diff --git a/modules/10-basics/10-hello-world/SolutionTest.php b/modules/10-basics/10-hello-world/SolutionTest.php
index a2377bf9..7262da00 100644
--- a/modules/10-basics/10-hello-world/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/10-basics/10-hello-world/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'Hello, World!';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/10-basics/15-tags/SolutionTest.php b/modules/10-basics/15-tags/SolutionTest.php
index 8d77257f..0eeaee75 100644
--- a/modules/10-basics/15-tags/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/10-basics/15-tags/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'King in the North!';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/10-basics/20-comments/SolutionTest.php b/modules/10-basics/20-comments/SolutionTest.php
index 94a09e37..6523afbf 100644
--- a/modules/10-basics/20-comments/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/10-basics/20-comments/SolutionTest.php
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
 {
     public function test()
     {
-        $this->expectOutputString('');
+        $this->assertOutput('');
         $content = file_get_contents('Solution.php');
         $this->assertStringContainsString('// TODO: добавить функцию приветствия', $content);
     }
diff --git a/modules/10-basics/30-instructions/SolutionTest.php b/modules/10-basics/30-instructions/SolutionTest.php
index aede0059..5851ea72 100644
--- a/modules/10-basics/30-instructions/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/10-basics/30-instructions/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'RobertStannisRenly';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/10-basics/40-testing/SolutionTest.php b/modules/10-basics/40-testing/SolutionTest.php
index bbf48ac1..567f16c7 100644
--- a/modules/10-basics/40-testing/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/10-basics/40-testing/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '9780262531962';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/10-basics/50-syntax-errors/SolutionTest.php b/modules/10-basics/50-syntax-errors/SolutionTest.php
index 915b3b9f..b1b37d51 100644
--- a/modules/10-basics/50-syntax-errors/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/10-basics/50-syntax-errors/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'Программа успешно запущена';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/20-arithmetics/20-basic/SolutionTest.php b/modules/20-arithmetics/20-basic/SolutionTest.php
index a246685b..6abf3fc3 100644
--- a/modules/20-arithmetics/20-basic/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/20-arithmetics/20-basic/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '9';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/20-arithmetics/25-operator/SolutionTest.php b/modules/20-arithmetics/25-operator/SolutionTest.php
index a4019612..0229de44 100644
--- a/modules/20-arithmetics/25-operator/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/20-arithmetics/25-operator/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '8729';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/20-arithmetics/27-commutativity/SolutionTest.php b/modules/20-arithmetics/27-commutativity/SolutionTest.php
index d219d54f..2cfc86be 100644
--- a/modules/20-arithmetics/27-commutativity/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/20-arithmetics/27-commutativity/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '2563';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/20-arithmetics/30-composition/SolutionTest.php b/modules/20-arithmetics/30-composition/SolutionTest.php
index e1df4641..4b1141f1 100644
--- a/modules/20-arithmetics/30-composition/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/20-arithmetics/30-composition/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '660';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/20-arithmetics/40-priority/SolutionTest.php b/modules/20-arithmetics/40-priority/SolutionTest.php
index aed274b5..32cc2cfb 100644
--- a/modules/20-arithmetics/40-priority/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/20-arithmetics/40-priority/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '160';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/20-arithmetics/43-float/SolutionTest.php b/modules/20-arithmetics/43-float/SolutionTest.php
index 007d6b3a..0ec88aa0 100644
--- a/modules/20-arithmetics/43-float/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/20-arithmetics/43-float/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '5.5511151231258E-17';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/20-arithmetics/45-linting/SolutionTest.php b/modules/20-arithmetics/45-linting/SolutionTest.php
index b8bfb7bd..6abd7179 100644
--- a/modules/20-arithmetics/45-linting/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/20-arithmetics/45-linting/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '4';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/25-strings/10-quotes/SolutionTest.php b/modules/25-strings/10-quotes/SolutionTest.php
index 5aaa69b7..0e650a76 100644
--- a/modules/25-strings/10-quotes/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/25-strings/10-quotes/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'The file "user\'s_config.json" was not found.';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/25-strings/15-escape-characters/SolutionTest.php b/modules/25-strings/15-escape-characters/SolutionTest.php
index c7993076..c7347127 100644
--- a/modules/25-strings/15-escape-characters/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/25-strings/15-escape-characters/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "Для разделения строк используйте \"\\n\"\nПример: print_r(\"строка1\\nстрока2\")";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/25-strings/20-string-concatenation/SolutionTest.php b/modules/25-strings/20-string-concatenation/SolutionTest.php
index a4ac3688..37b2c84e 100644
