?JOIN ?ORG))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?JOIN)) (not (member ?PERSON ?ORG)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?JOIN)) (member ?PERSON ?ORG))))

(subclass LeavingAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess)
(disjoint LeavingAnOrganization JoiningAnOrganization)
(documentation LeavingAnOrganization EnglishLanguage "The &%OrganizationalProcess of
leaving an &%Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.")
(documentation LeavingAnOrganization ChineseLanguage "这是自愿或是非自愿离开一个 
&%Organization 的 &%OrganizationalProcess。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEAVE LeavingAnOrganization)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?LEAVE ?PERSON)
      (patient ?LEAVE ?ORG))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?LEAVE)) (member ?PERSON ?ORG))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?LEAVE)) (not (member ?PERSON ?ORG)))))

(subclass Graduation LeavingAnOrganization)
(documentation Graduation EnglishLanguage "The &%OrganizationalProcess of graduating
from an &%EducationalOrganization.")
(documentation Graduation ChineseLanguage "这是由一个 &%EducationalOrganization 毕业的
 &%OrganizationalProcess。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?GRAD Graduation)
    (agent ?GRAD ?ORG))
  (instance ?ORG EducationalOrganization))

(subclass Matriculation JoiningAnOrganization)
(documentation Matriculation EnglishLanguage "The &%OrganizationalProcess of joining an
&%EducationalOrganization as a student.")
(documentation Matriculation ChineseLanguage "这是学生加入一个 &%EducationalOrganization 的
&%OrganizationalProcess。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?MAT Matriculation)
    (agent ?MAT ?ORG))
  (instance ?ORG EducationalOrganization))

(subclass Hiring JoiningAnOrganization)
(documentation Hiring EnglishLanguage "&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an
employee of an &%Organization.")
(documentation Hiring ChineseLanguage "这是当某人成为一个 &%Organization 雇员的
&%OrganizationalProcesses。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HIRE Hiring)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?HIRE ?ORG)
      (patient ?HIRE ?PERSON))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?HIRE)) (not (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?HIRE)) (employs ?ORG ?PERSON))))

(subclass TerminatingEmployment LeavingAnOrganization)
(documentation TerminatingEmployment EnglishLanguage "&%OrganizationalProcesses where 
someone ceases to be an employee of an &%Organization.  Note that this covers being
laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job.")
(documentation TerminatingEmployment ChineseLanguage "这是当某人终止作为一个 &%Organization 
雇员的 &%OrganizationalProcesses。注：这包括被遣散、被解雇和自愿离职。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FIRE TerminatingEmployment)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?FIRE ?ORG)
      (patient ?FIRE ?PERSON))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?FIRE)) (employs ?ORG ?PERSON))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?FIRE)) (not (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)))))

(subclass PoliticalProcess OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation PoliticalProcess EnglishLanguage "An &%OrganizationalProcess carried
out by, for or against officially constituted governments.  Some examples
would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative,
or even overthrowing a government in a revolution.")
(documentation PoliticalProcess ChineseLanguage "这是由官方成立政府举行、支持或反对官方成立的政府的
&%OrganizationalProcess。例子会是投票就拟议的立法、选举政府代表或甚至是推翻政府的革命。")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC PoliticalProcess)
   (exists (?POL)
      (and
         (or
            (instance ?POL Government)
            (exists (?GOV)
               (and
                  (instance ?GOV Government)
                  (member ?POL ?GOV))))
         (or
            (agent ?PROC ?POL)
            (patient ?PROC ?POL)))))

(subclass JudicialProcess PoliticalProcess)
(documentation JudicialProcess EnglishLanguage "Any legal proceeding which is conducted
by a &%JudicialOrganization.  Note that there is an important difference
between the concepts &%LegalAction and &%JudicialProcess.  The former
refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits,
while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings
where the merits of a &%LegalAction are decided.")
(documentation JudicialProcess ChineseLanguage "这是任何由 &%JudicialOrganization 所举行的法律
程序。注：&%LegalAction 和 &%JudicialProcess 概念之间有一个重要的区别，前者指的是由原告提出的法律索赔，
如法律诉讼；而第二种情况是指审判和其他类型的司法听证，来决定 &%LegalAction 的优胜。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS JudicialProcess)
      (agent ?PROCESS ?ORG)
      (instance ?ORG Organization))
   (instance ?ORG JudicialOrganization))

(subclass LegalDecision JudicialProcess)
(subclass LegalDecision Declaring)
(documentation LegalDecision EnglishLanguage "A decision issued by a court with respect to
a &%LegalAction.  Note that a &%LegalDecision is the act of &%Declaring a
decision of a court, it is not the act of judge or jury &%Deciding the merits
of a particular &%LegalAction.")
(documentation LegalDecision ChineseLanguage "这是由法庭对一个 &%LegalAction 所做出的判决。注：
&%LegalDecision 是 &%Declaring 法庭判决的一个行为，它不是法官或陪审图对特定 &%LegalAction 的优胜所
做出的 &%Deciding 行为。")

(=>
   (instance ?DECISION LegalDecision)
   (exists (?ACTION)
      (and
         (instance ?ACTION LegalAction)
         (refers ?DECISION ?ACTION))))

(=>
   (instance ?DECISION LegalDecision)
   (exists (?DECIDE)
      (and
         (instance ?DECIDE Deciding)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?DECIDE) (WhenFn ?DECISION)))))

(subclass MilitaryProcess PoliticalProcess)
(subclass MilitaryProcess OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation MilitaryProcess EnglishLanguage "Any &%Process that is carried out by a
military organization.  Note that this class covers &%Processes, e.g.
military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as
those which are unscripted.")
(documentation MilitaryProcess ChineseLanguage "这是由军事机构执行的任何 &%Process。注：这个类别
包括 &%Process， 例如经过精心策划和那些没有预备的军事行动。")

(subclass RegulatoryProcess Guiding)
(documentation RegulatoryProcess EnglishLanguage "An &%Guiding whose aim is the 
enforcement of rules or regulations.  Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess
and the related concept &%Managing.  The latter implies a long-term relationship
between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the
former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are
referred.")
(documentation RegulatoryProcess ChineseLanguage "这是为了执行法规和条例的 &%Guiding。注：
&%RegulatoryProcess 和它相关的概念 &%Managing 之间的主要区别是：后者意味着单一管理者和有限数量受管理
的实施者的长期关系，而前者则暗示对于受到规管活动的规范标准。")

(subclass Managing OrganizationalProcess)
(subclass Managing Guiding)
(documentation Managing EnglishLanguage "&%OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing
the activities of others.  Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess
and its sibling &%Managing.  The latter implies a long-term relationship between
the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which
the activities of the regulated are referred.")
(documentation Managing ChineseLanguage "这是涉及监督他人活动的 &%OrganizationalProcesses。注：
&%RegulatoryProcess 和它相关的概念 &%Managing 之间的主要区别是：后者意味着单一管理者和有限数量受管理
的实施者的长期关系，而前者则暗示对于受到规管活动的规范标准。")

(subclass Planning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Planning EnglishLanguage "Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a
set of goals or objectives.")
(documentation Planning ChineseLanguage "这是为了达到一套目的或目标所指定的一套行动。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?EVENT Planning)
    (result ?EVENT ?CBO)
    (instance ?CBO ContentBearingObject))
  (exists (?PLAN)
    (and
      (instance ?PLAN Plan)
      (containsInformation ?CBO ?PLAN))))

(subclass Designing IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(subclass Designing ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Designing EnglishLanguage "The spatial analogue of &%Planning. &%Designing 
a &%Collection of &%Objects involves determining a placement of the &%Objects
with respect to one another and perhaps other &%Objects as well, in order to
satisfy a particular purpose.")
(documentation Designing ChineseLanguage "这个过程在空间上和 &%Planning 类似。 &%Designing 一
&%Collection 的 &%Object 是为了达到一个特定的目的，而按照 &%Object 之间、和或者相对于者其他 &%Object
的位置来决定它们的摆放方法。")

(subclass Interpreting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Interpreting EnglishLanguage "Any &%Process of assigning a &%Proposition to
a &%Text, i.e. understanding the &%Text.")
(documentation Interpreting ChineseLanguage "这是给一篇 &%Text编配 &%Proposition 的任何 
&%Process，即是去理解这篇 &%Text。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INTERPRET Interpreting)
      (agent ?INTERPRET ?AGENT)
      (patient ?INTERPRET ?CONTENT)
      (instance ?CONTENT ContentBearingObject))
   (exists (?PROP)
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?INTERPRET)) (believes ?AGENT (containsInformation ?CONTENT ?PROP)))))

(subclass QuantityChange InternalChange)
(partition QuantityChange Increasing Decreasing)
(documentation QuantityChange EnglishLanguage "Any &%InternalChange where a 
&%PhysicalQuantity associated with the &%patient is altered.")
(documentation QuantityChange ChineseLanguage "这是任何当和 &%patient 有关的一个 
&%PhysicalQuantity 受到改变时的 &%InternalChange。")

(subclass Increasing QuantityChange)
(relatedInternalConcept Increasing Putting)
(documentation Increasing EnglishLanguage "Any &%QuantityChange where the 
&%PhysicalQuantity is increased.")
(documentation Increasing ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%PhysicalQuantity 在增加时的任何
&%QuantityChange。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?INCREASE Increasing)
    (patient ?INCREASE ?OBJ))
  (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
    (and
      (holdsDuring
        (BeginFn (WhenFn ?INCREASE))
        (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
      (holdsDuring
        (EndFn (WhenFn ?INCREASE))
        (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
      (greaterThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

(subclass Heating Increasing)
(disjoint Heating Cooling)
(documentation Heating EnglishLanguage "Any &%Increasing &%Process where the 
&%PhysicalQuantity increased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.")
(documentation Heating ChineseLanguage "这是当正在增加的 &%PhysicalQuantity 是 
&%TemperatureMeasure 的任何 &%Increasing &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HEAT Heating)
      (patient ?HEAT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
     (and
         (instance ?UNIT TemperatureMeasure)
         (holdsDuring
           (BeginFn (WhenFn ?HEAT))
           (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
         (holdsDuring
           (EndFn (WhenFn ?HEAT))
           (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
         (greaterThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

(subclass Decreasing QuantityChange)
(relatedInternalConcept Decreasing Removing)
(documentation Decreasing EnglishLanguage "Any &%QuantityChange where the 
&%PhysicalQuantity is decreased.")
(documentation Decreasing ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%PhysicalQuantity 在减少时的任何 
&%QuantityChange。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DECREASE Decreasing)
      (patient ?DECREASE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
     (and
       (holdsDuring
         (BeginFn
           (WhenFn ?DECREASE))
           (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
       (holdsDuring
         (EndFn (WhenFn ?DECREASE))
         (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
       (lessThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

(subclass Cooling Decreasing)
(documentation Cooling EnglishLanguage "Any &%Decreasing &%Process where the 
&%PhysicalQuantity decreased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.")
(documentation Cooling ChineseLanguage "这是当正在减少的 &%PhysicalQuantity 是 
&%TemperatureMeasure 的任何 &%Decreasing &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COOL Cooling)
      (patient ?COOL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
     (and
       (instance ?UNIT TemperatureMeasure)
       (holdsDuring
         (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COOL))
         (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
       (holdsDuring
         (EndFn (WhenFn ?COOL))
         (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
       (lessThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

;; NS: moved from Mid-level-ontology.kif
(instance moves CaseRole)
(instance moves TotalValuedRelation)
(domain moves 1 Motion)
(domain moves 2 Object)
(documentation moves EnglishLanguage "(&%moves ?MOTION ?OBJECT) means that during
the &%Motion event ?MOTION, ?OBJECT moves.  This does not
necessarily imply that the location of ?OBJECT changes during
?MOTION.  See also &%changesLocation and &%Translocation.")
(documentation moves ChineseLanguage "(&%moves ?MOTION ?OBJECT)的意思是当 &%Motion 事件
?MOTION 发生时， ?OBJECT 移动了。这不一定意味着在 ?MOTION 的过程中， ?OBJECT 位置有所改变。请同时参考
&%changesLocation 和 &%Translocation。")
(subrelation moves involvedInEvent)

;; NS: moved from Mid-level-ontology.kif
(instance changesLocation CaseRole)
(instance changesLocation TotalValuedRelation)
(domain changesLocation 1 Translocation)
(domain changesLocation 2 Object)
(documentation changesLocation EnglishLanguage "(&%changesLocation ?EVENT
?OBJECT) means that during the &%Translocation event ?EVENT,
?OBJECT's location changes.  ?OBJECT might also be the &%agent,
&%patient, or &%experiencer of ?EVENT.")
(documentation changesLocation ChineseLanguage "(&%changesLocation ?EVENT
?OBJECT)的意思是当 &%Translocation 事件 ?EVENT 发生时，?OBJECT 的位置改变了。?OBJECT 也可以是
?EVENT 的 &%agent、&%patient 或 &%experiencer。")
(subrelation changesLocation moves)
;; MS: added rule.
(=>
  (changesLocation ?EVENT ?OBJ)
  (and
    (instance ?EVENT Translocation)
    (instance ?OBJ Object)
    (or
      (patient ?EVENT ?OBJ)
      (agent ?EVENT ?OBJ)
      (experiencer ?EVENT ?OBJ))))

(subclass Motion Process)
(documentation Motion EnglishLanguage "Any &%Process of movement.")
(documentation Motion ChineseLanguage "任何移动的 &%Process。")

;; NS: add.
(=>
  (instance ?MOTION Motion)
  (exists (?OBJ)
    (and
      (instance ?OBJ Object)
      (moves ?MOTION ?OBJ))))

;; NS: delete.  The imprecision of &%patient here will be a problem if
;; this rule is ever used in inference, given the number and variety
;; of subclasses of Motion.
;; (=>
;;    (and
;;       (instance ?MOTION Motion)
;;       (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
;;       (origin ?MOTION ?PLACE))
;;    (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?MOTION)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))

;; NS: add.
(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION Motion)
      (moves ?MOTION ?OBJ)
      (origin ?MOTION ?PLACE))
   (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?MOTION)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))

;; NS: delete.
;; (=>
;;    (and
;;       (instance ?MOTION Motion)
;;       (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
;;       (destination ?MOTION ?PLACE))
;;    (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?MOTION)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))

;; NS: add.
(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION Motion)
      (moves ?MOTION ?OBJ)
      (destination ?MOTION ?PLACE))
   (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?MOTION)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))


(subclass MotionUpward Motion)
(disjoint MotionUpward MotionDownward)
(documentation MotionUpward EnglishLanguage "&%Motion where an &%Object is moving away
from the ground.")
(documentation MotionUpward ChineseLanguage "这是当一个 &%Object 移离地面的 &%Motion。")

(subclass MotionDownward Motion)
(documentation MotionDownward EnglishLanguage "&%Motion where an &%Object is moving toward 
the ground.")
(documentation MotionDownward ChineseLanguage "这是当一个 &%Object 移向地面的 &%Motion。")

(instance path CaseRole)
(instance path TotalValuedRelation)
;; KJN: Deleting this as it is redundant.
;;(subrelation path involvedInEvent)
(subrelation path eventPartlyLocated)
(domain path 1 Motion)
(domain path 2 Object)
(documentation path EnglishLanguage "(&%path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route
along which ?MOTION occurs.  For example, Highway 101 is the path in the
following proposition:  the car drove up Highway 101.")
(documentation path ChineseLanguage "(&%path ?MOTION ?PATH)的意思是 ?PATH 是 ?MOTION 在上移动
的一条路线。例如：高速公路101以下命题的路径：那辆车驶向高速公路101。")

(=>
   (and
      (path ?PROCESS ?PATH1)
      (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE)
      (destination ?PROCESS ?DEST)
      (length ?PATH1 ?MEASURE1)
      (distance ?SOURCE ?DEST ?DISTANCE)
      (not (greaterThan ?MEASURE1 ?DISTANCE)))
   (forall (?OBJ)
      (=>
         (part ?OBJ ?PATH1)
         (between ?SOURCE ?OBJ ?DEST))))

(subclass BodyMotion Motion)
(documentation BodyMotion EnglishLanguage "Any &%Motion where the &%agent is an &%Organism 
and the &%patient is a &%BodyPart.")
(documentation BodyMotion ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%agent 一个 &%Organism，而 &%patient 是一个 
&%BodyPart 的 &%Motion。")

;; NS: delete.
;; (=>
;;    (instance ?MOTION BodyMotion)
;;    (exists (?OBJ ?AGENT)
;;       (and
;;          (instance ?OBJ BodyPart)
;;          (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
;;          (instance ?AGENT Organism)
;;          (agent ?MOTION ?AGENT))))

;; NS: add.
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?MOTION BodyMotion)
    (moves ?MOTION ?OBJ))
  (and
    (instance ?OBJ BodyPart)
    (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)))

;; NS: add.
(=>
  (instance ?MOTION BodyMotion)
  (exists (?AGENT)
    (and
      (instance ?AGENT Organism)
      (agent ?MOTION ?AGENT))))

;;MSv: Moved VocalCords and Vocalizing and Speaking to MILO, to resolve dependency

;; NS: delete.  &%LinguisticGeneration does not exist.
;; (documentation Speaking EnglishLanguage "Any &%LinguisticGeneration
;; which is also a &%Vocalizing, i.e. any &%LinguisticCommunication by a
;; &%Human which involves his/her vocal cords.")

;; NS: add.
(documentation Speaking EnglishLanguage "Any &%LinguisticCommunication
by a &%Human which involves his/her vocal cords.")
(documentation Speaking ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Human 使用他/她的声带的任何
 &%LinguisticCommunication。")

;; KJN: Deleting. Fixed Music ontology and replacing it with concepts from that.
;;(subclass Singing Speaking)
;;(subclass Singing Music)
;;(documentation Singing EnglishLanguage "&%Speaking that is also &%Music.")

(subclass Ambulating BodyMotion)
(subclass Ambulating IntentionalProcess)
(subclass Ambulating Translocation)
(partition Ambulating Walking Running)
(documentation Ambulating EnglishLanguage "Any &%BodyMotion which is accomplished by
means of the legs of an &%Animal for the purpose of moving from one
point to another.")
(documentation Ambulating ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Animal 为了从一点移动到另一点用脚完成的任何
 &%BodyMotion。")

(subclass Walking Ambulating)
(documentation Walking EnglishLanguage "&%Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in 
such a way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground.")
(documentation Walking ChineseLanguage "这是相对较慢的 &%Ambulating，即是以至少总是有一只脚和地面
保持接触的方式移动。")

(subclass Running Ambulating)
(documentation Running EnglishLanguage "&%Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in 
such a way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a
period of time.")
(documentation Running ChineseLanguage "这是相对较快的 &%Ambulating，即是每一步以没有任何一只脚
在一段时间内和地面有接触的方式移动。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WALK Walking)
      (instance ?RUN Running)
      (agent ?WALK ?AGENT)
      (agent ?RUN ?AGENT)
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?WALK) (measure ?AGENT (SpeedFn ?LENGTH1 ?TIME)))
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?RUN) (measure ?AGENT (SpeedFn ?LENGTH2 ?TIME))))
   (greaterThan ?LENGTH2 ?LENGTH1))

(subclass Swimming BodyMotion)
(subclass Swimming IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Swimming EnglishLanguage "Any deliberate and controlled &%BodyMotion
through water that is accomplished by an &%Organism.")
(documentation Swimming ChineseLanguage "这是由 &%Organism 在水中完成的任何故意和有控制的 
&%BodyMotion。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SWIM Swimming)
      (agent ?SWIM ?AGENT))
   (exists (?AREA)
      (and
         (instance ?AREA WaterArea)
         (located ?AGENT ?AREA))))

(subclass Dancing BodyMotion)
(documentation Dancing EnglishLanguage "Any &%BodyMotion of &%Humans which is
deliberately coordinated with music.")
(documentation Dancing ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Humans 固意配合音乐的任何 &%BodyMotion。")

(subclass GeologicalProcess Motion)
(subclass GeologicalProcess InternalChange)
(disjoint GeologicalProcess IntentionalProcess)
(documentation GeologicalProcess EnglishLanguage "The class of activities that
are caused by geological forces and affect geological features,
and which may affect the biosphere as well.")
(documentation GeologicalProcess ChineseLanguage "这是由地质力量引起、影响地质特征，也可能影响
生物圈的一组活动类别。")

(subclass WeatherProcess Motion)
(disjoint WeatherProcess IntentionalProcess)
(documentation WeatherProcess EnglishLanguage "&%WeatherProcess is the broadest class of
processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused
with instances of &%SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short-term weather
events.")
(documentation WeatherProcess ChineseLanguage "&%WeatherProcess 是涉及天气意义最宽博的过程类别，
它包括天气季节(请不要和 &%SeasonOfYear 的实例混淆)，天气系统和短期天气事件。")

(subclass Precipitation WeatherProcess)
(subclass Precipitation WaterMotion)
(subclass Precipitation Falling)
(documentation Precipitation EnglishLanguage "&%Precipitation is the process of
water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a
liquid or frozen state.")
(documentation Precipitation Chineseanguage "&%Precipitation 是水分子以液体或结冰状态从天上掉到
地上的过程。")

(=>
  (instance ?PROCESS Precipitation)
  (exists (?STUFF)
    (and
      (instance ?STUFF Water)
      (patient ?PROCESS ?STUFF))))

(subclass LiquidMotion Motion)
(documentation LiquidMotion EnglishLanguage "Any &%Motion where the &%patient is a
&%Liquid.  This class would cover, in particular, the flow of
&%Water.")
(documentation LiquidMotion ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%patient 是 &%Liquid 时的任何 &%Motion。
这个类别特别会包括 &%Water 的流动。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION LiquidMotion)
      (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?OBJ Liquid))

(subclass WaterMotion LiquidMotion)
(documentation WaterMotion EnglishLanguage "Any &%LiquidMotion where the &%Liquid is 
&%Water.")
(documentation WaterMotion ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%Liquid 是&%Water 时的任何 
&%LiquidMotion。")

(=>
   (instance ?MOTION WaterMotion)
   (exists (?WATER)
      (and
         (patient ?MOTION ?WATER)
         (instance ?WATER Water))))

(subclass GasMotion Motion)
(documentation GasMotion EnglishLanguage "Any &%Motion where the &%patient is a
&%Gas.  This class would cover, in particular, the motion of
&%Air, e.g. a breeze or wind.")
(documentation GasMotion ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%patient 是 &%Gas 时的任何 &%Motion。这个类别
特别会包括 &%Air 的运动， 例如：一阵微风或风。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION GasMotion)
      (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?OBJ Gas))

(subclass Wind GasMotion)
(documentation Wind EnglishLanguage "Any &%Motion of &%Air.")
(documentation Wind ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Air 的任何 &%Motion。")

(subclass DirectionChange Motion)
(documentation DirectionChange EnglishLanguage "The act of changing the direction in
which the &%patient of the act is oriented.")
(documentation DirectionChange ChineseLanguage "这是当定向的 &%patient 在定位时改变方向的行为。")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC DirectionChange)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR DirectionalAttribute)
         (or
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (not (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))))
            (and
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (not (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))))))))

(subclass Transfer Translocation)
(documentation Transfer EnglishLanguage "Any &%instance of &%Translocation where the 
&%agent and the &%patient are not the same thing.")
(documentation Transfer EnglishLanguage "这是当 &%agent 和 &%patient 不是同一样的东西时的任何 
&%Translocation 的 &%instance。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TRANSFER Transfer)
      (agent ?TRANSFER ?AGENT)
      (patient ?TRANSFER ?PATIENT))
   (not
      (equal ?AGENT ?PATIENT)))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?T1 Translocation)
    (instance ?T2 Translocation)
    (origin ?T1 ?O1)
    (origin ?T2 ?D1)
    (destination ?T1 ?D1)
    (destination ?T2 ?D2)
    (experiencer ?T1 ?P)
    (experiencer ?T2 ?P))
  (exists (?T)
    (and
      (instance ?T Translocation)
      (origin ?T ?O1)
      (destination ?T ?D2)
      (subProcess ?T1 ?T)
      (subProcess ?T2 ?T)
      (experiencer ?T ?P)
      (starts
        (WhenFn ?T1)
        (WhenFn ?T))
      (finishes
        (WhenFn ?T2)
        (WhenFn ?T)))))

(subclass Carrying Transfer)
(documentation Carrying EnglishLanguage "&%Transfer from one point to another by means of
an &%Animal or &%Human.")
(documentation Carrying ChineseLanguage "这是由 &%Animal 或 &%Human 从一点 &%Transfer 到另外
一点的过程。")

(=>
   (instance ?CARRY Carrying)
   (exists (?ANIMAL)
      (and
         (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
         (instrument ?CARRY ?ANIMAL))))

(subclass Removing Transfer)
(documentation Removing EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where something is
taken away from a location.  Note that the thing removed and the location
are specified with the &%CaseRoles &%patient and &%origin, respectively.")
(documentation Removing ChineseLanguage "这是把一些东西从一个位置拿走的 &%Process &%Class。注：
可以用 &%CaseRole 的 &%patient 和&%origin 来分别指明要移走的东西和它的位置。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
      (origin ?REMOVE ?PLACE)
      (patient ?REMOVE ?OBJ))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?REMOVE)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?REMOVE)) (not (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))))

(subclass Uncovering Removing)
(disjoint Uncovering Covering)
(documentation Uncovering EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Removing processes where the 
&%agent uncovers the &%patient, either completely or only partially.")
(documentation Uncovering ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%agent 完全或部分地揭露 &%patient 的
&%Removing 过程的 &%Class。")

(subclass Putting Transfer)
(documentation Putting EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where something is put
in a location.  Note that the location is specified with the &%CaseRole
&%destination.")
(documentation Putting ChineseLanguage "这是当把某些东西放到一个位置时的 &%Process &%Class。 注：
可以用 &%CaseRole 的 &%destination 来指明所要放置的位置。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PUT Putting)
      (destination ?PUT ?PLACE)
      (patient ?PUT ?OBJ))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PUT)) (not (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PUT)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE))))

(subclass Covering Putting)
(documentation Covering EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Putting processes where the 
&%agent covers the &%patient, either completely or only partially, with something
else.")
(documentation Covering ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Putting 过程的 &%Class，过程中 &%agent 以另外
一些东西完全或部分遮盖 &%patient。")

(subclass Inserting Putting)
(documentation Inserting EnglishLanguage "&%Putting one thing inside of another thing.")
(documentation Inserting ChineseLanguage "这是把一样东西 &%Putting 放进另外一样东西里。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INSERT Inserting)
      (patient ?INSERT ?OBJ1)
      (destination ?INSERT ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?INSERT)) (not (contains ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?INSERT)) (contains ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(subclass Injecting Inserting)
(documentation Injecting EnglishLanguage "&%Inserting a &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance into 
an &%Animal or a &%Human with a syringe.")
(documentation Injecting ChineseLanguage "这是用注射器把一样 &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance 
&%Inserting 进一个 &%Animal 或 &%Human 体内。")

(=>
   (instance ?INJECT Injecting)
   (exists (?SUBSTANCE ?ANIMAL)
      (and
         (patient ?INJECT ?SUBSTANCE)
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
         (attribute ?SUBSTANCE Liquid)
         (destination ?INJECT ?ANIMAL)
         (instance ?ANIMAL Animal))))

(subclass Substituting Transfer)
(subclass Substituting DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Substituting EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Transfers where one thing is
replaced with something else.")
(documentation Substituting ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Transfer &%Class， 它是当一样东西被另外一样
东西取代了。")

(=>
   (instance ?SUB Substituting)
   (exists (?PUT ?REMOVE ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?PLACE)
      (and
         (instance ?PUT Putting)
         (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
         (subProcess ?PUT ?SUB)
         (subProcess ?REMOVE ?SUB)
         (patient ?REMOVE ?OBJ1)
         (origin ?REMOVE ?PLACE)
         (patient ?PUT ?OBJ2)
         (destination ?PUT ?PLACE)
         (not (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(subclass Impelling Transfer)
(documentation Impelling EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Transfer where the &%patient
travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event.  Some examples
would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc.")
(documentation Impelling ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Transfer 的 &%subclass，当中 &%patient
通过一次突然有力的过程穿过空间， 例如：射击、投掷和扔等。")

(subclass Shooting Impelling)
(documentation Shooting EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Impelling where the &%patient
is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of
&%Device.")
(documentation Shooting ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Impelling 的 &%subclass， 当中 &%patient
是被某种 &%Device 通过空中射击出的发射物。")

(subclass Touching Transfer)
(documentation Touching EnglishLanguage "Any &%Transfer where two &%Objects are
brought into immediate physical contact with one another.")
(documentation Touching ChineseLanguage "这是任何把两个 &%Object 拿到能够互相接触距离的 
&%Transfer。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TOUCH Touching)
      (agent ?TOUCH ?OBJ1)
      (patient ?TOUCH ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?TOUCH)) (not (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?TOUCH)) (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))))

(subrelation grasps meetsSpatially)
(domain grasps 1 Animal)
(domain grasps 2 Object)
(documentation grasps EnglishLanguage "The state of grasping an &%Object.  (&%grasps
?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means that the &%Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding
on to the &%Object ?OBJ.")
(documentation grasps ChineseLanguage "这是抓住一件 &%Object 的状态。(&%grasps ?ANIMAL ?OBJ)
的意思是 &%Animal ?ANIMAL 有意握住 &%Object ?OBJ。")

(subclass Grabbing Touching)
(subclass Grabbing Attaching)
(documentation Grabbing EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Touching which results in
a situation where the &%agent &%grasps the &%patient of the &%Touching.")
(documentation Grabbing ChineseLanguage "这是在任何 &%Touching 的实例时，&%Touching 导致 
&%agent &%grasps &%patient 的情况。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAB Grabbing)
      (agent ?GRAB ?AGENT)
      (patient ?GRAB ?THING))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?GRAB)) (not (grasps ?AGENT ?THING)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?GRAB)) (grasps ?AGENT ?THING))))

(subclass Releasing Transfer)
(documentation Releasing EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Transfer which results in
a situation where it is not the case that the &%agent &%grasps something
which he/she &%grasps previously.")
(documentation Releasing ChineseLanguage "这是在任何 &%Transfer 的实例时，导致不再出现 &%agent 
&%grasps 某些他/她早前 &%grasp 的东西的情况。 ")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?RELEASE Releasing)
      (agent ?GRAB ?AGENT)
      (patient ?GRAB ?THING))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (grasps ?AGENT ?THING))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (not (grasps ?AGENT ?THING)))))

(subclass Impacting Touching)
(documentation Impacting EnglishLanguage "Any &%Touching where something comes into
sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else.  Some examples
would be striking, knocking, whipping etc.")
(documentation Impacting ChineseLanguage "这是任何 &%Touching 的过程， 她发生在当某样东西突然而有力
地和另外一样东西发生物理上的接触。 一些例子如击、敲和搅等。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?IMPACT Impacting)
      (patient ?IMPACT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?IMPEL)
      (and
         (instance ?IMPEL Impelling)
         (patient ?IMPEL ?OBJ)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?IMPEL) (WhenFn ?IMPACT)))))

(subclass Translocation Motion)
(documentation Translocation EnglishLanguage "&%Translocation is that class of &%Motions
in which an object moves from one place to another.  In the case of round
trips, the &%origin and &%destination are the same, but the intervening
motion passes through other locations.  &%Translocation represents linear
motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place.  A vehicle is
not necessary, &%Ambulating is a kind of &%Translocation.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?MOVEMENT Translocation)
    (origin ?MOVEMENT ?PLACE1))
  (exists (?PLACE2 ?STAGE)
    (and
      (instance ?PLACE2 Region)
      (not (equal ?PLACE1 ?PLACE2))
      (subProcess ?STAGE ?MOVEMENT)
      (located ?STAGE ?PLACE2))))

(=>
  (instance ?T Translocation)
  (exists (?O ?D ?P)
    (and
      (instance ?O Object)
      (instance ?D Object)
      (instance ?P Object)
      (path ?T ?P)
      (origin ?T ?O)
      (destination ?T ?D))))

(subclass Falling Translocation)
(subclass Falling MotionDownward)
(documentation Falling EnglishLanguage "&%Falling is the class of events in
which something moves from a higher location to a lower location
under the force of gravity.")
(documentation Falling ChineseLanguage "&%Falling 属于事件的类别，当某样东西受地深吸力从高处移到
低处。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?DROP Falling)
    (origin ?DROP ?START)
    (destination ?DROP ?FINISH))
  (orientation ?FINISH ?START Below))

(subclass Transportation Translocation)
(relatedInternalConcept Transportation TransportationDevice)
(documentation Transportation EnglishLanguage "&%Motion from one point to another by means
of a &%TransportationDevice.")
(documentation Transportation ChineseLanguage "这是通过一种 &%TransportationDevice 从一处到
另一处的 &%Motion。")

(=>
   (instance ?TRANS Transportation)
   (exists (?DEVICE)
      (and
         (instance ?DEVICE TransportationDevice)
         (instrument ?TRANS ?DEVICE))))


(subclass Guiding IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Guiding EnglishLanguage "Any &%IntentionalProcess where the &%agent tries 
to direct the behavior of another &%Object, whether an &%Agent or not.")
(documentation Guiding ChineseLanguage "这是任何的 &%IntentionalProcess，这是当 &%agent 尝试
指挥 &%Agent 自己或另外一 个&%Object 的行为。")

(subclass Driving Guiding)
(documentation Driving EnglishLanguage "Controlling the direction and/or speed of a
&%Vehicle.  This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck,
operating a train, etc.")
(documentation Driving ChineseLanguage "这是控制一辆 &%Vehicle 的方向和/或速度的过程，这包括航船、
驾驶汽车或货车，和操作火车等等。")

(=>
   (instance ?DRIVE Driving)
   (exists (?VEHICLE)
      (and
         (instance ?VEHICLE Vehicle)
         (patient ?DRIVE ?VEHICLE))))

(subclass EducationalProcess Guiding)
(documentation EducationalProcess EnglishLanguage "Any &%Process which is intended to 
result in &%Learning.")
(documentation EducationalProcess ChineseLanguage "任何意图导致 &%Learning 的 &%Process。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?EDUCATION EducationalProcess)
    (patient ?EDUCATION ?PERSON))
  (hasPurpose ?EDUCATION
    (exists (?LEARN)
      (and
        (instance ?LEARN Learning)
        (patient ?LEARN ?PERSON)))))

(subclass ChangeOfPossession SocialInteraction)
(relatedInternalConcept ChangeOfPossession possesses)
(documentation ChangeOfPossession EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where
ownership of something is transferred from one &%Agent to another.")
(documentation ChangeOfPossession  ChineseLanguage "这是一组 &%Process &%Class，它出现在当
某样东西的拥有权从一个 &%Agent 转换到另外一个时。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHANGE ChangeOfPossession)
      (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ)
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT1 ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT2 ?OBJ)))
   (not
      (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHANGE ChangeOfPossession)
      (origin ?CHANGE ?AGENT1)
      (destination ?CHANGE ?AGENT2)
      (instance ?AGENT1 Agent)
      (instance ?AGENT2 Agent)
      (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT1 ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT2 ?OBJ))))

(subclass Giving ChangeOfPossession)
(documentation Giving EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the
&%agent gives the &%destination something.")
(documentation Giving ChineseLanguage "这是一组 &%ChangeOfPossession 的 &%subclass，它是
当 &%agent 把一些东西给 &%destination 时。 ")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GIVE Giving)
      (agent ?GIVE ?AGENT1)
      (destination ?GIVE ?AGENT2)
      (instance ?AGENT2 Agent)
      (patient ?GIVE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?GET)
      (and
         (instance ?GET Getting)
         (agent ?GET ?AGENT2)
         (origin ?GET ?AGENT1)
         (patient ?GET ?OBJ))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GIVE Giving)
      (agent ?GIVE ?AGENT))
   (origin ?GIVE ?AGENT))

