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<!doctype html><html><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title>Forests - Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="Living conditions around the world are changing rapidly. Explore how and why." /><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org/forests" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml" /><meta property="fb:app_id" content="1149943818390250" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org/forests" /><meta property="og:title" content="Forests" /><meta property="og:description" content="Living conditions around the world are changing rapidly. Explore how and why." /><meta property="og:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-worlds-forest-cover-density-2010-fao-1.png" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Our World in Data" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@OurWorldInData" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@OurWorldInData" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Forests" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Living conditions around the world are changing rapidly. Explore how and why." /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-worlds-forest-cover-density-2010-fao-1.png" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/owid-theme/dist/owid.css" /></head><body><header class="SiteHeader"><nav id="owid-topbar"><a href="/" class="logo">Our World in Data</a><ul class="desktop"><li><form id="search-nav" action="https://google.com/search" method="GET"><input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="ourworldindata.org" /><input type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search..." /></form></li><li><a href="https://sdg-tracker.org" title="Sustainable Development Goals">SDGs</a></li><li><a href="/blog">Blog</a></li><li><a href="/about">About</a></li><li><a href="/support">Donate</a></li></ul><ul class="mobile"><li class="nav-button"><a href="https://google.com/search?q=site:ourworldindata.org" data-expand="#search-dropdown"><i class="fac fac-search"></i></a></li><li class="nav-button"><a href="/" data-expand="#topics-dropdown" class="mobile"><i class="fac fac-bars"></i></a></li></ul></nav><div id="topics-dropdown" class="mobile"><ul><li class="header"><h2>Entries</h2></li><li class="category"><a href="/#population"><span>Population</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Population</div><ul><li><a href="/world-population-growth">World Population Growth</a></li><li><a href="/life-expectancy">Life Expectancy</a></li><li><a href="/child-mortality">Child Mortality</a></li><li><a href="/future-population-growth">Future Population Growth</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/fertility-rate" class="starred">Fertility Rate</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#health"><span>Health</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Health</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/cancer" class="starred">Cancer</a></li><li><a title="Starred 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best and most complete entries." href="/financing-healthcare" class="starred">Financing Healthcare</a></li><li><a href="/maternal-mortality">Maternal Mortality</a></li><li><a href="/eradication-of-diseases">Eradication of Diseases</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/burden-of-disease" class="starred">Burden of Disease</a></li><li><a href="/malaria">Malaria</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hiv-aids" class="starred">HIV / AIDS</a></li><li><a href="/smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#food"><span>Food</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Food</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/micronutrient-deficiency" class="starred">Micronutrient Deficiency</a></li><li><a href="/diet-compositions">Diet Compositions</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/meat-and-seafood-production-consumption" class="starred">Meat and Seafood Production & Consumption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/water-access-resources-sanitation" class="starred">Water Access, Resources & Sanitation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/alcohol-consumption" class="starred">Alcohol consumption</a></li><li><a href="/obesity">Obesity</a></li><li><a href="/food-per-person">Food per Person</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hunger-and-undernourishment" class="starred">Hunger and Undernourishment</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/famines" class="starred">Famines</a></li><li><a href="/human-height">Human Height</a></li><li><a href="/employment-in-agriculture">Employment in Agriculture</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture" class="starred">Yields and Land Use in Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/fertilizer-and-pesticides">Fertilizer and Pesticides</a></li><li><a href="/food-prices">Food Prices</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#energy"><span>Energy</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Energy</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" class="starred">CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></li><li><a href="/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources">Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources</a></li><li><a href="/fossil-fuels">Fossil Fuels</a></li><li><a href="/renewables">Renewables</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#environment"><span>Environment</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Environment</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" class="starred">CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/indoor-air-pollution" class="starred">Indoor Air Pollution</a></li><li><a href="/natural-catastrophes">Natural Catastrophes</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/air-pollution" class="starred">Air Pollution</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/water-access-resources-sanitation" class="starred">Water