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git-blame.html
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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-blame(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git blame</em> [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental]
[-L <range>] [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
[--ignore-rev <rev>] [--ignore-revs-file <file>]
[--color-lines] [--color-by-age] [--progress] [--abbrev=<n>]
[ --contents <file> ] [<rev> | --reverse <rev>..<rev>] [--] <file></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which
last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When specified one or more times, <code>-L</code> restricts annotation to the requested
lines.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The origin of lines is automatically followed across whole-file
renames (currently there is no option to turn the rename-following
off). To follow lines moved from one file to another, or to follow
lines that were copied and pasted from another file, etc., see the
<code>-C</code> and <code>-M</code> options.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The report does not tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or
replaced; you need to use a tool such as <em>git diff</em> or the "pickaxe"
interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Apart from supporting file annotation, Git also supports searching the
development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it
possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied
between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for
a text string in the diff. A small example of the pickaxe interface
that searches for <code>blame_usage</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage'
5040f17eba15504bad66b14a645bddd9b015ebb7 blame -S <ancestry-file>
ea4c7f9bf69e781dd0cd88d2bccb2bf5cc15c9a7 git-blame: Make the output</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">-b</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show blank SHA-1 for boundary commits. This can also
be controlled via the <code>blame.blankBoundary</code> config option.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--root</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not treat root commits as boundaries. This can also be
controlled via the <code>blame.showRoot</code> config option.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-stats</dt>
<dd>
<p>Include additional statistics at the end of blame output.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-L <start>,<end></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">-L :<funcname></dt>
<dd>
<p>Annotate only the line range given by <em><start>,<end></em>,
or by the function name regex <em><funcname></em>.
May be specified multiple times. Overlapping ranges are allowed.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em><start></em> and <em><end></em> are optional. <code>-L <start></code> or <code>-L <start>,</code> spans from
<em><start></em> to end of file. <code>-L ,<end></code> spans from start of file to <em><end></em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em><start></em> and <em><end></em> can take one of these forms:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>number</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If <em><start></em> or <em><end></em> is a number, it specifies an
absolute line number (lines count from 1).</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>/regex/</code></p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This form will use the first line matching the given
POSIX regex. If <em><start></em> is a regex, it will search from the end of
the previous <code>-L</code> range, if any, otherwise from the start of file.
If <em><start></em> is <code>^/regex/</code>, it will search from the start of file.
If <em><end></em> is a regex, it will search
starting at the line given by <em><start></em>.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>+offset or -offset</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is only valid for <em><end></em> and will specify a number
of lines before or after the line given by <em><start></em>.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If <code>:<funcname></code> is given in place of <em><start></em> and <em><end></em>, it is a
regular expression that denotes the range from the first funcname line
that matches <em><funcname></em>, up to the next funcname line. <code>:<funcname></code>
searches from the end of the previous <code>-L</code> range, if any, otherwise
from the start of file. <code>^:<funcname></code> searches from the start of
file. The function names are determined in the same way as <code>git diff</code>
works out patch hunk headers (see <em>Defining a custom hunk-header</em>
in <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-l</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show long rev (Default: off).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-t</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show raw timestamp (Default: off).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-S <revs-file></dt>
<dd>
<p>Use revisions from revs-file instead of calling <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--reverse <rev>..<rev></dt>
<dd>
<p>Walk history forward instead of backward. Instead of showing
the revision in which a line appeared, this shows the last
revision in which a line has existed. This requires a range of
revision like START..END where the path to blame exists in
START. <code>git blame --reverse START</code> is taken as <code>git blame
--reverse START..HEAD</code> for convenience.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--first-parent</dt>
<dd>
<p>Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge
commit. This option can be used to determine when a line
was introduced to a particular integration branch, rather
than when it was introduced to the history overall.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-p</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--porcelain</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show in a format designed for machine consumption.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--line-porcelain</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the porcelain format, but output commit information for
each line, not just the first time a commit is referenced.