--- a/modules/25-strings/20-string-concatenation/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/25-strings/20-string-concatenation/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'https://github.com/hexlet/exercises-php';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/25-strings/30-encoding/SolutionTest.php b/modules/25-strings/30-encoding/SolutionTest.php
index a19cfb88..a24ebba2 100644
--- a/modules/25-strings/30-encoding/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/25-strings/30-encoding/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "~\n^\n%\n";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/30-variables/10-definition/SolutionTest.php b/modules/30-variables/10-definition/SolutionTest.php
index 5ae87dbd..26de7446 100644
--- a/modules/30-variables/10-definition/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/30-variables/10-definition/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "https://hexlet.io\nhttps://hexlet.io";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/30-variables/12-change/SolutionTest.php b/modules/30-variables/12-change/SolutionTest.php
index 1cb89bd0..8abcbd24 100644
--- a/modules/30-variables/12-change/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/30-variables/12-change/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'доставлен';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/30-variables/13-variables-naming/SolutionTest.php b/modules/30-variables/13-variables-naming/SolutionTest.php
index 0621225e..9d32ddb7 100644
--- a/modules/30-variables/13-variables-naming/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/30-variables/13-variables-naming/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "2";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/30-variables/15-variables-expressions/SolutionTest.php b/modules/30-variables/15-variables-expressions/SolutionTest.php
index 61bcaae1..c7422166 100644
--- a/modules/30-variables/15-variables-expressions/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/30-variables/15-variables-expressions/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "125\n863.75";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/30-variables/18-variable-concatenation/SolutionTest.php b/modules/30-variables/18-variable-concatenation/SolutionTest.php
index fc4b6d51..0dcd48d7 100644
--- a/modules/30-variables/18-variable-concatenation/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/30-variables/18-variable-concatenation/SolutionTest.php
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ public function test()
 Ожидаемая дата доставки — 3 рабочих дня.
 HERE;
 
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/30-variables/19-naming-style/SolutionTest.php b/modules/30-variables/19-naming-style/SolutionTest.php
index f2def806..fed482e2 100644
--- a/modules/30-variables/19-naming-style/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/30-variables/19-naming-style/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "2000";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/30-variables/20-magic-numbers/SolutionTest.php b/modules/30-variables/20-magic-numbers/SolutionTest.php
index 827829b1..99395244 100644
--- a/modules/30-variables/20-magic-numbers/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/30-variables/20-magic-numbers/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "Ящиков на складе:\n102";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/31-advanced-strings/100-unicode/SolutionTest.php b/modules/31-advanced-strings/100-unicode/SolutionTest.php
index f0ba2ef6..1424b627 100644
--- a/modules/31-advanced-strings/100-unicode/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/31-advanced-strings/100-unicode/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "13\n7\n";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/31-advanced-strings/110-locales/SolutionTest.php b/modules/31-advanced-strings/110-locales/SolutionTest.php
index 358fc408..2115dabf 100644
--- a/modules/31-advanced-strings/110-locales/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/31-advanced-strings/110-locales/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, 0);
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/31-advanced-strings/120-startwith/SolutionTest.php b/modules/31-advanced-strings/120-startwith/SolutionTest.php
index 1c62e406..49e2cae1 100644
--- a/modules/31-advanced-strings/120-startwith/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/31-advanced-strings/120-startwith/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '18';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/31-advanced-strings/25-interpolation/SolutionTest.php b/modules/31-advanced-strings/25-interpolation/SolutionTest.php
index 1be5d35f..28e9474a 100644
--- a/modules/31-advanced-strings/25-interpolation/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/31-advanced-strings/25-interpolation/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'Здравствуйте, Анна! Ваш заказ #1337 принят.';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/31-advanced-strings/30-symbols/SolutionTest.php b/modules/31-advanced-strings/30-symbols/SolutionTest.php
index f94cbb73..1f12cd25 100644
--- a/modules/31-advanced-strings/30-symbols/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/31-advanced-strings/30-symbols/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'grip';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/31-advanced-strings/70-substrings/SolutionTest.php b/modules/31-advanced-strings/70-substrings/SolutionTest.php
index 28f2201c..f570616e 100644
--- a/modules/31-advanced-strings/70-substrings/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/31-advanced-strings/70-substrings/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'hexlet.io';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/31-advanced-strings/90-multiline-strings/SolutionTest.php b/modules/31-advanced-strings/90-multiline-strings/SolutionTest.php
index 094b72d9..1d90bd42 100644
--- a/modules/31-advanced-strings/90-multiline-strings/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/31-advanced-strings/90-multiline-strings/SolutionTest.php
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ public function test()
 Ожидаемая дата доставки: 3-5 рабочих дней.