Access, Resources & Sanitation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/ozone-layer" class="starred">Ozone Layer</a></li><li><a href="/oil-spills">Oil Spills</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#technology"><span>Technology</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Technology</div><ul><li><a href="/technology-adoption">Technology 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href="/#work-and-life"><span>Work & Life</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Work & Life</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/happiness-and-life-satisfaction" class="starred">Happiness and Life Satisfaction</a></li><li><a href="/light">Light</a></li><li><a href="/human-development-index">Human Development Index (HDI)</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/child-labor" class="starred">Child Labor</a></li><li><a href="/female-labor-supply">Female labor supply</a></li><li><a href="/working-hours">Working Hours</a></li><li><a href="/homelessness">Homelessness</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#public-sector"><span>Public Sector</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Public Sector</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/corruption" class="starred">Corruption</a></li><li><a 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on Violent Deaths</a></li><li><a href="/human-rights">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="/violence-against-rights-for-children">Violence against & Rights for Children</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#education"><span>Education</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Education</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/global-rise-of-education" class="starred">Global Rise of Education</a></li><li><a href="/pre-primary-education">Pre-Primary Education</a></li><li><a href="/primary-and-secondary-education">Primary and Secondary Education</a></li><li><a href="/tertiary-education">Tertiary Education</a></li><li><a href="/quality-of-education">Quality of Education</a></li><li><a href="/literacy">Literacy</a></li><li><a href="/educational-mobility-inequality">Educational Mobility & Inequality</a></li><li><a href="/returns-to-education">Returns to Education</a></li><li><a href="/teachers-and-professors">Teachers and Professors</a></li><li><a href="/science-and-research">Science and Research</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-education" class="starred">Financing Education</a></li><li><a href="/projections-of-future-education">Projections of Future Education</a></li><li><a href="/intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#media"><span>Media</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Media</div><ul><li><a href="/internet">Internet</a></li><li><a href="/books">Books</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#culture"><span>Culture</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Culture</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/trust" class="starred">Trust</a></li><li><a href="/optimism-pessimism">Optimism & Pessimism</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="end-link"><a href="https://sdg-tracker.org">SDGs</a></li><li class="end-link"><a href="/blog">Blog</a></li><li class="end-link"><a href="/about">About</a></li><li class="end-link"><a href="/support">Donate</a></li></ul></div><div id="search-dropdown" class="mobile"><form id="search-nav" action="https://google.com/search" method="GET"><input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="ourworldindata.org" /><input type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search..." /></form></div><div id="category-nav" class="desktop"><ul><li title="Population" class="category"><a href="/#population"><span>Population</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a href="/world-population-growth">World Population Growth</a></li><li><a href="/life-expectancy">Life Expectancy</a></li><li><a href="/child-mortality">Child Mortality</a></li><li><a href="/future-population-growth">Future Population Growth</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/fertility-rate" class="starred">Fertility Rate</a></li></ul></li><li title="Health" class="category"><a href="/#health"><span>Health</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/cancer" class="starred">Cancer</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/mental-health" class="starred">Mental Health</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/smallpox" class="starred">Smallpox</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/causes-of-death" class="starred">Causes of Death</a></li><li><a href="/substance-use">Substance Use</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/alcohol-consumption" class="starred">Alcohol consumption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/health-meta" class="starred">Global Health</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/polio" class="starred">Polio</a></li><li><a href="/life-expectancy">Life Expectancy</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/suicide" class="starred">Suicide</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-healthcare" class="starred">Financing Healthcare</a></li><li><a href="/maternal-mortality">Maternal Mortality</a></li><li><a href="/eradication-of-diseases">Eradication of Diseases</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/burden-of-disease" class="starred">Burden of Disease</a></li><li><a href="/malaria">Malaria</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hiv-aids" class="starred">HIV / AIDS</a></li><li><a href="/smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul></li><li title="Food" class="category"><a href="/#food"><span>Food</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/micronutrient-deficiency" class="starred">Micronutrient Deficiency</a></li><li><a href="/diet-compositions">Diet Compositions</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/meat-and-seafood-production-consumption" class="starred">Meat