(subclass Funding Giving)
(documentation Funding EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Giving where the &%patient is an
instance of &%Currency.  Note that this class covers both financing, e.g.
where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement
that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned
to the firm, and instances of &%UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition
waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUND Funding)
   (exists (?MONEY)
      (and
         (instance ?MONEY Currency)
         (patient ?FUND ?MONEY))))

(subclass UnilateralGiving Giving)
(documentation UnilateralGiving EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Giving that is not part
of a &%Transaction.  In other words, any instance of &%Giving where nothing
is received in return.  Some examples of &%UnilateralGiving are:  honorary
awards, gifts, and financial grants.")
(documentation UnilateralGiving ChineseLanguage "这是任何不属于 &%Transaction 的一部分 &%Giving
 的实例。换句话说，任何没有回报 &%Giving 的实例。一些 &%UnilateralGiving 例子有荣誉奖、礼物和财政补助
 等等。")

(=>
   (instance ?GIVE UnilateralGiving)
   (not
      (exists (?TRANS)
         (and
            (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
            (subProcess ?GIVE ?TRANS)))))

(subclass Lending Giving)
(documentation Lending EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Giving &%Processes where
the &%agent gives the &%destination something for a limited period of
time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with
interest).")
(documentation Lending ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Giving &%Process 的 &%subclass，这是在当
&%agent 在一段有限的时间内给 &%destination 一些东西，并预期东西稍后会被归还(也许会加上利息)。")

(<=>
   (exists (?BORROW)
      (and
         (instance ?BORROW Borrowing)
         (agent ?BORROW ?AGENT1)
         (origin ?BORROW ?AGENT2)
         (patient ?BORROW ?OBJECT)))
   (exists (?LEND)
      (and
         (instance ?LEND Lending)
         (agent ?LEND ?AGENT2)
         (destination ?LEND ?AGENT1)
         (patient ?LEND ?OBJECT))))

(subclass GivingBack Giving)
(documentation GivingBack EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Giving where the &%agent 
gives something to the &%destination which was previously given to the &%agent by
the &%destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone.")
(documentation GivingBack ChineseLanguage "这是任何一种 &%Giving 的实例，这是当 &%agent 给
 &%destination 一些之前由 &%destination 给 &%agent 的东西，例如：归还之前向某人借的一本书。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?RETURN GivingBack)
      (agent ?RETURN ?AGENT)
      (destination ?RETURN ?DEST))
   (exists (?GIVE)
      (and
         (instance ?GIVE Giving)
         (agent ?GIVE ?DEST)
         (destination ?GIVE ?AGENT)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?GIVE) (WhenFn ?RETURN)))))

(subclass Getting ChangeOfPossession)
(documentation Getting EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the
&%agent gets something.  Note that the source from which something is
obtained is specified with the &%origin &%CaseRole.")
(documentation Getting ChineseLanguage "这是 &%ChangeOfPossession 的 &%subclass，这是在当
&%agent 得到一些东西。注：可以用 &%CaseRole 的 &%origin 来指定所得到东西的来源。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GET Getting)
      (agent ?GET ?AGENT))
   (destination ?GET ?AGENT))

(subclass UnilateralGetting Getting)
(relatedInternalConcept UnilateralGetting UnilateralGiving)
(documentation UnilateralGetting EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Getting that is not 
part of a &%Transaction.  In other words, any instance of &%Getting where nothing
is given in return.  Some examples of &%UnilateralGetting are:  appropriating,
commandeering, stealing, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?GET UnilateralGetting)
   (not
      (exists (?TRANS)
         (and
            (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
            (subProcess ?GET ?TRANS)))))

(subclass Borrowing Getting)
(documentation Borrowing EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Getting &%Processes where
the &%agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation
that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).")
(documentation Borrowing ChineseLanguage "这是一组 &%Getting &%Process 的 &%subclass，这是在当
 &%agent 在一段有限的事件内得到某些东西，并预期稍后会把东西归还(也许会加上利息)。")

(subclass Transaction ChangeOfPossession)
(subclass Transaction DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Transaction EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where
something is exchanged for something else.")
(documentation Transaction ChineseLanguage "这是 &%ChangeOfPossession 的 &%subclass，这出现
在当一些东西用来交换另外一些东西的时候。")

(=>
   (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?GIVE1 ?GIVE2 ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
         (instance ?GIVE1 Giving)
         (instance ?GIVE2 Giving)
     (subProcess ?GIVE1 ?TRANS)
        (subProcess ?GIVE2 ?TRANS)
         (agent ?GIVE1 ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?GIVE2 ?AGENT2)
         (patient ?GIVE1 ?OBJ1)
         (patient ?GIVE2 ?OBJ2)
         (destination ?GIVE1 ?AGENT2)
         (destination ?GIVE2 ?AGENT1)
         (not
            (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))
         (not
            (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(subclass FinancialTransaction Transaction)
(documentation FinancialTransaction EnglishLanguage "A &%Transaction where an instance
of &%FinancialInstrument is the subject of the action, and often is exchanged for 
something else.")
(documentation FinancialTransaction ChineseLanguage "这是一种 &%Transaction，它出现在当一种 
&%FinancialInstrument 的实例成为交易的主体，而且通常是用来交换另外一样的东西。")

(=>
   (instance ?TRANS FinancialTransaction)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (patient ?TRANS ?OBJ)
         (instance ?OBJ FinancialInstrument))))

(instance transactionAmount BinaryPredicate)
(instance transactionAmount SingleValuedRelation)
(instance transactionAmount TotalValuedRelation)
(domain transactionAmount 1 FinancialTransaction)
(domain transactionAmount 2 CurrencyMeasure)
(documentation transactionAmount EnglishLanguage "(&%transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION
?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure being
exhanged in the &%FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION.")
(documentation transactionAmount ChineseLanguage "(&%transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION
?AMOUNT)的意思是： ?AMOUNT 是在 &%FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION 中所交换 &%CurrencyMeasure
的实例。")

(=>
   (transactionAmount ?TRANS ?AMOUNT)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (patient ?TRANS ?OBJ)
         (monetaryValue ?OBJ ?AMOUNT))))

(subclass ServiceProcess SocialInteraction)
(documentation ServiceProcess EnglishLanguage "&%ServiceProcess denotes the class
of events in which one agent performs a service for another.  The
service need not be commercial, and it need not be the case that
the &%serviceRecipient pays or recompenses the &%serviceProvider
for the service.")

(subclass CommercialService FinancialTransaction)
(documentation CommercialService EnglishLanguage "Any &%FinancialTransaction by a
&%CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit.")
(documentation CommercialService ChineseLanguage "这是由 &%CommercialAgent 为了赚取利息的任何
 &%FinancialTransaction。 ")
(subclass CommercialService ServiceProcess)

(=>
   (instance ?BUSINESS CommercialService)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT CommercialAgent)
         (agent ?BUSINESS ?AGENT))))

(subclass Betting FinancialTransaction)
(documentation Betting EnglishLanguage "A &%FinancialTransaction where an instance of
&%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger
instance of &%CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of
&%Game.")
(documentation Betting ChineseLanguage "这是一种 &%FinancialTransaction，它出现在某种 &%Game
的情况下，当一种 &%CurrencyMeasure 的实例，用来交换可以赢到更大笔 &%CurrencyMeasure 实例的可能性。")

(subclass Buying FinancialTransaction)
(relatedInternalConcept Buying Selling)
(documentation Buying EnglishLanguage "A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of
&%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of &%Physical.")
(documentation Buying ChineseLanguage "这是一种 &%FinancialTransaction， 它发生在当一种 
&%CurrencyMeasure 的实例，用来换取一样 &%Physical 实例的时候。 ")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BUY Buying)
      (agent ?BUY ?AGENT))
   (destination ?BUY ?AGENT))

(subclass Selling FinancialTransaction)
(documentation Selling EnglishLanguage "A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of
&%Physical is exchanged for an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.")
(documentation Selling ChineseLanguage "这是一种 &%FinancialTransaction， 它发生在当一样 
&%Physical 的实例，用来换取一种 &%CurrencyMeasure 实例的时候。 ")

(<=>
   (exists (?BUY)
      (and
         (instance ?BUY Buying)
         (agent ?BUY ?AGENT1)
         (origin ?BUY ?AGENT2)
         (patient ?BUY ?OBJECT)))
   (exists (?SELL)
      (and
         (instance ?SELL Selling)
         (agent ?SELL ?AGENT2)
         (destination ?SELL ?AGENT1)
         (patient ?SELL ?OBJECT))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SELL Selling)
      (agent ?SELL ?AGENT))
   (origin ?SELL ?AGENT))

(subclass Learning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Learning EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes which relate to the
acquisition of information.")
(documentation Learning ChineseLanguage "这是和获取信息有关 &%Process 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEARN Learning)
      (agent ?LEARN ?AGENT))
   (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEARN Learning)
      (agent ?LEARN ?AGENT)
      (patient ?LEARN ?PROP))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?LEARN)) (not (knows ?AGENT ?PROP)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?LEARN)) (knows ?AGENT ?PROP))))

(subclass Discovering IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Discovering EnglishLanguage "Finding something that was sought.  Note that
this class is restricted to cases of discovering something &%Physical.
For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class &%Learning
should be used.")
(documentation Discovering ChineseLanguage "这是寻找想要谋取的东西。注：这个类别限用于发现一些
&%Physical 东西的个案；如果是涉及获取信息的情况，应该使用 &%Learning 这个类别。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DISCOVER Discovering)
      (patient ?DISCOVER ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PURSUE)
      (and
         (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
         (meetsTemporally (WhenFn ?PURSUE) (WhenFn ?DISCOVER)))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DISCOVER Discovering)
      (patient ?DISCOVER ?OBJ)
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?DISCOVER) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))
   (exists (?LEARN)
      (and
         (instance ?LEARN Learning)
         (subProcess ?LEARN ?DISCOVER)
         (patient ?LEARN (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))))

(subclass Classifying IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Classifying EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of 
&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing 
or set of things. Note that &%Classifying is distinguished from &%Learning by the fact
that the latter covers the acquisition by a &%CognitiveAgent of any
&%Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label
or category.")

(subclass Reasoning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Reasoning EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of 
&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either 
deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular &%Proposition or &%Sentence is true.")

(=>
   (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
   (capability Reasoning agent ?AGENT))

(subclass Selecting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Selecting EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of 
&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more &%Entity out of a 
larger set of &%Entities. Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating.")

(subclass Deciding Selecting)
(documentation Deciding EnglishLanguage "The subclass of &%Selecting where the &%agent
opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities
that are open to him/her.")
(documentation Deciding ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Selecting 过程的子类别，这发生在当 &%agent 
从一组可以由他/她自由决定的多种可能性的行动方针中，选择一套行动方针时。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DECIDE Deciding)
      (agent ?DECIDE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?DECIDE ?PROCESS))
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS IntentionalProcess)
      (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)))

(subclass Voting Deciding)
(documentation Voting EnglishLanguage "&%Voting is the activity of voting in an
&%Election.  Voting is typically done by individuals, while &%Elections
are conducted by &%Organizations.  The voting process by an individual
voter is part of an &%Election process.")

(=>
  (instance ?VOTE Voting)
  (exists (?ELECT)
    (and
      (instance ?ELECT Election)
      (subProcess ?VOTE ?ELECT))))

(subclass Judging Selecting)
(documentation Judging EnglishLanguage "The subclass of &%Selecting where the &%agent opts
for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to
him/her.")
(documentation Judging ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Selecting 过程的子类别，这法生在当 &%agent
从一组可以由他/她自由决定的多种可能性的意见中，选择一套想法时。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?JUDGE Judging)
      (agent ?JUDGE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?JUDGE ?PROPOSITION))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?JUDGE)) (not (believes ?AGENT ?PROPOSITION)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?JUDGE)) (believes ?AGENT ?PROPOSITION))))

(subclass Comparing IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(subclass Comparing DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Comparing EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of 
&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. 
the properties of two or more &%Entities.")
(documentation Comparing ChineseLanguage "这是 &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess 的 &%Class，
它涉及对于两个或以上 &%Entities 的特质做出比较、关联和对比等等。")

(subclass Calculating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Calculating EnglishLanguage "&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which 
involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of &%Quantity.")
(documentation Calculating ChineseLanguage "这是一种 &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses，它
涉及考虑和/或操纵 &%Quantity 的某些实例。")

(subclass Measuring Calculating)
(documentation Measuring EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Calculating &%Processes where
the aim is to determine the &%PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the &%patient.")
(documentation Measuring ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Calculating &%Process 的 &%Class，它的目的是
决定 &%patient 在某些方面的 &%PhysicalQuantity。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MEAS Measuring)
      (agent ?MEAS ?AGENT)
      (patient ?MEAS ?OBJ))
   (exists (?QUANT ?UNIT)
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?MEAS))
         (knows ?AGENT (measure ?OBJ (MeasureFn ?QUANT ?UNIT))))))

(subclass Counting Calculating)
(documentation Counting EnglishLanguage "Enumerating something.  The &%Class of 
&%Calculating &%Processes where the aim is to determine the &%Number corresponding to the
&%patient.")
(documentation Counting ChineseLanguage "这是枚举东西，它属于 &%Calculating &%Process 的 
&%Class，它的目的是决定关于 &%patient 的 &%Number。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COUNT Counting)
      (agent ?COUNT ?AGENT)
      (patient ?COUNT ?ENTITY))
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (knows ?AGENT (equal (CardinalityFn ?ENTITY) ?NUMBER))))

(subclass Predicting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Predicting EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of 
&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a &%Proposition about 
a state of affairs which might be realized in the future.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PREDICT Predicting)
      (patient ?PREDICT ?FORMULA))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA)
         (or
            (before ?TIME (WhenFn ?PREDICT))
            (earlier ?TIME (WhenFn ?PREDICT))))))

(subclass Remembering PsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Remembering EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%PsychologicalProcesses which
involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge
which was previously acquired.")
(documentation Remembering ChineseLanguage "这是 &%PsychologicalProcesses 的 &%Class，它涉及
回忆先前的经验和/或之前所获得的知识。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REMEMBER Remembering)
      (patient ?REMEMBER ?FORMULA))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA)
         (or
            (before ?TIME (WhenFn ?REMEMBER))
            (earlier ?TIME (WhenFn ?REMEMBER))))))

(subclass Keeping IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Keeping EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time.")
(documentation Keeping ChineseLanguage "这是一组当 &%agent 把某些东西放到一个特定位置上经过一段
较长的时间。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KEEP Keeping)
      (agent ?KEEP ?AGENT)
      (patient ?KEEP ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PUT)
      (and
         (instance ?PUT Putting)
         (agent ?PUT ?AGENT)
         (patient ?PUT ?OBJ)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?PUT) (WhenFn ?KEEP)))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KEEP Keeping)
      (patient ?KEEP ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PLACE)
      (forall (?TIME)
         (=>
            (temporalPart ?TIME (WhenFn ?KEEP))
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (located ?OBJ ?PLACE))))))

(subclass Confining Keeping)
(documentation Confining EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Keeping &%Processes where the
&%patient is a &%Human or an &%Animal and is kept involuntarily.  This covers
caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc.")
(documentation Confining ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Keeping &%Process 的 &%Class，这是发生在
当 &%patient 在非自愿的情况下被拘留，而这受事者可以是 &%Human 或 &%Animal。这包括笼罩、坐牢和监禁等。")

(=>
   (instance ?CONFINE Confining)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT Animal)
         (patient ?CONFINE ?AGENT))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CONFINE Confining)
      (patient ?CONFINE ?PERSON)
      (instance ?PERSON Human))
   (not (desires ?PERSON (patient ?CONFINE ?PERSON))))

(subclass Maintaining IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Maintaining EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
cares for or maintains the &%Object.")
(documentation Maintaining ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%agent 照顾或维护 &%Object 的 &%Process
 &%Class。")

(subclass Repairing IntentionalProcess)
(relatedInternalConcept Repairing Maintaining)
(documentation Repairing EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
makes a modification or series of modifications to an &%Object that is not
functioning as intended so that it works properly.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REPAIR Repairing)
      (patient ?REPAIR ?OBJ))
   (exists (?DAMAGE)
      (and
         (instance ?DAMAGE Damaging)
         (patient ?DAMAGE ?OBJ)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?DAMAGE) (WhenFn ?REPAIR)))))

(subclass TherapeuticProcess Repairing)
(documentation TherapeuticProcess EnglishLanguage "A &%Process that is carried out
for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated
with a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.")
(documentation TherapeuticProcess ChineseLanguage "这是为了治疗、改善或舒缓和 
&%DiseaseOrSyndrome 有关的痛楚而执行的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC TherapeuticProcess)
      (patient ?PROC ?BIO))
   (or
      (instance ?BIO Organism)
      (exists (?ORG)
         (and
            (instance ?ORG Organism)
            (part ?BIO ?ORG)))))

(subclass Surgery TherapeuticProcess)
(documentation Surgery EnglishLanguage "Any &%TherapeuticProcess that involves making an
incision in the &%Animal that is the &%patient of the &%TherapeuticProcess.")
(documentation Surgery ChineseLanguage "任何涉及在 &%Animal 身上开刀的 &%TherapeuticProcess，
而动物就这是 &%TherapeuticProcess 的 &%patient。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Surgery)
      (patient ?ACT ?ANIMAL))
   (exists (?SUBACT)
      (and
         (instance ?SUBACT Cutting)
         (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
         (patient ?SUBACT ?ANIMAL)
         (subProcess ?SUBACT ?ACT))))

(subclass Damaging InternalChange)
(disjoint Damaging Repairing)
(documentation Damaging EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
brings about a situation where the &%patient no longer functions normally
or as intended.")
(documentation Damaging ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%agent 导致 &%patient 不再能够如愿般地正常操作
的 &%Process &%Class。")

(subclass Destruction Damaging)
(documentation Destruction EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Damagings in which
the &%patient (or an essential element of the &%patient) is destroyed.
Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely
one of extent.")

(<=>
   (instance ?PROCESS Destruction)
   (exists (?PATIENT)
      (and
         (patient ?PROCESS ?PATIENT)
         (time ?PATIENT (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))
         (not
            (time ?PATIENT (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))))))

(subclass Killing Destruction)
(documentation Killing EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Destruction in which the
death of an &%Organism is caused by an &%Organism.  Note that in cases
of suicide the &%Organism would be the same in both cases.")
(documentation Killing ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Destruction 的 &%subclass，它发生在当由一个 
&%Organism 导致一个 &%Organism 死亡时。注：两个 &%Organism 在自杀个案会是相同。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KILL Killing)
      (agent ?KILL ?AGENT)
      (patient ?KILL ?PATIENT))
   (and
      (instance ?AGENT Organism)
      (instance ?PATIENT Organism)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KILL Killing)
      (patient ?KILL ?PATIENT))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?KILL)) (attribute ?PATIENT Living))
      (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?KILL)) (attribute ?PATIENT Dead))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KILL Killing)
      (patient ?KILL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?DEATH)
      (and
         (instance ?DEATH Death)
         (experiencer ?DEATH ?OBJ)
         (causes ?KILL ?DEATH))))

(subclass Poking IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Poking EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
pierces the surface of the &%Object with an &%instrument.")
(documentation Poking ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%agent 用 &%instrument 刺穿 &%Object 表面的
 &%Process &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POKE Poking)
      (agent ?POKE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?POKE ?OBJ)
      (instrument ?POKE ?INST))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?POKE) (connects ?INST ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

(subclass Cutting Poking)
(documentation Cutting EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Poking &%Processes which
involve a sharp &%instrument.")
(documentation Cutting ChineseLanguage "这是使用尖锐 &%instrument 所做 &%Poking &%Process 的
 &%subclass。 ")

(subclass Attaching DualObjectProcess)
(disjoint Attaching Detaching)
(relatedInternalConcept Attaching Putting)
(documentation Attaching EnglishLanguage "A &%Process where one &%Object becomes attached
to another &%Object.  Note that this differs from &%Putting in that two
things which are attached may already be in the same location.  Note that
&%Combining is different from &%Attaching in that the former applies to
&%Substances, while the latter applies to &%CorpuscularObjects.  Note too
that &%Attaching is different from &%Putting in that one or both of the
two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location
where they were combined.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTACH Attaching)
      (patient ?ATTACH ?OBJ1)
      (patient ?ATTACH ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ATTACH)) (not (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ATTACH)) (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))))

(=>
   (instance ?ATTACH Attaching)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ CorpuscularObject)
         (patient ?ATTACH ?OBJ))))

(subclass Detaching DualObjectProcess)

(documentation Detaching EnglishLanguage "A &%Process where the &%agent detaches one thing
from something else.  Note that &%Detaching is different from &%Separating
in that the latter applies to &%Substances, while the former applies to
&%CorpuscularObjects.  Note too that &%Detaching is different from
&%Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or
may not be moved from the location where they were attached.")

 (=>
   (and
      (instance ?DETACH Detaching)
      (patient ?DETACH ?OBJ1)
      (patient ?DETACH ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?DETACH)) (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?DETACH)) (not (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(=>
   (instance ?DETACH Detaching)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ CorpuscularObject)
         (patient ?DETACH ?OBJ))))

(subclass Ungrasping Detaching)
(documentation Ungrasping EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Detaching which results in
a situation where it is not the case that the &%agent &%grasps something
which he/she &%grasps previously.")
(documentation Ungrasping ChineseLanguage "这是任何 &%Detaching 的实例，它是不是由 &%agent 
&%grasps 某些他/她早前所 &%grasps 的东西所造成的情况。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?RELEASE Ungrasping)
      (agent ?GRAB ?AGENT)
      (patient ?GRAB ?THING))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (grasps ?AGENT ?THING))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (not (grasps ?AGENT ?THING)))))

(subclass Combining DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Combining EnglishLanguage "A &%Process where two or more &%SelfConnectedObjects
are incorporated into a single &%SelfConnectedObject.  Note that &%Combining
is different from &%Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects
being &%part of the other, while &%Attaching only results in the two objects
being &%connected with one another.  Note too that &%Combining is different
from &%Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or
may not be moved from the location where they were combined.")

(<=>
   (and
      (instance ?COMBINE Combining)
      (resource ?COMBINE ?OBJ1)
      (result ?COMBINE ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COMBINE)) (not (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?COMBINE)) (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))))

(=>
   (instance ?COMBINE Combining)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
         (patient ?COMBINE ?OBJ))))

(subclass Separating DualObjectProcess)
(disjoint Separating Combining)
(documentation Separating EnglishLanguage "A &%Process where a &%SelfConnectedObject is
separated into (some of) its &%parts.  Note that &%Separating is different
from &%Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not
being &%connected.  Note too that &%Separating is different from
&%Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated
may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated.")

(=>
   (instance ?SEPARATE Separating)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
         (patient ?SEPARATE ?OBJ))))

(subclass ChemicalProcess InternalChange)
(partition ChemicalProcess ChemicalSynthesis ChemicalDecomposition)
(documentation ChemicalProcess EnglishLanguage "A &%ChemicalProcess occurs whenever
chemical compounds (&%CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed.
For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products
appear as chemical change occurs.  In a chemical change a chemical
reaction takes place.  Catalysts in a &%ChemicalProcess may speed up the
reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed.  Examples: rusting of
iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to
gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC ChemicalProcess)
      (or
         (resource ?PROC ?STUFF)
         (result ?PROC ?STUFF)))
   (instance ?STUFF PureSubstance))

(subclass ChemicalSynthesis ChemicalProcess)
(subclass ChemicalSynthesis Combining)
(documentation ChemicalSynthesis EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in
which a &%CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants.")
(documentation ChemicalSynthesis ChineseLanguage "这是当简单反应物组成 &%CompoundSubstance 的
 &%ChemicalProcess &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (resource ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE1)
      (result ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE2)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE1 ElementalSubstance)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE2 CompoundSubstance))
   (instance ?PROC ChemicalSynthesis))

(<=>
   (instance ?COMPOUND CompoundSubstance)
   (exists (?ELEMENT1 ?ELEMENT2 ?PROCESS)
      (and
         (instance ?ELEMENT1 ElementalSubstance)
         (instance ?ELEMENT2 ElementalSubstance)
         (not (equal ?ELEMENT1 ?ELEMENT2))
         (instance ?PROCESS ChemicalSynthesis)
         (resource ?PROCESS ?ELEMENT1)
         (resource ?PROCESS ?ELEMENT2)
         (result ?PROCESS ?COMPOUND))))

(subclass ChemicalDecomposition ChemicalProcess)
(subclass ChemicalDecomposition Separating)
(documentation ChemicalDecomposition EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses
in which a &%CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products.")
(documentation ChemicalDecomposition ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%CompoundSubstance 分解成更
简单产物的 &%ChemicalProcess &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (resource ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE1)
      (result ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE2)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE1 CompoundSubstance)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE2 ElementalSubstance))
   (instance ?PROC ChemicalDecomposition))

(subclass Combustion ChemicalDecomposition)
(documentation Combustion EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which an 
&%Object reacts with oxygen and gives off heat.  This includes all &%Processes in which
something is burning.")
(documentation Combustion ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%Object 对氧气作出反应并释放热量的 
&%ChemicalProcess &%Class，这包括所有燃烧的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (instance ?COMBUSTION Combustion)
   (exists (?HEAT ?LIGHT)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAT Heating)
         (instance ?LIGHT RadiatingLight)
         (subProcess ?HEAT ?COMBUSTION)
         (subProcess ?LIGHT ?COMBUSTION))))

(instance Flammable PhysicalAttribute)
(documentation Flammable EnglishLanguage "The &%Attribute of being flammable at normal 
temperatures (i.e. not while a &%Plasma).")
(documentation Flammable ChineseLanguage "这是在常温下燃烧的 &%Attribute (即不是 &%Plasma)。")
(=>
  (attribute ?X Flammable)
  (capability Combustion patient ?X))

(subclass InternalChange Process)
(documentation InternalChange EnglishLanguage "&%Processes which involve altering an 
internal property of an &%Object, e.g. the shape of the &%Object, its coloring, its
structure, etc.  &%Processes that are not instances of this class include
changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in
spatial or temporal location.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHANGE InternalChange)
      (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROPERTY)
      (or
         (and
            (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))
            (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))
         (and
            (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))
            (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))))

(subclass SurfaceChange InternalChange)
(documentation SurfaceChange EnglishLanguage "&%Processes which involve altering
the properties that apply to the surface of an &%Object.")
(documentation SurfaceChange ChineseLanguage "这是改变 &%Object 表面属性的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ALT SurfaceChange)
      (patient ?ALT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART ?PROPERTY)
      (and
         (superficialPart ?PART ?OBJ)
         (or
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY))))
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY)))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY)))))))

(subclass Coloring SurfaceChange)
(documentation Coloring EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%SurfaceChange where a
&%ColorAttribute of the &%patient is altered.  Note that the change in
color may apply to just part of the object.")
(documentation Coloring ChineseLanguage "这属于 &%patient 的 &%ColorAttribute 受到改变的
 &%SurfaceChange &%subclass。注：这个颜色的改变可以只限于物件的一部分。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COLORING Coloring)
      (patient ?COLORING ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROPERTY ?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (instance ?PROPERTY ColorAttribute)
         (or
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (not (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY))))
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (not (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY)))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY)))))))

(subclass ShapeChange InternalChange)
(documentation ShapeChange EnglishLanguage "The &%Process of changing the shape of an 
&%Object.")
(documentation ShapeChange ChineseLanguage "这是在变 &%Object 形状的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ALT ShapeChange)
      (patient ?ALT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROPERTY)
      (and
         (instance ?PROPERTY ShapeAttribute)
         (or
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))))))

(subclass ContentDevelopment IntentionalProcess)
(documentation ContentDevelopment EnglishLanguage "A &%subclass of &%IntentionalProcess in
which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew.")
(documentation ContentDevelopment ChineseLanguage "这是改变内容的 &%IntentionalProcess 
&%subclass，它可以是形式受到改变或创造新的内容。")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVELOP ContentDevelopment)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
         (result ?DEVELOP ?OBJ))))

(subclass Reading ContentDevelopment)
(relatedInternalConcept Reading Interpreting)
(documentation Reading EnglishLanguage "A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which
content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation.
Note that the class &%Interpreting should be used in cases where a
&%Text is read silently.")

(=>
   (instance ?READ Reading)
   (exists (?TEXT ?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?TEXT Text)
         (containsInformation ?TEXT ?PROP)
         (realization ?READ ?PROP))))

(subclass Writing ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Writing EnglishLanguage "A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which
content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented
mentally) into a written form.  Note that this class covers both
transcription and original creation of written &%Texts.")

(subclass Encoding Writing)
(documentation Encoding EnglishLanguage "Converting a document or message into a formal
language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small
body of &%Agents.  Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of
the content in the original document or message.")

(subclass Decoding Writing)
(disjoint Decoding Encoding)
(documentation Decoding EnglishLanguage "Converting a document or message that has 
previously been encoded (see &%Encoding) into a &%Language that can be understood by a
relatively large number of speakers.")
(documentation Decoding ChineseLanguage "这是把一个之前被转成编码 (见 &%Encoding)的文件或信息，
转换成相对来说大部分人都能理解的 &%Language。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DECODE Decoding)
      (patient ?DECODE ?DOC1))
   (exists (?ENCODE ?DOC2 ?TIME)
      (and
         (containsInformation ?DOC2 ?PROP)
         (containsInformation ?DOC1 ?PROP)
      (temporalPart ?TIME (PastFn (WhenFn ?DECODE)))
         (holdsDuring ?TIME
            (and
               (instance ?ENCODE Encoding)
               (patient ?ENCODE ?DOC2))))))

(subclass Translating ContentDevelopment)
(subclass Translating DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Translating EnglishLanguage "Converting content from one &%Language into 
another. This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written 
translation.")
(documentation Translating ChineseLanguage "这是把内容从一个 &%Language 转换到另外一个语言。这
包括口译(即传译)和笔译。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TRANSLATE Translating)
      (patient ?TRANSLATE ?EXPRESSION1)
      (result ?TRANSLATE ?EXPRESSION2))
   (exists (?LANGUAGE1 ?LANGUAGE2 ?ENTITY)
      (and
         (representsInLanguage ?EXPRESSION1 ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE1)
         (representsInLanguage ?EXPRESSION2 ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE2)
         (not (equal ?LANGUAGE1 ?LANGUAGE2)))))

(subclass Wetting Putting)
(documentation Wetting EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is
added to an &%Object.")
(documentation Wetting ChineseLanguage "这是把 &%Liquid 加到一个 &%Object 的 &%Process 
&%Class。")

(=>
  (instance ?WET Wetting)
  (exists (?OBJ)
    (and
      (patient ?WET ?OBJ)
      (holdsDuring
        (BeginFn
          (WhenFn ?WET))
        (not
          (attribute ?OBJ Damp)))
      (holdsDuring
        (EndFn
          (WhenFn ?WET))
        (attribute ?OBJ Damp)))))

(=>
   (instance ?WET Wetting)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (attribute ?OBJ Liquid)
         (patient ?WET ?OBJ))))

(subclass Drying Removing)
(documentation Drying EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is 
removed from an &%Object.")
(documentation Drying ChineseLanguage "这是将 &%Liquid 从 &%Object 消除的 &%Process 
&%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DRY Drying)
      (patient ?DRY ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?DRY))
      (attribute ?OBJ Dry)))

(subclass Creation InternalChange)
(relatedInternalConcept Creation Destruction)
(documentation Creation EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Process in which
something is created.  Note that the thing created is specified
with the &%result &%CaseRole.")
(documentation Creation ChineseLanguage "这是创造东西的 &%Process &%subclass。注：可以用
 &%CaseRole 的 &%result 来指明所创造的东西。")

(=>
   (instance ?ACTION Creation)
   (exists (?RESULT)
      (result ?ACTION ?RESULT)))

(<=>
   (instance ?PROCESS Creation)
   (exists (?PATIENT)
      (and
         (patient ?PROCESS ?PATIENT)
         (time ?PATIENT (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))
         (not
            (time ?PATIENT (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))))))

(subclass Making Creation)
(subclass Making IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Making EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Creation in which an individual
&%Artifact or a type of &%Artifact is made.")
(documentation Making ChineseLanguage "这是制作个别 &%Artifact 或一种 &%Artifact 的 &%Creation
 &%subclass。")

(=>
  (instance ?MAKING Making)
  (exists (?ARTIFACT)
    (and
      (instance ?ARTIFACT Artifact)
      (result ?MAKING ?ARTIFACT))))

(subclass Constructing Making)
(documentation Constructing EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Making in which a
&%StationaryArtifact is built.")
(documentation Constructing ChineseLanguage "这属于建造 &%StationaryArtifact 的 &%Making 的 
&%subclass。")

(<=>
   (exists (?BUILD)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILD Constructing)
         (result ?BUILD ?ARTIFACT)))
   (instance ?ARTIFACT StationaryArtifact))

(subclass Manufacture Making)
(documentation Manufacture EnglishLanguage "The &%Making of &%Artifacts on a mass
scale.")
(documentation Manufacture ChineseLanguage "这是大规模 &%Making &%Artifact。")

(subclass Publication Manufacture)
(subclass Publication ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Publication EnglishLanguage "The &%Manufacture of &%Texts.  Note that
there is no implication that the &%Texts are distributed.  Such
distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of &%Dissemination.")
(documentation Publication ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Manufacture &%Text 的过程。注：这并不意味着
发行 &%Text，当出现发行时，这会是 &%Dissemination 的实例。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PUB Publication)
      (patient ?PUB ?TEXT))
   (subclass ?TEXT Text))

(subclass Cooking Making)
(documentation Cooking EnglishLanguage "The &%Making of an &%instance of &%Food.  Note
that this can cover any preparation of &%Food, e.g. making a salad,
cutting up fruit, etc.  It does not necessarily involve the application
of heat.")
(documentation Cooking ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Making &%Food 的 &%instance。注：这包括任何
准备 &%Food 的过程，例如：做沙拉和切开水果等，它不一定涉及应用热能来处理食物。")

(=>
   (instance ?COOK Cooking)
   (exists (?FOOD)
      (and
         (instance ?FOOD (FoodForFn Organism))
         (result ?COOK ?FOOD))))

(subclass Pursuing IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Pursuing EnglishLanguage "The class of &%IntentionalProcesses where 
something is sought.  Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking.")
(documentation Pursuing ChineseLanguage "这是寻找某样东西 &%IntentionalProcess 的类别。一些例子
如：狩猎、购物、拖网和跟踪")

(=>
   (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ Object)
         (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
      (agent ?PURSUE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring ?PURSUE (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
      (agent ?PURSUE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring ?PURSUE (not (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJ))))

(subclass Hunting Pursuing)
(documentation Hunting EnglishLanguage "Hunting is the class of &%Processes in which
an animal or animals are pursued and sometimes captured and/or killed.")
(documentation Hunting ChineseLanguage "狩猎是 &%Process 的类别，它是当一只动物或多只动物被追捕，
有时候被捕获和/或捕杀的过程。")

(=>
  (instance ?H Hunting)
  (exists (?T)
    (and
      (instance ?T Animal)
      (patient ?H ?T))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?H Hunting)
    (patient ?H ?P))
  (hasPurpose ?H
    (exists (?PROC)
      (and
        (patient ?PROC ?P)
        (or
          (instance ?PROC Confining)
          (instance ?PROC Killing))))))

;(subclass Investigating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(subclass Investigating IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Investigating EnglishLanguage "The class of 
&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses where the &%agent attempts to obtain information 
(i.e. a &%Proposition denoted by a &%Formula).")
(documentation Investigating ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%agent 试图得到情报(即由一个 &%Formula 
表示的 &%Proposition )的 &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses 类别。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INVESTIGATE Investigating)
      (patient ?INVESTIGATE ?PROP))
   (instance ?PROP Formula))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INVESTIGATE Investigating)
      (agent ?INVESTIGATE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?INVESTIGATE ?PROP))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?INVESTIGATE) (not (knows ?AGENT ?PROP))))

(=>
    (and
        (instance ?INVESTIGATE Investigating)
        (agent ?INVESTIGATE ?AGENT)
        (patient ?INVESTIGATE ?PROP))
    (hasPurposeForAgent ?INVESTIGATE
        (knows ?AGENT ?PROP) ?AGENT))

(subclass Experimenting Investigating)
(documentation Experimenting EnglishLanguage "&%Investigating the truth of a &%Proposition
by constructing and observing a trial.  Note that the trial may be either
controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind.")
(documentation Experimenting ChineseLanguage "这是通过建立并观察实验来 &%Investigating
 &%Proposition 的真相。注：实验可以是对照或非对照、双盲或解盲性。")

(subclass DiagnosticProcess Investigating)
(documentation DiagnosticProcess EnglishLanguage "A &%Process that is carried out for
the purpose of determining the nature of a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.")
(documentation DiagnosticProcess EnglishLanguage "这是为了决定一种 &%DiseaseOrSyndrome 的性质
而执行的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC DiagnosticProcess)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))
   (exists (?CAUSE)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?PROC (knows ?AGENT (causes ?CAUSE ?PROC)) ?AGENT)))


(subclass Searching Investigating)
(documentation Searching EnglishLanguage "An &%IntentionalProcess which has the purpose 
for a &%CognitiveAgent to learn the location of a &%Physical.")
(documentation Searching EnglishLanguage "这是为了让 &%CognitiveAgent 知道一个 &%Physical 的
位置而采取的 &%IntentionalProcess。")

(=>
  (instance ?S Searching)
  (exists (?AGENT ?OBJ ?LOC)
    (and
      (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
      (agent ?S ?AGENT)
      (instance ?OBJ Physical)
      (patient ?S ?OBJ)
      (instance ?LOC Object)
      (located ?OBJ ?LOC)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?S
        (knows ?AGENT
          (located ?OBJ ?LOC)) ?AGENT))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?S Searching)
    (patient ?S ?OBJ)
    (instance ?OBJ Physical))
  (exists (?LOC ?AGENT)
    (and
      (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
      (agent ?S ?AGENT)
      (instance ?LOC Object)
      (located ?OBJ ?LOC)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?S
        (knows ?AGENT
          (located ?OBJ ?LOC)) ?AGENT))))

(subclass SocialInteraction IntentionalProcess)
(documentation SocialInteraction EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of
&%IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between
&%CognitiveAgents.")
(documentation SocialInteraction ChineseLanguage "这是由 &%CognitiveAgent 之间互动交流的
&%IntentionalProcess的 &%subclass。")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERACTION SocialInteraction)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (involvedInEvent ?INTERACTION ?AGENT1)
         (involvedInEvent ?INTERACTION ?AGENT2)
         (instance ?AGENT1 Agent)
         (instance ?AGENT2 Agent)
         (not
            (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)))))

(subclass Pretending SocialInteraction)
(documentation Pretending EnglishLanguage "Any &%SocialInteraction where a
&%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents attempts to make
another &%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents believe
something that is false.  This covers deceit, affectation,
impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few
examples.")

