alternatives.8

.\" alternatives.8
.\" This man page is copyright 1997 Charles Briscoe-Smith, 2002 Red Hat, Inc.
.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify
.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
.\" by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
.\" (at your option) any later version. 
.TH UPDATE-ALTERNATIVES 8 "27 January 2001"
.SH NAME
alternatives \- maintain symbolic links determining default commands
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --install
.I link name path priority
.RB [ --follower
.I link name
.IR path ]...
.RB [ --initscript
.IR service ]
.RB [ --family
.IR name ]
.PP
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --remove
.I name path
.PP
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --set
.I name path/family
.PP
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --auto
.I name
.PP
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --display
.I name
.PP
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --config
.I name
.PP
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --list
.PP
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --remove-all
.I name
.PP
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --add-follower
.I name path follower_link follower_name follower_path
.PP
.B alternatives
.RI [ options ]
.B --remove-follower 
.I name path follower_name
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B alternatives
creates, removes, maintains and displays information about the symbolic
links comprising the alternatives system. The alternatives system is
a reimplementation of the Debian alternatives system. It was rewritten
primarily to remove the dependence on perl; it is intended to be a drop
in replacement for Debian's \fBupdate-dependencies\fR script. This man
page is a slightly modified version of the man page from the Debian project.
.PP
It is possible for several programs fulfilling the same or similar
functions to be installed on a single system at the same time.
For example, many systems have several text editors installed at once.
This gives choice to the users of a system, allowing each to use a
different editor, if desired, but makes it difficult for a program
to make a good choice of editor to invoke if the
user has not specified a particular preference.
.PP
The alternatives system aims to solve this problem.
A generic name in the filesystem is
shared by all files providing interchangeable functionality.
The alternatives system and the system administrator
together determine which actual file is referenced by this generic name.
For example, if the text editors
.BR ed (1)
and
.BR nvi (1)
are both installed on the system, the alternatives system will cause
the generic name
.I /usr/bin/editor
to refer to
.I /usr/bin/nvi
by default.  The system administrator can override this and cause
it
to refer to
.I /usr/bin/ed
instead,
and the alternatives system will not alter this setting until explicitly
requested to do so.
.PP
The generic name is not a direct symbolic link to the selected alternative.
Instead, it is a symbolic link to a name in the
.I alternatives
.IR directory ,
which in turn is a symbolic link to the actual file referenced.
This is done so that the system administrator's changes can be confined
within the
.I /etc
directory: the FHS (q.v.) gives reasons why this is a Good Thing.
.PP
When each package
providing a file with a particular functionality is
installed, changed or removed,
.B alternatives
is called to update information about that file in the alternatives system.
.B alternatives
is usually called from the
.B %post
or
.B %pre
scripts in RPM packages.
.PP
It is often useful for a number of alternatives to be synchronised,
so that they are changed as a group; for example, when several versions
of the
.BR vi (1)
editor are installed, the man page referenced by
.I /usr/share/man/man1/vi.1
should correspond to the executable referenced by
.IR /usr/bin/vi .
.B alternatives
handles this by means of
.I leader
and
.I follower
links; when the leader is changed, any associated followers are changed
too.
A leader link and its associated followers make up a
.I link
.IR group .
.PP
Each link group is, at any given time,
in one of two modes: automatic or manual.
When a group is in automatic mode, the alternatives system will
automatically decide, as packages are installed and removed,
whether and how to update the links.
In manual mode, the alternatives system will not change the links;
it will leave all the decisions to the system administrator.
.PP
Link groups are in automatic mode when they are first introduced to
the system.
If the system administrator makes changes to the system's
automatic settings,
this will be noticed the next time
.B alternatives
is run on the changed link's group,
and the group will automatically be switched to manual mode.