and Seafood Production & Consumption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/water-access-resources-sanitation" class="starred">Water Access, Resources & Sanitation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/alcohol-consumption" class="starred">Alcohol consumption</a></li><li><a href="/obesity">Obesity</a></li><li><a href="/food-per-person">Food per Person</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hunger-and-undernourishment" class="starred">Hunger and Undernourishment</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/famines" class="starred">Famines</a></li><li><a href="/human-height">Human Height</a></li><li><a href="/employment-in-agriculture">Employment in Agriculture</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture" class="starred">Yields and Land Use in Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/fertilizer-and-pesticides">Fertilizer and Pesticides</a></li><li><a href="/food-prices">Food Prices</a></li></ul></li><li title="Energy" class="category"><a href="/#energy"><span>Energy</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" class="starred">CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></li><li><a href="/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources">Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources</a></li><li><a href="/fossil-fuels">Fossil Fuels</a></li><li><a href="/renewables">Renewables</a></li></ul></li><li title="Environment" class="category"><a href="/#environment"><span>Environment</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" class="starred">CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/indoor-air-pollution" class="starred">Indoor Air Pollution</a></li><li><a href="/natural-catastrophes">Natural Catastrophes</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/air-pollution" class="starred">Air Pollution</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/water-access-resources-sanitation" class="starred">Water Access, Resources & Sanitation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/ozone-layer" class="starred">Ozone Layer</a></li><li><a href="/oil-spills">Oil Spills</a></li></ul></li><li title="Technology" class="category"><a href="/#technology"><span>Technology</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a href="/technology-adoption">Technology Diffusion & Adoption</a></li><li><a href="/technological-progress">Technological Progress</a></li></ul></li><li title="Growth & Inequality" class="category"><a href="/#growth-and-inequality"><span>Growth & Inequality</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/economic-inequality-by-gender" class="starred">Economic inequality by gender</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/extreme-poverty" class="starred">Global Extreme Poverty</a></li><li><a href="/economic-growth">Economic Growth</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/income-inequality" class="starred">Income Inequality</a></li><li><a href="/incomes-across-the-distribution">Incomes across the Distribution</a></li><li><a href="/global-economic-inequality">Global Economic Inequality</a></li></ul></li><li title="Work & Life" class="category"><a href="/#work-and-life"><span>Work & Life</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/happiness-and-life-satisfaction" class="starred">Happiness and Life Satisfaction</a></li><li><a href="/light">Light</a></li><li><a href="/human-development-index">Human Development Index (HDI)</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/child-labor" class="starred">Child Labor</a></li><li><a href="/female-labor-supply">Female labor supply</a></li><li><a href="/working-hours">Working Hours</a></li><li><a href="/homelessness">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li><li title="Public Sector" class="category"><a href="/#public-sector"><span>Public Sector</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/corruption" class="starred">Corruption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/public-spending" class="starred">Public Spending</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-healthcare" class="starred">Financing Healthcare</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/taxation" class="starred">Taxation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-education" class="starred">Financing Education</a></li></ul></li><li title="Global Connections" class="category"><a href="/#global-connections"><span>Global Connections</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/international-trade" class="starred">International Trade</a></li><li><a href="/tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></li><li title="War & Peace" class="category"><a href="/#war-and-peace"><span>War & Peace</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a href="/war-and-peace">War and Peace</a></li><li><a href="/nuclear-weapons">Nuclear Weapons</a></li><li><a href="/peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li><li><a href="/terrorism">Terrorism</a></li><li><a href="/military-spending">Military Spending</a></li></ul></li><li title="Politics" class="category"><a href="/#politics"><span>Politics</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/corruption" class="starred">Corruption</a></li><li><a href="/democracy">Democracy</a></li></ul></li><li title="Violence & Rights" class="category"><a href="/#violence-and-rights"><span>Violence & Rights</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a href="/homicides">Homicides</a></li><li><a href="/ethnographic-and-archaeological-evidence-on-violent-deaths">Ethnographic and Archaeological Evidence on Violent Deaths</a></li><li><a href="/human-rights">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="/violence-against-rights-for-children">Violence against & Rights for Children</a></li></ul></li><li title="Education" class="category"><a href="/#education"><span>Education</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/global-rise-of-education" class="starred">Global Rise of Education</a></li><li><a