Implies --porcelain.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--incremental</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the result incrementally in a format designed for
machine consumption.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--encoding=<encoding></dt>
<dd>
<p>Specifies the encoding used to output author names
and commit summaries. Setting it to <code>none</code> makes blame
output unconverted data. For more information see the
discussion about encoding in the <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
manual page.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--contents <file></dt>
<dd>
<p>Annotate using the contents from the named file, starting from <rev>
if it is specified, and HEAD otherwise. You may specify <em>-</em> to make
the command read from the standard input for the file contents.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--date <format></dt>
<dd>
<p>Specifies the format used to output dates. If --date is not
provided, the value of the blame.date config variable is
used. If the blame.date config variable is also not set, the
iso format is used. For supported values, see the discussion
of the --date option at <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]progress</dt>
<dd>
<p>Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
by default when it is attached to a terminal. This flag
enables progress reporting even if not attached to a
terminal. Can’t use <code>--progress</code> together with <code>--porcelain</code>
or <code>--incremental</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-M[<num>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Detect moved or copied lines within a file. When a commit
moves or copies a block of lines (e.g. the original file
has A and then B, and the commit changes it to B and then
A), the traditional <em>blame</em> algorithm notices only half of
the movement and typically blames the lines that were moved
up (i.e. B) to the parent and assigns blame to the lines that
were moved down (i.e. A) to the child commit. With this
option, both groups of lines are blamed on the parent by
running extra passes of inspection.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><num> is optional but it is the lower bound on the number of
alphanumeric characters that Git must detect as moving/copying
within a file for it to associate those lines with the parent
commit. The default value is 20.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-C[<num>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>In addition to <code>-M</code>, detect lines moved or copied from other
files that were modified in the same commit. This is
useful when you reorganize your program and move code
around across files. When this option is given twice,
the command additionally looks for copies from other
files in the commit that creates the file. When this
option is given three times, the command additionally
looks for copies from other files in any commit.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><num> is optional but it is the lower bound on the number of
alphanumeric characters that Git must detect as moving/copying
between files for it to associate those lines with the parent
commit. And the default value is 40. If there are more than one
<code>-C</code> options given, the <num> argument of the last <code>-C</code> will
take effect.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-rev <rev></dt>
<dd>
<p>Ignore changes made by the revision when assigning blame, as if the
change never happened. Lines that were changed or added by an ignored
commit will be blamed on the previous commit that changed that line or
nearby lines. This option may be specified multiple times to ignore
more than one revision. If the <code>blame.markIgnoredLines</code> config option
is set, then lines that were changed by an ignored commit and attributed to
another commit will be marked with a <code>?</code> in the blame output. If the
<code>blame.markUnblamableLines</code> config option is set, then those lines touched
by an ignored commit that we could not attribute to another revision are
marked with a <em>*</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-revs-file <file></dt>
<dd>
<p>Ignore revisions listed in <code>file</code>, which must be in the same format as an
<code>fsck.skipList</code>. This option may be repeated, and these files will be
processed after any files specified with the <code>blame.ignoreRevsFile</code> config
option. An empty file name, <code>""</code>, will clear the list of revs from
previously processed files.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--color-lines</dt>
<dd>
<p>Color line annotations in the default format differently if they come from
the same commit as the preceding line. This makes it easier to distinguish
code blocks introduced by different commits. The color defaults to cyan and
can be adjusted using the <code>color.blame.repeatedLines</code> config option.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--color-by-age</dt>
<dd>
<p>Color line annotations depending on the age of the line in the default format.
The <code>color.blame.highlightRecent</code> config option controls what color is used for
each range of age.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-h</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show help message.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-c</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use the same output mode as <a href="git-annotate.html">git-annotate(1)</a> (Default: off).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--score-debug</dt>
<dd>
<p>Include debugging information related to the movement of
lines between files (see <code>-C</code>) and lines moved within a
file (see <code>-M</code>). The first number listed is the score.