.PP
Each alternative has a
.I priority
associated with it.
When a link group is in automatic mode,
the alternatives pointed to by members of the group
will be those which have the highest priority.
.PP
When using the
.I --config
option,
.B alternatives
will list all of the choices for the link group
of which given
.I name
is the leader link.
You will then be prompted for which of the choices to use
for the link group. Once you make a change, the link group will no
longer be in
.I auto
mode. You will need to use the
.I --auto
option in order to return to the automatic state.
.SH TERMINOLOGY
Since the activities of
.B alternatives
are quite involved, some specific terms will help to explain its
operation.
.TP
generic name
A name, like
.IR /usr/bin/editor ,
which refers, via the alternatives system, to one of a number of
files of similar function.
.TP
symlink
Without any further qualification, this means a symbolic link in the
alternatives directory: one which the system administrator is expected
to adjust.
.TP
alternative
The name of a specific file in the filesystem, which may be made
accessible via a generic name using the alternatives system.
.TP
alternatives directory
A directory, by default
.IR /etc/alternatives ,
containing the symlinks.
.TP
administrative directory
A directory, by default
.IR /var/lib/alternatives ,
containing
.BR alternatives '
state information.
.TP
link group
A set of related symlinks, intended to be updated as a group.
.TP
leader link
The link in a link group which determines how the other links in the
group are configured.
.TP
follower link
A link in a link group which is controlled by the setting of
the leader link.
.TP
automatic mode
When a link group is in automatic mode,
the alternatives system ensures that the links in the group
point to the highest priority alternatives
appropriate for the group.
.TP
manual mode
When a link group is in manual mode,
the alternatives system will not make any changes
to the system administrator's settings.
.SH OPTIONS
Exactly one action must be specified if
.B alternatives
is to perform any meaningful task.
Any number of the common options may be specified together with any action.
.SS "COMMON OPTIONS"
.TP
.B --verbose
Generate more comments about what
.B alternatives
is doing.
.TP
.B --quiet
Don't generate any comments unless errors occur.
This option is not yet implemented.
.TP
.B --test
Don't actually do anything, just say what would be done.
This option is not yet implemented.
.TP
.B --help
Give some usage information (and say which version of
.B alternatives
this is).
.TP
.B --version
Tell which version of
.B alternatives
this is (and give some usage information).
.TP
.B --keep-missing
When switching between alternatives, if the new variant does not provide some files, keep the links pointed to the previous implementation.
It prevents issues with missing files due to switching between versions.
.TP
.B --keep-foreign
When removing, adding or switching between alternatives, check if the \fIlink\fR does not point to some other location than altdir (/etc/alternatives/ by default).
In such case the link is not modified.
.TP
\fB--altdir\fR \fIdirectory\fR
Specifies the alternatives directory, when this is to be
different from the default.
.TP
\fB--admindir\fR \fIdirectory\fR
Specifies the administrative directory, when this is to be
different from the default.
.SS ACTIONS
.\" The names of the arguments should be identical with the ones
.\" in SYNOPSIS section.
.TP
\fB--install\fR \fIlink name path priority\fR [\fB--follower\fR \fIfollower_link follower_name follower_path\fR] [\fB--initscript\fR \fIservice\fR]...
Add a group of alternatives to the system.
.I name
is the generic name for the leader link,
.I link
is the name of its symlink,
.I path
is the alternative being introduced for the leader link, and
.I priority
is the priority of the alternatives group. Higher priorities
take precendence if no alternative is manually selected.
.IR follower_name ,
.I follower_link
and
.I follower_path
are the generic name, symlink name and alternative
for a follower link, and
.I service
is the name of any associated initscript for the alternative.
.B NOTE:
.B --initscript and --family
are a Red Hat Linux specific options.
Zero or more
.B --follower
options, each followed by three arguments,
may be specified.
.IP
If the leader symlink specified exists already
in the alternatives system's records,
the information supplied will be added as a new
set of alternatives for the group.
Otherwise, a new group, set to automatic mode,
will be added with this information.
If the group is in automatic mode,
and the newly added alternatives' priority is higher than
any other installed alternatives for this group,
the symlinks will be updated to point to the newly added alternatives.