 Спасибо, что выбрали нас!
 EOT;
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/33-data-types/40-primitive-data-types/SolutionTest.php b/modules/33-data-types/40-primitive-data-types/SolutionTest.php
index 6d27cb11..119590e2 100644
--- a/modules/33-data-types/40-primitive-data-types/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/33-data-types/40-primitive-data-types/SolutionTest.php
@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ public function test()
 Rating: 4.7
 HERE;
 
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/33-data-types/50-data-types-weak-typing/SolutionTest.php b/modules/33-data-types/50-data-types-weak-typing/SolutionTest.php
index c3a89d76..4c896844 100644
--- a/modules/33-data-types/50-data-types-weak-typing/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/33-data-types/50-data-types-weak-typing/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '13';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/33-data-types/52-data-types-immutability/SolutionTest.php b/modules/33-data-types/52-data-types-immutability/SolutionTest.php
index 3239872b..4f61889d 100644
--- a/modules/33-data-types/52-data-types-immutability/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/33-data-types/52-data-types-immutability/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'print';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/33-data-types/55-data-types-casting/SolutionTest.php b/modules/33-data-types/55-data-types-casting/SolutionTest.php
index 814092d6..d1d6ee82 100644
--- a/modules/33-data-types/55-data-types-casting/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/33-data-types/55-data-types-casting/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '36 °C';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/35-calling-functions/100-call/SolutionTest.php b/modules/35-calling-functions/100-call/SolutionTest.php
index 1b276e41..6b423923 100644
--- a/modules/35-calling-functions/100-call/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/35-calling-functions/100-call/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "12";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/35-calling-functions/135-calling-functions-default-params/SolutionTest.php b/modules/35-calling-functions/135-calling-functions-default-params/SolutionTest.php
index 3e48af8e..1de5253f 100644
--- a/modules/35-calling-functions/135-calling-functions-default-params/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/35-calling-functions/135-calling-functions-default-params/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "37.8\n2426.76\n607\n";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/35-calling-functions/150-calling-functions-expression/SolutionTest.php b/modules/35-calling-functions/150-calling-functions-expression/SolutionTest.php
index a95251eb..84272e95 100644
--- a/modules/35-calling-functions/150-calling-functions-expression/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/35-calling-functions/150-calling-functions-expression/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "First: H\nLast: !";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/35-calling-functions/180-variadic-parameters/SolutionTest.php b/modules/35-calling-functions/180-variadic-parameters/SolutionTest.php
index 5cb4d1c2..fb534919 100644
--- a/modules/35-calling-functions/180-variadic-parameters/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/35-calling-functions/180-variadic-parameters/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = '-3';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
+        $this->assertOutput($expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/35-calling-functions/270-deterministic/SolutionTest.php b/modules/35-calling-functions/270-deterministic/SolutionTest.php
index 8e3b179d..b9463a4e 100644
--- a/modules/35-calling-functions/270-deterministic/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/35-calling-functions/270-deterministic/SolutionTest.php
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
 {
     public function test()
     {
-        $randomRoll = $this->getActualOutputForAssertion();
+        $randomRoll = $this->solutionOutput;
         $this->assertThat(
             $randomRoll,
             $this->logicalAnd(