This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected
as having been moved between or within files. This must be above
a certain threshold for <em>git blame</em> to consider those lines
of code to have been moved.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-f</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-name</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the filename in the original commit. By default
the filename is shown if there is any line that came from a
file with a different name, due to rename detection.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-n</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-number</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the line number in the original commit (Default: off).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-s</dt>
<dd>
<p>Suppress the author name and timestamp from the output.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-e</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-email</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the author email instead of the author name (Default: off).
This can also be controlled via the <code>blame.showEmail</code> config
option.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-w</dt>
<dd>
<p>Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent’s version and
the child’s to find where the lines came from.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--abbrev=<n></dt>
<dd>
<p>Instead of using the default 7+1 hexadecimal digits as the
abbreviated object name, use <m>+1 digits, where <m> is at
least <n> but ensures the commit object names are unique.
Note that 1 column
is used for a caret to mark the boundary commit.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_the_default_format">THE DEFAULT FORMAT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When neither <code>--porcelain</code> nor <code>--incremental</code> option is specified,
<code>git blame</code> will output annotation for each line with:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>abbreviated object name for the commit the line came from;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>author ident (by default the author name and date, unless <code>-s</code> or <code>-e</code>
is specified); and</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>line number</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>before the line contents.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_the_porcelain_format">THE PORCELAIN FORMAT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In this format, each line is output after a header; the
header at the minimum has the first line which has:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>the line number of the line in the original file;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>the line number of the line in the final file;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>on a line that starts a group of lines from a different
commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this
group. On subsequent lines this field is absent.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This header line is followed by the following information
at least once for each commit:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>the author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time
("author-time"), and time zone ("author-tz"); similarly
for committer.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>the first line of the commit log message ("summary").</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The contents of the actual line are output after the above
header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more
header elements later.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The porcelain format generally suppresses commit information that has
already been seen. For example, two lines that are blamed to the same
commit will both be shown, but the details for that commit will be shown
only once. This is more efficient, but may require more state be kept by
the reader. The <code>--line-porcelain</code> option can be used to output full
commit information for each line, allowing simpler (but less efficient)
usage like:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre># count the number of lines attributed to each author
git blame --line-porcelain file |
sed -n 's/^author //p' |
sort | uniq -c | sort -rn</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_specifying_ranges">SPECIFYING RANGES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Unlike <em>git blame</em> and <em>git annotate</em> in older versions of git, the extent
of the annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision
ranges. The <code>-L</code> option, which limits annotation to a range of lines, may be
specified multiple times.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When you are interested in finding the origin for
lines 40-60 for file <code>foo</code>, you can use the <code>-L</code> option like so
(they mean the same thing — both ask for 21 lines starting at
line 40):</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git blame -L 40,60 foo
git blame -L 40,+21 foo</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Also you can use a regular expression to specify the line range:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>which limits the annotation to the body of the <code>hello</code> subroutine.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When you are not interested in changes older than version
v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
range specifiers similar to <em>git rev-list</em>:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When revision range specifiers are used to limit the annotation,
lines that have not changed since the range boundary (either the
commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3
weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range
boundary commit.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A particularly useful way is to see if an added file has lines
created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes this
indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not
refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit that
introduced the file with:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>and then annotate the change between the commit and its
parents, using <code>commit^!</code> notation:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_incremental_output">INCREMENTAL OUTPUT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When called with <code>--incremental</code> option, the command outputs the
result as it is built. The output generally will talk about
lines touched by more recent commits first (i.e. the lines will
be annotated out of order) and is meant to be used by
interactive viewers.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The output format is similar to the Porcelain format, but it
does not contain the actual lines from the file that is being
annotated.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Each blame entry always starts with a line of:</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><40-byte-hex-sha1> <sourceline> <resultline> <num-lines></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Line numbers count from 1.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>The first time that a commit shows up in the stream, it has various
other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the
beginning of each line describing the extra commit information (author,
email, committer, dates, summary, etc.).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Unlike the Porcelain format, the filename information is always
given and terminates the entry:</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>"filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>and thus it is really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented
parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages).</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any
lines between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines)
where you do not recognize the tag words (or care about that particular
one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if