If
.B --initscript
is used, the alternatives system will manage the initscript
associated with the alternative via
.B chkconfig,
registering and unregistering the init script depending on
which alternative is active.

.B NOTE:
.B --initscript
is a Red Hat Linux specific option.


.B --family
can be used to group similar alternatives. If the group is
in manual mode and the alternative currently used is removed,
alternatives will try to change links to different one
with same family and highest priority.

.B NOTE:
.B --family
is a Red Hat Linux specific option.
.TP
\fB--remove\fR \fIname path\fR
Remove an alternative and all of its associated follower links.
.I name
is a name in the alternatives directory, and
.I path
is an absolute filename to which
.I name
could be linked.  If
.I name
is indeed linked to
.IR path ,
.I name
will be updated to point to another appropriate alternative, or
removed if there is no such alternative left.
Associated follower links will be updated or removed, correspondingly.
If the \fIlink\fR is not a symlink, no links are changed;
only the information about the alternative is removed.
.TP
\fB--set\fR \fIname path/family\fR
The symbolic link and followers for link group \fIname\fR set to those
configured for \fIpath\fR, and the link group is set to manual mode.
If you use \fIfamily\fR, then the links and group is configured to the
member of given family with highest priority (and moved to manual mode).
This option is not in the original Debian implementation.
.TP
\fB--config\fR \fIname\fR
Present the user with a configuration menu for choosing
the leader link and followers for link group \fIname\fR. Once
chosen, the link group is set to manual mode.
.TP
\fB--auto\fR \fIname\fR
Switch the leader symlink
.I name
to automatic mode.
In the process, this symlink and its followers are updated
to point to the highest priority installed alternatives.
.TP
\fB--display\fR \fIname\fR
Display information about the link group of which
.I name
is the leader link.
Information displayed includes the group's mode
(auto or manual),
which alternative the symlink currently points to,
what other alternatives are available
(and their corresponding follower alternatives),
and the highest priority alternative currently installed.
.TP
\fB--list \fR
Display information about all link groups.
.TP
\fB--remove-all\fR \fIname\fR
Remove the whole link group \fIname\fR. Use with caution.
.TP
\fB--add-follower\fR \fIname\fR \fIpath\fR \fIfollower_link\fR \fIfollower_name\fr \fIfollower_path\fR
Add a follower link to an alternative identified by \fIname\fR and \fIpath\fR. \fIfollower_name\fR, \fIfollower_link\fR and \fIfollower_path\fR are
the generic name, symlink name and alternative for the follower.
.TP
\fB--remove-follower\fR \fIname\fR \fIpath\fR \fIfollower_name\fR
Remove follower with generic name \fIfollower_name\fR from alternative identified by \fIname\fR and \fIpath\fR.
.SH FILES
.TP
.I /etc/alternatives/
The default alternatives directory.
Can be overridden by the
.B --altdir
option.
.TP
.I /var/lib/alternatives/
The default administration directory.
Can be overridden by the
.B --admindir
option.
.SH "EXIT STATUS"
.IP 0
The requested action was successfully performed.
.IP 2
Problems were encountered whilst parsing the command line
or performing the action.
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.B alternatives
chatters incessantly about its activities on its standard output channel.
If problems occur,
.B alternatives
outputs error messages on its standard error channel and
returns an exit status of 2.
These diagnostics should be self-explanatory;
if you do not find them so, please report this as a bug.
.SH BUGS
If you find a bug, please report it using the Red Hat bug tracking system
at \fBhttp://bugzilla.redhat.com\fR.
.PP
If you find any discrepancy between the operation of
.B alternatives
and this manual page, it is a bug,
either in the implementation or the documentation; please report it.
Any significant differences between this implementation and Debian's is
also a bug and should be reported, unless otherwise noted in this man page.
.SH AUTHOR
alternatives is copyright 2002
Red Hat, Inc..  It is free software; see the GNU General Public Licence
version 2 or later for copying conditions.  There is NO warranty.
.PP
This manual page is copyright 1997/98 Charles Briscoe-Smith and
2002 Red Hat, Inc.
This is free documentation; see the GNU General Public Licence
version 2 or later for copying conditions.  There is NO WARRANTY.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR ln (1),
FHS, the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.