(=>
   (instance ?PRETEND Pretending)
   (exists (?PERSON ?PROP)
      (and
         (hasPurpose ?PRETEND (believes ?PERSON ?PROP))
         (truth ?PROP False))))

(subclass Communication SocialInteraction)
(subclass Communication ContentBearingProcess)
(partition Communication Stating Supposing Directing Committing Expressing Declaring)
(relatedInternalConcept Communication ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Communication EnglishLanguage "A &%SocialInteraction that involves
the transfer of information between two or more &%CognitiveAgents.
Note that &%Communication is closely related to, but essentially
different from, &%ContentDevelopment.  The latter involves the creation
or modification of a &%ContentBearingObject, while &%Communication is
the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMMUNICATE Communication)
   (exists (?PHYS ?ENTITY ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (refers ?PHYS ?ENTITY)
         (patient ?COMMUNICATE ?PHYS)
         (instance ?AGENT1 CognitiveAgent)
         (agent ?COMMUNICATE ?AGENT1)
         (instance ?AGENT2 CognitiveAgent)
         (destination ?COMMUNICATE ?AGENT2))))

(subclass Disseminating Communication)
(documentation Disseminating EnglishLanguage "Any &%Communication that involves a
single &%agent and many &%destinations.  This covers the release
of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving
orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?DISSEMINATE Disseminating)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (destination ?DISSEMINATE ?AGENT1)
         (instance ?AGENT1 CognitiveAgent)
         (destination ?DISSEMINATE ?AGENT2)
         (instance ?AGENT2 CognitiveAgent)
         (not (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)))))

(subclass Demonstrating Disseminating)
(documentation Demonstrating EnglishLanguage "Exhibiting something or a range of things
before the public in a particular location.  This would cover software
demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum
exhibitions, etc.")
(documentation Demonstrating ChineseLanguage "这是向公在某个地点众展示某些东西或一系列的东西。 这会
包括软件示范、戏剧、讲座、舞蹈与音乐会和博物馆展览等。")

(=>
   (instance ?DEMO Demonstrating)
   (exists (?PERSON)
      (attends ?DEMO ?PERSON)))

(subrelation attends experiencer)
(instance attends CaseRole)
(instance attends PartialValuedRelation)
(domain attends 1 Demonstrating)
(domain attends 2 Human)
(documentation attends EnglishLanguage "(&%attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON 
attends, i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO.")
(documentation attends ChineseLanguage "(&%attends ?DEMO ?PERSON)的意思是 ?PERSON 出席 ?DEMO
演出活动，即是成为听众。")

(subclass Gesture Communication)
(subclass Gesture BodyMotion)
(documentation Gesture EnglishLanguage "Any &%BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the
head, a smile, which is also an instance of &%Communication.")
(documentation Gesture ChineseLanguage "这是任何的 &%BodyMotion，例如：挥手、点头，这也是 
&%Communication 的实例。")

(subclass Advertising Disseminating)
(documentation Advertising EnglishLanguage "A &%Disseminating whose purpose is to
promote the sale of an &%Object represented in a &%Text or &%Icon
(the advertisement).")
(documentation Advertising ChineseLanguage "这是一种 &%Disseminating，它是以 &%Text 或 &%Icon
(广告)的方式表示，目的为了推广销售一种 &%Object。")

(=>
   (instance ?ADVERT Advertising)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (refers ?ADVERT ?OBJ)
         (hasPurpose ?ADVERT (exists (?SALE) (and (instance ?SALE Selling) (patient ?SALE ?OBJ)))))))

(subclass Expressing Communication)
(documentation Expressing EnglishLanguage "Instances of this &%Class express a state of 
the &%agent.For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her.  The 
thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara.  Note that 
&%Expressing, unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of 
&%LinguisticCommunication.This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without 
language, e.g. by smiling.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EXPRESS Expressing)
      (agent ?EXPRESS ?AGENT))
   (exists (?STATE)
      (and
         (instance ?STATE StateOfMind)
         (attribute ?AGENT ?STATE)
         (represents ?EXPRESS ?STATE))))

(subclass LinguisticCommunication Communication)
(documentation LinguisticCommunication EnglishLanguage "A &%Communication that involves
the transfer of information via a &%LinguisticExpression.")
(documentation LinguisticCommunication ChineseLanguage "这是一种用 &%LinguisticExpression
来交换信息的 &%Communication。")

(=>
   (instance ?COMMUNICATE LinguisticCommunication)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (represents ?COMMUNICATE ?OBJ)
         (instance ?OBJ LinguisticExpression)
         (patient ?COMMUNICATE ?OBJ))))

(subclass Stating LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Stating EnglishLanguage "Instances of this &%Class commit the &%agent to 
some truth.For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese.")
(documentation Stating ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 的实例，它要求 &%agent 相信自己讲的话。
例如：约翰声称月亮是由奶酪制成的。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STATE Stating)
      (agent ?STATE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?STATE ?FORMULA)
      (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?STATE) (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)))

(subclass Disagreeing Stating)
(documentation Disagreeing EnglishLanguage "A &%Stating in which two &%Agents have
contradictory statements.  This is distinguished from &%Arguing in
that the statement in dispute may be a simple assertion, rather than
a chain of deduction, and that two entities must be disagreeing with
each other, whereas a single entity may craft an argument for a given
point of view, without the need for another agent to disagree with.")
(=>
  (instance ?DIS Disagreeing)
  (exists (?A1 ?A2 ?STATE1 ?STATE2 ?STMT1 ?STMT2)
    (and
      (subProcess ?STATE1 ?DIS)
      (subProcess ?STATE2 ?DIS)
      (agent ?STATE1 ?A1)
      (agent ?STATE2 ?A2)
      (not
        (equal ?A1 ?A2))
      (containsInformation ?STATE1 ?STMT1)
      (containsInformation ?STATE2 ?STMT2)
      (not
        (consistent ?STMT1 ?STMT2)))))

(subclass Supposing LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Supposing EnglishLanguage "Instances of this &%Class suppose, for the sake 
of argument, that a proposition is true.  For example, John considered what he
would do if he won the lottery.")
(documentation Supposing ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 的实例在一个辩论上假设命题属真。例如：约翰
考虑如果他中彩票后他会做些什么。")

(subclass Directing LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Directing EnglishLanguage "Instances of this &%Class urge some further 
action among the receivers.  A &%Directing can be an &%Ordering, a &%Requesting or
a &%Questioning.")
(documentation Directing ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 的实例催促听者采取进一步的行动。
 &%Directing 可以是 &%Ordering、 &%Requesting 或 &%Questioning。")

(subclass Ordering Directing)
(documentation Ordering EnglishLanguage "A &%Directing in which the receiver is
commanded to realize the content of a &%ContentBearingObject.  Orders
are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or
which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee.")
(documentation Ordering ChineseLanguage "这是一种 &%Directing，它要求听方实现 
&%ContentBearingObject 的内容。命令就是禁制令，如果不服从会受到制裁，或者它表达了受命令者有义务
厉行所要求的事。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ORDER Ordering)
      (patient ?ORDER ?FORMULA))
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Obligation))

(subclass Requesting Directing)
(documentation Requesting EnglishLanguage "A request expresses a desire that some future
action be performed.  For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support
from the 3rd Bomber Group.  Note that this class covers proposals,
recommendations, suggestions, etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REQUEST Requesting)
      (agent ?REQUEST ?AGENT)
      (patient ?REQUEST ?FORMULA)
      (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
   (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA))

(subclass Questioning Directing)
(documentation Questioning EnglishLanguage "A request for information.  For example, John 
asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union
address.")
(documentation Questioning ChineseLanguage "这是询问资料。例如：约翰问比利如果总统在他国情咨文中有
没有说过任何有关税务的问题。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?QUESTION Questioning)
      (agent ?QUESTION ?AGENT)
      (patient ?QUESTION ?FORMULA)
      (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?QUESTION) (not (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA))))

(subclass Committing LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Committing EnglishLanguage "Instances of this &%Class commit the &%agent to 
some future course of action.  For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 
11pm.")
(documentation Committing ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 的实例承诺 &%agent 在未来会有一些行动。
例如：鲍勃答应苏珊，晚上11点他会回家。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COMMIT Committing)
      (patient ?COMMIT ?FORMULA)
      (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Promise))

(subclass Offering Committing)

(documentation Offering EnglishLanguage "The subclass of &%Committing in which a
&%CognitiveAgent offers something &%Physical to another agent.  Offerings
may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a
&%UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to
effect a &%Transaction of some sort).")

(subclass Declaring LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Declaring EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%LinguisticCommunications that
effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority.
Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating.")
(documentation Declaring ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Class 属于由主管当局执行，并能在制度上作出改变的
 &%LinguisticCommunication。一些例子如：提名、证婚和免职。")

(=>
   (instance ?DECLARE Declaring)
   (exists (?PROP ?NORM)
      (or
         (confersNorm ?DECLARE ?PROP ?NORM)
         (deprivesNorm ?DECLARE ?PROP ?NORM))))

(subclass Naming Declaring)
(documentation Naming EnglishLanguage "The &%Process of assigning a name to someone or 
something.")
(documentation Naming ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Process 给一样东西指定一个名字或一个人。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS Naming)
      (patient ?PROCESS ?THING)
      (destination ?PROCESS ?NAME))
   (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (names ?NAME ?THING)))

(subclass Cooperation SocialInteraction)
(documentation Cooperation EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%SocialInteraction where
the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal.")
(documentation Cooperation ChineseLanguage "这是 &%SocialInteraction 的 &%subclass，它是当
参与者为了实现一个共同目标而一起努力。")

(=>
   (instance ?COOPERATE Cooperation)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (forall (?AGENT)
         (=>
            (agent ?COOPERATE ?AGENT)
            (hasPurposeForAgent ?COOPERATE ?PURP ?AGENT)))))

(subclass Meeting SocialInteraction)
(documentation Meeting EnglishLanguage "The coming together of two or more
&%CognitiveAgents for the purpose of &%Communication.  This covers informal
meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board
of directors meeting.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MEET Meeting)
      (agent ?MEET ?AGENT1)
      (agent ?MEET ?AGENT2))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?MEET) (orientation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 Near)))

(=>
   (instance ?MEET Meeting)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (agent ?MEET ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?MEET ?AGENT2)
         (hasPurpose ?MEET
           (exists (?COMM)
             (and
               (instance ?COMM Communication)
               (agent ?COMM ?AGENT1)
               (agent ?COMM ?AGENT2)))))))

(subclass Contest SocialInteraction)
(documentation Contest EnglishLanguage "A &%SocialInteraction where the &%agent and
&%patient are &%CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another.
Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural
language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or
sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment.")

(=>
   (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?PURP1 ?PURP2)
      (and
         (agent ?CONTEST ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?CONTEST ?AGENT2)
         (hasPurposeForAgent ?CONTEST ?PURP1 ?AGENT1)
         (hasPurposeForAgent ?CONTEST ?PURP2 ?AGENT2)
         (not
            (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))
         (not
            (equal ?PURP1 ?PURP2)))))

(subclass ViolentContest Contest)
(documentation ViolentContest EnglishLanguage "A &%Contest where one participant attempts 
to physically injure another participant.")
(documentation ViolentContest ChineseLanguage "这是参赛者试图令到另外一个参赛者身体受伤害的
 &%Contest。")

(subclass War ViolentContest)
(documentation War EnglishLanguage "A military confrontation between two or more
&%GeopoliticalAreas or &%Organizations whose members are &%GeopoliticalAreas.
As the corresponding axiom specifies, a &%War is made up of &%Battles.")
(documentation War ChineseLanguage "这是一个由两个或以上 &%GeopoliticalArea 或 由 
&%GeopoliticalArea 所组成的 &%Organization 之间的军事对抗。就如相应的定义指出，&%War 是由多场
&%Battle 所组成的。")

(=>
   (instance ?WAR War)
   (exists (?BATTLE)
      (and
         (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
         (subProcess ?BATTLE ?WAR))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WAR War)
      (agent ?WAR ?AGENT))
   (or
      (instance ?AGENT GeopoliticalArea)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT Organization)
         (forall (?MEMBER)
            (=>
               (member ?MEMBER ?AGENT)
               (instance ?MEMBER GeopoliticalArea))))))

(subclass Battle ViolentContest)
(documentation Battle EnglishLanguage "A &%ViolentContest between two or more military
units within the context of a war.  Note that this does not cover the
metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some
sort.  This sense should be represented with the more general concept of
&%Contest.")

(=>
   (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
   (exists (?WAR)
      (and
         (instance ?WAR War)
         (subProcess ?BATTLE ?WAR))))

(=>
   (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
   (exists (?ATTACK)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTACK ViolentContest)
         (subProcess ?ATTACK ?BATTLE))))

(subclass Game Contest)
(subclass Game RecreationOrExercise)
(documentation Game EnglishLanguage "A &%Contest whose purpose is the
enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the &%Game.")
(documentation Game ChineseLanguage "这是为了让 &%Game 的参加者或观众感到享受/刺激的 &%Contest。")

(subclass Sport Game)
(documentation Sport EnglishLanguage "A &%Game which requires some degree of physical
exercion from the participants of the game.")
(documentation Sport  ChineseLanguage "这是需要游戏参加者作出某种程度上的体力消耗的 &%Game。")

(subclass LegalAction Contest)
(documentation LegalAction EnglishLanguage "Any &%Process where a &%CognitiveAgent seeks
to obtain something through a court of law.")
(documentation LegalAction ChineseLanguage "这是当一个  &%CognitiveAgent 寻求通过法庭去得到一些
东西的任何的 &%Process。")

(subclass Maneuver IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Maneuver EnglishLanguage "An intentional move or play within a &%Contest.
In many cases, a &%Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for
winning the &%Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary
division of the overarching &%Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game.")

(=>
   (instance ?MOVE Maneuver)
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
         (subProcess ?MOVE ?CONTEST))))

(subclass Attack Maneuver)
(documentation Attack EnglishLanguage "A &%Maneuver in a &%ViolentContest where the
&%agent attempts to inflict damage on the &%patient.")
(documentation Attack ChineseLanguage "这是在 &%ViolentContest 中的一种 &%Maneuver，它发生在当
 &%agent 尝试对 &%patient 造成伤害。")

(=>
   (instance ?ATTACK Attack)
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST ViolentContest)
         (subProcess ?ATTACK ?CONTEST))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTACK Attack)
      (agent ?ATTACK ?AGENT)
      (patient ?ATTACK ?OBJ))
   (hasPurposeForAgent ?ATTACK
     (exists (?DAMAGE)
       (and
         (instance ?DAMAGE Damaging)
         (patient ?DAMAGE ?OBJ))) ?AGENT))

(subclass DefensiveManeuver Maneuver)
(documentation DefensiveManeuver EnglishLanguage "A &%Maneuver in a &%ViolentContest
where the &%agent attempts to avoid being damaged.")
(documentation DefensiveManeuver ChineseLanguage "这是在 &%ViolentContest 中的一种 
&%Maneuver，它发生在当 &%agent 尝试避免受到伤害。")

(=>
   (instance ?DEFENSE DefensiveManeuver)
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST ViolentContest)
         (subProcess ?DEFENSE ?CONTEST))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?DEFENSE DefensiveManeuver)
    (agent ?DEFENSE ?AGENT))
  (hasPurposeForAgent ?DEFENSE
    (not
      (exists (?DAMAGE)
        (and
          (instance ?DAMAGE Damaging)
          (patient ?DAMAGE ?AGENT)))) ?AGENT))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MANEUVER Maneuver)
      (instance ?CONTEST ViolentContest)
      (subProcess ?MANEUVER ?CONTEST))
   (or
      (instance ?MANEUVER Attack)
      (instance ?MANEUVER DefensiveManeuver)))

(subclass Perception PsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Perception EnglishLanguage "Sensing some aspect of the material world.
Note that the &%agent of this sensing is assumed to be an &%Animal.")
(documentation Perception ChineseLanguage "这是去感觉物质世界的一些情况。注：我们假定作出感觉的
 &%agent 是一种 &%Animal。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERCEPT Perception)
      (agent ?PERCEPT ?AGENT))
   (instance ?AGENT Animal))

(=>
   (instance ?AGENT SentientAgent)
   (capability Perception experiencer ?AGENT))

(subclass Seeing Perception)
(documentation Seeing EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the
sensing is done by an ocular &%Organ.")
(documentation Seeing ChineseLanguage "这个 &%subclass 是属于由视觉 &%Organ 作出感觉的
 &%Perception。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SEE Seeing)
      (agent ?SEE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?SEE ?OBJ))
    (exists (?PROP)
       (and
          (instance ?PROP ColorAttribute)
          (knows ?AGENT (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP)))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?SEE Seeing)
    (patient ?SEE ?OBJ))
  (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?SEE)
    (attribute ?OBJ Illuminated)))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?SEE Seeing)
    (patient ?SEE ?OBJ))
  (exists (?ATTR)
    (and
      (instance ?ATTR ColorAttribute)
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?SEE)
        (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR)))))

(subclass Looking Seeing)
(subclass Looking IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Looking EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Seeing which is intentional.")
(documentation Looking ChineseLanguage "这是任何有目的 &%Seeing 的实例。")

(subclass Smelling Perception)
(documentation Smelling EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the
sensing is done by an olefactory &%Organ.")
(documentation Smelling ChineseLanguage "这个 &%subclass 是属于由嗅觉 &%Organ 作出感觉的
 &%Perception。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SMELL Smelling)
      (patient ?SMELL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR OlfactoryAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))

(subclass Tasting Perception)
(documentation Tasting EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the
sensing is done by of an &%Organ which can discriminate various tastes.")
(documentation Tasting ChineseLanguage "这个 &%subclass 是属于由能区分各种口味的 &%Organ 作出
感觉的 &%Perception。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TASTE Tasting)
      (patient ?TASTE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR TasteAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))

(subclass Hearing Perception)
(documentation Hearing EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the
sensing is done by an auditory &%Organ.")
(documentation Hearing ChineseLanguage "这个 &%subclass 是属于由听觉 &%Organ 作出感觉的
 &%Perception。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HEAR Hearing)
      (patient ?HEAR ?OBJ))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR SoundAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))

;; NS: add.
(subclass SoundAttribute PerceptualAttribute)

;MSv: delete since PerceptualAttribute is now subclass of RelationalAttribute
;(subclass SoundAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation SoundAttribute EnglishLanguage "The volume of sound relative to a 
listener.")
(documentation SoundAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是从听者的立场所考虑声音的音量。")

(instance Audible SoundAttribute)
(instance Inaudible SoundAttribute)
(documentation Inaudible EnglishLanguage "A sound level and frequency not capable of being 
heard by a &%Human.")
(documentation Inaudible ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Human所不能听到声音的音级和音频。")
(contraryAttribute Audible Inaudible)
(documentation Audible EnglishLanguage "A sound level and frequency capable of being heard 
by a &%Human.")
(documentation Audible  ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Human能听到声音的音级和音频。")
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?SOUND RadiatingSound)
    (agent ?SOUND ?OBJ)
    (attribute ?SOUND Audible))
  (exists (?HUMAN)
    (and
      (instance ?HUMAN Human)
      (capability
        (KappaFn ?HEAR
          (and
            (instance ?HEAR Hearing)
            (agent ?HEAR ?HUMAN)
            (destination ?HEAR ?HUMAN)
            (origin ?HEAR ?OBJ))) agent ?HUMAN))))


(subclass Listening Hearing)
(subclass Listening IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Listening EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Hearing which is 
intentional.")
(documentation Listening ChineseLanguage "这是任何有目的 &%Hearing 的实例。.")

(subclass TactilePerception Perception)
(documentation TactilePerception EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which
the sensing is done by &%Touching.  Note that &%Touching need not involve
&%TactilePerception.  For example, a person who has lost all sensation in
both of his legs would have no &%TactilePerception of anything his legs
were &%Touching.")

(=>
   (instance ?TACTILE TactilePerception)
   (exists (?TOUCH)
      (and
         (instance ?TOUCH Touching)
         (subProcess ?TOUCH ?TACTILE))))

(subclass Radiating Motion)
(documentation Radiating EnglishLanguage "Processes in which some form of electromagnetic
radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given
off or absorbed by something else.")
(documentation Radiating ChineseLanguage "这是涉及释放或吸收某些电磁辐射的过程， 例如；无线电波、
光波和电能等等。")

(subclass RadiatingLight RadiatingElectromagnetic)
(documentation RadiatingLight EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which
light is given off or absorbed.  Some examples include blinking, flashing,
and glittering.")
(documentation RadiatingLight ChineseLanguage "一
些例如包括：闪烁、闪光和闪亮。")

(<=>
   (exists (?EMIT)
      (and
         (instance ?EMIT RadiatingLight)
         (patient ?EMIT ?REGION)
         (instance ?REGION Region)))
   (attribute ?REGION Illuminated))

(subclass RadiatingInfrared RadiatingElectromagnetic)
(subclass RadiatingXRay RadiatingElectromagnetic)
(documentation RadiatingXRay EnglishLanguage "A form of &%RadiatingElectromagnetic with &%wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 &%Nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV.")


(subclass RadiatingSound Radiating)
(documentation RadiatingSound EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which
sound waves are given off or absorbed.  Some examples include creaking,
roaring, and whistling.")
(documentation RadiatingSound ChineseLanguage "这是释放或吸收声波的 &%Radiating &%subclass，
一些例子包括：吱吱作响、咆哮和吹口哨。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EMIT RadiatingSound)
      (agent ?EMIT ?SOUND))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR SoundAttribute)
         (attribute ?SOUND ?ATTR))))

;; KJN: Removing this and renaming it to MakingMusic to be consistent with the Verb
;; form of most Processes
;;(subclass Music RadiatingSound)
;;(documentation Music EnglishLanguage "The &%subclass of &%RadiatingSound where the
;;sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately.")

(subclass MakingMusic RadiatingSound)
(documentation MakingMusic EnglishLanguage "&%MakingMusic is a type of &%RadiatingSound
where the &%result is intended to be melodic and is produced delibrately")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MakingMusic "making music")
(documentation MakingMusic ChineseLanguage "&%MakingMusic 是一种 &%RadiatingSound，
它的 &%result 是经过细心推敲创作，而旨在有有旋律感的。")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MakingMusic "making music")
(comment MakingMusic "Changing the old Music to &%MakingMusic to be more consistent with
the verb-form that &%Process seem to take. (09-14-2011)" "KJN")

(partition MakingMusic MakingInstrumentalMusic MakingVocalMusic)
(subclass MakingInstrumentalMusic MakingMusic)
(documentation MakingInstrumentalMusic EnglishLanguage "&%MakingInstrumentalMusic is a 
type of &%MakingMusic which is produced using some kind of &%MusicalInstrument")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MakingInstrumentalMusic "instrumental music")

(=>
  (instance ?M MakingInstrumentalMusic)
  (exists (?I)
    (and
      (instance ?I MusicalInstrument)
      (instrument ?M ?I))))

(subclass MakingVocalMusic MakingMusic)
(subclass MakingVocalMusic Vocalizing)
(documentation MakingVocalMusic EnglishLanguage "&%MakingVocalMusic is a type of
&%MakingMusic which is produced by using the vocal cords")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MakingVocalMusic "singing")
(comment MakingVocalMusic "Currently, &%VocalMusic also inherits from &%Speaking.  
Changing this to more general &%Vocalizing.  Acapella groups today use their &%VocalCord 
to create music in ways that are more than just speaking. (09-14-2011)" "KJN")

(subclass Singing MakingVocalMusic)
(documentation Singing EnglishLanguage "&%Singing is a type of &%MakingVocalMusic wherein
words are produced by the singer. This is different from other forms of &%MakingVocalMusic
such as humming or scatting or beatboxing , where the vocal cords are used to create
the music but no words are formed.")

(=>
  (instance ?S Singing)
  (exists (?W)
    (and
      (patient ?S ?W)
      (instance ?W Word))))

(subclass RadiatingElectromagnetic Radiating)
(documentation RadiatingElectromagnetic EnglishLanguage "&%RadiatingElectromagnetic
is the subclass of &%Radiating processes in which electromagnetic
radiation is transmitted or absorbed.")
(documentation RadiatingElectromagnetic ChineseLanguage "&%RadiatingElectromagnetic
是当电磁辐射释放或被吸收时的 &%Radiating 过程的子类别。")

(subclass RadiatingNuclear Radiating)
(documentation RadiatingNuclear EnglishLanguage "Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from
a nuclear reaction.")
(documentation RadiatingNuclear ChineseLanguage "这是释放原子能，即源自核反应的能量。")

(subclass StateChange InternalChange)
(documentation StateChange EnglishLanguage "Any &%Process where the &%PhysicalState
of &%part of the &%patient of the &%Process changes.")
(documentation StateChange ChineseLanguage "这是任何当 &%Process &%patient 某 &%part 的 
&%PhysicalState 受到改变的 &%Process。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS StateChange)
      (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART ?STATE1 ?STATE2)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (instance ?STATE1 PhysicalState)
         (instance ?STATE2 PhysicalState)
         (not (equal ?STATE1 ?STATE2))
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (attribute ?PART ?STATE1))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (attribute ?PART ?STATE2)))))

(instance atomicNumber BinaryPredicate)
(instance atomicNumber AsymmetricRelation)
(instance atomicNumber PartialValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass atomicNumber 1 ElementalSubstance)
(domain atomicNumber 2 PositiveInteger)
(documentation atomicNumber EnglishLanguage "(&%atomicNumber ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER) means that
the &%ElementalSubstance ?ELEMENT has the atomic number ?NUMBER.  The
atomic number is the number of &%Protons in the nucleus of an &%Atom.")
(documentation atomicNumber ChineseLanguage "(&%atomicNumber ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER)的意思是 
&%ElementalSubstance ?ELEMENT 的原子数是 ?NUMBER。原子数是一个 &%Atom 核子内 &%Proton 的数目。")

(=>
  (atomicNumber ?TYPE ?NUMBER)
  (=>
    (and
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE ?TYPE)
      (part ?ATOM ?SUBSTANCE)
      (instance ?ATOM Atom))
    (equal ?NUMBER
      (CardinalityFn
        (KappaFn ?PROTON
          (and
            (part ?PROTON ?ATOM)
            (instance ?PROTON Proton)))))))

(instance boilingPoint BinaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass boilingPoint 1 PureSubstance)
(domain boilingPoint 2 TemperatureMeasure)
(documentation boilingPoint EnglishLanguage "The temperature at which a &%PureSubstance 
changes state from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas.")
(documentation boilingPoint ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%PureSubstance 从 &%Liquid 变成 
 &%Gas 状态的温度。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X ?Y)
    (subclass ?Y PureSubstance)
    (barometricPressure ?X (MeasureFn ?PRES InchMercury))
    (greaterThan 29.92 ?PRES)
    (boilingPoint ?Y (MeasureFn ?BOIL KelvinDegree))
    (measure ?X (MeasureFn ?TEMP KelvinDegree))
    (greaterThan ?TEMP ?BOIL))
  (attribute ?X Gas))

 (=>
   (and
     (instance ?X ?Y)
     (subclass ?Y PureSubstance)
     (boilingPoint ?Y (MeasureFn ?BOIL KelvinDegree))
     (meltingPoint ?Y (MeasureFn ?MELT KelvinDegree))
     (measure ?X (MeasureFn ?TEMP KelvinDegree))
     (greaterThan ?TEMP ?MELT)
     (lessThan ?TEMP ?BOIL))
   (attribute ?X Liquid))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X ?Y)
    (subclass ?Y PureSubstance)
    (meltingPoint ?Y (MeasureFn ?MELT KelvinDegree))
    (barometricPressure ?X (MeasureFn ?PRES InchMercury))
    (greaterThan ?PRES 29.92)
    (measure ?X (MeasureFn ?TEMP KelvinDegree))
    (lessThan ?TEMP ?MELT))
  (attribute ?X Solid))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BOILING Boiling)
      (boilingPoint ?TYPE (MeasureFn ?TEMP1 ?MEASURE))
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE ?TYPE)
      (patient ?BOILING ?SUBSTANCE)
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?BOILING) (measure ?SUBSTANCE (MeasureFn ?TEMP2 ?MEASURE)))
      (instance ?MEASURE UnitOfTemperature))
   (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?TEMP2 ?TEMP1))

(=>
   (and
      (boilingPoint ?TYPE (MeasureFn ?TEMP1 ?MEASURE))
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE ?TYPE)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (measure ?SUBSTANCE (MeasureFn ?TEMP2 ?MEASURE)))
      (instance ?MEASURE UnitOfTemperature)
      (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?TEMP2 ?TEMP1))
   (or
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?SUBSTANCE Gas))
      (exists (?BOIL)
         (and
            (overlapsTemporally (WhenFn ?BOIL) ?TIME)
            (instance ?BOIL Boiling)
            (patient ?BOIL ?SUBSTANCE)))))

(instance meltingPoint BinaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass meltingPoint 1 PureSubstance)
(domain meltingPoint 2 TemperatureMeasure)
(documentation meltingPoint EnglishLanguage "The temperature at which a &%PureSubstance 
changes state from a &%Solid to a &%Liquid.  Note that &%Arsenic can sublimate directly
from &%Solid to &%Gas which means that its melting and boiling points are equal.")
(documentation meltingPoint ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%PureSubstance 从 &%Solid 变成 
 &%Liquid 状态的温度。注：&%Arsenic 可以直接从 &%Solid 升华成 &%Gas，这意味着它的熔点和沸点是相等的。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?SUBSTANCE ?TYPE)
    (boilingPoint ?TYPE (MeasureFn ?TEMP1 ?MEASURE))
    (meltingPoint ?TYPE (MeasureFn ?TEMP2 ?MEASURE))
    (instance ?MEASURE UnitOfTemperature)
    (holdsDuring ?TIME (measure ?SUBSTANCE (MeasureFn ?TEMP3 ?MEASURE)))
    (greaterThan ?TEMP3 ?TEMP2)
    (lessThan ?TEMP3 ?TEMP1))
  (or
    (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?SUBSTANCE Liquid))
    (exists (?MELT)
      (and
        (overlapsTemporally (WhenFn ?MELT) ?TIME)
        (instance ?MELT Melting)
        (patient ?BOIL ?SUBSTANCE)))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?SUBSTANCE ?TYPE)
    (meltingPoint ?TYPE (MeasureFn ?TEMP1 ?MEASURE))
    (holdsDuring ?TIME (measure ?SUBSTANCE (MeasureFn ?TEMP2 ?MEASURE)))
    (instance ?MEASURE UnitOfTemperature)
    (lessThan ?TEMP2 ?TEMP1))
  (or
    (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?SUBSTANCE Solid))
    (exists (?FREEZE)
      (and
        (overlapsTemporally (WhenFn ?FREEZE) ?TIME)
        (instance ?FREEZE Freezing)
        (patient ?FREEZE ?SUBSTANCE)))))

(=>
  (and
    (meltingPoint ?TYPE ?MELT)
    (boilingPoint ?TYPE ?BOIL))
  (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?BOIL ?MELT))

(subclass Melting StateChange)
(documentation Melting EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is
heated and converted from a &%Solid to a &%Liquid.")
(documentation Melting ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%Object 受热时而从 &%Solid 转成 &%Liquid  
&%Process 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?MELT Melting)
   (exists (?HEAT)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAT Heating)
         (subProcess ?HEAT ?MELT))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MELT Melting)
      (patient ?MELT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?MELT)) (attribute ?PART Solid))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?MELT)) (attribute ?PART Liquid)))))

(subclass Boiling StateChange)
(documentation Boiling EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Substance is
heated and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas.")
(documentation Boiling ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%Substance 受热时而从 &%Liquid 转成 &%Gas 
&%Process 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?BOIL Boiling)
   (exists (?HEAT)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAT Heating)
         (subProcess ?HEAT ?BOIL))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BOIL Boiling)
      (patient ?BOIL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?BOIL)) (attribute ?PART Liquid))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?BOIL)) (attribute ?PART Gas)))))

(subclass Evaporating StateChange)
(documentation Evaporating EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Substance 
is converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas at a temperature below its &%Boiling point.")
(documentation Evaporating ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%Substance 在低于它 &%Boiling point 的温度
从 &%Liquid 转成 &%Gas &%Process 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EVAP Evaporating)
      (boilingPoint ?OBJ (MeasureFn ?BOILVAL ?MEAS))
      (measure ?OBJ (MeasureFn ?VAL ?MEAS))
      (instance ?MEAS UnitOfTemperature)
      (patient ?EVAP ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (greaterThan ?BOILVAL ?VAL)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?EVAP)) (attribute ?PART Liquid))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?EVAP)) (attribute ?PART Gas)))))

(subclass Condensing StateChange)
(documentation Condensing EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is
cooled and converted from a &%Gas to a &%Liquid.")
(documentation Condensing ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%Object 受冷时而从&%Gas 转成 &%Liquid 
&%Process 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?COND Condensing)
   (exists (?COOL)
      (and
         (instance ?COOL Cooling)
         (subProcess ?COOL ?COND))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COND Condensing)
      (patient ?COND ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COND)) (attribute ?PART Gas))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?COND)) (attribute ?PART Liquid)))))

(subclass Freezing StateChange)
(documentation Freezing EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is
cooled and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Solid.")
(documentation Freezing ChineseLanguage "这是当 &%Object 受冷时而从 &%Liquid转成 &%Gas 
&%Process 的 &%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?FREEZE Freezing)
   (exists (?COOL)
      (and
         (instance ?COOL Cooling)
         (subProcess ?COOL ?FREEZE))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FREEZE Freezing)
      (patient ?FREEZE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?FREEZE)) (attribute ?PART Liquid))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?FREEZE)) (attribute ?PART Solid)))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;    OBJECTS    ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'MEREOTOPOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'PROCESSES'
;; INCLUDES 'QUALITIES'

(subclass AstronomicalBody Object)
(disjoint AstronomicalBody GeographicArea)
(documentation AstronomicalBody EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all astronomical
objects of significant size.  It includes &%SelfConnectedObjects
like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as &%Collections like
nebulae, galaxies, and constellations.  Note that the planet Earth
is an &%AstronomicalBody, but every &%Region of Earth is a
&%GeographicArea.")