href="/pre-primary-education">Pre-Primary Education</a></li><li><a href="/primary-and-secondary-education">Primary and Secondary Education</a></li><li><a href="/tertiary-education">Tertiary Education</a></li><li><a href="/quality-of-education">Quality of Education</a></li><li><a href="/literacy">Literacy</a></li><li><a href="/educational-mobility-inequality">Educational Mobility & Inequality</a></li><li><a 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id="entries-nav" class="desktop"></div></header><main><div class="clearfix page-with-sidebar"><div class="entry-sidebar"><nav class="entry-toc"><h3>Contents</h3><ol><li class="section"><a href="#empirical-view">I. Empirical View</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#very-long-term-perspective-on-deforestation-in-specific-regions">I.1 Very Long-Term Perspective on Deforestation in Specific Regions</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#rebirth-of-forests">I.2 Rebirth of Forests</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#global-forest-cover-change-over-the-last-centuries">I.3 Global Forest Cover Change over the Last Centuries</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#the-state-of-the-world-s-forest-today">I.4 The State of the World's Forest Today</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#forest-cover-change-by-country">I.5 Forest cover change by country</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#recent-forest-cover-change-in-specific-regions">I.6 Recent Forest Cover Change in Specific Regions</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#data-sources">II. Data Sources</a></li></ol></nav></div><article class="page"><header class="article-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Forests</h1><div class="authors-byline"><a href="/about/#team">by Max Roser</a><a class="citation-note js-only"><sup>[cite]</sup></a></div><div class="citation-guideline">Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this entry, please also cite the underlying data sources. This entry can be cited as:<br /><br />Max Roser (2017) - "Forests". <em>Published online at OurWorldInData.org.</em> Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/forests' [Online Resource]</div></header><div class="article-content"><section><br></section>
<section><h2 id="empirical-view"><a class="deep-link" href="#empirical-view"></a>I. Empirical View</h2><h3 id="very-long-term-perspective-on-deforestation-in-specific-regions"><a class="deep-link" href="#very-long-term-perspective-on-deforestation-in-specific-regions"></a>I.1 Very Long-Term Perspective on Deforestation in Specific Regions</h3><h6>New Zealand vegetation: Pre-Polynesian (700 CE), Pre-Classical Maori (1200 CE), Pre-European (1800 CE) and Present (1974 CE) – Williams (2006)<a id="ref-1" class="ref" href="#note-1"><sup>1</sup></a></h6><p><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/new-zealand-vegetation-pre-polynesian-700-ce-pre-classical-maori-1200-ce-pre-european-1800-ce-and-present-1974-ce-williams-20060.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-3030" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/new-zealand-vegetation-pre-polynesian-700-ce-pre-classical-maori-1200-ce-pre-european-1800-ce-and-present-1974-ce-williams-20060-645x229.png" alt="New Zealand Vegetation- Pre-Polynesian (700 CE), Pre-Classical Maori (1200 CE), Pre-European (1800” CE) and Present (1974 CE) – Williams (2006)0" width="645" height="229" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/new-zealand-vegetation-pre-polynesian-700-ce-pre-classical-maori-1200-ce-pre-european-1800-ce-and-present-1974-ce-williams-20060-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/new-zealand-vegetation-pre-polynesian-700-ce-pre-classical-maori-1200-ce-pre-european-1800-ce-and-present-1974-ce-williams-20060-645x229.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/new-zealand-vegetation-pre-polynesian-700-ce-pre-classical-maori-1200-ce-pre-european-1800-ce-and-present-1974-ce-williams-20060-1024x363.png 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/new-zealand-vegetation-pre-polynesian-700-ce-pre-classical-maori-1200-ce-pre-european-1800-ce-and-present-1974-ce-williams-20060.png 1900w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p><h6>The extent of forest in central Europe, 900 CE and 1900 CE – Williams (2000)<a id="ref-2" class="ref" href="#note-2"><sup>2</sup></a></h6><p><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-extent-of-forest-in-central-europe-ad-900-and-ad-1900-williams-2000.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-3031" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-extent-of-forest-in-central-europe-ad-900-and-ad-1900-williams-2000-645x265.png" alt="The-extent-of-forest-in-central-Europe,-ad-900-and-ad-1900-– Williams-(2000)" width="645" height="265" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-extent-of-forest-in-central-europe-ad-900-and-ad-1900-williams-2000-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-extent-of-forest-in-central-europe-ad-900-and-ad-1900-williams-2000-645x265.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-extent-of-forest-in-central-europe-ad-900-and-ad-1900-williams-2000-1024x422.png 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-extent-of-forest-in-central-europe-ad-900-and-ad-1900-williams-2000.png 1446w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p><h6>Population density, deforestation, and soil erosion associated with long-term Maya settlement on the terrestrial environment of the Peten lowlands, c. 10,000–0 BP – Williams (2006)<a id="ref-3" class="ref" href="#note-3"><sup>3</sup></a></h6><p><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-6084" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6-682x550.png" alt="Williams 2006 Deforsting the Earth figure 3.6" width="682" height="550" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6-32x32.png 32w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6-64x64.png 64w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6-96x96.png 96w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6-128x128.png 128w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6-150x121.