diff --git a/modules/40-define-functions/100-define-function/SolutionTest.php b/modules/40-define-functions/100-define-function/SolutionTest.php
index 887bfae6..760273e7 100644
--- a/modules/40-define-functions/100-define-function/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/40-define-functions/100-define-function/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = 'Hello, World!';
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
-        sayHello();
+        $this->assertOutputOf(fn () => sayHello(), $expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/modules/50-loops/10-while/SolutionTest.php b/modules/50-loops/10-while/SolutionTest.php
index e92c2077..870166af 100644
--- a/modules/50-loops/10-while/SolutionTest.php
+++ b/modules/50-loops/10-while/SolutionTest.php
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ class SolutionTest extends TestCase
     public function test()
     {
         $expected = "4\n3\n2\n1\nGo!";
-        $this->expectOutputString($expected);
-        printCountdown(4);
+        $this->assertOutputOf(fn () => printCountdown(4), $expected);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/TestCase.php b/src/TestCase.php
index 6b7a8411..81f1e46e 100644
--- a/src/TestCase.php
+++ b/src/TestCase.php
@@ -5,13 +5,78 @@
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase as BaseTestCase;
 use ReflectionObject;
 
+/**
+ * Базовый класс тестов упражнений.
+ *
+ * Подключает решение студента (Solution.php) и следит за тем, чтобы напечатанный
+ * им результат попадал на панель «вывод». Панель показывает дословный stdout
+ * команды `make test`, поэтому вывод решения нужно не только сверить с ожидаемым,
+ * но и явно вернуть в реальный stdout — в обход буферизации PHPUnit.
+ */
 abstract class TestCase extends BaseTestCase
 {
+    /**
+     * Вывод, напечатанный решением на верхнем уровне при подключении Solution.php.
+     */
+    protected string $solutionOutput = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Подключает решение студента и перехватывает его вывод.
+     *
+     * require Solution.php оборачивается в собственный буфер вывода: напечатанное
+     * сохраняется в {@see self::$solutionOutput} и сразу же печатается в настоящий
+     * stdout через fwrite(STDOUT, ...), чтобы студент увидел результат на панели
+     * «вывод». Перехват идёт в отдельный буфер (а не в буфер PHPUnit) — иначе
+     * PHPUnit счёл бы вывод «рискованным» при failOnRisky.
+     */
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
         parent::setUp();
 
         $solutionPath = dirname((new ReflectionObject($this))->getFileName()) . '/Solution.php';
+
+        ob_start();
         require $solutionPath;
+        $this->solutionOutput = (string) ob_get_clean();
+
+        if ($this->solutionOutput !== '') {
+            fwrite(STDOUT, $this->solutionOutput . "\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Сверяет с ожидаемым вывод, напечатанный решением на верхнем уровне Solution.php.
+     *
+     * Подходит для большинства уроков, где решение печатает результат сразу при
+     * подключении файла (вывод уже перехвачен в {@see self::setUp()}).
+     *
+     * @param string $expected Ожидаемый вывод программы студента
+     */
+    protected function assertOutput(string $expected): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $this->solutionOutput);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Сверяет с ожидаемым вывод, который решение печатает при вызове функции.
+     *
+     * Нужен для уроков, где Solution.php лишь ОБЪЯВЛЯЕТ функцию, а печать
+     * происходит при её вызове из теста (а не при подключении файла). Перехватывает
+     * вывод переданного вызова, печатает его на панель «вывод» и сверяет с ожидаемым.
+     *
+     * @param callable $callback Вызов решения, печатающий результат (например, fn () => sayHello())
+     * @param string   $expected Ожидаемый вывод
+     */
+    protected function assertOutputOf(callable $callback, string $expected): void
+    {
+        ob_start();
+        $callback();
+        $output = (string) ob_get_clean();
+
+        if ($output !== '') {
+            fwrite(STDOUT, $output . "\n");
+        }
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $output);
     }
 }