(subclass GeographicArea Region)
(partition GeographicArea WaterArea LandArea)
(documentation GeographicArea EnglishLanguage "A geographic location, generally having
definite boundaries.  Note that this differs from its immediate superclass
&%Region in that a &%GeographicArea is a three-dimensional &%Region of the
earth.  Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all
one-dimensional and two-dimensional &%Regions are not classed under
&%GeographicArea.")

(subclass LocalizablePlace GeographicArea)

(instance geographicSubregion BinaryPredicate)
(instance geographicSubregion TransitiveRelation)
(instance geographicSubregion AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation geographicSubregion properPart)
(subrelation geographicSubregion located)
(domain geographicSubregion 1 GeographicArea)
(domain geographicSubregion 2 GeographicArea)
(documentation geographicSubregion EnglishLanguage "(&%geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE)
means that the &%GeographicArea ?PART is part of the &%GeographicArea
?WHOLE.")
(documentation geographicSubregion ChineseLanguage "(&%geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE)的
意思是 &%GeographicArea ?PART 是 &%GeographicArea ?WHOLE 的一部分。")

(subclass GeopoliticalArea GeographicArea)
(subclass GeopoliticalArea Agent)
(documentation GeopoliticalArea EnglishLanguage "Any &%GeographicArea which is associated
with some sort of political structure.  This class includes &%LandArea, &%Cities, districts
of cities, counties, etc.  Note that the identity
of a &%GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders.")
(documentation GeopoliticalArea ChineseLanguage "这是任何与某些政治架构有关的 &%GeographicArea。
这组类别包括：&%LandArea、&%City、城市的分区和县等等。注：一个 &%GeopoliticalArea 的特性在边界受到改变
以后可能仍然保持不变。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
  (leader (GovernmentFn ?AREA) ?PERSON))
   (leader ?AREA ?PERSON))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
  (leader ?AREA ?PERSON))
(leader (GovernmentFn ?AREA) ?PERSON))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?EVENT Election)
    (agent ?EVENT ?AGENT)
    (instance ?AGENT GeopoliticalArea))
  (instance ?EVENT PoliticalProcess))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?EVENT Election)
    (agent ?EVENT ?AGENT)
    (instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
    (instance ?AGENT (GovernmentFn ?AREA)))
  (instance ?EVENT PoliticalProcess))

(instance geopoliticalSubdivision AsymmetricRelation)
(instance geopoliticalSubdivision TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation geopoliticalSubdivision geographicSubregion)
(domain geopoliticalSubdivision 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(domain geopoliticalSubdivision 2 GeopoliticalArea)
(documentation geopoliticalSubdivision EnglishLanguage "(&%geopoliticalSubdivision
?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2,
that is, ?AREA1 is an integral &%geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a
&%DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated
&%GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by
the government of ?AREA2.  Cf. &%dependentGeopoliticalArea.")
(documentation geopoliticalSubdivision ChineseLanguage "(&%geopoliticalSubdivision
?AREA1 ?AREA2)的意思是 ?AREA1 是 ?AREA2 的某一个地缘部分，姐就是说 ?AREA1 是 ?AREA2 
 &%geographicSubregion 的组成部分(而不是 &%DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea)，拥有它自己
 相关的 &%GovernmentOrganization，它的政府部门从属或受 ?AREA2 的政府管辖。可参考 
 &%dependentGeopoliticalArea。")

;; NS: delete.
;; (=>
;;   (geopoliticalSubdivision ?SUB ?AREA)
;;   (not (instance ?SUB Nation)))

;; NS: Note that Government.kif contains the following formulae:
;;
;; (subclass IndependentState Nation)
;;
;; (=>
;;   (geopoliticalSubdivision ?SUB ?AREA)
;;   (not (instance ?SUB IndependentState)))
;;
;; It would be best to rewrite all rules in which &%Nation is used in
;; the sense of &%IndependentState so that they use
;; &%IndependentState.  This would allow &%Nation to be interpreted in
;; a more general "cultural" or "homeland" sense, as suggested by
;; (subclass IndependentState Nation).  England, Scotland, Wales, and
;; NorthernIreland, for example, would be &%Nations, but not
;; (currently) &%IndependentStates.

(subclass WaterArea GeographicArea)
(documentation WaterArea EnglishLanguage "A body which is made up predominantly of water,
e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.")
(documentation WaterArea ChineseLanguage "一处主要由水组成的地区，例如：河流、湖泊和海洋等等。")

(=>
   (instance ?AREA WaterArea)
   (exists (?BED ?HOLE ?WATER)
      (and
         (equal (HoleHostFn ?HOLE) ?BED)
         (instance ?WATER Water)
         (properlyFills ?WATER ?HOLE)
         (equal (MereologicalSumFn ?BED ?WATER) ?AREA))))

(subclass SaltWaterArea WaterArea)
(disjoint SaltWaterArea FreshWaterArea)
(documentation SaltWaterArea EnglishLanguage "A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is saline, e.g.
oceans and seas.")
(documentation SaltWaterArea ChineseLanguage "这是一处含盐 &%Water 的 &%WaterArea，例如：海洋和
海。")

(subclass FreshWaterArea WaterArea)
(documentation FreshWaterArea EnglishLanguage "A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is not saline,
e.g. most rivers and lakes.")
(documentation FreshWaterArea ChineseLanguage "这是一处不含盐 &%Water 的 &%WaterArea，例如：
河流和湖泊。")

;; KJN: Moving this to MILO to remove dependencies
;;(subclass StreamWaterArea WaterArea)
;;(disjoint StreamWaterArea StaticWaterArea)
;;(documentation StreamWaterArea EnglishLanguage "A relatively narrow &%WaterArea where the
;;water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream,
;;etc.")

;;(subclass StaticWaterArea WaterArea)
;;(documentation StaticWaterArea EnglishLanguage "A &%WaterArea in which water does not flow
;;constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds.")

(subclass LandArea GeographicArea)
(documentation LandArea EnglishLanguage "An area which is predominantly solid ground,
e.g. a &%Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc.  Note that a &%LandArea may
contain some relatively small &%WaterAreas.  For example, Australia is
a &%LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes.")
(documentation LandArea EnglishLanguage "这是一处主要是坚实地面组成的地区，例如： &%Nation、山、
沙漠等等。注：&%LandArea 有可能包含相对小范围的 &%WaterArea。例如：澳大利亚是一处 &%LandArea，虽然它也
有各种各样的河流和湖泊。")

(=>
   (instance ?LAND1 LandArea)
   (exists (?LAND2)
      (and
         (part ?LAND1 ?LAND2)
         (or
            (instance ?LAND2 Continent)
            (instance ?LAND2 Island)))))

(subclass ShoreArea LandArea)
(documentation ShoreArea EnglishLanguage "A &%ShoreArea is a &%LandArea approximately
1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river,
or lake.  A &%ShoreArea may comprise a variety of &%LandForms, such as dunes,
sloughs, and marshes.")
(documentation ShoreArea ChineseLanguage "&%ShoreArea 一处是大约有1-3公里宽、与水域，如：海洋、
港湾、河流或湖泊接壤的 &%LandArea。&%ShoreArea 有可能包括和种各样的 &%LandForm，如沙丘、泥沼和沼泽。")

(=>
   (instance ?BANK ShoreArea)
   (exists (?WATER)
      (and
         (instance ?WATER WaterArea)
         (meetsSpatially ?BANK ?WATER))))

(subclass Continent LandArea)
(equal (CardinalityFn Continent) 7)
(documentation Continent EnglishLanguage "As defined in the CIA World Fact Book,
&%Continent covers seven land masses: &%Africa, &%NorthAmerica,
&%SouthAmerica, &%Antarctica, &%Europe, &%Asia, and &%Oceania.
Note that &%Australia, counted as a continent in some other systems,
is included in &%Oceania in the Fact Book.  As a consequence, there
is no &%Nation which is also a &%Continent.")

(subclass Island LandArea)
(documentation Island EnglishLanguage "A &%LandArea that is completely surrounded by a 
&%WaterArea.")
(documentation Island ChineseLanguage "这是一片四面八方环 &%WaterArea 的 &%LandArea。")

(=>
   (instance ?ISLAND Island)
   (not
      (exists (?AREA ?PART1 ?PART2)
         (and
            (instance ?AREA LandArea)
            (part ?PART1 ?ISLAND)
            (part ?PART2 ?AREA)
            (not
               (part ?ISLAND ?AREA))
            (not
               (part ?AREA ?ISLAND))
            (meetsSpatially ?PART1 ?PART2)))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?ISLE Island)
    (instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
    (meetsSpatially ?ISLE ?AREA))
  (not
    (instance ?AREA LandArea)))

(=>
  (instance ?ISLE Island)
  (exists (?WATER)
    (and
      (instance ?WATER WaterArea)
      (meetsSpatially ?ISLE ?WATER))))

(subclass Nation GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass Nation LandArea)
(documentation Nation EnglishLanguage "The broadest &%GeopoliticalArea, i.e. &%Nations are
&%GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and
comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts
of loose international organizations).")
(documentation Nation ChineseLanguage "这是最辽阔的 &%GeopoliticalArea，也就是说 &%Nation 是 
不属于任何总体和综合管制架构一部分的 &%GeopoliticalArea (英联邦和其他各种宽松的国际组织除外)。")

(subclass StateOrProvince GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass StateOrProvince LandArea)
(documentation StateOrProvince EnglishLanguage "Administrative subdivisions of a
&%Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that
may exist.  This &%Class includes the states of the United States, as
well as the provinces of Canada and European countries.")

(=>
   (instance ?STATE StateOrProvince)
   (exists (?LAND)
      (and
         (instance ?LAND Nation)
         (properPart ?STATE ?LAND))))

(subclass City GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass City LandArea)
(documentation City EnglishLanguage "A &%LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited
by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure.
Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements
like towns, villages, hamlets, etc.")
(documentation City ChineseLanguage "这是一处地方相对小、由一个社区的人居住，并拥有某种政治架构的 
&%LandArea。注：这个类别包括大城市和小规模的聚居处，如城镇、乡村和小村庄等等。")


(subclass County GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass County LandArea)
(documentation County EnglishLanguage "A &%GeopoliticalArea that is larger than a city,
usually encompassing several cities, and smaller than a &%StateOrProvince.
Aside from City, this is the smallest geopolitical subdivision, and it is
known by various names in various counties, e.g.  parrish, commune, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?STATE County)
   (exists (?LAND)
      (and
         (instance ?LAND StateOrProvince)
         (properPart ?STATE ?LAND))))

(subclass Transitway Region)
(subclass Transitway SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation Transitway EnglishLanguage "&%Transitway is the broadest class
of regions which may be passed through as a &%path in instances
of &%Translocation.  &%Transitway includes land, air, and sea
regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways.")
(documentation Transitway ChineseLanguage "&%Transitway 是在 &%Translocation 实例中，可能以 
一条 &%path 通过范围最笼统的类别。&%Transitway 包括海陆空三个地区，而且它同时包括自然和人工交通工具。")

(subclass LandTransitway Transitway)
(subclass LandTransitway LandArea)
(documentation LandTransitway EnglishLanguage "&%LandTransitway is the subclass of
&%Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground.")
(documentation LandTransitway ChineseLanguage "&%LandTransitway 是 &%Transitway 的子类别，它
代表用于在地面运行的区域。")

(=>
  (instance ?WAY Transitway)
  (hasPurpose ?WAY
    (exists (?TRANSPORT)
      (and
        (instance ?TRANSPORT Transportation)
        (path ?TRANSPORT ?WAY)))))

(subclass Roadway LandTransitway)
(documentation Roadway EnglishLanguage "&%Roadway is the subclass of &%LandTransitways
that are areas intended for surface travel by self-powered, wheeled
vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks.  &%Roadways have been
at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles.
&%Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and
expressways.")

(subclass Water CompoundSubstance)
(documentation Water EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of samples of the compound H20.  Note
that this &%Class covers both pure and impure &%Water.")
(documentation Water ChineseLanguage "这是复合物H20样品的 &%Class。注：这个 &%Class 同时包括纯正
和非纯正的 &%Water。")

(subclass Mineral Substance)

(documentation Mineral EnglishLanguage "Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous
substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or
synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form
and properties of a naturally occurring mineral.")

(instance developmentalForm BinaryPredicate)
(instance developmentalForm AsymmetricRelation)
(instance developmentalForm TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation developmentalForm attribute)
(domain developmentalForm 1 OrganicObject)
(domain developmentalForm 2 DevelopmentalAttribute)

;; NS: delete.
;; (documentation developmentalForm EnglishLanguage "(&%developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM)
;; means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of
;; ?OBJECT.  For example, tadpole and caterpillar are &%developmentalForms
;; of frogs and butterflies, respectively.")

;; NS: add.
(documentation developmentalForm EnglishLanguage "(&%developmentalForm
?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM describes a stage in the individual
maturation of ?OBJECT.  For example, tadpole and caterpillar are
&%developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively.")
(documentation developmentalForm ChineseLanguage "(&%developmentalForm
?OBJECT ?FORM)的意思是 ?FORM 形容 ?OBJECT 个别发育过程的一段时期。例如：蝌蚪和毛虫分别是青蛙和蝴蝶的
&%developmentalForm。")

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?TIME1 (developmentalForm ?OBJ ?ATTR1))
      (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR2 ?ATTR1))
   (exists (?TIME2)
      (and
         (earlier ?TIME2 ?TIME1)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME2 (developmentalForm ?OBJ ?ATTR2)))))

(subclass OrganicObject CorpuscularObject)
(subclass OrganicObject OrganicThing)
(partition OrganicObject Organism AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation OrganicObject EnglishLanguage "This class encompasses &%Organisms,
&%CorpuscularObjects that are parts of &%Organisms, i.e. &%BodyParts,
and &%CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by
&%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.")
(documentation OrganicObject ChineseLanguage "这是包含 &%Organism 和属于 &%Organism 一部分  
&%CorpuscularObject 的类别，即是 &%BodyPart 和由 &%Organism 在非故意的情况下所造成的 
&%CorpuscularObject，例如：&%ReproductiveBody。")

(subclass Organism OrganicObject)
(subclass Organism Agent)
(disjoint Organism Artifact)
(partition Organism Animal Plant Fungus Microorganism)
(documentation Organism EnglishLanguage "Generally, a living individual, including all
&%Plants and &%Animals.")
(documentation Organism ChineseLanguage "这通常是指有生命的个体，包括所有的 &%Plant 和 &%Animal。")

(=>
   (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
   (exists (?BIRTH)
      (and
         (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
         (experiencer ?BIRTH ?ORGANISM))))

(instance inhabits BinaryPredicate)
(instance inhabits AsymmetricRelation)
(domain inhabits 1 Organism)
(domain inhabits 2 Object)
(documentation inhabits EnglishLanguage "A very basic notion of living within something
else.  (&%inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence
(either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM.")
(documentation inhabits ChineseLanguage "这是住在其他某样东西内最基本的概念。
(&%inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT)的意思是 ?OBJECT 是 ?ORGANISM 的住所(临时或永久的)、巢穴如此类推。")

(=>
  (holdsDuring ?T1 (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJ))
  (exists (?TIME)
    (and
      (instance ?TIME TimeInterval)
      (temporalPart ?TIME ?T1)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (located ?ORGANISM ?OBJ)))))

(subrelation home inhabits)
(domain home 1 Human)
(domain home 2 PermanentResidence)
(documentation home EnglishLanguage "The relation between a &%Human and a 
&%PermanentResidence of the &%Human.")
(documentation home ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Human 和 &%Human 的 &%PermanentResidence 
之间的关系。")

(subrelation stays inhabits)
(disjointRelation stays home)
(domain stays 1 Human)
(domain stays 2 TemporaryResidence)
(documentation stays EnglishLanguage "The relation between a &%Human and a 
&%TemporaryResidence of the &%Human.")
(documentation stays ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Human 和e &%Human 的 &%TemporaryResidence 之间
的关系。")

(subclass Plant Organism)
(documentation Plant EnglishLanguage "An &%Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing
by synthesis of &%Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of
chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion.")
(documentation Plant ChineseLanguage "这是有纤维素细胞壁的 &%Organism，它们靠制造 &%Substance
生长，它们一般的特征是拥有叶绿素，并且缺乏运动的能力。")

(subclass FloweringPlant Plant)
(documentation FloweringPlant EnglishLanguage "A &%Plant that produces seeds and flowers.
This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers.")
(documentation FloweringPlant ChineseLanguage "这是一种能开花结果的 &%Plant。这个类别博阿酷哦数、
灌木、花和草。")

(subclass NonFloweringPlant Plant)
(disjoint NonFloweringPlant FloweringPlant)
(disjointDecomposition NonFloweringPlant Alga Fern Moss)
(documentation NonFloweringPlant EnglishLanguage "A &%Plant that reproduces with spores 
and does not produce flowers.")
(documentation NonFloweringPlant ChineseLanguage "这是一种通过孢子来繁殖，而不能开花的 &%Plant。")

(subclass Alga NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Alga EnglishLanguage "A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll,
but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue.")
(documentation Alga ChineseLanguage "这主要是含有叶绿素的水生植物，它们不会在发育过程中制造胚胎，也
没有血管组织。")

(=>
  (instance ?ALGA Alga)
  (exists (?WATER)
    (and
      (inhabits ?ALGA ?WATER)
      (instance ?WATER Water))))

(subclass Fungus Organism)
(documentation Fungus EnglishLanguage "A eukaryotic &%Organism characterized by the
absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included
here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews,
and mushrooms.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?FUNGUS Fungus)
    (inhabits ?FUNGUS ?OBJ))
  (instance ?OBJ Organism))

(subclass Moss NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Moss EnglishLanguage "A &%NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little
if any vascular tissue.")
(documentation Moss ChineseLanguage "这是一种没有根的 &%NonFloweringPlant，它如果有维管组织的话，
也只会有一点而已。")

(subclass Fern NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Fern EnglishLanguage "A &%NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue.
This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and
whisk ferns.")
(documentation Fern ChineseLanguage "这是一种含有维管组织的 &%NonFloweringPlant。这个类别包括
真正的蕨类植物，以及木贼草、青苔和蕨类植物。")

(subclass Animal Organism)
(partition Animal Vertebrate Invertebrate)
(documentation Animal EnglishLanguage "An &%Organism with eukaryotic &%Cells, and lacking
stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments.")
(documentation Animal ChineseLanguage "这是一种有真核 &%Cell 的 &%Organism。 它们没有硬的细胞壁、
质体和光合色素。")

(subclass Microorganism Organism)
(documentation Microorganism EnglishLanguage "An &%Organism that can be seen only with
the aid of a microscope.")
(documentation Microorganism ChineseLanguage "这是一种只能在显微镜的辅助下，才能看得见的 
&%Organism。")

(subclass Bacterium Microorganism)
(documentation Bacterium EnglishLanguage "A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic
&%Microorganism.")
(documentation Bacterium ChineseLanguage "这是一种细小、一般为单细胞和原核的 &%Microorganism。")

(=>
   (instance ?BACTERIUM Bacterium)
   (exists (?CELL1)
      (and
         (component ?CELL1 ?BACTERIUM)
         (instance ?CELL1 Cell)
         (forall (?CELL2)
            (=>
               (and
                  (component ?CELL2 ?BACTERIUM)
                  (instance ?CELL2 Cell))
               (equal ?CELL1 ?CELL2))))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?BACTERIUM Bacterium)
    (inhabits ?BACTERIUM ?OBJ))
  (instance ?OBJ Organism))

(subclass Virus Microorganism)
(documentation Virus EnglishLanguage "An &%Organism consisting of a core of a single
nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate
only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the
usual characteristics of living things.")
(documentation Virus ChineseLanguage "这是一种由一层蛋白质保护层包围的单个核酸核心所组成的 
&%Organism。 病毒这可能在它宿的活细胞内复制，它只表现有一些、而不是生物常见的所有特征。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?VIRUS Virus)
    (inhabits ?VIRUS ?OBJ))
  (instance ?OBJ Organism))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?VIRUS Virus)
    (instance ?PROC Replication)
    (agent ?PROC ?VIRUS))
  (exists (?CELL)
    (and
      (located ?PROC ?CELL)
      (instance ?CELL Cell))))

(subclass Vertebrate Animal)
(documentation Vertebrate EnglishLanguage "An &%Animal which has a spinal column.")
(documentation Vertebrate ChineseLanguage "这是一种有脊椎 &%Animal。")

(subclass Invertebrate Animal)
(disjointDecomposition Invertebrate Worm Mollusk Arthropod)
(documentation Invertebrate EnglishLanguage "An &%Animal which has no spinal column.")
(documentation Invertebrate ChineseLanguage "这是一种无脊椎 &%Animal。")

(subclass Worm Invertebrate)
(documentation Worm EnglishLanguage "Long, narrow, soft-bodied &%Invertebrates.")
(documentation Worm ChineseLanguage "这是一种瘦、长的软体 &%Invertebrates。")

(subclass Mollusk Invertebrate)
(documentation Mollusk EnglishLanguage "Soft-bodied &%Invertebrate that is usually
contained in a shell.  Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs,
octopi, and squid.")
(documentation Mollusk ChineseLanguage "这是一种通常住在贝壳里的软体 &%Invertebrate，它包括：
牡蛎、蛤蜊、贻贝、蛞蝓章鱼和鱿鱼。")

(subclass Arthropod Invertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition Arthropod Arachnid Myriapod Insect Crustacean)
(documentation Arthropod EnglishLanguage "A &%Class of &%Invertebrate that includes
&%Arachnids and &%Insects.")
(documentation Arthropod ChineseLanguage "这是包括 &%Arachnid 和 &%Insects 的  &%Invertebrate 
 &%Class。")

(subclass Arachnid Arthropod)
(documentation Arachnid EnglishLanguage "A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes
ticks and spiders.")
(documentation Arachnid ChineseLanguage "这是包括蜱虫和蜘蛛的 &%Arthropod &%Class。")

(subclass Myriapod Arthropod)
(documentation Myriapod EnglishLanguage "A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes
centipedes and millipedes.")
(documentation Myriapod ChineseLanguage "这是包括蜈蚣和千足虫的 &%Arthropod &%Class。")

(subclass Insect Arthropod)
(documentation Insect EnglishLanguage "A &%Class of small &%Arthropods that are
air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance.")
(documentation Insect ChineseLanguage "这是需要呼吸空气的小 &%Arthropod &%Class，可以通过它们的
外形把它们从其他几节动物分辨出来。")

(subclass Crustacean Arthropod)
(documentation Crustacean EnglishLanguage "A &%Class of &%Arthropods that mainly dwells
in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton.  Includes
lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles.")
(documentation Crustacean ChineseLanguage "这是一种主要栖息在水中的 &%Arthropod &%Class，它们
身体分成段，并且有意層几丁质的外骨骼，这包括龙虾、螃虾和藤壶。")

(subclass ColdBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition ColdBloodedVertebrate Amphibian Fish Reptile)
(documentation ColdBloodedVertebrate EnglishLanguage "&%Vertebrates whose body temperature
is not internally regulated.")
(documentation ColdBloodedVertebrate ChineseLanguage "这是一种体温不由内部监管的 &%Vertebrate。")

(subclass WarmBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate)
(disjoint WarmBloodedVertebrate ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation WarmBloodedVertebrate EnglishLanguage "&%Vertebrates whose body temperature
is internally regulated.")
(documentation WarmBloodedVertebrate ChineseLanguage "这是体温由内部监管的 &%Vertebrate。")

(subclass Amphibian ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation Amphibian EnglishLanguage "A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned &%Vertebrate
which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by
gills.  When mature, the &%Amphibian breathes with &%Lungs.")
(documentation Amphibian ChineseLanguage "这是一种冷血、表皮光滑的 &%Vertebrate，它们用腮呼吸，并且
典型的孵化水生幼虫，成年的 &%Amphibian 用 &%Lung 呼吸。")

(subclass Bird WarmBloodedVertebrate)
(disjoint Bird Mammal)
(documentation Bird EnglishLanguage "A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature
and characterized by the presence of feathers.")
(documentation Bird ChineseLanguage "这是一种有着恒常体温的 &%Vertebrate，羽毛是它们身上的特征。")

(subclass Fish ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation Fish EnglishLanguage "A cold-blooded aquatic &%Vertebrate characterized by
fins and breathing by gills. Included here are &%Fish having either a bony
skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark.
Also included are those &%Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or
hagfish.")
(documentation Fish ChineseLanguage "这是一种冷血的水生 &%Vertebrate，身上的鱼鳍和用腮呼吸是它们的
特征，这包括硬骨 &%Fish，如鲈鱼，或者软骨鱼如鲨鱼，也包括没有颚的 &%Fish，如七鳃鳗或盲鳗。")

(=>
  (instance ?FISH Fish)
  (exists (?WATER)
    (and
      (inhabits ?FISH ?WATER)
      (instance ?WATER Water))))

(subclass Mammal WarmBloodedVertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition Mammal AquaticMammal HoofedMammal Marsupial Rodent Primate)
(documentation Mammal EnglishLanguage "A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature
and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat
glands.")
(documentation Mammal ChineseLanguage "这是一种有恒常体温的 &%Vertebrate，身上的毛发、乳腺和
汗腺是它们的特征。")

(subclass AquaticMammal Mammal)
(documentation AquaticMammal EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Mammals that dwell chiefly
in the water.  Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses.")
(documentation AquaticMammal ChineseLanguage "这是主要在水栖息的 &%Mammal &%Class，这包括 
鲸鱼，海豚，海牛，海豹和海象。")

(subclass HoofedMammal Mammal)
(documentation HoofedMammal EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of quadruped &%Mammals with 
hooves. Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc.")
(documentation HoofedMammal ChineseLanguage "这是四足有蹄的 &%Mammal &%Class，这包括马、牛、
猪和羚羊等等。")

(subclass Marsupial Mammal)
(documentation Marsupial EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Mammals which have a pouch for
their young.")
(documentation Marsupial ChineseLanguage "这是有育幼袋的 &%Mammal &%Class。")

(subclass Carnivore Mammal)
(documentation Carnivore EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of flesh-eating &%Mammals.  Members
of this &%Class typically have four or five claws on each paw.  Includes
cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks.")
(documentation Carnivore ChineseLanguage "这是吃肉的 &%Mammal &%Class。这个 &%Class的成员每只
爪有通常四到五只爪子。这包括猫、狗、熊、浣熊和臭鼬。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CARNIVORE Carnivore)
      (instance ?EAT Eating)
      (agent ?EAT ?CARNIVORE)
      (patient ?EAT ?PREY))
   (instance ?PREY Animal))

(subclass Canine Carnivore)
(disjoint Canine Feline)
(documentation Canine EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely
separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles.")
(documentation Canine ChineseLanguage "这是拥有完全可以分离的脚趾、不可伸缩的爪和长鼻嘴的 
&%Carnivore &%Class，")

(subclass Feline Carnivore)
(documentation Feline EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely
separable toes, slim bodies, and rounded heads.  All felines other than
the cheetah have retractable claws.")
(documentation Feline ChineseLanguage "这是拥有完全可以分离的脚趾、修长的身体和圆头的 &%Carnivore
  &%Class。这包括除猎豹以外，所有有伸缩爪的猫科动物。")

(subclass Rodent Mammal)
(documentation Rodent EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Mammals with one or two pairs
of incisors for gnawing.  Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and
rabbits.")
(documentation Rodent ChineseLanguage "这是有一或两双用来啮食的门牙的 &%Mammal &%Class，这包括
大老鼠、小家鼠、豚鼠和兔子。")

(subclass Primate Mammal)
(disjointDecomposition Primate Ape Monkey Hominid)
(documentation Primate EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Mammals which are
&%Primates.")
(documentation Primate ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Primate 的 &%Mammal &%Class。")

(subclass Ape Primate)
(documentation Ape EnglishLanguage "Various &%Primates with no tails or only short
tails.")
(documentation Ape ChineseLanguage "这是各种没有尾巴或只有一条短尾的 &%Primate。")

(subclass Monkey Primate)
(documentation Monkey EnglishLanguage "Various &%Primates with relatively long
tails.")
(documentation Monkey ChineseLanguage "这是各种拥有较长尾巴的 &%Primate。")

(subclass Hominid Primate)
(documentation Hominid EnglishLanguage "Includes &%Humans and relatively recent
ancestors of &%Humans.")
(documentation Hominid ChineseLanguage "这包括 &%Human 和 &%Human 最近的祖先")

(subclass Human Hominid)
(subclass Human CognitiveAgent)
(partition Human Man Woman)
(documentation Human EnglishLanguage "Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo
genus.")
(documentation Human ChineseLanguage "这是现代人，人属唯一剩下的品种。")

(subclass Man Human)
(documentation Man EnglishLanguage "The class of &%Male &%Humans.")
(documentation Man ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Male &%Human 的类别。")

(=>
   (instance ?MAN Man)
   (attribute ?MAN Male))

(subclass Woman Human)
(documentation Woman EnglishLanguage "The class of &%Female &%Humans.")
(documentation Woman ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Female &%Human 的类别。")

(=>
   (instance ?WOMAN Woman)
   (attribute ?WOMAN Female))

(subclass Reptile ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation Reptile EnglishLanguage "A &%ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external
covering of scales or horny plates.  &%Reptiles breathe by means of
&%Lungs and generally lay eggs.")
(documentation Reptile ChineseLanguage "这是一种体外有層鳞片或角质板的 &%ColdBloodedVertebrate，
&%Reptile 用 &%Lung 呼吸，并通属常卵生。")

;; The following formulas cover biologically related &%Classes under
;; &%Substance.

(subclass BiologicallyActiveSubstance Substance)
(documentation BiologicallyActiveSubstance EnglishLanguage "A &%Substance that is
capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an
&%Organism.  This &%Class includes &%Substances used in the treatment,
diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function.
This &%Class also includes &%Substances that occur naturally in the body
and are administered therapeutically.  Finally, &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance
includes &%Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special
handling because of their toxicity.")

(subclass Nutrient BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
(disjointDecomposition Nutrient Protein Carbohydrate Vitamin)
(documentation Nutrient EnglishLanguage "A &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an 
&%Organism. It is generally ingested as &%Food, and it is of primary interest because of 
its role in the biologic functioning of the &%Organism.")
(documentation Nutrient ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Organism 需要的 
&%BiologicallyActiveSubstance。我们一般是通过 &%Food 吸收它，而这是我们主要的一体因为它对 &%Organism
的生物功能所起的作用。")

(subclass Protein Nutrient)
(documentation Protein EnglishLanguage "A &%Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by
peptide bonds.")
(documentation Protein ChineseLanguage "这是一种由肽键连接的氨基酸所组成的 &%Nutrient。")

(subclass Enzyme Protein)
(documentation Enzyme EnglishLanguage "A complex &%Protein that is produced by living
cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six
main types of enzymes:  oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases,
lyases, isomerases, and ligases.")
(documentation Enzyme ChineseLanguage "这是一种由活细胞所产生的复合 &%Protein，它能催化特定的
生化反应。据所知有六种主要类型的酶：氧化还原酶，转移酶，水解酶，裂解酶，异构酶和连接酶。")

(subclass Carbohydrate Nutrient)
(documentation Carbohydrate EnglishLanguage "An element of living cells and a source of
energy for &%Animals.  This class includes both simple &%Carbohydrates,
i.e. sugars, and complex &%Carbohydrates, i.e. starches.")
(documentation Carbohydrate ChineseLanguage "这是活细胞的一种元素，也是 &%Animal 能量的来源。这
个类别既包括简单的 &%Carbohydrate 如糖，也包括复合的 &%Carbohydrate， 即是淀粉。")

(subclass Vitamin Nutrient)
(documentation Vitamin EnglishLanguage "A &%Nutrient present in natural products or made
synthetically, which is essential in the diet of &%Humans and other higher
&%Animals.  Included here are &%Vitamin precursors and provitamins.")
(documentation Vitamin ChineseLanguage "这是存在于自然产品或人工合成的 &%Nutrient，这是 &%Human
和其他高等 &%Animal 饮食的重要成分，包括 &%Vitamin 前体和维生素原。")

(subclass LiquidMixture Mixture)
(partition LiquidMixture Solution Suspension)
(documentation LiquidMixture EnglishLanguage "Any &%Mixture that satisfies two conditions,
viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a &%Liquid and any
component other than &%Liquid in the &%Mixture is in the form of fine particles
which are suspended in the &%Liquid.")
(documentation LiquidMixture ChineseLanguage "这是任何能够满足以下两个条件的 &%Mixture: 即是主要由
 &%Liquid 组成，和除了在 &%Mixture 中的 &%Liquid 外，其他成分是由悬浮在 &%Liquid 以细颗粒的形状
 组成。")

(=>
   (instance ?MIX LiquidMixture)
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?MIX)
         (attribute ?PART Liquid))))

(subclass Solution LiquidMixture)
(documentation Solution EnglishLanguage "A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in
a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes.
A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition.
Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given
amount of water.")

(subclass Suspension LiquidMixture)
(documentation Suspension EnglishLanguage "A &%LiquidMixture where at least one of the
components of the &%Mixture is equally distributed throughout the &%Mixture
but is not dissolved in it.")
(documentation Suspension ChineseLanguage "这是一种 &%LiquidMixture，而 &%Mixture 中至少有一种
成分是没有完全溶解，但却平均散布在 &%Mixture 中的。")

(subclass GasMixture Mixture)
(disjoint GasMixture LiquidMixture)
(documentation GasMixture EnglishLanguage "Any &%Mixture that satisfies two conditions,
viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a &%Gas and any
component other than &%Gas in the &%Mixture is in the form of fine particles
which are suspended in the &%Gas.")
(documentation GasMixture ChineseLanguage "这是任何能够满足以下两个条件的 &%Mixture: 即是主要由 
&%Gas 组成，和除了在 &%Mixture 中的 &%Gas 外，其他成分是由悬浮在 &%Gas 以细颗粒的形状组成。")

(=>
   (instance ?MIX GasMixture)
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?MIX)
         (attribute ?PART Gas))))

(subclass Cloud GasMixture)
(documentation Cloud EnglishLanguage "Any &%GasMixture that is visible, e.g. &%Smoke 
produced by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky.")
(documentation Cloud ChineseLanguage "这是任何用肉眼可见的 &%GasMixture，例如：由火焰或天空中的
水蒸气所产生的 &%Smoke。")

(=>
   (instance ?CLOUD Cloud)
   (capability Seeing patient ?CLOUD))

(subclass Smoke Cloud)
(documentation Smoke EnglishLanguage "A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that 
is produced by &%Combustion.")
(documentation Smoke ChineseLanguage "这是由 &%Combustion 产生，悬浮于空气中的细颗粒混合物。")

(=>
   (instance ?SMOKE Smoke)
   (exists (?BURNING)
      (and
         (instance ?BURNING Combustion)
         (result ?BURNING ?SMOKE))))

(subclass WaterCloud Cloud)
(documentation WaterCloud EnglishLanguage "Any &%Cloud that is composed primarily of water 
vapor.")
(documentation WaterCloud ChineseLanguage "这是任何主要由水蒸气组成的 &%Cloud。")

(=>
   (instance ?CLOUD WaterCloud)
   (exists (?WATER)
      (and
         (instance ?WATER Water)
         (part ?WATER ?CLOUD))))

(=>
   (instance ?CLOUD WaterCloud)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (and
            (part ?PART ?CLOUD)
            (not (instance ?PART Water)))
         (exists (?WATER)
            (and
               (instance ?WATER Water)
               (part ?WATER ?CLOUD)
               (measure ?WATER ?MEASURE1)
               (measure ?PART ?MEASURE2)
               (greaterThan ?MEASURE1 ?MEASURE2))))))

(subclass Air GasMixture)
(documentation Air EnglishLanguage "&%Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the
atmosphere surrounding Earth.")
(documentation Air ChineseLanguage "&%Air 是组成环绕地球大气层的气体物质。")

(=>
   (instance ?WIND Wind)
   (exists (?AIR)
      (and
         (patient ?WIND ?AIR)
         (instance ?AIR Air))))

(subclass BodySubstance Substance)
(documentation BodySubstance EnglishLanguage "Extracellular material and mixtures of
cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted
by an &%Organism.  Included here are &%Substances such as saliva, dental
enamel, sweat, hormones, and gastric acid.")

(subclass AnimalSubstance BodySubstance)
(documentation AnimalSubstance EnglishLanguage "&%BodySubstances that are produced
exclusively by &%Animals.")
(documentation AnimalSubstance ChineseLanguage "这是只由 &%Animal 所产生的 &%BodySubstance。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE AnimalSubstance)
      (instance ?ANIMAL Organism)
      (part ?SUBSTANCE ?ANIMAL))
   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal))

(subclass PlantSubstance BodySubstance)
(documentation PlantSubstance EnglishLanguage "&%BodySubstances that are produced
exclusively by &%Plants.")
(documentation PlantSubstance ChineseLanguage "这是只由 &%Plant 所产生的 &%BodySubstance。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE PlantSubstance)
      (instance ?PLANT Organism)
      (part ?SUBSTANCE ?PLANT))
   (instance ?PLANT Plant))

(subclass Hormone BodySubstance)
(subclass Hormone BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
(documentation Hormone EnglishLanguage "In &%Animals, a chemical secreted by an
endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid.
&%Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or
control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents,
are assigned to the &%Class &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance. &%Hormones act as
chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as
growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.  They usually fall into two broad
categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones.")

(=>
   (instance ?HORMONE Hormone)
   (exists (?PROCESS ?GLAND)
      (and
         (instance ?GLAND Gland)
         (instrument ?PROCESS ?GLAND)
         (result ?PROCESS ?HORMONE))))

(subclass Blood BodySubstance)
(documentation Blood EnglishLanguage "A fluid present in &%Animals that transports
&%Nutrients to and waste products away from various &%BodyParts.")
(documentation Blood ChineseLanguage "这是存在于 &%Animal 体内，用于输送 &%Nutrient到各个  
&%BodyPart，并排泄废物的的液体。")

(instance FoodForFn UnaryFunction)
(domainSubclass FoodForFn 1 Organism)
(rangeSubclass FoodForFn SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation FoodForFn EnglishLanguage "A &%Function that denotes
&%SelfConnectedObject containing &%Nutrients, such as carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a the given class of living
&%Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue.")
(documentation FoodForFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%Function，它用来表示 &%SelfConnectedObject
所含的 &%Nutrient，如碳水化物、蛋白质和脂肪等，它们可以由某一类有生命的 &%Animal 摄入体内然后经过
新陈代谢成为能量和身体组织。")

(=>
  (instance ?FOOD (FoodForFn ?A))
  (exists (?NUTRIENT)
    (and
      (instance ?NUTRIENT Nutrient)
      (part ?NUTRIENT ?FOOD))))

(subclass Meat SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation Meat EnglishLanguage "Any food which was originally part of an
&%Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal
blood that is eaten as food.  Note that this class covers both raw
meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking.
Note too that preparations involving &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable
are classed directly under &%Food.")

(=>
   (instance ?MEAT Meat)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (part ?PART ?MEAT)
         (exists (?SUBPART ?TIME ?ANIMAL)
            (and
               (part ?SUBPART ?PART)
               (holdsDuring ?TIME
                 (and
                   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
                   (part ?SUBPART ?ANIMAL))))))))

;; KJN: Moving this to Mid-level-ontology.kif as it is causing dependency errors.
;;(subclass Beverage Substance)
;;(disjoint Meat Beverage)
;;(documentation Beverage EnglishLanguage "Any food that is ingested by &%Drinking.
;;Note that this class is disjoint &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable.")

;;(=>
;;   (instance ?BEV Beverage)
;;   (attribute ?BEV Liquid))

;;(=>
;;   (and
;;      (instance ?DRINK Drinking)
;;      (patient ?DRINK ?BEV))
;;   (instance ?BEV Beverage))

(subclass AnatomicalStructure OrganicObject)
(partition AnatomicalStructure BodyPart AbnormalAnatomicalStructure)
(partition AnatomicalStructure AnimalAnatomicalStructure PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation AnatomicalStructure EnglishLanguage "A normal or pathological part
of the anatomy or structural organization of an &%Organism.  This
class covers &%BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off
by &%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.")
(documentation AnatomicalStructure ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Organism 的解剖构造或结构组织的正常
或病理部分。这个类别包括 &%BodyPart 和由 &%Organism 所产生的的结构如：&%ReproductiveBody。")

(=>
    (instance ?ANAT AnatomicalStructure)
    (exists (?ORGANISM ?TIME)
        (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (temporalPart ?TIME (WhenFn ?ORGANISM))
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (part ?ANAT ?ORGANISM)))))

(=>
    (instance ?PART AnatomicalStructure)
    (exists (?CELL)
        (and
            (instance ?CELL Cell)
            (part ?CELL ?PART))))

(subclass AbnormalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation AbnormalAnatomicalStructure EnglishLanguage "Any &%AnatomicalStructure 
which is not normally found in the &%Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is
the result of a &%PathologicProcess.  This class covers tumors, birth marks,
goiters, etc.")
(documentation AbnormalAnatomicalStructure ChineseLanguage "这是通常不会出现在 &%Organism，
但却是它们一部分的任何 &%AnatomicalStructure，也就述说这是一种 &%PathologicProcess。这个类别包含
肿瘤，胎记，甲状腺肿大等。")

(=>
   (instance ?STRUCTURE AbnormalAnatomicalStructure)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (and
         (instance ?PROC PathologicProcess)
         (result ?PROC ?STRUCTURE))))

(subclass BodyPart AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation BodyPart EnglishLanguage "A collection of &%Cells and &%Tissues which
are localized to a specific area of an &%Organism and which are not
pathological. The instances of this &%Class range from gross structures
to small components of complex &%Organs.")
(documentation BodyPart ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Organism 某个特定部位而并非病理的 &%Cell 和 
&%Tissue。这个 &%Class 的实例的范围包括复杂 &%Organ 的总体结构至小部分。")

(=>
    (instance ?PART BodyPart)
    (exists (?ORGANISM ?TIME)
        (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (temporalPart ?TIME (WhenFn ?ORGANISM))
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (component ?PART ?ORGANISM)))))

(=>
   (instance ?PART BodyPart)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (and
         (instance ?PROC PhysiologicProcess)
         (result ?PROC ?PART))))

(subclass AnimalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation AnimalAnatomicalStructure EnglishLanguage "&%AnatomicalStructures that
are possessed exclusively by &%Animals.")
(documentation AnimalAnatomicalStructure ChineseLanguage "这是只属于 &%Animal 的 
&%AnatomicalStructure。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STRUCTURE AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
      (instance ?ANIMAL Organism)
      (part ?STRUCTURE ?ANIMAL))
   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal))

(subclass PlantAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation PlantAnatomicalStructure EnglishLanguage "&%AnatomicalStructures that
are possessed exclusively by &%Plants.")
(documentation PlantAnatomicalStructure ChineseLanguage "这是只属于 &%Plant de 
&%AnatomicalStructure。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STRUCTURE PlantAnatomicalStructure)
      (instance ?PLANT Organism)
      (part ?STRUCTURE ?PLANT))
   (instance ?PLANT Plant))

(subclass ReproductiveBody BodyPart)
(documentation ReproductiveBody EnglishLanguage "Reproductive structure of &%Organisms.
Consists of an &%Embryonic &%Object and a nutritive/protective envelope.
Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and &%FruitOrVegetables, as
well as the eggs produced by &%Animals.")
(documentation ReproductiveBody ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Organism 的繁殖结构，它包括 &%Embryonic  
 &%Object 和一个 营养/保护包。注：这个类别包括种子、孢子、 &%FruitOrVegetable 和由 &%Animal 排的蛋。")

(subclass Egg ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Egg AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Egg EnglishLanguage "The fertilized or unfertilized female 
&%ReproductiveBody of an &%Animal.  This includes &%Bird and &%Reptile eggs, as well as 
mammalian ova.")
(documentation Egg ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Animal 的雌性受精或未受精的 &%ReproductiveBody。这
包括 &%Bird 和 &%Reptile 的蛋与哺乳类动物的卵子。")

;; KJN: This is moved from Economy.kif.  Seed being subclassed from FruitOrVegetable
;; seems incorrect, though, as FruitOrVegetable talks about a ripened Reproductive
;; Body (although no formal rule states it) while a seed may not necessarily be so.
;; commenting it out for now.
;;(subclass Seed FruitOrVegetable)
(subclass Seed ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Seed PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Seed EnglishLanguage "The fertilized or unfertilized female 
&%ReproductiveBody of a &%FloweringPlant.")
(documentation Seed ChineseLanguage "这是 &%FloweringPlant 的雌性受精或未受精的 
&%ReproductiveBody。")

(=>
   (instance ?SEED Seed)
   (exists (?PLANT ?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?PLANT FloweringPlant)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (part ?SEED ?PLANT)))))

(subclass Pollen ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Pollen PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Pollen EnglishLanguage "A powder produced by &%FloweringPlants that 
contains male gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of &%FloweringPlants of the 
same species.")
(documentation Pollen ChineseLanguage "这是由 &%FloweringPlant 所产生的分装物体，里面有雄性配子，
它能够令到同一品种的 &%FloweringPlant 受精。")

(subclass FruitOrVegetable PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass FruitOrVegetable ReproductiveBody)
(documentation FruitOrVegetable EnglishLanguage "Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a
ripened &%ReproductiveBody of a &%Plant.  Note that &%FruitOrVegetable
is not a subclass of &%Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous
berries, are not edible.")
(documentation FruitOrVegetable ChineseLanguage "这是任何的水果或蔬菜，也就是说是 &%Plant 成熟的
 &%ReproductiveBody。注：因为有些水果不可食用，如毒草莓，所以 &%FruitOrVegetable 不是 &%Food 的
 子类别。")

(subclass Spore ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Spore PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Spore EnglishLanguage "Any &%ReproductiveBody of a &%NonFloweringPlant.")
(documentation Spore ChineseLanguage "这是 &%NonFloweringPlant 的 &%ReproductiveBody。 ")

(=>
   (instance ?SPORE Spore)
   (exists (?PLANT ?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?PLANT NonFloweringPlant)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (part ?SPORE ?PLANT)))))

(subclass BodyCovering BodyPart)
(documentation BodyCovering EnglishLanguage "Any &%BodyPart which is a covering of another
&%BodyPart or of an entire &%Organism.  This would include the rinds of
&%FruitOrVegetables and the skins of &%Animals.")
(documentation BodyCovering ChineseLanguage "这是任何遮盖另外一个 &%BodyPart 或整个 &%Organism
的 &%BodyPart。 这包括 &%FruitOrVegetable 的果皮和 &%Animal 的皮肤。")

(=>
   (instance ?COVER BodyCovering)
   (exists (?BODY)
      (and
         (superficialPart ?COVER ?BODY)
         (or
            (instance ?BODY Organism)
            (instance ?BODY BodyPart)))))

(subclass BodyJunction BodyPart)
(documentation BodyJunction EnglishLanguage "The place where two &%BodyParts
meet or connect.")
(documentation BodyJunction ChineseLanguage "这是两个 &%BodyPart 接触或相连的部位。")

(=>
    (instance ?JUNCT BodyJunction)
    (exists (?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
        (and
            (instance ?OBJ1 BodyPart)
            (instance ?OBJ2 BodyPart)
            (connects ?JUNCT ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))))

(subclass BodyCavity BodyPart)
(documentation BodyCavity EnglishLanguage "Any &%BodyPart which contains an unfilled 
space, e.g. &%BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc.")
(documentation BodyCavity ChineseLanguage "这是任何含有未填空间的 &%BodyPart，例如：
&%BodyVessel、心脏的心房和心室、肺部等等。")

(subclass BodyVessel BodyCavity)
(documentation BodyVessel EnglishLanguage "Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally 
in an &%Organism and through which a &%BodySubstance can circulate.")
(documentation BodyVessel ChineseLanguage "这是在 &%Organism 自然出现的管状结构，通过它 
 &%BodySubstance 就可以循环。")

(subclass Cell BodyPart)
(documentation Cell EnglishLanguage "The fundamental structural and functional unit of
living &%Organisms.")
(documentation Cell ChineseLanguage "这是有生命 &%Organism 基本的结构单位和功能部分。")

(subclass Organ BodyPart)
(documentation Organ EnglishLanguage "A somewhat independent &%BodyPart that performs a
specialized function.  Note that this functional definition covers bodily
systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system.")
(documentation Organ ChineseLanguage "这是一个颇为独立的 &%BodyPart， 负责特定的功能。注：这个功能
定义包含身体系统，例如：消化系统或中枢神经系统。")

(=>
   (instance ?ORGAN Organ)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (hasPurpose ?ORGAN ?PURP)))

(subclass Gland Organ)
(documentation Gland EnglishLanguage "An &%Organ that removes &%Substances from the 
&%Blood,alters them in some way, and then releases them.")
(documentation Gland ChineseLanguage "这是负责 从 &%Blood 中把 &%Substance 除去、在某程度上改变，
并释放的 &%Organ。")

(subclass Tissue BodySubstance)
(disjointDecomposition Tissue Bone Muscle FatTissue)
(documentation Tissue EnglishLanguage "An aggregation of similarly specialized &%Cells
and the associated intercellular substance. &%Tissues are relatively
non-localized in comparison to &%BodyParts, &%Organs or &%Organ components.
The main features of &%Tissues are self-connectivity (see
&%SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the
same granularity are instances of &%Tissue as well).")

(=>
    (instance ?STUFF Tissue)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (instance ?PART Cell)
            (part ?PART ?STUFF))))

(=>
    (instance ?STUFF Tissue)
    (exists (?ORGANISM)
        (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (part ?STUFF ?ORGANISM))))

(subclass Bone Tissue)
(subclass Bone AnimalSubstance)
(documentation Bone EnglishLanguage "Rigid &%Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes 
up the skeleton of &%Vertebrates.  Note that this &%Class also includes teeth.")
(documentation Bone ChineseLanguage "这是大致由钙质所组成的坚硬&%Tissue，它构成了 &%Vertebrate 的
骨架。注：这个 &%Class 也包括牙齿。")

(=>
   (instance ?BONE Bone)
   (exists (?VERT)
      (and
         (instance ?VERT Vertebrate)
         (part ?BONE ?VERT))))

(subclass Muscle Tissue)
(subclass Muscle AnimalSubstance)
(documentation Muscle EnglishLanguage "Nonrigid &%Tissue appearing only in &%Animals and
composed largely of contractile cells.")
(documentation Muscle ChineseLanguage "这是只在 &%Animal 出现的非坚硬的 &%Tissue，它大致由收缩
细胞所组成。")

(subclass FatTissue Tissue)
(documentation FatTissue EnglishLanguage "Nonrigid &%Tissue that is composed largely of
fat cells.")
(documentation FatTissue ChineseLanguage "这是大致由脂肪细胞所组成的非坚硬 &%Tissue。")

(subclass Noun Word)
(partition Word Noun Verb Adjective Adverb ParticleWord)
(documentation Noun EnglishLanguage "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of &%Words
that conventionally denote &%Objects.")
(documentation Noun ChineseLanguage "这是词类其中的一部分，它是习惯用于表示 &%Object 的 &%Word 
&%Class。")

(subclass Verb Word)
(documentation Verb EnglishLanguage "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of &%Words
that conventionally denote &%Processes.")
(documentation Verb ChineseLanguage "这是词类其中的一部分，它是习惯用于表示 &%Process 的 &%Word 
&%Class。")

(subclass Adjective Word)
(documentation Adjective EnglishLanguage "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of
&%Words that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Objects.")
(documentation Adjective ChineseLanguage "这是词类其中的一部分，它是习惯用于表示 &%Object 的
&%Attribute 的 &%Word &%Class。")

(subclass Adverb Word)
(documentation Adverb EnglishLanguage "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of &%Words
that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Processes.")
(documentation Adverb ChineseLanguage "这是词类其中的一部分，它是习惯用于表示 &%Process 的 
&%Attribute 的 &%Word &%Class。")

(subclass ParticleWord Word)
(documentation ParticleWord EnglishLanguage "An umbrella &%Class for any &%Word that does 
not fit into the other subclasses of &%Word.  A &%ParticleWord is generally a small
term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of',
'since', etc.  At some point, this class might be broken up into the
subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc.  Note that the class &%ParticleWord
includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its',
etc.")

(subclass Morpheme LinguisticExpression)
(documentation Morpheme EnglishLanguage "Part of a &%Word which cannot be subdivided
and which expresses a meaning.")

(=>
   (instance ?MORPH Morpheme)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERMORPH)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERMORPH Morpheme)
            (part ?OTHERMORPH ?MORPH)
            (not (equal ?OTHERMORPH ?MORPH))))))

(=>
   (instance ?MORPH Morpheme)
   (exists (?WORD)
         (and
            (instance ?WORD Word)
            (part ?MORPH ?WORD))))

(=>
    (instance ?WORD Word)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (part ?PART ?WORD)
            (instance ?PART Morpheme))))

(subclass Phrase LinguisticExpression)
(disjointDecomposition Phrase VerbPhrase NounPhrase PrepositionalPhrase)
(documentation Phrase EnglishLanguage "A set of &%Words in a &%Language which form a unit,
i.e. express a meaning in the &%Language.")
(documentation Phrase ChineseLanguage "这是一种 &%Language 的一组 &%Word， 它形成一个单位，即是
以那个 &%Language 表示一个意义。")

(=>
  (instance ?PHRASE Phrase)
  (exists (?PART1 ?PART2)
    (and
      (part ?PART1 ?PHRASE)
      (part ?PART2 ?PHRASE)
      (instance ?PART1 Word)
      (instance ?PART2 Word)
      (not (equal ?PART1 ?PART2)))))

(subclass VerbPhrase Phrase)
(documentation VerbPhrase EnglishLanguage "A &%Phrase that has the same function as a
&%Verb.")
(documentation VerbPhrase ChineseLanguage "这是有着和 &%Verb 一样功能的 &%Phrase。")

(=>
   (instance ?PHRASE VerbPhrase)
   (exists (?VERB)
      (and
         (instance ?VERB Verb)
         (part ?VERB ?PHRASE))))

(subclass NounPhrase Phrase)
(disjoint NounPhrase VerbPhrase)
(documentation NounPhrase EnglishLanguage "A &%Phrase that has the same function as a
&%Noun.")
(documentation NounPhrase ChineseLanguage "这是有着和 &%Noun 一样功能的 &%Phrase。")

(=>
    (instance ?SENTENCE Sentence)
    (exists (?PHRASE1 ?PHRASE2)
        (and
           (instance ?PHRASE1 NounPhrase)
           (instance ?PHRASE2 VerbPhrase)
           (part ?PHRASE1 ?SENTENCE)
           (part ?PHRASE2 ?SENTENCE))))

(=>
   (instance ?PHRASE NounPhrase)
   (exists (?NOUN)
      (and
         (instance ?NOUN Noun)
         (part ?NOUN ?PHRASE))))

(subclass PrepositionalPhrase Phrase)
(documentation PrepositionalPhrase EnglishLanguage "A &%Phrase that begins with a
preposition and that functions as an &%Adjective or an &%Adverb.")
(documentation PrepositionalPhrase ChineseLanguage "这是以介词为首的 &%Phrase，它有着 
&%Adjective 或 &%Adverb 的作用。")

(=>
   (instance ?PHRASE PrepositionalPhrase)
   (exists (?PREP)
      (and
         (instance ?PREP ParticleWord)
         (part ?PREP ?PHRASE))))

(subclass Text LinguisticExpression)
(subclass Text ContentBearingObject)
(subclass Text Artifact)
(documentation Text EnglishLanguage "A &%LinguisticExpression or set of
&%LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related
to &%Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular
topic, and that are inscribed in a &%CorpuscularObject by &%Humans.")
(documentation Text ChineseLanguage "这是一种在 &%Communication 上表达一个特定功能的 
&%LinguisticExpression 或一组 &%LinguisticExpression。例如：由 &%Human 所书写的 
&%CorpuscularObject，它是为了表达一个特定主题的话语。")

(=>
    (instance ?TEXT Text)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (part ?PART ?TEXT)
            (instance ?PART LinguisticExpression))))

(=>
   (instance ?TEXT Text)
   (exists (?WRITE)
      (and
         (instance ?WRITE Writing)
         (result ?WRITE ?TEXT))))

(subclass FactualText Text)
(disjoint FactualText FictionalText)
(documentation FactualText EnglishLanguage "The class of &%Texts that purport to
reveal facts about the world.  Such texts are often known as information
or as non-fiction.  Note that something can be an instance of
&%FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate.  Whether something
is a &%FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating
the text.")

;; NS: delete.  The 2nd argument to &%authors must be a &%Class.
;; (=>
;;    (and
;;       (instance ?TEXT FactualText)
;;       (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT)
;;       (subsumesContentInstance ?TEXT ?CONTENT)
;;       (instance ?CONTENT Formula))
;;    (believes ?AGENT ?CONTENT))

;; NS: add.
(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TEXT ?CLASS)
      (subclass ?CLASS FactualText)
      (authors ?AGENT ?CLASS)
      (subsumesContentInstance ?TEXT ?CONTENT)
      (instance ?CONTENT Formula))
   (believes ?AGENT ?CONTENT))

(subclass FictionalText Text)
(documentation FictionalText EnglishLanguage "The class of &%Texts that purport to
be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author
does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is
an accurate depiction of the real world.  Note that something can
be an instance of &%FictionalText, even if it is completely true.
Whether something is a &%FictionalText is determined by the beliefs
of the agent creating the text.")

;; NS: delete.  Wrong use of &%authors.  Also, the rule is supposed to
;; be about &%FictionalText, not &%FactualText.
;; (=>
;;    (and
;;       (instance ?TEXT FactualText)
;;       (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT))
;;    (exists (?CONTENT)
;;       (and
;;          (subsumesContentInstance ?TEXT ?CONTENT)
;;          (instance ?CONTENT Formula)
;;          (not (believes ?AGENT ?CONTENT)))))

;; NS: add.
(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TEXT ?CLASS)
      (subclass ?CLASS FictionalText)
      (authors ?AGENT ?CLASS))
   (exists (?CONTENT)
      (and
         (subsumesContentInstance ?TEXT ?CONTENT)
         (instance ?CONTENT Formula)
         (not (believes ?AGENT ?CONTENT)))))

(subclass Sentence LinguisticExpression)
(documentation Sentence EnglishLanguage "A syntactically well-formed formula of a
&%Language.  It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which
may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a &%Proposition.")

(=>
    (instance ?SENT Sentence)
    (exists (?PROP)
        (and
            (instance ?PROP Proposition)
            (containsInformation ?SENT ?PROP))))

(instance authors BinaryPredicate)
(instance authors AsymmetricRelation)
(domain authors 1 Agent)
(domainSubclass authors 2 ContentBearingObject)

;; NS: edit.
(documentation authors EnglishLanguage "(&%authors ?AGENT ?TEXTCLASS)
means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for the content of all
instances of ?TEXTCLASS.  For example, Agatha Christie is author of
Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.")
(documentation authors ChineseLanguage "(&%authors ?AGENT ?TEXTCLASS)的意思是 ?AGENT
创作 ?TEXTCLASS 所有实例的内容。例如：阿加莎·克里斯蒂是'东方快车'谋杀案的作者。")

;; NS: edit.
(=>
     (authors ?AGENT ?TEXTCLASS)
     (exists (?PROCESS ?INSTANCE)
          (and
               (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
               (instance ?INSTANCE ?TEXTCLASS)
               (result ?PROCESS ?INSTANCE))))

(instance editor BinaryPredicate)
(instance editor AsymmetricRelation)
(domain editor 1 Agent)
(domainSubclass editor 2 Text)

;; NS: edit.
(documentation editor EnglishLanguage "(&%editor ?AGENT ?TEXTCLASS)
means that ?AGENT is an editor of the content contained (or realized)
in all instances of ?TEXTCLASS.")
(documentation editor ChineseLanguage "(&%editor ?AGENT ?TEXTCLASS)的意思是 ?AGENT 是
 ?TEXTCLASS 所有实例内所含内容的编辑。")

(instance publishes BinaryPredicate)
(instance publishes AsymmetricRelation)
(domain publishes 1 Organization)
(domainSubclass publishes 2 Text)

;; NS: edit.
(documentation publishes EnglishLanguage "(&%publishes ?ORG
?TEXTCLASS) means that ?ORG publishes all instances of ?TEXTCLASS.
For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's
Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.")
(documentation publishes ChineseLanguage "(&%publishes ?ORG ?TEXTCLASS)的意思是 ?ORG 出版了 
?TEXTCLASS 的所有实例。例如：'Bantam Books'出版了阿加莎·克里斯蒂所作的'东方快车'谋杀案。")

;; NS: edit.
(=>
  (and
    (publishes ?ORG ?TEXTCLASS)
    (instance ?INST ?TEXTCLASS))
  (exists (?PUB)
    (and
      (instance ?PUB Publication)
      (agent ?PUB ?ORG)
      (patient ?PUB ?INST))))

(instance EditionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance EditionFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass EditionFn 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domain EditionFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(rangeSubclass EditionFn ContentBearingObject)
(documentation EditionFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of text
(e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number
to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number.")
(documentation EditionFn ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%BinaryFunction，它把一种文本
( 例如：阿加莎·克里斯蒂所作的'东方快车'谋杀案 ) 和这个文本的版本对应的一个数字连在一起。")

(=>
  (and
    (equal
      (EditionFn ?TEXT ?INT1) ?EDITION1)
    (equal
      (EditionFn ?TEXT ?INT2) ?EDITION2)
    (greaterThan ?INT2 ?INT1)
    (instance ?PUB1 Publication)
    (instance ?PUB2 Publication)
    (instance ?CBO1 ?EDITION1)
    (instance ?CBO2 ?EDITION2)
    (patient ?PUB1 ?CBO1)
    (patient ?PUB2 ?CBO2)
    (date ?PUB1 ?DATE1)
    (date ?PUB2 ?DATE2))
  (before
    (EndFn ?DATE1)
    (EndFn ?DATE2)))

(=>
   (equal (EditionFn ?TEXT1 ?NUMBER) ?TEXT2)
   (subsumesContentClass ?TEXT1 ?TEXT2))

;; KJN: Moving to MILO
;;(instance SeriesVolumeFn BinaryFunction)
;;(instance SeriesVolumeFn PartialValuedRelation)
;;(domainSubclass SeriesVolumeFn 1 Series)
;;(domain SeriesVolumeFn 2 PositiveInteger)
;;(rangeSubclass SeriesVolumeFn Text)
;;(documentation SeriesVolumeFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of &%Series
;;(e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a
;;number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number.")

;;(=>
;;   (and
;;      (subclass ?TEXT Periodical)
;;      (equal (SeriesVolumeFn ?TEXT ?INT1) ?VOLUME1)
;;      (equal (SeriesVolumeFn ?TEXT ?INT2) ?VOLUME2)
;;      (greaterThan ?INT2 ?INT1)
;;      (instance ?PUB1 Publication)
;;      (instance ?PUB2 Publication)
;;      (instance ?CBO1 ?VOLUME1)
;;      (instance ?CBO2 ?VOLUME2)
;;      (patient ?PUB1 ?CBO1)
;;      (patient ?PUB2 ?CBO2)
;;      (date ?PUB1 ?DATE1)
;;      (date ?PUB2 ?DATE2))
;;   (before (EndFn ?DATE1) (EndFn ?DATE2)))

;;(=>
;;   (equal (SeriesVolumeFn ?SERIES ?NUMBER) ?VOLUME)
;;   (subsumesContentClass ?SERIES ?VOLUME))

;; KJN: Moving to MILO
;;(instance PeriodicalIssueFn BinaryFunction)
;;(instance PeriodicalIssueFn PartialValuedRelation)
;;(domainSubclass PeriodicalIssueFn 1 Periodical)
;;(domain PeriodicalIssueFn 2 PositiveInteger)
;;(rangeSubclass PeriodicalIssueFn Periodical)
;;(documentation PeriodicalIssueFn EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of
;;&%Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the &%Periodical corresponding
;;to the number.")

;;(=>
;;   (equal (PeriodicalIssueFn ?PERIODICAL ?NUMBER) ?ISSUE)
;;   (subsumesContentClass ?PERIODICAL ?ISSUE))

;; KJN: Moving to MILO
;;(subclass Book Text)
;;(documentation Book EnglishLanguage "A &%Text that has pages and is bound.")

(subclass Summary Text)
(documentation Summary EnglishLanguage "A short &%Text that is a summary of another,
longer &%Text.")

(=>
   (instance ?TEXT Summary)
   (exists (?TEXT2)
      (and
         (instance ?TEXT2 Text)
         (subsumesContentInstance ?TEXT2 ?TEXT))))

;; KJN: Moving to MILO
;;(subclass Series Text)
;;(documentation Series EnglishLanguage "A &%Text consisting of multiple self-contained units.
;;Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television
;;series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc.")

;;(=>
;;   (instance ?SERIES Series)
;;   (exists (?BOOK1 ?BOOK2)
;;      (and
;;         (instance ?BOOK1 Book)
;;         (instance ?BOOK2 Book)
;;         (subsumesContentInstance ?SERIES ?BOOK1)
;;         (subsumesContentInstance ?SERIES ?BOOK2)
;;         (not (equal ?BOOK1 ?BOOK2)))))

;;(subclass Periodical Series)
;;(documentation Periodical EnglishLanguage "A &%Series whose elements are published separately
;;and on a periodic basis.")

;;(subclass Article Text)
;;(disjoint Article Book)
;;(documentation Article EnglishLanguage "A relatively short &%Text that either is unbound or is
;;bound with other &%Articles in a &%Book.")

;;(=>
;;   (and
;;      (instance ?ARTICLE1 Article)
;;      (instance ?BOOK Book)
;;      (subsumesContentInstance ?BOOK ?ARTICLE1))
;;   (exists (?ARTICLE2)
;;      (and
;;         (instance ?ARTICLE2 Article)
;;         (not (equal ?ARTICLE2 ?ARTICLE1))
;;         (subsumesContentInstance ?BOOK ?ARTICLE2))))

(subclass Certificate Text)
(documentation Certificate EnglishLanguage "A &%Text that confers a right or obligation
on the holder of the &%Certificate.  Note that the right or obligation
need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants
certain privileges in the professional world.")

(=>
   (instance ?DOC Certificate)
   (exists (?PROP ?NORM)
      (or
         (confersNorm ?DOC ?PROP ?NORM)
         (deprivesNorm ?DOC ?PROP ?NORM))))

(subclass FinancialInstrument Certificate)
(documentation FinancialInstrument EnglishLanguage "A document having monetary value
or recording a monetary transaction")
(documentation FinancialInstrument ChineseLanguage "这是具有货币价值或记录货币交易的文件。")

(subclass Currency FinancialInstrument)
(documentation Currency EnglishLanguage "Any element of the official currency of some
&%Nation.  This covers both &%CurrencyBills and &%CurrencyCoins.")
(documentation Currency ChineseLanguage "这是某些 &%Nation 国家官方货币的任何元素。这包括 
&%CurrencyBill 和 &%CurrencyCoin。")

(=>
   (instance ?CURRENCY Currency)
   (exists (?MEASURE)
      (monetaryValue ?CURRENCY ?MEASURE)))

(subclass Patent Certificate)
(documentation Patent EnglishLanguage "A &%Certificate that expresses the content of an
invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental
entity.")
(documentation Patent ChineseLanguage "这是一张 &%Certificate，它证明一个受到政府机构法律所保护
承认的发明的内容。")

(subclass Molecule CompoundSubstance)
(documentation Molecule EnglishLanguage "A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a
&%CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties
of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O.  A molecule is two or more &%Atoms
linked by a chemical bond.")
(documentation Molecule ChineseLanguage "分子是 &%CompoundSubstance在能保留该物质所有的物理和
化学性质下最小的物质单位，例如：Ne、 H2和H2O等。分子是由两个或以上的 &%Atom 以化学键联系的。")

(=>
   (instance ?MOLE Molecule)
   (exists (?ATOM1 ?ATOM2)
      (and
         (instance ?ATOM1 Atom)
         (instance ?ATOM2 Atom)
         (part ?ATOM1 ?MOLE)
         (part ?ATOM2 ?MOLE)
         (not
            (equal ?ATOM1 ?ATOM2)))))

(subclass Artifact Object)
(documentation Artifact EnglishLanguage "An &%Object that is the product of a
&%Making.")
(documentation Artifact ChineseLanguage "这是由 &%Making 所产生的 &%Object。")

(=>
   (instance ?ARTIFACT Artifact)
   (exists (?MAKING)
      (and
         (instance ?MAKING Making)
         (result ?MAKING ?ARTIFACT))))

(subclass Product Artifact)
(documentation Product EnglishLanguage "An &%Artifact that is produced by &%Manufacture.")
(documentation Product ChineseLanguage "这是由 &%Manufacture 所产生的 &%Artifact。")

(=>
   (instance ?PRODUCT Product)
   (exists (?MANUFACTURE)
      (and
         (instance ?MANUFACTURE Manufacture)
         (result ?MANUFACTURE ?PRODUCT))))

(instance version BinaryPredicate)
(instance version AsymmetricRelation)
(instance version TransitiveRelation)
(domainSubclass version 1 Artifact)
(domainSubclass version 2 Artifact)
(documentation version EnglishLanguage "Some &%Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete
stages or versions.  (&%version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1
is a version of ARTIFACT2.  Note that this &%Predicate relates subclasses of
&%Artifact and not instances.")
(documentation version ChineseLanguage "有些 &%Artifact 的生命周期是由不相连的阶段或版本组成。
(&%version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2)的意思是 ARTIFACT1 是 ARTIFACT2 的一个版本。注：这个 &%Predicate
只联系 &%Artifact 的子类别，而不联系它的实例。")

(=>
    (version ?ARTIFACT1 ?ARTIFACT2)
    (subclass ?ARTIFACT1 ?ARTIFACT2))

;; The following part of the ontology will eventually encompass all
;; artifacts.  For the time being, it is mostly restricted to the content
;; of the Ontolingua ontology component-assemblies, which covers the types
;; of elements used to construct engineering systems.

(subclass StationaryArtifact Artifact)
(documentation StationaryArtifact EnglishLanguage "A &%StationaryArtifact is an &%Artifact
that has a fixed spatial location.  Most instances of this &%Class are
architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers,
single-family houses, etc.")

(=>
  (instance ?ARTIFACT StationaryArtifact)
  (exists (?PLACE)
    (and
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?ARTIFACT) (located ?ARTIFACT ?PLACE))
      (not
        (exists (?P2)
          (and
            (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?ARTIFACT) (located ?ARTIFACT ?P2))
            (not
              (equal ?PLACE ?P2))))))))

(subclass Building StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Building EnglishLanguage "The Class of &%StationaryArtifacts which are
intended to house &%Humans and their activities.")
(documentation Building ChineseLanguage "这是为了容纳 &%Human 和他们的活动 
&%StationaryArtifact 的类别。")

(=>
   (instance ?BUILDING Building)
   (exists (?HUMAN)
      (and
         (instance ?HUMAN Human)
         (or
            (inhabits ?HUMAN ?BUILDING)
            (exists (?ACT)
               (and
                  (agent ?ACT ?HUMAN)
                  (located ?ACT ?BUILDING)))))))

(subclass Room StationaryArtifact)
(disjoint Room Building)
(documentation Room EnglishLanguage "A &%properPart of a &%Building which is separated 
from the exterior of the &%Building and/or other &%Rooms of the &%Building by walls.
Some &%Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking,
entertainment, etc.")
(documentation Room ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Building 的 &%properPart，它由墙把它和 &%Building
的外墙和/或 &%Building 其他的 &%Room 分隔。有些 &%Room 会有特定的用途，例如：睡觉、洗澡、煮食和娱乐
等等。")

(=>
   (instance ?ROOM Room)
   (exists (?BUILD)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILD Building)
         (properPart ?ROOM ?BUILD))))

(subclass House ResidentialBuilding)
(subclass House SingleFamilyResidence)
(documentation House EnglishLanguage "A &%ResidentialBuilding which is intended to be
inhabited by members of the same &%SocialUnit.  &%Houses are distinguished
from temporary housing like hotels and multi-family dwellings like condominium
and apartment buildings.")
(documentation House ChineseLanguage "这是一幢 &%ResidentialBuilding，它是为了让相同 
&%SocialUnit 的成员居住在一起而存在。  &%House 有别于临时住所如酒店和多户住宅如产权公寓和套间大厦等。")

(subclass Residence StationaryArtifact)
(disjointDecomposition Residence PermanentResidence TemporaryResidence)
(documentation Residence EnglishLanguage "A &%Building or part of a &%Building which 
provides some accomodation for sleeping.")
(documentation Residence ChineseLanguage "这是一幢提供住宿的 &%Building 或 &%Building 的一
部分。")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE Residence)
   (or
      (instance ?RESIDENCE House)
      (exists (?BUILDING)
         (and
            (instance ?BUILDING ResidentialBuilding)
            (part ?RESIDENCE ?BUILDING)))))

(subclass PermanentResidence Residence)
(documentation PermanentResidence EnglishLanguage "A &%Residence where people live, i.e.
where people have a &%home.")
(documentation PermanentResidence ChineseLanguage "这是人们居住，即是为 &%home 的 
&%Residence。")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE PermanentResidence)
   (exists (?PERSON)
      (home ?PERSON ?RESIDENCE)))

(subclass TemporaryResidence Residence)
(documentation TemporaryResidence EnglishLanguage "A &%Residence which is strictly 
temporary, i.e. where no one makes his/her &%home.")
(documentation TemporaryResidence ChineseLanguage "这一处纯粹临时的 &%Residence，即是没有人会把
它当成是他/她的 &%home。")

(=>
  (instance ?RESIDENCE TemporaryResidence)
  (not
    (exists (?PERSON)
      (home ?PERSON ?RESIDENCE))))

(subclass ResidentialBuilding Building)
(subclass ResidentialBuilding Residence)
(documentation ResidentialBuilding EnglishLanguage "A &%Building which provides some
accomodation for sleeping.  Note that this class does not cover just
permanent residences, e.g. &%Houses and condominium and apartment buildings,
but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories.
&%ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from &%CommercialBuildings,
which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential
function.")

;; Moved hotel definition to Hotel.kif.
;;(subclass Hotel ResidentialBuilding)
;;(subclass Hotel TemporaryResidence)
;;(subclass Hotel CommercialAgent)
;;(documentation Hotel EnglishLanguage "A &%ResidentialBuilding which provides temporary
;;accommodations to guests in exchange for money.")

(subclass SingleFamilyResidence PermanentResidence)
(documentation SingleFamilyResidence EnglishLanguage "A &%PermanentResidence which is
intended to be the &%home of a single &%SocialUnit.  This class covers
&%Houses, &%ApartmentUnits, and &%CondominiumUnits.")
(documentation SingleFamilyResidence ChineseLanguage "这是为了成为一个单一 &%SocialUnit 的 
 &%home 的 &%PermanentResidence。这个类别包括 &%Houses、&%ApartmentUnits 和 
 &%CondominiumUnits。")

(=>
  (instance ?RESIDENCE SingleFamilyResidence)
  (hasPurpose ?RESIDENCE
  (forall (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
    (=>
      (and
        (home ?AGENT1 ?RESIDENCE)
        (home ?AGENT2 ?RESIDENCE))
      (exists (?UNIT)
        (and
          (instance ?UNIT SocialUnit)
          (member ?AGENT1 ?UNIT)
          (member ?AGENT2 ?UNIT)))))))

(subclass ArtWork Artifact)
(documentation ArtWork EnglishLanguage "&%Artifacts that are created primarily for
aesthetic appreciation.  Note that this &%Class does not include
most examples of architecture, which belong under &%StationaryArtifact.")
(documentation ArtWork ChineseLanguage "这是缔造来主要为了让人审美欣赏 &%Artifact。 注这 &%Class
个类别并不包括建筑物的例子，建筑物属于 &%StationaryArtifact。")

(=>
  (instance ?AW ArtWork)
  (hasPurpose ?AW
    (exists (?H ?P)
      (and
        (instance ?H Human)
        (instance ?P Perception)
        (experiencer ?P ?H)
        (patient ?P ?AW)))))

(=>
  (instance ?AW ArtWork)
  (hasPurpose ?AW
    (exists (?P)
      (and
        (instance ?H Human)
        (desires ?H
          (exists (?P)
            (and
              (instance ?P Perception)
              (experiencer ?P ?H)
              (patient ?P ?AW))))))))

(subclass RepresentationalArtWork ArtWork)
(subclass RepresentationalArtWork Icon)
(documentation RepresentationalArtWork EnglishLanguage "Any &%ArtWork that &%represents
something &%Physical.")
(documentation RepresentationalArtWork ChineseLanguage "这是任何 &%represents &%Physical
物体的 &%ArtWork。")

(=>
  (instance ?RA RepresentationalArtWork)
  (exists (?P)
    (and
      (instance ?P Physical)
      (represents ?RA ?P))))

(subclass Fabric Artifact)
(disjoint Fabric StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Fabric EnglishLanguage "&%Artifacts that are created by weaving together
natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of
&%Animals.  Note that this &%Class includes articles that are created by
stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads.  On the other
hand, &%Clothing is not a &%subclass of &%Fabric, because many clothing items
contain elements that are not fabrics.")

(subclass WearableItem Artifact)
(documentation WearableItem EnglishLanguage "&%WearableItem is the subclass of
&%Artifacts that are made to be worn on the body.")
(documentation WearableItem ChineseLanguage "&%WearableItem 是 &%Artifact 的一个子类别，它是
为了穿在身上才做的。")

(=>
  (instance ?WI WearableItem)
  (hasPurpose ?WI
    (exists (?H)
      (and
        (instance ?H Human)
        (wears ?H ?WI)))))

(subclass Clothing WearableItem)
(disjoint Clothing StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Clothing EnglishLanguage "&%Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other
materials that are used to cover the bodies of &%Humans.")
(documentation Clothing ChineseLanguage "这是由面料和可能是其他物料所造成，是给 &%Human 蔽体用的
 &%Artifact。")

(=>
   (instance ?CLOTHING Clothing)
   (exists (?FABRIC)
      (and
         (instance ?FABRIC Fabric)
         (part ?FABRIC ?CLOTHING))))

(instance wears BinaryPredicate)
(domain wears 1 Animal)
(domain wears 2 WearableItem)
(documentation wears EnglishLanguage "(&%wears ?AGENT ?WI) means that ?AGENT is wearing
the &%WearableItem item ?WI.")
(documentation wears ChineseLanguage "(&%wears ?AGENT ?WI) 的意思是 ?AGENT 正穿着一件 ?WI 的
&%WearableItem。")

(=>
   (wears ?AGENT ?WI)
   (located ?WI ?AGENT))

(=>
  (and
    (wears ?A ?C)
    (part ?P ?C))
  (wears ?A ?P))

(subclass Device Artifact)
(documentation Device EnglishLanguage "A &%Device is an &%Artifact whose purpose is to
serve as an &%instrument in a specific subclass of &%Process.")
(documentation Device ChineseLanguage "&%Device 是一件 &%Artifact，它出现目的为了服务一件 
&%Process 一个特定子类别的 &%instrument。")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE Device)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (capability ?PROC instrument ?DEVICE)))

(=>
  (instance ?DEVICE Device)
  (exists (?PROC)
    (hasPurpose ?DEVICE
      (exists (?INST)
        (and
          (instance ?INST ?PROC)
          (instrument ?INST ?DEVICE))))))

(subclass MusicalInstrument Device)
(documentation MusicalInstrument EnglishLanguage "A &%Device which is manipulated by a 
&%Human and whose purpose is &%MakingMusic.")
(documentation MusicalInstrument ChineseLanguage "这是一件由 &%Human 控制的 &%Device，它的用途
是为了 &%MakingMusic。")

(=>
   (instance ?INSTRUMENT MusicalInstrument)
   (capability MakingMusic instrument ?INSTRUMENT))

(subclass TransportationDevice Device)
(documentation TransportationDevice EnglishLanguage "A &%TransportationDevice is a 
&%Device which serves as the &%instrument in a &%Transportation &%Process which carries
the &%patient of the &%Process from one point to another.")
(documentation TransportationDevice ChineseLanguage "&%TransportationDevice 是在 
&%Transportation &%Process 中用作 &%instrument 的一个 &%Device，通过这个 &%Process， 它把 
&%patient 从一处运载到另一处。")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE TransportationDevice)
   (capability Transportation instrument ?DEVICE))

(subclass Vehicle TransportationDevice)
(documentation Vehicle EnglishLanguage "&%Vehicle is the subclass of
&%TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods
from one place to another by moving from one place to the other
with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes.  Contrast
with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket
checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means
of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to
the destination.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?TRANSPORT Vehicle)
    (instance ?MOVE Translocation)
    (instrument ?MOVE ?TRANSPORT)
    (origin ?MOVE ?FROM))
  (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?MOVE)) (located ?TRANSPORT ?FROM)))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?TRANSPORT Vehicle)
    (instance ?MOVE Translocation)
    (instrument ?MOVE ?TRANSPORT)
    (destination ?MOVE ?TO))
  (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?MOVE)) (located ?TRANSPORT ?TO)))

(subclass MeasuringDevice Device)
(documentation MeasuringDevice EnglishLanguage "Any &%Device whose purpose is to measure a
&%PhysicalQuantity.")
(documentation MeasuringDevice ChineseLanguage "这是任何用来量度 &%PhysicalQuantity 的 
&%Device。")

(=>
  (instance ?DEVICE MeasuringDevice)
  (hasPurpose ?DEVICE
    (exists (?MEASURE)
      (and
        (instance ?MEASURE Measuring)
        (instrument ?MEASURE ?DEVICE)))))

(subclass AttachingDevice Device)
(documentation AttachingDevice EnglishLanguage "A &%Device whose purpose is to attach one 
thing to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc.")
(documentation AttachingDevice ChineseLanguage "这是一个把一样东西和另外一样洞系在一起的 
&%Device，例如：钉子、螺丝和纽扣等。")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE AttachingDevice)
   (exists (?ATTACH)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTACH Attaching)
         (instrument ?ATTACH ?DEVICE))))

(subclass Weapon Device)
(documentation Weapon EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Devices that are designed
primarily to damage or destroy &%Humans/&%Animals, &%StationaryArtifacts or
the places inhabited by &%Humans/&%Animals.")
(documentation Weapon ChineseLanguage "人们设计这个 &%Class 的 &%Device 主要是为了伤害或毁灭 
&%Human/&%Animal，&%StationaryArtifact 或 &%Human/&%Animal 所居住的地方。")

(=>
   (instance ?WEAPON Weapon)
   (capability Damaging instrument ?WEAPON))

(=>
  (instance ?WEAPON Weapon)
  (hasPurpose ?WEAPON
    (exists (?D ?PATIENT)
      (and
        (instance ?D Damaging)
	(instrument ?D ?WEAPON)
        (patient ?D ?PATIENT)))))

(subclass Machine Device)
(documentation Machine EnglishLanguage "&%Machines are &%Devices that that have a
well-defined &%resource and &%result and that automatically convert
the &%resource into the &%result.")
(documentation Machine ChineseLanguage "&%Machine 是一些有明确定义的 &%resource 和 &%result 的
 &%Devices，它们以自动化的方式把 &%resource 转成 &%result。")

(=>
   (instance ?MACHINE Machine)
   (forall (?PROC)
      (=>
         (instrument ?PROC ?MACHINE)
         (exists (?RESOURCE ?RESULT)
            (and
               (resource ?PROC ?RESOURCE)
               (result ?PROC ?RESULT))))))

(subclass EngineeringComponent Device)
(documentation EngineeringComponent EnglishLanguage "A fundamental concept that applies
in many engineering domains.  An &%EngineeringComponent is an element of
a &%Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might
see listed as standard parts in a catalog.  The main difference betweeen
&%EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that
&%EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense.  Thus, an
&%EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a
system with a stable identity.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMP EngineeringComponent)
   (exists (?DEVICE)
      (and
         (instance ?DEVICE Device)
         (component ?COMP ?DEVICE))))

(=>
   (instance ?MACHINE Machine)
   (exists (?COMP1 ?COMP2)
      (and
         (instance ?COMP1 EngineeringComponent)
         (instance ?COMP2 EngineeringComponent)
         (not (equal ?COMP1 ?COMP2))
         (part ?COMP1 ?MACHINE)
         (part ?COMP2 ?MACHINE))))

(subrelation engineeringSubcomponent properPart)
(domain engineeringSubcomponent 1 EngineeringComponent)
(domain engineeringSubcomponent 2 EngineeringComponent)
(documentation engineeringSubcomponent EnglishLanguage "(&%engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB
?SUPER) means that the &%EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a
&%properPart of ?SUPER.  This relation is an &%AsymmetricRelation, since
two &%EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.")
(documentation engineeringSubcomponent ChineseLanguage "(&%engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB
?SUPER)的意思是 &%EngineeringComponent ?SUB 是 ?SUPER 结构上的 &%properPart。这关系属于 
&%AsymmetricRelation 因为两个 &%EngineeringComponent 不可能成为互相的子零件。")

(instance connectedEngineeringComponents SymmetricRelation)
(instance connectedEngineeringComponents IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance connectedEngineeringComponents PartialValuedRelation)
(subrelation connectedEngineeringComponents connected)
(domain connectedEngineeringComponents 1 EngineeringComponent)
(domain connectedEngineeringComponents 2 EngineeringComponent)
(documentation connectedEngineeringComponents EnglishLanguage "This is the most general
connection relation between &%EngineeringComponents.  If
(&%connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor
?COMP2 can be an &%engineeringSubcomponent of the other.  The relation
&%connectedEngineeringComponents is a &%SymmetricRelation, there is no
information in the direction of connection between two components.  It is
also an &%IrreflexiveRelation, no &%EngineeringComponent bears this relation
to itself.  Note that this relation does not associate a name or type
with the connection.")

(=>
   (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
   (and
      (not
         (engineeringSubcomponent ?COMP1 ?COMP2))
      (not
         (engineeringSubcomponent ?COMP2 ?COMP1))))

(subclass EngineeringConnection EngineeringComponent)
(documentation EngineeringConnection EnglishLanguage "An &%EngineeringConnection is an
&%EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between
two other &%EngineeringComponents.  It is a reification of the
&%Predicate &%connectedEngineeringComponents.  That means that whenever
this &%Predicate holds between two &%EngineeringComponents, there exists an
&%EngineeringConnection.  The practical reason for reifying a relationship
is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one
might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some
shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type.
&%EngineeringConnections are &%EngineeringComponents and can therefore be
an &%engineeringSubcomponent of other &%EngineeringComponents.  However,
to provide for modular regularity in component systems,
&%EngineeringConnections cannot be connected.  For each pair of
&%EngineeringComponents related by &%connectedEngineeringComponents, there
exists at least one &%EngineeringConnection.  However, that object may not
be unique, and the same &%EngineeringConnection may be associated with
several pairs of &%EngineeringComponents.")

(=>
   (instance ?CONNECTION EngineeringConnection)
   (exists (?COMP1 ?COMP2)
      (connectsEngineeringComponents ?CONNECTION ?COMP1 ?COMP2)))

(=>
   (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
   (not
      (or
         (instance ?COMP1 EngineeringConnection)
         (instance ?COMP2 EngineeringConnection))))

(<=>
   (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
   (exists (?CONNECTION)
      (connectsEngineeringComponents ?CONNECTION ?COMP1 ?COMP2)))

(subrelation connectsEngineeringComponents connects)
(domain connectsEngineeringComponents 1 EngineeringConnection)
(domain connectsEngineeringComponents 2 EngineeringComponent)
(domain connectsEngineeringComponents 3 EngineeringComponent)
(documentation connectsEngineeringComponents EnglishLanguage "&%connectsEngineeringComponents
is a &%TernaryPredicate that maps from an &%EngineeringConnection to the
&%EngineeringComponents it connects.  Since &%EngineeringComponents cannot
be connected to themselves and there cannot be an &%EngineeringConnection
without a &%connectedEngineeringComponents &%Predicate, the second and third
arguments of any &%connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be
distinct for any given first argument.")

;; This following part contains definitions and axioms relating to social
;; groups and the relations between them.

(subclass CommercialAgent Agent)
(documentation CommercialAgent EnglishLanguage "An &%Agent that
provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a
profit.")
(documentation CommercialAgent  ChineseLanguage "这是一个为了牟利，以收取费用而提供产品和/或服务的
一个 &%Agent that。")

;; KJN: Moved from Media.kif
(subclass Business CommercialAgent)
(subclass Business Organization)
(documentation Business EnglishLanguage "An &%instance of &%Business is an &%Organization 
that is a &%CommercialAgent.")
(documentation Business ChineseLanguage "&%Business 的实例是一个属于 &%CommercialAgent 的
 &%Organization。 ")

;; KJN: Removing this and putting in definition of Corporation that subclasses it from Business
;;(subclass Corporation CommercialAgent)
;;(subclass Corporation Organization)

(subclass Corporation Business)
;; NS: add.
(subclass Corporation LegalAgent)

(documentation Corporation EnglishLanguage "An &%Organization that has
a special legal status that allows a group of persons to act as a
&%CommercialAgent and that insulates the owners (shareholders) from
many liabilities that might result from the corporation's operation.")
(documentation Corporation ChineseLanguage "这是一个有特别法律地位的 &%Organization，这个地位
容许一群人以 &%CommercialAgent 的身份行事，这个安排让东主 (股东)避免负可能由这个机构运作所引起的很多
责任。")

(subclass Manufacturer Corporation)
(documentation Manufacturer EnglishLanguage "Any &%Corporation which manufactures 
&%Products.")
(documentation Manufacturer ChineseLanguage "这是任何制造 &%Product 的 &%Corporation。")

(=>
  (instance ?ORG Manufacturer)
  (hasPurpose ?ORG
    (exists (?MANUFACTURE)
      (and
        (instance ?MANUFACTURE Manufacture)
        (instance ?MANUFACTURE CommercialService)
        (agent ?MANUFACTURE ?ORG)))))

(subclass MercantileOrganization Corporation)
(documentation MercantileOrganization EnglishLanguage "Any &%Corporation which sells
goods or services to customers for a profit.")
(documentation MercantileOrganization ChineseLanguage "这是任何为了牟利而向顾客售卖货品或服务的 
 &%Corporation。")

(=>
  (instance ?ORG MercantileOrganization)
  (hasPurpose ?ORG
    (exists (?SELL)
      (and
        (instance ?SELL Selling)
        (instance ?SELL CommercialService)
        (agent ?SELL ?ORG)))))

(subclass Group Collection)
(subclass Group Agent)
(documentation Group EnglishLanguage "A &%Collection of &%Agents, e.g. a flock
of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.")
(documentation Group ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%Collection 的 &%Agent，例如：一群绵羊、一群山羊
或一队当地的童子军。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?GROUP Group)
    (member ?MEMB ?GROUP))
  (instance ?MEMB Agent))

(subclass GroupOfPeople Group)
(documentation GroupOfPeople EnglishLanguage "Any &%Group whose &%members are
exclusively &%Humans.")
(documentation GroupOfPeople ChineseLanguage "这是 &%member 只限属于 &%Human 的任何 
&%Group。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?GROUP GroupOfPeople)
    (member ?MEMBER ?GROUP))
  (instance ?MEMBER Human))

(subclass AgeGroup GroupOfPeople)
(documentation AgeGroup EnglishLanguage "A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members all have the
same &%age.")
(documentation AgeGroup ChineseLanguage "这是一组由 &%age 相同的 &%member 所组成的 
&%GroupOfPeople。")

(=>
  (instance ?GROUP AgeGroup)
  (forall (?MEMB1 ?MEMB2 ?AGE1 ?AGE2)
    (=>
      (and
        (member ?MEMB1 ?GROUP)
        (member ?MEMB2 ?GROUP)
        (age ?MEMB1 ?AGE1)
        (age ?MEMB2 ?AGE2))
      (equal ?AGE1 ?AGE2))))

(subclass FamilyGroup GroupOfPeople)
(documentation FamilyGroup EnglishLanguage "A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members bear
&%familyRelations to one another.")
(documentation FamilyGroup ChineseLanguage "这是一组由互相拥有 &%familyRelation的 &%member 
所组成的 &%GroupOfPeople。")

(=>
   (instance ?GROUP FamilyGroup)
   (forall (?MEMB1 ?MEMB2)
      (=>
         (and
            (member ?MEMB1 ?GROUP)
            (member ?MEMB2 ?GROUP))
         (familyRelation ?MEMB1 ?MEMB2))))

(subclass SocialUnit GroupOfPeople)
(documentation SocialUnit EnglishLanguage "A &%GroupOfPeople who all have the same 
&%home.")
(documentation SocialUnit ChineseLanguage "这是一组有相同 &%home 的&%GroupOfPeople。")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT SocialUnit)
   (exists (?HOME)
      (=>
         (member ?MEMBER ?UNIT)
         (home ?MEMBER ?HOME))))

(instance ImmediateFamilyFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ImmediateFamilyFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ImmediateFamilyFn 1 Human)
(range ImmediateFamilyFn FamilyGroup)
(documentation ImmediateFamilyFn EnglishLanguage "(&%ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes 
the immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the &%Group consisting of the &%parents of
?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a &%parent.")
(documentation ImmediateFamilyFn ChineseLanguage "(&%ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) 表示 
 ?PERSON 的直属家人，即是这个 &%Group 包括这个 ?PERSON 的 &%parent 和任何把这个 ?PERSON 当 
 &%parent 的人。")

(=>
  (equal (ImmediateFamilyFn ?P) ?FAMILY)
  (forall (?MEMBER)
    (=>
      (member ?MEMBER ?FAMILY)
      (exists (?OTHER)
        (or
          (parent ?MEMBER ?OTHER)
          (parent ?OTHER ?MEMBER))))))

(=>
  (equal (ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) ?FAMILY)
  (exists (?MEMBER)
    (and
      (member ?MEMBER ?FAMILY)
      (or
        (parent ?MEMBER ?PERSON)
        (parent ?PERSON ?MEMBER)))))

(instance relative BinaryPredicate)
(instance relative SymmetricRelation)
(domain relative 1 Organism)
(domain relative 2 Organism)

(documentation relative EnglishLanguage "(&%relative ?O1 ?O2) means that ?O1
and ?O2 are relatives, whether through common ancestry (consanguinity),
someone's marriage (affinity), or someone's adoption.  This definition is
intentionally broad, so as to capture a wide array of `familial'
relations.  The notion of who counts as `family' also varies between
cultures, but that aspect of meaning is not addressed here.")

(subrelation familyRelation relative)
(subrelation spouse relative)

(=>
 (and
   (holdsDuring ?T1 (legalRelation ?A1 ?A2))
   (instance ?A1 Organism)
   (instance ?A2 Organism))
 (holdsDuring ?T1  (relative ?A1 ?A2)))


(instance familyRelation BinaryPredicate)
(domain familyRelation 1 Organism)
(domain familyRelation 2 Organism)
(documentation familyRelation EnglishLanguage "A very general &%Predicate for biological
relationships. (&%familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that
?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor.")
(documentation familyRelation ChineseLanguage "这是生物关系上，一个最笼统的 &%Predicate。
(&%familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2)的意思是 ?ORGANISM1 和 ?ORGANISM2 在生理上源自一个共同
的祖先。")

(=>
   (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2)
   (exists (?ORGANISM3)
      (and
         (ancestor ?ORGANISM3 ?ORGANISM1)
         (ancestor ?ORGANISM3 ?ORGANISM2))))

(subrelation ancestor familyRelation)
(instance ancestor TransitiveRelation)
(instance ancestor IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance ancestor TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ancestor 1 Organism)
(domain ancestor 2 Organism)
(documentation ancestor EnglishLanguage "The transitive closure of the &%parent predicate.
(&%ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the
&%parent of ?DESCENDANT or the &%parent of the &%parent of &%DESCENDANT or
etc.")
(documentation ancestor ChineseLanguage "这是 &%parent 谓词 的传递闭包。
(&%ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR)的意思是 ?ANCESTOR 要不是 ?DESCENDANT 的 &%parent，就是 
 &%DESCENDANT 的 &%parent 的 &%parent，如此类推。")

;MSv: parent can't be a subrelation of ancestor since ancestor is a TransitiveRelation and that is an InheritableRelation
;(subrelation parent ancestor)

(instance parent BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation parent familyRelation)
(instance parent AsymmetricRelation)
(instance parent IntransitiveRelation)
(instance parent TotalValuedRelation)
(domain parent 1 Organism)
(domain parent 2 Organism)
(documentation parent EnglishLanguage "The general relationship of parenthood.
(&%parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent
of ?CHILD.")
(documentation parent ChineseLanguage "这是父母身份的概括关系。(&%parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)的意思是
 ?PARENT 是 ?CHILD 的亲生父母。")

(=>
  (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
  (ancestor ?CHILD ?PARENT))

(=>
   (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
   (before (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PARENT)) (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHILD))))

(=>
   (and
      (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
      (subclass ?CLASS Organism)
      (instance ?PARENT ?CLASS))
   (instance ?CHILD ?CLASS))

(=>
  (and
    (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
    (instance ?REP SexualReproduction)
    (agent ?REP ?PARENT)
    (result ?REP ?CHILD))
  (or
    (mother ?CHILD ?PARENT)
    (father ?CHILD ?PARENT)))

(=>
   (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
   (exists (?PARENT)
      (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT)))

(instance mother SingleValuedRelation)
(instance mother PartialValuedRelation)
(subrelation mother parent)
(domain mother 1 Organism)
(domain mother 2 Organism)
(documentation mother EnglishLanguage "The general relationship of motherhood.
(&%mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother
of ?CHILD.")
(documentation mother ChineseLanguage "这是母亲的概括关系。(&%mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER)的意思是 
?MOTHER 是 ?CHILD 的亲生母亲。")
(=>
   (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER)
   (attribute ?MOTHER Female))

(instance father SingleValuedRelation)
(instance father PartialValuedRelation)
(subrelation father parent)
(domain father 1 Organism)
(domain father 2 Organism)
(documentation father EnglishLanguage "The general relationship of fatherhood.
(&%father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father
of ?CHILD.")
(documentation father ChineseLanguage "这是父亲的概括关系。(&%father ?CHILD ?FATHER)的意思是 
?FATHER 是 ?CHILD 的亲生父亲。")

(=>
   (father ?CHILD ?FATHER)
   (attribute ?FATHER Male))

(subrelation daughter parent)
(domain daughter 1 Organism)
(domain daughter 2 Organism)
(documentation daughter EnglishLanguage "The general relationship of daughterhood.
(&%daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological daughter
of ?PARENT.")
(documentation daughter ChineseLanguage "这是女儿的概括关系。(&%daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT)的意思
是 ?CHILD 是 ?PARENT 的亲生女儿。")

(=>
   (daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT)
   (attribute ?CHILD Female))

(subrelation son parent)
(domain son 1 Organism)
(domain son 2 Organism)
(documentation son EnglishLanguage "The general relationship of being a son.
(&%son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological
son of ?PARENT.")
(documentation son EnglishLanguage "这是儿子的概括关系。(&%son ?CHILD ?PARENT)的意思是 ?CHILD
是 ?PARENT 的亲生儿子。")

(=>
   (son ?CHILD ?PARENT)
   (attribute ?CHILD Male))

(instance sibling BinaryPredicate)
(instance sibling PartialValuedRelation)
(subrelation sibling familyRelation)
(instance sibling SymmetricRelation)
(instance sibling IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain sibling 1 Organism)
(domain sibling 2 Organism)
(documentation sibling EnglishLanguage "The relationship between two &%Organisms that
have the same &%mother and &%father.  Note that this relationship does
not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc.")
(documentation sibling ChineseLanguage "这是两个拥有共同 &%mother 和 &%father 的 &%Organism
之间的关系。注：这个关系不包括同父异母或同母异父的兄弟或姐妹等等之间的关系。")

(=>
  (and
    (parent ?ORGANISM1 ?PARENT1)
    (parent ?ORGANISM2 ?PARENT1)
    (parent ?ORGANISM1 ?PARENT2)
    (parent ?ORGANISM2 ?PARENT2)
    (not (equal ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2))
    (not (equal ?PARENT1 ?PARENT2)))
  (sibling ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2))

(=>
  (and
    (sibling ?ORG1 ?ORG2)
    (parent ?ORG1 ?PARENT))
  (parent ?ORG2 ?PARENT))

(=>
  (and
    (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
    (attribute ?PARENT Male))
  (father ?CHILD ?PARENT))

(=>
  (and
    (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
    (attribute ?PARENT Female))
  (mother ?CHILD ?PARENT))

(subrelation brother sibling)
(instance brother IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance brother TransitiveRelation)
(instance brother PartialValuedRelation)
(domain brother 1 Man)
(domain brother 2 Human)
(documentation brother EnglishLanguage "The general relationship of being a brother.
(&%brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON.")
(documentation brother ChineseLanguage "这是兄弟的概括关系。(&%brother ?MAN ?PERSON)的意思是 
?MAN 是 ?PERSON 兄弟。")

(subrelation sister sibling)
(instance sister IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance sister TransitiveRelation)
(instance sister PartialValuedRelation)
(domain sister 1 Woman)
(domain sister 2 Human)
(documentation sister EnglishLanguage "The general relationship of being a sister.
(&%sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON.")
(documentation sister ChineseLanguage "这是姐妹的概括关系。(&%sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON)的意思是 
?WOMAN 是 ?PERSON 的姐妹。")

(instance legalRelation BinaryPredicate)
(instance legalRelation SymmetricRelation)
(domain legalRelation 1 Human)
(domain legalRelation 2 Human)
(documentation legalRelation EnglishLanguage "(&%legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means
that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship.
Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc.")
(documentation legalRelation ChineseLanguage "(&%legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)的意思是 
?AGENT1 和 ?AGENT2 因为法律上的关系而成为亲戚。例如：婚姻和领养等等。")

(=>
   (legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
   (exists (?DECLARE ?OBLIGATION)
      (and
         (instance ?DECLARE Declaring)
         (confersObligation ?OBLIGATION ?DECLARE ?AGENT1)
         (confersObligation ?OBLIGATION ?DECLARE ?AGENT2))))

(instance acquaintance BinaryPredicate)

(documentation acquaintance EnglishLanguage "(&%acquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 has
met and knows something about ?H2, such as ?H2's name and appearance.
Statements made with this predicate should be temporally specified with
&%holdsDuring.  Note that &%acquaintance is not symmetric.  For the
symmetric version, see &%mutualAcquaintance.")

(domain acquaintance 1 Human)
(domain acquaintance 2 Human)

(instance mutualAcquaintance BinaryPredicate)
(instance mutualAcquaintance SymmetricRelation)

(documentation mutualAcquaintance EnglishLanguage "(&%mutualAcquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means
that ?H1 and ?H2 have met each other and know something about each other,
such as name and appearance.  Statements made with this predicate should
be temporally specified with &%holdsDuring.  See also the weaker,
non-symmetric version of this predicate, &%acquaintance.")

(domain mutualAcquaintance 1 Human)
(domain mutualAcquaintance 2 Human)
(subrelation mutualAcquaintance acquaintance)
(subrelation spouse mutualAcquaintance)

(subrelation spouse legalRelation)
(instance spouse IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance spouse SymmetricRelation)
(instance spouse PartialValuedRelation)
(domain spouse 1 Human)
(domain spouse 2 Human)
(documentation spouse EnglishLanguage "The relationship of marriage between two 
&%Humans.")
(documentation spouse ChineseLanguage "这是两个 &%Human 的婚姻关系。")

(subrelation husband spouse)
(instance husband AsymmetricRelation)
(instance husband IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance husband PartialValuedRelation)
(domain husband 1 Man)
(domain husband 2 Woman)
(inverse husband wife)
(documentation husband EnglishLanguage "(&%husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the
husband of ?WOMAN.")
(documentation husband ChineseLanguage "(&%husband ?MAN ?WOMAN)的意思是 ?MAN 是 ?WOMAN 的
丈夫。")

(subrelation wife spouse)
(instance wife AsymmetricRelation)
(instance wife IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain wife 1 Woman)
(domain wife 2 Man)
(documentation wife EnglishLanguage "(&%wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of
?MAN.")
(documentation wife ChineseLanguage "(&%wife ?WOMAN ?MAN)的意思是 ?WOMAN 是 ?MAN 的妻子。")

(subclass EthnicGroup GroupOfPeople)
(documentation EthnicGroup EnglishLanguage "A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members originate
from the same &%GeographicArea or share the same &%Language and/or cultural
practices.")
(documentation EthnicGroup ChineseLanguage "这是一群源自相同 &%GeographicArea 的 &%member 或
拥有相同 &%Language 和/或文化习俗的 &%GroupOfPeople。")

(subclass BeliefGroup GroupOfPeople)
(documentation BeliefGroup EnglishLanguage "A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members share a 
belief or set of beliefs.")
(documentation BeliefGroup ChineseLanguage "这是一群拥有共同信念 &%member 的 &%GroupOfPeople。")

(=>
   (instance ?GROUP BeliefGroup)
   (exists (?BELIEF)
      (forall (?MEMB)
         (=>
            (member ?MEMB ?GROUP)
            (believes ?MEMB ?BELIEF)))))

(subclass Organization Group)

;; NS: delete.
;; (subclass Organization CognitiveAgent)

;; NS: add.
(subclass Organization Agent)

(documentation Organization EnglishLanguage "An &%Organization is a
corporate or similar institution. The &%members of an &%Organization
typically have a common purpose or function. Note that this class also
covers divisions, departments, etc. of organizations.  For example,
both the Shell Corporation and the accounting department at Shell
would both be instances of &%Organization.  Note too that the
existence of an &%Organization is dependent on the existence of at
least one &%member (since &%Organization is a subclass of
&%Collection).  Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a
fictitious &%member should be assumed.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG Organization)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (forall (?MEMBER)
         (=>
            (member ?MEMBER ?ORG)
            (hasPurpose ?MEMBER ?PURP)))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (member ?AGENT ?ORG))
   (instance ?AGENT Agent))

(instance employs BinaryPredicate)
(domain employs 1 Organization)
(domain employs 2 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation employs EnglishLanguage "(&%employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has
hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly
or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary
compensation.")
(documentation employs ChineseLanguage "(&%employs ?ORG ?PERSON)的意思是 ?ORG 已经聘请了 
?PERSON，并现正以工薪制、每小时制或合约制的方式雇用这个 ?PERSON，以货币为酬劳支付他所提供的服务。")

(subclass PoliticalOrganization Organization)
(documentation PoliticalOrganization EnglishLanguage "An
&%Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort of
political change.")

(=>
   (instance ?POL PoliticalOrganization)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (and
         (instance ?PROC PoliticalProcess)
         (agent ?PROC ?POL))))

(subclass MilitaryForce PoliticalOrganization)
(documentation MilitaryForce EnglishLanguage "&%MilitaryForce is the subclass of
&%Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the
purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not
the force is an official &%GovernmentOrganization.")

(=>
  (instance ?ORG MilitaryForce)
  (capability ViolentContest agent ?ORG))

(subclass MilitaryOrganization MilitaryForce)
(subclass MilitaryOrganization GovernmentOrganization)
(documentation MilitaryOrganization EnglishLanguage "Any heavily armed &%Organization
that is part of a &%Government and that is charged with representing the
&%Government in international conflicts.")
(documentation MilitaryOrganization ChineseLanguage "这是任何属于 &%Government 一部分全副
武装的 &%Organization，它的使命是在国际纷争中代表 &%Government 出面。")

(subclass ParamilitaryOrganization MilitaryForce)
(disjoint ParamilitaryOrganization GovernmentOrganization)
(documentation ParamilitaryOrganization EnglishLanguage "An &%Organization which is much 
like a &%MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it
is not associated with a &%Government.")
(documentation ParamilitaryOrganization ChineseLanguage "这是一个很像 &%MilitaryOrganization
的 &%Organization，也就是说它是由武装战士所组成，只是它和 &%Government 没有联系。")

(subclass GovernmentOrganization Organization)
(documentation GovernmentOrganization EnglishLanguage "&%GovernmentOrganization is the
class of official &%Organizations that are concerned with the government
of a &%GeopoliticalArea at some level.  They may be a &%subOrganization
of a government.")

(<=>
   (instance ?ORG GovernmentOrganization)
   (exists (?GOV)
      (and
         (instance ?GOV Government)
         (subOrganization ?ORG ?GOV))))

(=>
   (and
      (subOrganization ?ORG ?GOV)
      (instance ?GOV GovernmentOrganization))
   (instance ?ORG GovernmentOrganization))

(subclass Government GovernmentOrganization)

;; NS: add.
(subclass Government LegalAgent)

(documentation Government EnglishLanguage "The ruling body of a &%GeopoliticalArea.")
(documentation Government ChineseLanguage "这是一个 &%GeopoliticalArea 的管治机构。")

(instance GovernmentFn UnaryFunction)
(instance GovernmentFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain GovernmentFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range GovernmentFn Government)
(documentation GovernmentFn EnglishLanguage "(&%GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the
&%Government of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.  For example,
(&%GovernmentFn &%UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of
the United States, (&%GovernmentFn &%PuertoRico) denotes the government of
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.")

(subclass PoliceOrganization GovernmentOrganization)
(documentation PoliceOrganization EnglishLanguage "Any &%GovernmentOrganization
that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the &%Government.")
(documentation PoliceOrganization ChineseLanguage "这是任何一个 &%Government 国内执法的 
&%GovernmentOrganization。")

(subclass JudicialOrganization Organization)
(documentation JudicialOrganization EnglishLanguage "&%JudicialOrganization is the class
of &%Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according
to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization.
Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example,
those associated with sporting associations.")

(subclass EducationalOrganization Organization)
(documentation EducationalOrganization EnglishLanguage "A &%EducationalOrganization is
an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12
schools, and colleges and universities.")
(documentation EducationalOrganization ChineseLanguage "&%EducationalOrganization 是一个学习
机构。一些例子有：公立和私立的幼儿园、小学和中学、学院和大学。")

(subclass ReligiousOrganization Organization)
(subclass ReligiousOrganization BeliefGroup)
(documentation ReligiousOrganization EnglishLanguage "An &%Organization whose members
share a set of religious beliefs.")
(documentation ReligiousOrganization ChineseLanguage "这是一个组员拥有共同宗教信念的 
&%Organization。")

(subrelation subOrganization subCollection)
(instance subOrganization PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subOrganization 1 Organization)
(domain subOrganization 2 Organization)
(documentation subOrganization EnglishLanguage "(&%subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means
that ?ORG1 is an &%Organization which is a part of the &%Organization
?ORG2.  Note that &%subOrganization is a &%ReflexiveRelation, so every
&%Organization is a &%subOrganization of itself.")
(documentation subOrganization ChineseLanguage "(&%subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2)的意思是 
?ORG1 是一家 &%Organization，而它是 &%Organization ?ORG2 的一部分。注：&%subOrganization 属于  
一种 &%ReflexiveRelation，所以每一个 &%Organization 都是他自己的 &%subOrganization。")

(instance citizen BinaryPredicate)
(instance citizen AsymmetricRelation)
(domain citizen 1 Human)
(domain citizen 2 Nation)
(documentation citizen EnglishLanguage "(&%citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the
&%Human ?PERSON is a citizen of &%Nation ?NATION.")
(documentation citizen ChineseLanguage "(&%citizen ?PERSON ?NATION)的意思是 &%Human ?PERSON
是 &%Nation ?NATION 公民。")

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;   QUALITIES   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'MEREOTOPOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'PROCESSES'
;; INCLUDES 'OBJECTS'

(subclass FieldOfStudy Proposition)
(documentation FieldOfStudy EnglishLanguage "An academic or applied discipline with
recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice.  Note
that &%FieldOfStudy is a &%subclass of &%Proposition, because a
&%FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational
content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of
this content.")

(subclass Procedure Proposition)
(documentation Procedure EnglishLanguage "A sequence-dependent specification.  Some
examples are &%ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes,
musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts
of plays and movies.")
(documentation Procedure ChineseLanguage "这是一种安照序列执行的模式。一些例子有 
&%ComputerProgram、 有限状态机、食谱、音阶、会议时间表、行车路线和戏剧和电影的剧本。")

(subclass ComputerProgram Procedure)
(documentation ComputerProgram EnglishLanguage "A set of instructions in a computer
programming language that can be executed by a computer.")
(documentation ComputerProgram ChineseLanguage "这是一组可以由计算机执行的计算机编程语言的指令。")

(subclass ComputerProgramming ContentDevelopment)
(documentation ComputerProgramming EnglishLanguage "The process of developing a
&%ComputerProgram")
(documentation ComputerProgramming ChineseLanguage "这是开发 &%ComputerProgram 的过程。")

(=>
  (instance ?CP ComputerProgramming)
  (exists (?C)
    (and
      (instance ?C ComputerProgram)
      (result ?CP ?C))))

(subclass Plan Procedure)
(documentation Plan EnglishLanguage "A specification of a sequence of &%Processes which
is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time.")
(documentation Plan ChineseLanguage "这是为了在将来能实现一个特定目标而成立的一组按顺序执行 
&%Process 的规格。")

(=>
    (and
       (instance ?PLAN Plan)
       (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
       (containsInformation ?OBJ ?PLAN))
    (exists (?PLANNING)
       (and
          (instance ?PLANNING Planning)
          (result ?PLANNING ?OBJ))))

(subclass Argument Proposition)
(partition Argument DeductiveArgument InductiveArgument)
(documentation Argument EnglishLanguage "Any proposition which has the form of a deductive
or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply
a conclusion.")
(documentation Argument ChineseLanguage "这是任何具有演绎或归纳论证形式的命题，即是一组声称、暗示
一种结论的前提。")

(=>
   (instance ?REASON Reasoning)
   (exists (?ARGUMENT)
      (and
         (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument)
         (realization ?REASON ?ARGUMENT))))

(=>
   (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument)
   (exists (?PREMISES ?CONCLUSION)
      (and
         (equal (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) ?PREMISES)
         (conclusion ?CONCLUSION ?ARGUMENT))))

(subclass DeductiveArgument Argument)
(partition DeductiveArgument ValidDeductiveArgument InvalidDeductiveArgument)
(documentation DeductiveArgument EnglishLanguage "An &%Argument which has the form of a
deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of &%premises &%entails the
&%conclusion.")
(documentation DeductiveArgument ChineseLanguage "这是一种推论的 &%Argument，即是它声称这组
 &%premise &%entails 它的 &%conclusion。")

(subclass ValidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument)
(documentation ValidDeductiveArgument EnglishLanguage "A &%DeductiveArgument which is
valid, i.e. the set of &%premises in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.")
(documentation ValidDeductiveArgument ChineseLanguage "这是一个有效的 &%DeductiveArgument，
即是这组 &%premise 其实 &%entails 它的 &%conclusion。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ARGUMENT ValidDeductiveArgument)
      (equal ?PREMISES (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT))
      (conclusion ?CONCLUSION ?ARGUMENT))
   (exists (?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (and
         (containsInformation ?FORMULA1 ?PREMISES)
         (containsInformation ?FORMULA2 ?CONCLUSION)
         (entails ?PREMISES ?CONCLUSION))))

(subclass InvalidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument)
(documentation InvalidDeductiveArgument EnglishLanguage "&%DeductiveArguments that are not
&%ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of &%premises
in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.")
(documentation InvalidDeductiveArgument ChineseLanguage "这是非 &%ValidDeductiveArgument 的
 &%DeductiveArguments，即是这组 &%premise 其实并不 &%entails 它的 &%conclusion。")

(subclass Explanation DeductiveArgument)
(documentation Explanation EnglishLanguage "An &%Argument where the conclusion is an
observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply
the conclusion.  Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model
of explanation.")

(subclass InductiveArgument Argument)
(documentation InductiveArgument EnglishLanguage "An &%Argument which is inductive, i.e. 
it is claimed that a set of specific cases makes the &%conclusion, which generalizes
these cases, more likely to be true.")
(documentation InductiveArgument ChineseLanguage "这是一种归纳的 &%Argument，即是它声称一组特定
的案例导致它的 &%conclusion，这个论据把这些案例概括，说成更有可能是真的论点。")

(instance premise BinaryPredicate)
(instance premise TotalValuedRelation)
(domain premise 1 Argument)
(domain premise 2 Proposition)
(documentation premise EnglishLanguage "(&%premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the
&%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the &%Argument
?ARGUMENT.")
(documentation premise ChineseLanguage "(&%premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION)的意思是  
&%Proposition ?PROPOSITION 是 &%Argument ?ARGUMENT 的一个明确假设。")

(instance PremisesFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PremisesFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PremisesFn 1 Argument)
(range PremisesFn Proposition)
(documentation PremisesFn EnglishLanguage "(&%PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete
set of &%premises of the &%Argument ?ARGUMENT.")
(documentation PremisesFn ChineseLanguage "(&%PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT)得出 &%Argument ?ARGUMENT
整套完整的 &%premise。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument)
      (equal ?PREMISES (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT)))
   (<=>
      (subProposition ?PROPOSITION ?PREMISES)
      (premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION)))

(instance conclusion BinaryPredicate)
(instance conclusion SingleValuedRelation)
(instance conclusion TotalValuedRelation)
(domain conclusion 1 Argument)
(domain conclusion 2 Proposition)
(documentation conclusion EnglishLanguage "(&%conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means 
that the &%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the
&%Argument ?ARGUMENT.  Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT
&%entails ?PROPOSITION.")
(documentation conclusion ChineseLanguage "(&%conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION)的意思是 
&%Proposition ?PROPOSITION 是由 &%Argument ?ARGUMENT 所得出明确的结论。注：有可能是但也有可能不是
由 ?ARGUMENT &%entails ?PROPOSITION。 ")

(instance consistent BinaryPredicate)
(instance consistent SymmetricRelation)
(domain consistent 1 Proposition)
(domain consistent 2 Proposition)
(documentation consistent EnglishLanguage "(&%consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two
&%Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it
is possible for both of them to be true at the same time.")
(documentation consistent ChineseLanguage "(&%consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2)的意思是两个 
&%Proposition ?PROP1 和 ?PROP2 彼此一致，也就是说它们两个都有可能同时成真。")

(instance orientation SpatialRelation)
(instance orientation TernaryPredicate)
(domain orientation 1 Object)
(domain orientation 2 Object)
(domain orientation 3 PositionalAttribute)
(documentation orientation EnglishLanguage "A general &%Predicate for indicating how two
&%Objects are oriented with respect to one another.  For example,
(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and
(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned
vertically with respect to ?OBJ2.")
(documentation orientation ChineseLanguage "这是一个用来表示两个 &%Object 相对于彼此的定向的 
 &%Predicate。 例如：(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North)第意思是 ?OBJ1 在 ?OBJ2 的北方，而
(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical)第意思是 ?OBJ1 和 ?OBJ2 之间的位置是垂直的。")

(=>
   (and
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR1)
      (contraryAttribute @ROW)
      (inList ?ATTR1 (ListFn @ROW))
      (inList ?ATTR2 (ListFn @ROW))
      (not (equal ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)))
   (not
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR2)))

(instance direction CaseRole)
(instance direction PartialValuedRelation)
(domain direction 1 Process)
(domain direction 2 PositionalAttribute)
(subrelation direction involvedInEvent)
(documentation direction EnglishLanguage "(&%direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the
&%Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR.  For example, one
would use this &%Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving
&%North.")
(documentation direction ChineseLanguage "(&%direction ?PROC ?ATTR)的意思是 &%Process ?PROC 
正向 ?ATTR 的方向移动。例如：我们会用这个 &%Predicate 来代表马斯正在向 &%North 移动。")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (direction ?PROC ?ATTR1))
   (forall (?ATTR2)
      (=>
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (direction ?PROC ?ATTR2))
         (equal ?ATTR2 ?ATTR1))))

(instance faces BinaryPredicate)
(domain faces 1 Object)
(domain faces 2 DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation faces EnglishLanguage "(&%faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of
?OBJ (see &%FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION.
More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of
?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it
intersected with its back (see &%BackFn).")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (faces ?PROC ?ATTR1))
   (forall (?ATTR2)
      (=>
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (faces ?PROC ?ATTR2))
         (equal ?ATTR2 ?ATTR1))))

(subclass TruthValue RelationalAttribute)
(documentation TruthValue EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of truth values, e.g. &%True and
&%False.  These are &%Attributes of &%Sentences and &%Propositions.")
(documentation TruthValue ChineseLanguage "这是真值的 &%Class，即是指 &%True 和 &%False。它们
属于 &%Sentence 和 &%Proposition 的 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (and
      (property ?ITEM ?VALUE)
      (instance ?VALUE TruthValue))
   (or
      (instance ?ITEM Sentence)
      (instance ?ITEM Proposition)))

(instance True TruthValue)
(documentation True EnglishLanguage "The &%TruthValue of being true.")
(documentation True ChineseLanguage "这代表 &%TruthValue 属真。")

(instance False TruthValue)
(contraryAttribute False True)
(documentation False EnglishLanguage "The &%TruthValue of being false.")
(documentation False ChineseLanguage "这代表 &%TruthValue 属假。")

(subrelation truth property)
(domain truth 1 Sentence)
(domain truth 2 TruthValue)
(documentation truth EnglishLanguage "The &%BinaryPredicate that relates a &%Sentence
to its &%TruthValue.")
(documentation truth ChineseLanguage "这是把一句 &%Sentence 和它的 &%TruthValue 联系的 
&%BinaryPredicate。")

(subclass PositionalAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation PositionalAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%Attributes characterizing the
orientation of an &%Object, e.g. &%Vertical versus &%Horizontal, &%Left
versus &%Right etc.")
(documentation PositionalAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是表示一个 &%Object 的方向的 
&%Attribute，例如： &%Vertical 相对 &%Horizontal，&%Left 对 &%Right 如此类推。")


(subclass DirectionalAttribute PositionalAttribute)
(documentation DirectionalAttribute EnglishLanguage "The subclass of 
&%PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions.")
(documentation DirectionalAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是有关罗盘方向的 &%PositionalAttribute
子类别。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?DIRECT DirectionalAttribute)
    (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?DIRECT)
    (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3 ?DIRECT))
  (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))

(instance North DirectionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute North South East West)
(documentation North EnglishLanguage "The compass direction of &%North.")
(documentation North ChineseLanguage "这是罗盘方向 &%North.")

(instance South DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation South EnglishLanguage "The compass direction of &%South.")
(documentation South ChineseLanguage "这是罗盘方向 &%South.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 South))

(instance East DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation East EnglishLanguage "The compass direction of &%East.")
(documentation East ChineseLanguage "这是罗盘方向 &%East.")

(instance West DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation West EnglishLanguage "The compass direction of &%West.")
(documentation West ChineseLanguage "这是罗盘方向 &%West.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 East)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 West))

(instance Vertical PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Vertical EnglishLanguage "Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object
is positioned height-wise with respect to another &%Object.")
(documentation Vertical ChineseLanguage "这是用来表示一个 &%Object 相对于另外一个 &%Object
的位置是属于高度方向的属性。")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Vertical))

(instance Horizontal PositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Horizontal Vertical)
(documentation Horizontal EnglishLanguage "Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object
is positioned width-wise with respect to another &%Object.")
(documentation Horizontal ChineseLanguage "这是用来表示一个 &%Object 相对于另外一个 &%Object
的位置是属于水平方向的属性。")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Horizontal)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Horizontal))

(subclass SymmetricPositionalAttribute PositionalAttribute)
(documentation SymmetricPositionalAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%SymmetricAttribute is the 
class of &%PositionalAttribute that hold between two items regardless of their
order or orientation.")
(documentation SymmetricPositionalAttribute ChineseLanguage "&%SymmetricAttribute 属于 
&%PositionalAttribute 的类别，它适用于两样东西的位置，而并不管它们之间的顺序或方向。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?P SymmetricPositionalAttribute)
    (orientation ?O1 ?O2 ?P))
  (orientation ?O2 ?O1 ?P))

(subclass AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute PositionalAttribute)
(documentation AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute EnglishLanguage 
"&%AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute is the class of &%PositionalAttribute that hold in 
only one direction.  I.e. two objects cannot simulataneously be &%On each other.")
(documentation AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ChineseLanguage 
"&%AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute 属于 &%PositionalAttribute 的类别，它只能在一个方向适用，即是
两个物件不能同时在彼此的 &%On 方。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?P AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute)
    (orientation ?O1 ?O2 ?P))
  (not (orientation ?O2 ?O1 ?P)))

(instance Above PositionalAttribute)
(instance Above AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Above Below)
(documentation Above EnglishLanguage "This is a &%PositionalAttribute derived from the
up/down schema and not involving contact.  Note that this means directly
above, i.e., if one object is &%Above another object, then the projections
of the two objects overlap.")
(documentation Above ChineseLanguage "这是一个由上/下模式所衍生和非接触的 &%PositionalAttribute。
注：这是指直接在上面，也就是说如果一个物体在另外一个物体的 &%Above 的话，那么这两个物体的投影就会交叠。")

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Above)
   (not
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(instance Below PositionalAttribute)
(instance Below AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute)
(documentation Below EnglishLanguage "This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the
up/down schema and may or may not involve contact.  Note that this means
directly below, i.e., if one object is &%Below another object, then the
projections of the two objects overlap.")
(documentation Below ChineseLanguage "这是一个由上/下模式所衍生的 &%PositionalAttribute，而两者
有可能但也不可能有接触。注：这是指直接在下面，也就是说如果一个物体在另外一个物体的 &%Below 的话，
那么这两个物体的投影就会交叠。")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Below)
   (or
      (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 On)
      (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Above)))

(instance Adjacent SymmetricPositionalAttribute)
(documentation Adjacent EnglishLanguage "Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close
to, near or abutting ?OBJ2.  This &%PositionalAttribute covers the
following common sense notions:  adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to,
is juxtaposed, and is close to.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Adjacent)
   (or
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(instance Left PositionalAttribute)
(instance Left AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute)
(documentation Left EnglishLanguage "This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the
left/right schema.  Note that this means directly to the left, so that,
if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the
two objects overlap.")
(documentation Left ChineseLanguage "这是一个由左/右模式所衍生的 &%PositionalAttribute。注：这是
指直接在左边，也就是说如果一个物体在另外一个物体的左边的话，那么这两个物体的投影就会交叠。")

(instance Right PositionalAttribute)
(instance Right AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Right Left)
(documentation Right EnglishLanguage "This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the
left/right schema.  Note that this means directly to the right, so that,
if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the
two objects overlap.")
(documentation Right ChineseLanguage "这是一个由左/右模式所衍生的 &%PositionalAttribute。注：
这是指直接在右边，也就是说如果一个物体在另外一个物体的右边的话，那么这两个物体的投影就会交叠。")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Right)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Left))

(instance Near SymmetricPositionalAttribute)
(documentation Near EnglishLanguage "The relation of common sense adjacency.  Note that, 
if an object is &%Near another object, then the objects are not &%connected.")
(documentation Near ChineseLanguage "这个关系属于一般常识的邻近。注：如果一个物体在另外一个物体的 
&%Near，那么这两个物体就不 &%connected。")

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
   (not
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Near))

(instance On AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute)
(documentation On EnglishLanguage "This is used to assert that an object is on top of
another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves
contact.")
(documentation On ChineseLanguage "这是用来表示一个物体在另外一个物体的上面，这是一个由上/下模式所
衍生和涉及接触的位置关系")

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 On)
   (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 On)
   (located ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 On)
   (not
      (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 On)))

(subclass TimeZone RelationalAttribute)
(documentation TimeZone EnglishLanguage "An &%Attribute which is used to specify 
coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to
the same &%TimePositions.")
(documentation TimeZone ChineseLanguage "这是一个用来指定统一时间尺度坐标的 &%Attribute，也就是说
所有的时间设备都和相同的 &%TimePosition 同步。")

(instance CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone EnglishLanguage "A &%TimeZone which functions
as the standard time zone.  It is also known as Zulu time (in the military),
Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone.  Note that whenever
a &%TimeZone is not specified, the &%TimePosition is understood to be with
respect to the &%CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone.")

(instance PacificTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation PacificTimeZone EnglishLanguage "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the
western part of the United States.")
(documentation PacificTimeZone ChineseLanguage "这是覆盖美国西部大部分地区的 &%TimeZone。")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 PacificTimeZone) ?TIME2)
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 8)))

(instance MountainTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation MountainTimeZone EnglishLanguage "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the
Rocky Mountain region of the United States.")
(documentation MountainTimeZone ChineseLanguage "这是覆盖美国大部分洛矶山脉地区的 &%TimeZone。")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 MountainTimeZone) ?TIME2)
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 7)))

(instance CentralTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation CentralTimeZone EnglishLanguage "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the
midwestern United States.")
(documentation CentralTimeZone ChineseLanguage "这是覆盖美国中西部大部分地区的 &%TimeZone。")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 CentralTimeZone) ?TIME2)
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 6)))

(instance EasternTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation EasternTimeZone EnglishLanguage "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the
eastern United States.")
(documentation EasternTimeZone ChineseLanguage "这是覆盖美国东部大部分地区的 &%TimeZone。")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 EasternTimeZone) ?TIME2)
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 5)))

(instance RelativeTimeFn BinaryFunction)
(instance RelativeTimeFn TemporalRelation)
(instance RelativeTimeFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain RelativeTimeFn 1 TimePosition)
(domain RelativeTimeFn 2 TimeZone)
(range RelativeTimeFn TimePosition)
(documentation RelativeTimeFn EnglishLanguage "A means of converting &%TimePositions
between different &%TimeZones.  (&%RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE)
denotes the &%TimePosition in &%CoordinatedUniversalTime that is
contemporaneous with the &%TimePosition ?TIME in &%TimeZone ?ZONE.
For example, (&%RelativeTimeFn (&%MeasureFn 14 &%HourDuration) &%EasternTimeZone)
would return the value (&%MeasureFn 19 &%HourDuration).")
(documentation RelativeTimeFn ChineseLanguage "这是用于不同 &%TimeZone 之间的一种对换 
&%TimePosition 的方法。 (&%RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE)表示 &%TimePosition 在 
&%CoordinatedUniversalTime 上，即是和 &%TimePosition ?TIME 在 &%TimeZone ?ZONE 是同时期。例如：
(&%RelativeTimeFn (&%MeasureFn 14 &%HourDuration) &%EasternTimeZone)所得出的值会是
(&%MeasureFn 19 &%HourDuration)。")

(subclass SocialRole RelationalAttribute)
(documentation SocialRole EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of all &%Attributes that
specify the position or status of a &%CognitiveAgent within an
&%Organization or other &%Group.")
(documentation SocialRole ChineseLanguage "这是所有表示一个 &%CognitiveAgent 在一个 
 &%Organization 或是其他 &%Group 的身份或地位  &%Attribute 的  &%Class。")

(=>
   (and
      (attribute ?PERSON ?ATTRIBUTE)
      (instance ?ATTRIBUTE SocialRole))
   (instance ?PERSON Human))

(instance Unemployed SocialRole)
(documentation Unemployed EnglishLanguage "The &%Attribute of a &%CognitiveAgent when
he/she is unemployed.")
(documentation Unemployed ChineseLanguage "这是用于当一个 &%CognitiveAgent 失业时的 
 &%Attribute。")

(<=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERSON Human)
      (forall (?ORG)
         (not
            (employs ?ORG ?PERSON))))
   (attribute ?PERSON Unemployed))

(subclass Position SocialRole)
(documentation Position EnglishLanguage "A formal position of reponsibility within an
&%Organization. Examples of &%Positions include president, laboratory
director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc.")

(instance occupiesPosition TernaryPredicate)
(domain occupiesPosition 1 Human)
(domain occupiesPosition 2 Position)
(domain occupiesPosition 3 Organization)
(documentation occupiesPosition EnglishLanguage "(&%occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG)
means that ?PERSON holds the &%Position ?POSITION at &%Organization ?ORG.
For example, (&%occupiesPosition &%TomSmith &%ResearchDirector
&%AcmeLaboratory) means that &%TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs.")
(documentation occupiesPosition ChineseLanguage "(&%occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG)的意思是 ?PERSON 在 &%Organization ?ORG 担任 &%Position ?POSITION。例如：
 (&%occupiesPosition &%TomSmith &%ResearchDirector &%AcmeLaboratory)的意思是 &%TomSmith 在
Acme 实验室担任研究总监的职位。")

(=>
  (occupiesPosition ?AGENT ?POSITION ?ORG)
  (attribute ?AGENT ?POSITION))

(=>
   (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)
   (exists (?POSITION)
      (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG)))

(=>
   (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORGANIZATION)
   (member ?PERSON ?ORGANIZATION))

(subclass NormativeAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation NormativeAttribute EnglishLanguage "A &%Class containing all of the
&%Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics,
etiquette, etc.  Many of these attributes express a judgement that
something ought or ought not to be the case.")

(instance modalAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance modalAttribute AsymmetricRelation)
(instance modalAttribute IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance modalAttribute PartialValuedRelation)
(subrelation modalAttribute property)
(domain modalAttribute 1 Formula)
(domain modalAttribute 2 NormativeAttribute)
(documentation modalAttribute EnglishLanguage "A &%BinaryRelation that is used to state 
the normative force of a &%Proposition.  (&%modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means
that the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the &%NormativeAttribute
?PROP.  For example, (&%modalAttribute (&%exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (&%and
(&%instance ?ACT &%Giving) (&%agent ?ACT John) (&%patient ?ACT ?OBJ)
(&%destination ?ACT Tom))) &%Obligation) means that John is obligated to give
Tom something.")
(documentation modalAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是一种用来表示 &%Proposition 所含规范力度的 
 &%BinaryRelation。(&%modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP)的意思是由 ?FORMULA 所表达的 &%Proposition
 含有 &%NormativeAttribute ?PROP。例如：(&%modalAttribute (&%exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (&%and
(&%instance ?ACT &%Giving) (&%agent ?ACT John) (&%patient ?ACT ?OBJ)
(&%destination ?ACT Tom))) &%Obligation)的意思是约翰有义务要给汤姆一样东西。.")

(=>
   (and
      (modalAttribute ?FORMULA1 ?PROP)
      (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2))
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA2 ?PROP))

(=>
    (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Permission)
    (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Possibility))

(subclass SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute NormativeAttribute)
(disjoint SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes
which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of
these &%Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the
same subject over time.  This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when
mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO.  If a term from such a knowledge
source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to
this &%Class.")
(documentation SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是缺乏客观标准为根据的 
 &%NormativeAttribute &%Class，也就是说判断这些 &%Attribute 的基础因人而异，甚至对同一个人的感受会
随时而差异，一般来说，这个 &%Class 只用于把外在的知识来源和SUMO联系的时候。如果一个词看似缺乏客观标准为
根据的话，我们会把它归纳到这个 &%Class。")

(=>
    (and
        (attribute ?OBJ ?ATR)
        (instance ?ATR SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute))
    (exists (?TIME ?JUDGE ?AGENT)
    (and
          (instance ?JUDGE Judging)
          (agent ?JUDGE ?AGENT)
          (patient ?JUDGE ?OBJ)
          (patient ?JUDGE
                (attribute ?OBJ ?ATR))
          (holdsDuring ?TIME
            (believes ?AGENT
              (property ?OBJ ?ATR))))))

(subclass SubjectiveStrongPositiveAttribute SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute)
(documentation SubjectiveStrongPositiveAttribute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class
of &%NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their
attribution, though statistically tends to be used in a strongly positive sense.
 This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge
sources to the SUMO.  If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective
criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this &%Class.")
(documentation SubjectiveStrongPositiveAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是缺乏客观标准为根据的 
 &%NormativeAttribute &%Class，可是从统计数据上来说它们一般用来形容强烈正面感觉。一般来说，这个 
 &%Class 只用于把外在的知识来源和SUMO联系的时候。如果一个词看似缺乏客观标准为根据的话，我们会把它归纳
 到这个 &%Class。")


(subclass SubjectiveWeakPositiveAttribute SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute)

(documentation SubjectiveWeakPositiveAttribute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class
of &%NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their
attribution, though statistically tends to be used in a weakly positive sense.
 This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge
sources to the SUMO.  If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective
criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this &%Class.")
(documentation SubjectiveWeakPositiveAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是缺乏客观标准为根据的 
 &%NormativeAttribute &%Class，可是从统计数据上来说它们一般用来形容轻微正面感觉。一般来说，这个 
 &%Class 只用于把外在的知识来源和SUMO联系的时候。如果一个词看似缺乏客观标准为根据的话，我们会把它归纳
 到这个 &%Class。")

(subclass SubjectiveStrongNegativeAttribute SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute)
(documentation SubjectiveStrongNegativeAttribute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class
of &%NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their
attribution, though statistically tends to be used in a strongly negative sense.
 This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge
sources to the SUMO.  If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective
criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this &%Class.")
(documentation SubjectiveStrongNegativeAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是缺乏客观标准为根据的 
 &%NormativeAttribute &%Class，可是从统计数据上来说它们一般用来形容强烈负面感觉。一般来说，这个 
 &%Class 只用于把外在的知识来源和SUMO联系的时候。如果一个词看似缺乏客观标准为根据的话，我们会把它归纳
 到这个 &%Class。")

(subclass SubjectiveWeakNegativeAttribute SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute)
(documentation SubjectiveWeakNegativeAttribute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class
of &%NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their
attribution, though statistically tends to be used in a weakly negative sense.
 This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge
sources to the SUMO.  If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective
criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this &%Class.")
(documentation SubjectiveWeakNegativeAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是缺乏客观标准为根据的 
 &%NormativeAttribute &%Class，可是从统计数据上来说它们一般用来形容轻微负面感觉。一般来说，这个 
 &%Class 只用于把外在的知识来源和SUMO联系的时候。如果一个词看似缺乏客观标准为根据的话，我们会把它归纳
 到这个 &%Class。")

(subclass ObjectiveNorm NormativeAttribute)
(documentation ObjectiveNorm EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes that 
are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is
broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable.")
(documentation ObjectiveNorm ChineseLanguage "这是拥有客观标准为根据的  &%NormativeAttribute
 &%Class，即是大家对于如何应用这些属性已经有广泛的共识。")


(subclass ContestAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation ContestAttribute EnglishLanguage "A &%Class containing &%Attributes that 
are specific to participants in a &%Contest.  In particular, these &%Attributes
indicate the position of one of the &%agents in the &%Contest with respect
to other &%agent(s) in the &%Contest.   Some examples of these &%Attributes
are winning, losing, won, lost, etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (property ?THING ?ATTR)
      (instance ?ATTR ContestAttribute))
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
         (or
            (agent ?CONTEST ?THING)
            (patient ?CONTEST ?THING)
            (subProcess ?THING ?CONTEST)))))

(subclass AlethicAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation AlethicAttribute EnglishLanguage "A &%Class containing all of the 
&%Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity.")
(documentation AlethicAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是一组所有包含与可能性和必要性概念有关的 
&%Attribute &%Class。")

(instance Possibility AlethicAttribute)
(documentation Possibility EnglishLanguage "Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that 
are possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world.")
(documentation Possibility ChineseLanguage "这是指应用于有可能出现 &%Proposition 的属性，即是
它起码会在一个世界上实现。")

(instance Necessity AlethicAttribute)
(documentation Necessity EnglishLanguage "Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that 
are necessary, i.e. true in every possible world.")
(documentation Necessity ChineseLanguage "这是指应用于必须出现 &%Proposition 的属性，即是
它在所有的世界上都会实现。")

(<=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Necessity)
   (not (modalAttribute (not ?FORMULA) Possibility)))

(=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Necessity)
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Possibility))

(instance holdsRight BinaryPredicate)
(instance holdsRight AsymmetricRelation)
(domain holdsRight 1 Formula)
(domain holdsRight 2 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation holdsRight EnglishLanguage "Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula
and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the right to
bring it about that the &%Formula is true.")
(documentation holdsRight ChineseLanguage "这是用来表达 &%Formula 和 &%CognitiveAgent 两者之
间的一种关系，那就是 &%CognitiveAgent 有权利实现 &%Formula 所指的。")

(instance confersRight TernaryPredicate)
(domain confersRight 1 Formula)
(domain confersRight 2 Entity)
(domain confersRight 3 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation confersRight EnglishLanguage "Expresses the relationship between a 
&%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity authorizes the
&%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.")
(documentation confersRight ChineseLanguage "这是用来表达 &%Formula、&%Entity 和 
&%CognitiveAgent 三者之间的一种关系，那就是 &%Entity 授权于 &%CognitiveAgent 去实现 &%Formula 
所指的。")

(=>
   (confersRight ?FORMULA ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
   (holdsRight ?FORMULA ?AGENT2))

(instance holdsObligation BinaryPredicate)
(instance holdsObligation AsymmetricRelation)
(domain holdsObligation 1 Formula)
(domain holdsObligation 2 CognitiveAgent)
(relatedInternalConcept holdsObligation holdsRight)
(documentation holdsObligation EnglishLanguage "Expresses a relationship between a
&%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has
the obligation to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.")
(documentation holdsObligation ChineseLanguage "这是用来表达 &%Formula 和 &%CognitiveAgent 
两者之间的一种关系，那就是 &%CognitiveAgent 有义务去实现 &%Formula 所指的。")

(instance confersObligation TernaryPredicate)
(domain confersObligation 1 Formula)
(domain confersObligation 2 Entity)
(domain confersObligation 3 CognitiveAgent)
(relatedInternalConcept confersObligation confersRight)
(documentation confersObligation EnglishLanguage "Expresses the relationship between a
a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity
obligates the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is
true.")
(documentation confersObligation ChineseLanguage "这是用来表达 &%Formula、&%Entity 和 
&%CognitiveAgent 三者之间的一种关系，那就是 &%Entity 要求 &%CognitiveAgent 去实现 &%Formula 
所指的。")

(=>
   (confersObligation ?FORMULA ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
   (holdsObligation ?FORMULA ?AGENT2))

(subclass DeonticAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation DeonticAttribute EnglishLanguage "A &%Class containing all of the 
&%Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition.")

(instance Permission DeonticAttribute)
(documentation Permission EnglishLanguage "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that 
an &%Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true.")
(documentation Permission ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Attribute 用来表示某种权威允许 &%Agent 去
实现 &%Proposition。")

(instance Obligation DeonticAttribute)
(documentation Obligation EnglishLanguage "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that 
an &%Agent is required, by some authority, to make true.")
(documentation Obligation ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Attribute 是用来表示某种权威要求 &%Agent 去
实现 &%Proposition。")

(<=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Obligation)
   (not (modalAttribute (not ?FORMULA) Permission)))

(=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Obligation)
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Permission))

(subAttribute Law Obligation)
(instance Law DeonticAttribute)
(documentation Law EnglishLanguage "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are
required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced
with penalties for noncompliance.  These &%Propositions may be codified as
legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy.")

(subAttribute Promise Obligation)
(documentation Promise EnglishLanguage "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that
an &%Agent promises to make true.  &%Promises may be implicit or explicit.
They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner.")
(documentation Promise ChineseLanguage "这个 &%Attribute 是用来表示一个 &%Agent 答应实现 
&%Proposition。 &%Promise 可以是含蓄或明确的，它可以以书面或口头或手势形式来表达。")

;; KJN: Moving this to Mid-level-ontology as the definition for Contract is all there.
;;(=>
;;   (property ?ENTITY Promise)
;;      (or
;;         (property ?ENTITY Contract)
;;         (property ?ENTITY NakedPromise)))

;;(subAttribute NakedPromise Promise)
;;(documentation NakedPromise EnglishLanguage "A &%Promise where nothing is promised in return,
;;i.e. a nudum pactum.")

(instance Prohibition DeonticAttribute)
(documentation Prohibition EnglishLanguage "&%Prohibition is the &%DeonticAttribute that
applies to &%Formulas that an &%Agent is forbidden, by some authority,
to make true.")
(documentation Prohibition ChineseLanguage "&%Prohibition 用来表示某种权威禁止 &%Agent 去
实现 &%Proposition 的 &%DeonticAttribute。")

(<=>
  (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Prohibition)
  (not (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Permission)))

(subclass ProbabilityAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation ProbabilityAttribute EnglishLanguage "A class containing all of the 
&%Attributes relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. &%Likely 
and &%Unlikely.")

(instance Likely ProbabilityAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Likely Unlikely)
(documentation Likely EnglishLanguage "The &%ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. 
more likely than not to be &%True.")
(documentation Likely ChineseLanguage "这是表示有可能发生的 &%ProbabilityAttribute，即是有可能是
 &%True 的机会比不可能的大。")

(=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Likely)
   (greaterThan (ProbabilityFn (truth ?FORMULA True)) (ProbabilityFn (truth ?FORMULA False))))

(instance Unlikely ProbabilityAttribute)
(documentation Unlikely EnglishLanguage "The &%ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, 
i.e. more likely than not to be &%False.")
(documentation Unlikely ChineseLanguage "这是表示不可能发生的 &%ProbabilityAttribute，即是
即是有可能是 &%False 的机会比不可能的大。")

(=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Unlikely)
   (greaterThan (ProbabilityFn (truth ?FORMULA False)) (ProbabilityFn (truth ?FORMULA True))))

(subclass PhysicalState InternalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Solid Liquid Gas Plasma)
(exhaustiveAttribute PhysicalState Solid Fluid Liquid Gas Plasma)
(documentation PhysicalState EnglishLanguage "The physical state of an &%Object.  There
are three reified instances of this &%Class:  &%Solid, &%Liquid, and &%Gas.
Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one
substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical
states) of a given substance.  For example, melting an iron nail yields a
substance still called iron.")

(instance Solid PhysicalState)
(documentation Solid EnglishLanguage "An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Solid if it
has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.")
(documentation Solid ChineseLanguage "这是如果一个 &%Object 的形状和体积都是固定的话，它的
 &%Attribute 便是属于 &%Solid。")

(instance Fluid PhysicalState)
(documentation Fluid EnglishLanguage "&%Fluid is the &%PhysicalState attribute of an
&%Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to
conform to the shape of a container.")

(instance Liquid PhysicalState)
(subAttribute Liquid Fluid)
(documentation Liquid EnglishLanguage "An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Liquid if
it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape.")
(documentation Liquid ChineseLanguage "这是如果一个 &%Object 的体积是固定，但它的形状却不是固定的话，
那么它的 &%Attribute 便是属于 &%Liquid。")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ Solution)
   (attribute ?OBJ Liquid))

(instance Gas PhysicalState)
(subAttribute Gas Fluid)
(documentation Gas EnglishLanguage "An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Gas if it has
neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.")
(documentation Gas ChineseLanguage "这是如果一个 &%Object 的体积和形状都不是固定的话，那么它的 
&%Attribute 便是属于 &%Gas。")

(<=>
   (instance ?OBJ Substance)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR PhysicalState)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))

(instance Plasma PhysicalState)
(subAttribute Plasma Fluid)
(documentation Plasma EnglishLanguage "An extremely energetic &%PhysicalState that 
consists of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons.  That is, a plasma is composed of
positive ions and free electrons.  &%Plasma behaves differently enough from
&%Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter.")

;; NS: delete.  Instances of SoundAttribute should also be instances
;; of PerceptualAttribute, but SoundAttribute is a subclass of
;; RelationalAttribute, not of InternalAttribute.  Some
;; PerceptualAttributes are InternalAttributes.  Others are
;; RelationalAttributes.
;; (subclass PerceptualAttribute InternalAttribute)

;; NS: add.
;(subclass PerceptualAttribute Attribute)
;;MSv: NS's change was conflicting with the partition of Attribute.
;;PerceptualAttributes are reclassified as subclass of RelationalAttribute.
(subclass PerceptualAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation PerceptualAttribute EnglishLanguage "Any &%Attribute whose presence is 
detected by an act of &%Perception.")
(documentation PerceptualAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是指任何经由某种 &%Perception 来
感应到存在的 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERCEPTION Perception)
      (patient ?PERCEPTION ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?PROP PerceptualAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP))))

(subclass TasteAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation TasteAttribute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Attributes relating to
the taste of &%Objects.")
(documentation TasteAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是关于 &%Object 味道 &%Attribute 的 
&%Class。")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ (FoodForFn Animal))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR TasteAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))

(subclass OlfactoryAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation OlfactoryAttribute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of properties that are
detectable by smell.")
(documentation OlfactoryAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是所嗅到特质的 &%Class")

(subclass VisualAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation VisualAttribute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of visually discernible
properties.")
(documentation VisualAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是通过视觉来识别特质的 &%Class。")

(instance Illuminated VisualAttribute)
(documentation Illuminated EnglishLanguage "The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are
illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually
discernable.")
(documentation Illuminated ChineseLanguage "这是在某程度上被照亮 &%Region 的 &%Attribute，也
就是说视觉可以识别它的某些形状。")

(instance Unilluminated VisualAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Unilluminated Illuminated)
(documentation Unilluminated EnglishLanguage "The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are
unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable.")
(documentation Innilluminated ChineseLanguage "这是没有受到照亮 &%Region 的 &%Attribute，也
就是说视觉不能识别它的任何形状。")

;; NS: delete.
;; (subclass ColorAttribute InternalAttribute)

;; NS: add.
(subclass ColorAttribute VisualAttribute)

(documentation ColorAttribute EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Attributes relating to the
color of &%Objects.")
(documentation ColorAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是关于 &%Object 颜色 &%Attribute 的 
&%Class。")

(subclass PrimaryColor ColorAttribute)
(documentation PrimaryColor EnglishLanguage "Colors which can be blended to form any
color and which cannot be derived from any other colors.")

(instance Red PrimaryColor)
(documentation Red EnglishLanguage "The &%Attribute of redness.")
(documentation Red ChineseLanguage "这是红色的 &%Attribute。")

(instance Blue PrimaryColor)
(documentation Blue EnglishLanguage "The &%Attribute of being blue in color.")
(documentation Blue ChineseLanguage "这是蓝色的 &%Attribute。")

(instance Yellow PrimaryColor)
(documentation Yellow EnglishLanguage "The &%Attribute of being yellow in color.")
(documentation Yellow ChineseLanguage "这是黄色的 &%Attribute。")

(instance White PrimaryColor)
(documentation White EnglishLanguage "The &%Attribute of being white in color.")
(documentation White ChineseLanguage "这是白色的 &%Attribute。")

(instance Black PrimaryColor)
(documentation Black EnglishLanguage "The &%Attribute of being black in color.")
(documentation Black ChineseLanguage "这是黑色的 &%Attribute。")

(instance Monochromatic ColorAttribute)
(documentation Monochromatic EnglishLanguage "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has
the same color on every part of its surface.")
(documentation Monochromatic ChineseLanguage "拥有这个 &%Attribute 的 &%Object，它表面每一个
部分的颜色都是相同的。")

(=>
   (and
      (attribute ?OBJ Monochromatic)
      (superficialPart ?PART ?OBJ)
      (attribute ?PART ?COLOR)
      (instance ?COLOR PrimaryColor))
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=>
         (superficialPart ?ELEMENT ?OBJ)
         (attribute ?ELEMENT ?COLOR))))

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ Object)
   (or
      (attribute ?OBJ Monochromatic)
      (attribute ?OBJ Polychromatic)))

(instance Polychromatic ColorAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Polychromatic Monochromatic)
(documentation Polychromatic EnglishLanguage "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has
different colors on different parts of its surface.")
(documentation Polychromatic ChineseLanguage "拥有这个 &%Attribute 的 &%Object，它表面
不同部分的颜色都是不一样的。")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ Polychromatic)
   (exists (?PART1 ?PART2 ?COLOR1 ?COLOR2)
      (and
         (superficialPart ?PART1 ?OBJ)
         (superficialPart ?PART2 ?OBJ)
         (attribute ?PART1 ?COLOR1)
         (attribute ?PART2 ?COLOR2)
         (instance ?COLOR1 ColorAttribute)
         (instance ?COLOR2 ColorAttribute)
         (not (equal ?COLOR1 ?COLOR2)))))

;; KJN: Moved in from Media.kif
(subclass StructureAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation StructureAttribute EnglishLanguage
"Each &%subclass of &%StructureAttribute denotes some facet of the
structure of physical entities.  Each &%instance of
&%StructureAttribute denotes some structural characteristic that may
pertain to some &%Physical entity.")

(subclass ShapeAttribute StructureAttribute)

;; KJN: Delete as StructureAttribute already subclasses from InternalAttribute
;;(subclass ShapeAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation ShapeAttribute EnglishLanguage "Any &%Attribute that relates to the
shape of an &%Object.")
(documentation ShapeAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是任何与 &%Object 的形状有关的 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTRIBUTE ShapeAttribute)
      (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTRIBUTE)
      (surface ?SURFACE ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?SURFACE ?ATTRIBUTE))
(instance Pliable InternalAttribute)
(documentation Pliable EnglishLanguage "The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute
can easily be altered.")
(documentation Pliable ChineseLanguage "拥有这个 &%Attribute &%Object 的形状可以被容易的改变。")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?OBJ Object)
    (attribute ?OBJ Pliable))
  (exists (?CHANGE)
    (and
      (instance ?CHANGE ShapeChange)
      (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ))))

(instance Rigid InternalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Rigid Pliable)
(documentation Rigid EnglishLanguage "The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute
cannot be altered without breaking.")
(documentation Rigid ChineseLanguage "拥有这个 &%Attribute 的 &%Object，它的形状不可能在不把它
摔破的情况下受到改变。")

(subclass TextureAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation TextureAttribute EnglishLanguage "Any &%Attribute that characterizes the
texture of an &%Object.")
(subclass TextureAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation TextureAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是任何代表 &%Object 的质地的 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTRIBUTE TextureAttribute)
      (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTRIBUTE)
      (surface ?SURFACE ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?SURFACE ?ATTRIBUTE))

(instance Smooth TextureAttribute)
(documentation Smooth EnglishLanguage "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has a smooth
surface.")
(documentation Smooth ChineseLanguage "拥有这个 &%Attribute &%Object 的表面是平滑的。")

(instance Rough TextureAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Smooth Rough)
(documentation Rough EnglishLanguage "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has a rough
surface.")
(documentation Rough ChineseLanguage "拥有这个 &%Attribute &%Object 的表面是粗躁的。")

(subclass GeometricFigure ShapeAttribute)
(partition GeometricFigure GeometricPoint OneDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure ThreeDimensionalFigure)
(documentation GeometricFigure EnglishLanguage "The class of all geometric figures, i.e. 
the class of all abstract, spatial representations.  The instances of this class
are &%GeometricPoints, &%TwoDimensionalFigures or &%ThreeDimensionalFigures.")

(subclass GeometricPoint GeometricFigure)
(documentation GeometricPoint EnglishLanguage "The class of zero-dimensional
&%GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of &%GeometricFigures that have position
but lack extension in any dimension.")

(subclass OneDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure)
(documentation OneDimensionalFigure EnglishLanguage "The class of &%GeometricFigures that
have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines.")
(documentation OneDimensionalFigure ChineseLanguage "
The class of &%GeometricFigures that
have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines.")

(subclass TwoDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure)
(partition TwoDimensionalFigure OpenTwoDimensionalFigure ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure)
(documentation TwoDimensionalFigure EnglishLanguage "The class of &%GeometricFigures that
have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures
like circles and polygons.")

(subclass OpenTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure)
(documentation OpenTwoDimensionalFigure EnglishLanguage "The class of 
&%TwoDimensionalFigures that are not &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures.")

(subclass TwoDimensionalAngle OpenTwoDimensionalFigure)
(documentation TwoDimensionalAngle EnglishLanguage "Any two &%OneDimensionalFigures (i.e.
straight lines) meeting at a single &%GeometricPoint.")

(subclass ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure)
(documentation ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure EnglishLanguage "Any &%TwoDimensionalFigure 
which has a well defined interior and exterior.")

(subclass ThreeDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure)
(documentation ThreeDimensionalFigure EnglishLanguage "The class of &%GeometricFigures 
that have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids
like polyhedrons and cylinders.")

(instance geometricPart BinaryPredicate)
(instance geometricPart PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain geometricPart 1 GeometricFigure)
(domain geometricPart 2 GeometricFigure)
(documentation geometricPart EnglishLanguage "(&%geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that 
the &%GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?WHOLE.")

(subrelation pointOfFigure geometricPart)
(instance pointOfFigure BinaryPredicate)
(domain pointOfFigure 1 GeometricPoint)
(domain pointOfFigure 2 GeometricFigure)
(documentation pointOfFigure EnglishLanguage "(&%pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that
the &%GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.")

(subrelation angleOfFigure geometricPart)
(instance angleOfFigure BinaryPredicate)
(domain angleOfFigure 1 TwoDimensionalAngle)
(domain angleOfFigure 2 GeometricFigure)
(documentation angleOfFigure EnglishLanguage "(&%angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that
the &%TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.")

(instance pointOfIntersection TernaryPredicate)
(domain pointOfIntersection 1 OneDimensionalFigure)
(domain pointOfIntersection 2 OneDimensionalFigure)
(domain pointOfIntersection 3 GeometricPoint)
(documentation pointOfIntersection EnglishLanguage "(&%pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2 ?POINT) means that the two straight lines ?FIGURE1 and ?FIGURE2 meet at the
point ?POINT.")

(=>
   (pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2 ?POINT)
   (and
      (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE1)
      (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE2)))

(instance parallel BinaryPredicate)
(domain parallel 1 OneDimensionalFigure)
(domain parallel 2 OneDimensionalFigure)
(documentation parallel EnglishLanguage "(&%parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the
&%OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another,
i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point.")

(=>
  (parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2)
  (not
    (exists (?POINT)
      (pointOfIntersection ?LINE1 ?LINE2 ?POINT))))

(instance angularMeasure BinaryPredicate)
(instance angularMeasure TotalValuedRelation)
(domain angularMeasure 1 TwoDimensionalAngle)
(domain angularMeasure 2 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(documentation angularMeasure EnglishLanguage "(&%angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means 
that the two-dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the &%PlaneAngleMeasure of
?MEASURE.")
(documentation angularMeasure ChineseLanguage "(&%angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE)的意思是
二维几何角度 ?ANGLE 的 &%PlaneAngleMeasure 是 ?MEASURE。")

(instance lineMeasure BinaryPredicate)
(instance lineMeasure TotalValuedRelation)
(domain lineMeasure 1 OneDimensionalFigure)
(domain lineMeasure 2 LengthMeasure)
(documentation lineMeasure EnglishLanguage "(&%lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the
straight line ?LINE has the &%LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE.")
(documentation lineMeasure ChineseLanguage "(&%lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE)的意思是直线 ?LINE
的 &%LengthMeasure 是 ?MEASURE。")

(instance geometricDistance TernaryPredicate)
(instance geometricDistance SingleValuedRelation)
(instance geometricDistance TotalValuedRelation)
(domain geometricDistance 1 GeometricPoint)
(domain geometricDistance 2 GeometricPoint)
(domain geometricDistance 3 LengthMeasure)
(documentation geometricDistance EnglishLanguage "(&%geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2
?LENGTH) means that ?LENGTH is the distance between the two
&%GeometricPoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT2.")
(documentation geometricDistance ChineseLanguage "(&%geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2
?LENGTH) 的意思是 ?LENGTH 是两个 &%GeometricPoint ?POINT1 和 ?POINT2 之间的距离。")

(=>
   (geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?LENGTH)
   (geometricDistance ?POINT2 ?POINT1 ?LENGTH))

(subclass SaturationAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation SaturationAttribute EnglishLanguage "A &%Class of &%Attributes that 
specify, in a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of &%Object in
another kind of &%Object.")

(instance Dry SaturationAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Dry Damp)
(documentation Dry EnglishLanguage "An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated
&%Object contains no &%Liquid.")
(documentation Dry ChineseLanguage "这是用来表示相关 &%Object 不含 &%Liquid 的 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ Dry)
   (not
      (exists (?SUBOBJ)
         (and
            (part ?SUBOBJ ?OBJ)
            (attribute ?SUBOBJ Liquid)))))

(instance Damp SaturationAttribute)
(documentation Damp EnglishLanguage "An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated
&%Object contains some &%Liquid.")
(documentation Damp ChineseLanguage "这是用来表示相关 &%Object 含有一些 &%Liquid 的 
&%Attribute。")

(instance Wet SaturationAttribute)
(subAttribute Wet Damp)
(documentation Wet EnglishLanguage "An &%Attribute which indicates that the
associated &%Object is fully saturated with a &%Liquid, i.e.
every part of the &%Object has a subpart which is a &%Liquid.")
(documentation Wet ChineseLanguage "这是用来表示相关 &%Object 含有完全饱和 &%Liquid 的 
&%Attribute，即是 &%Objec 的每一个部分都有 &%Liquid 作为它的子部分。")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ Wet)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (exists (?SUBPART)
            (and
               (part ?SUBPART ?PART)
               (attribute ?SUBPART Liquid))))))

(subclass BiologicalAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation BiologicalAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%Attributes that apply specifically
to instances of &%Organism.")
(documentation BiologicalAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是特别用于 &%Organism 实例的 
&%Attribute。")

;; NS: delete.  Many current instances of BiologicalAttribute apply
;; to OrganicObjects that are not Organisms.
;; (=>
;;     (and
;;         (attribute ?ORG ?ATT)
;;         (instance ?ATT BiologicalAttribute))
;;     (instance ?ORG Organism))

;; NS: add.
(=>
    (and
        (attribute ?ORG ?ATT)
        (instance ?ATT BiologicalAttribute))
    (instance ?ORG OrganicObject))

(subclass BodyPosition BiologicalAttribute)
(documentation BodyPosition EnglishLanguage "The class of &%Attributes expressing
configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans,
e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc.")
(documentation BodyPosition ChineseLanguage "这是用来表示动物或人类身体构造或身体部分 &%Attribute 
的类别，例如：站着、坐下、跪下和躺下等等。")

(=>
   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
   (or
      (exists (?MOTION)
         (and
            (instance ?MOTION BodyMotion)
            (agent ?MOTION ?ANIMAL)))
      (exists (?ATTR)
         (and
            (instance ?ATTR BodyPosition)
            (attribute ?ANIMAL ?ATTR)))))

(instance Standing BodyPosition)
(documentation Standing EnglishLanguage "The &%BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being
fully extended and supported by nothing other than one's own feet.")
(documentation Standing ChineseLanguage "这是我们直立时候的 &%BodyPosition，即是整个人完全延伸，
除了靠自己双腿支之外，就没有其他的撑着了。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?AMBULATE Ambulating)
      (agent ?AMBULATE ?AGENT))
   (attribute ?AGENT Standing))

(instance Sitting BodyPosition)
(documentation Sitting EnglishLanguage "The &%BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e.
knees bent and back side supported.")
(documentation Sitting ChineseLanguage "这是我们斜靠着时的 &%BodyPosition，即是双膝弯曲和靠身体的
背部支撑着。")

(instance Prostrate BodyPosition)
(documentation Prostrate EnglishLanguage "The &%BodyPosition of lying down, being in a
horizontal position.")
(documentation Prostrate ChineseLanguage "这是我们躺着时的 &%BodyPosition， 即是作为水平位置。")

(subclass AnimacyAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(exhaustiveAttribute AnimacyAttribute Living Dead)
(documentation AnimacyAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%Attributes that indicate whether an
&%Organism is alive or not.")
(documentation AnimacyAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是表示一个 &%Organism 是否活着的 
&%Attribute。")
(instance Living AnimacyAttribute)
(documentation Living EnglishLanguage "This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are
alive.")
(documentation Living ChineseLanguage "这是指活着的 &%Organism 的 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
      (agent ?PROCESS ?ORGANISM))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?PROCESS) (attribute ?ORGANISM Living)))

(instance Dead AnimacyAttribute)
(subAttribute Dead Unconscious)
(contraryAttribute Dead Living)
(documentation Dead EnglishLanguage "This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are
not alive.")
(documentation Dead ChineseLanguage "这是指失去生命的 &%Organism 的 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG Organism)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR AnimacyAttribute)
         (attribute ?ORG ?ATTR))))

(subclass SexAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(exhaustiveAttribute SexAttribute Female Male)
(documentation SexAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%Attributes that indicate the sex of an
&%Organism.")
(documentation SexAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是表示一个 &%Organism 性别的 &%Attribute。")

(instance Female SexAttribute)
(documentation Female EnglishLanguage "An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is
female in nature.")
(documentation Female ChineseLanguage "这是表示一个 &%Organism 天生是雌性的 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BODY ReproductiveBody)
      (part ?BODY ?ORG)
      (instance ?ORG Organism))
(attribute ?ORG Female))

(instance Male SexAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Male Female)
(documentation Male EnglishLanguage "An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is
male in nature.")
(documentation Mle ChineseLanguage "这是表示一个 &%Organism 天生是雄性的 &%Attribute。")
(=>
   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR SexAttribute)
         (attribute ?ANIMAL ?ATTR))))

(subclass DevelopmentalAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(exhaustiveAttribute DevelopmentalAttribute FullyFormed NonFullyFormed)
(documentation DevelopmentalAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%Attributes that indicate the
stage of development of an &%Organism.")
(documentation DevelopmentalAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是表达 &%Organism 生长过程的 
&%Attribute。")

(instance FullyFormed DevelopmentalAttribute)
(documentation FullyFormed EnglishLanguage "The stage of an &%Organism when it has reached
the end of its growth phase.")
(documentation FullyFormed ChineseLanguage "这是指当一个 &%Organism 已经过渡发育期。")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ FullyFormed)
   (exists (?GROWTH)
      (and
         (instance ?GROWTH Growth)
         (experiencer ?GROWTH ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?OBJ)) (attribute ?OBJ NonFullyFormed)))))

(instance NonFullyFormed DevelopmentalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute NonFullyFormed FullyFormed)
(successorAttribute NonFullyFormed FullyFormed)
(documentation NonFullyFormed EnglishLanguage "The stage of an &%Organism before it is
&%FullyFormed.")
(documentation NonFullyFormed ChineseLanguage "这是指一个 &%Organism 在到 &%FullyFormed 以前
的阶段。")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG Organism)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR DevelopmentalAttribute)
         (attribute ?ORG ?ATTR))))

(subAttribute Larval NonFullyFormed)
(documentation Larval EnglishLanguage "Form of most &%Invertebrates, &%Amphibians, and
&%Fish immediately after they hatch.  This form is fundamentally unlike
the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form.")

;; NS: delete.
;; (=>
;;    (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORG Larval))
;;    (holdsDuring
;;      (PastFn ?TIME)
;;        (exists (?BIRTH)
;;          (and
;;            (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
;;            (experiencer ?BIRTH ?ORG)))))

;; NS: add.
(=>
  (and
    (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORG Larval))
    (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
    (equal ?BW (WhenFn ?BIRTH))
    (experiencer ?BIRTH ?ORG))
  (meetsTemporally ?BW ?TIME))

(subAttribute Embryonic NonFullyFormed)
(contraryAttribute Embryonic Larval)
(documentation Embryonic EnglishLanguage "The stage of an &%Organism or an
&%AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the &%Organism is born.
&%Mammals, for example, have this &%Attribute only prior to
their birth.")
(documentation Embryonic ChineseLanguage "这是 &%Organism 或 &%AnatomicalStructure 只有在  
&%Organism 出生以前的生命阶段。例如：&%Mammal 只在出生以前才会有这个 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (attribute ?ORG Embryonic)
   (exists (?BODY)
      (and
         (instance ?BODY ReproductiveBody)
         (located ?ORG ?BODY))))

;; NS: delete.  It's best not to put either (exists ... or (not
;; (exists ... inside the scope of holdsDuring.
;; (=>
;;    (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORG Embryonic))
;;    (holdsDuring ?TIME (not (exists (?BIRTH) (and (instance ?BIRTH Birth) (experiencer ?BIRTH ?ORG))))))

;; NS: add.
(=>
  (and
    (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORG Embryonic))
    (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
    (equal ?BW (WhenFn ?BIRTH))
    (experiencer ?BIRTH ?ORG))
  (not (overlapsTemporally ?TIME ?BW)))

(subclass DiseaseOrSyndrome BiologicalAttribute)
(documentation DiseaseOrSyndrome EnglishLanguage "A &%BiologicalAttribute which qualifies
something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity
of an &%Organism.  It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of
one or more of the host's systems, parts, or &%Organs.")

;; NS: If we wanted to ascribe PsychologicalAttributes
;; to a non-OrganicObject robot or an AI, this
;; statement would have to be changed.
(subclass PsychologicalAttribute BiologicalAttribute)

(partition PsychologicalAttribute StateOfMind TraitAttribute)
(documentation PsychologicalAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%Attributes
that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an &%Organism.")
(documentation PsychologicalAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是表示 &%Organism 心理或行为生活的
&%Attribute。")

;; NS: delete.
;; (=>
;;    (instance ?ATTR PsychologicalAttribute)
;;    (=>
;;       (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORGANISM ?ATTR))
;;       (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORGANISM Living))))

;; NS: add.
(=>
   (instance ?ATTR PsychologicalAttribute)
   (=>
      (and
        (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORGANISM ?ATTR))
        (instance ?ORGANISM Organism))
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORGANISM Living))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTR PsychologicalAttribute)
      (attribute ?AGENT ?ATTR))
   (instance ?AGENT SentientAgent))

(subclass StateOfMind PsychologicalAttribute)
(documentation StateOfMind EnglishLanguage  "The class &%StateOfMind is distinguished from
its complement &%TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are
transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's 
behavioral/psychological make-up.")
(documentation StateOfMind ChineseLanguage  "
 &%StateOfMind 的类别和它的补充类别 &%TraitAttribute 的分别在于，前者的实例是短暂的，而后者的实例却
是生物具有持久特征的行为/心理结构。")

(subclass EmotionalState StateOfMind)
(documentation EmotionalState EnglishLanguage "The &%Class of &%Attributes that denote 
emotional states of &%Organisms.")
(documentation EmotionalState ChineseLanguage "这是表示 &%Organism 情绪状态 &%Attribute 的 
&%Class。")

(subclass ConsciousnessAttribute StateOfMind)
(documentation ConsciousnessAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%Attributes that indicate whether
an &%Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of
an &%Organism.")
(documentation ConsciousnessAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是表示 一个 &%Organism 是否有意识或
 &%Organism 意识的定性程度的 &%Attribute。")

(<=>
   (and
      (instance ?AGENT SentientAgent)
      (attribute ?AGENT Living))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR ConsciousnessAttribute)
         (attribute ?AGENT ?ATTR))))

(instance Asleep ConsciousnessAttribute)
(documentation Asleep EnglishLanguage "&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are
sleeping.")
(documentation Asleep ChineseLanguage "这是指当 &%Organism 正在睡觉的 &%Attribute。")


(instance Unconscious ConsciousnessAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Unconscious Awake)
(documentation Unconscious EnglishLanguage "&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that
are unconscious.  An &%Organism may be &%Unconscious because it is &%Dead
or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc.")
(documentation Unconscious ChineseLanguage "这是指 &%Organism 没有意识的 &%Attribute。一个 
&%Organism 之所以 &%Unconscious，这可能是因为 &%Dead， 或者是生物的头部受击，或是因为受到药物影响
等等。")

(instance Awake ConsciousnessAttribute)
(documentation Awake EnglishLanguage "&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are
neither &%Unconscious nor &%Asleep.")
(documentation Awake ChineseLanguage "这是指当 &%Organism 既不是处于 &%Unconscious
无意识，也不是 &%Asleep 的 &%Attribute。")

(=>
   (or
      (attribute ?AGENT Asleep)
      (attribute ?AGENT Awake))
   (attribute ?AGENT Living))

(subclass TraitAttribute PsychologicalAttribute)
(documentation TraitAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%Attributes that indicate the the
behavior/personality traits of an &%Organism.")
(documentation TraitAttribute ChineseLanguage "这是表示 &%Organism 行为/个性特质的 
&%Attribute。")

(subclass PsychologicalDysfunction PsychologicalAttribute)
(subclass PsychologicalDysfunction DiseaseOrSyndrome)
(documentation PsychologicalDysfunction EnglishLanguage "A clinically significant
dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological.
These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies
or manifestations.")
(documentation PsychologicalDysfunction ChineseLanguage "这是一种在临床方面上为严重的功能障碍，
这主要是行为或心理的表现。这些功能障碍可能已经确定或假定为生物的病因或表现。")

(instance comment TernaryPredicate)
(documentation comment EnglishLanguage "(&%comment ?ENT ?STR ?PER) is a convenient
relationship that allows ontologists represented by &%SymbolicString ?PER to write
down commentaries ?STR on a defined &%Entity ?ENT")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage comment "comment")
(documentation comment ChineseLanguage "(&%comment ?ENT ?STR ?PER)是一项方便的关系， 它允许
编写本体论的专家 在一个限定的 &%Entity ?ENT 以 &%SymbolicString ?PER
写下注释 ?ST。")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage comment "comment")
(termFormat ChineseLanguage comment "注释")

(domain comment 1 Entity)
(domain comment 2 SymbolicString)
(domain comment 3 SymbolicString)

(instance MakingFn UnaryFunction)
(domainSubclass MakingFn 1 Making)
(rangeSubclass MakingFn Object)
(documentation MakingFn EnglishLanguage "A &%Function that denotes the creation of an 
&%Object.")
(documentation MakingFn ChineseLanguage "这是用来代表建立一样 &%Object 的 &%Function 。")

(=>
  (instance ?X (MakingFn ?Y))
  (exists (?OBJECT)
    (and
      (instance ?OBJECT ?Y)
      (result ?X ?OBJECT))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;    Sequestered Axioms    ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;  This section is not a subontology of the SUMO.  It contains axioms from
;;  other sections of the ontology that may cause problems for an inference
;;  engine.  In particular, they can be used to construct arbitrarily complex
;;  terms that often appear in proofs with unhelpful conclusions.  Before this
;;  file is loaded into the inference engine, the axioms in this section should
;;  be commented out.

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (UnionFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
;;     (or
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS1)
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS2)))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (IntersectionFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
;;     (and
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS1)
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS2)))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (ComplementFn ?CLASS))
;;     (not
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS)))

;;  (=>
;;     (and
;;        (instance ?CLASS1 SetOrClass)
;;        (instance ?CLASS2 SetOrClass))
;;     (equal (RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) (IntersectionFn ?CLASS1 (ComplementFn ?CLASS2))))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (GeneralizedUnionFn ?SUPERCLASS))
;;     (exists (?CLASS)
;;        (and
;;           (instance ?CLASS ?SUPERCLASS)
;;           (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS))))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (GeneralizedIntersectionFn ?SUPERCLASS))
;;     (forall (?CLASS)
;;           (=>
;;              (instance ?CLASS ?SUPERCLASS)
;;              (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS))))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?SUBCLASS (PowerSetFn ?CLASS))
;;     (subclass ?SUBCLASS ?CLASS))

;; (=>
;;   (instance ?REL Function)
;;   (<=>
;;     (equal (AssignmentFn ?REL @ROW) ?INST)
;;     (?REL @ROW ?INST)))

;; NS: sequestered 2007-08-01
;; (<=>
;;    (instance ?REL BinaryRelation)
;;    (not
;;       (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 @ROW)
;;          (?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 @ROW))))

;; NS: sequestered 2007-08-01
;; (=>
;;    (instance ?REL TernaryRelation)
;;    (not
;;       (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 @ROW)
;;          (?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 @ROW))))

;; NS: sequestered 2007-08-01
;; (=>
;;    (instance ?REL QuaternaryRelation)
;;    (not
;;       (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 @ROW)
;;          (?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 @ROW))))

;; NS: sequestered 2007-08-01
;; (=>
;;    (instance ?REL QuintaryRelation)
;;    (not
;;       (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 ?ITEM6 @ROW)
;;          (?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 ?ITEM6 @ROW))))