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6-400x323.png 400w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6-682x550.png 682w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ourworldindata_williams-2006-deforsting-the-earth-figure-3.6.png 754w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p><p>Easter Islands was treeless and the inhabitants in a miserable state when European discoverers got there for the first time.</p><h3 id="rebirth-of-forests"><a class="deep-link" href="#rebirth-of-forests"></a>I.2 Rebirth of Forests</h3><p>For millennia wherever humans settled they depleted forrests. This is not the case anymore in some countries of the world. Higher yields and other factors made it possible to preserve forests and in some countries to increase the forest area. Sustainability was reached in these places.</p><h6>Estimated forest volume and annual growth and drain in the United States (in billions of ft3), 1909–1977 – Williams (2006)<a id="ref-4" class="ref" href="#note-4"><sup>4</sup></a>
<p><div class="tableContainer"><table class="tablepress"><thead><tr><th></th><th>1909
Zeigler</th><th>1920
Greeley</th><th>1933
Copeland</th><th>1952 F.S.</th><th>1962 F.S.</th><th>1970 F.S.</th><th>1977 F.S.</th></tr></thead><tbody class="row-hover"><tr><td>Stock of all standing timber</td><td>545</td><td>746</td><td>486</td><td>603</td><td>648</td><td>680</td><td>711</td></tr><tr><td>Growth per annum</td><td>6.75</td><td>6</td><td>8.9</td><td>13.9</td><td>16.7</td><td>19.8</td><td>21.7</td></tr><tr><td>Drain: Firewood and lumber</td><td>23</td><td>24.3</td><td>14.5</td><td>11.8</td><td>12</td><td>14</td><td>14.2</td></tr><tr><td>Drain: Fire and insects</td><td>±2.0</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.8</td><td>3.9</td><td>4.3</td><td>4</td><td>3.9</td></tr><tr><td>Drain: Total</td><td>25</td><td>26</td><td>16.3</td><td>15.7</td><td>16.3</td><td>18</td><td>18.1</td></tr><tr><td>Ratio: growth to drain</td><td>1:3.5</td><td>1:4.3</td><td>1:1.8</td><td>1:1.13</td><td>1:0.97</td><td>1:0.90</td><td>1:0.83</td></tr></tbody></table></div></p>
</h6><h6>Annual net growth and use of timber in the United States, 1800–2040 – Williams (2006)<a id="ref-5" class="ref" href="#note-5"><sup>5</sup></a>
<p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-net-growth-and-use-of-timber-in-the-united-states-1800-2040-williams-2006.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-3036" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-net-growth-and-use-of-timber-in-the-united-states-1800-2040-williams-2006-645x284.png" alt="Annual net growth and use of timber in the United States, (1800–2040) – Williams (2006)" width="645" height="284" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-net-growth-and-use-of-timber-in-the-united-states-1800-2040-williams-2006-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-net-growth-and-use-of-timber-in-the-united-states-1800-2040-williams-2006-645x284.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-net-growth-and-use-of-timber-in-the-united-states-1800-2040-williams-2006-1024x451.png 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-net-growth-and-use-of-timber-in-the-united-states-1800-2040-williams-2006.png 1164w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p>
</h6><h3 id="global-forest-cover-change-over-the-last-centuries"><a class="deep-link" href="#global-forest-cover-change-over-the-last-centuries"></a>I.3 Global Forest Cover Change over the Last Centuries</h3><h6>Estimated deforestation by type of forest and time period, pre-1700-2000 – FAO (2012)<a id="ref-6" class="ref" href="#note-6"><sup>6</sup></a>
<p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/estimated-deforestation-by-type-of-forest-and-time-period-pre-1700-2000-fao-20120.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/estimated-deforestation-by-type-of-forest-and-time-period-pre-1700-2000-fao-20120-645x422.png" alt="Estimated deforestation, by type of forest and time period (pre 1700-2000) – FAO (2012)0" width="645" height="422" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/estimated-deforestation-by-type-of-forest-and-time-period-pre-1700-2000-fao-20120-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/estimated-deforestation-by-type-of-forest-and-time-period-pre-1700-2000-fao-20120-645x422.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/estimated-deforestation-by-type-of-forest-and-time-period-pre-1700-2000-fao-20120.png 815w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p>
</h6><h6>Annual growth rate in forest area by world region, 1990-2009 – FAO (2013)<a id="ref-7" class="ref" href="#note-7"><sup>7</sup></a>
<p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-growth-rate-in-forest-area-by-world-region-1990-2009-fao-2013.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-3040" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-growth-rate-in-forest-area-by-world-region-1990-2009-fao-2013-405x500.png" alt="Annual growth rate in forest area, by World Region (1990-2009) – FAO (2013)" width="405" height="500" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-growth-rate-in-forest-area-by-world-region-1990-2009-fao-2013-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-growth-rate-in-forest-area-by-world-region-1990-2009-fao-2013-405x500.png 405w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-growth-rate-in-forest-area-by-world-region-1990-2009-fao-2013.png 462w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p>
</h6><h3 style="text-align: left;" id="the-state-of-the-world-s-forest-today"><a class="deep-link" href="#the-state-of-the-world-s-forest-today"></a>I.4 The State of the World's Forest Today</h3><p>An amazingly beautiful worldmap of forest extent and change (2000–2012) is published at the website of the University of Maryland <a href="http://earthenginepartners.appspot.com/science-2013-global-forest">here</a>.<a id="ref-8" class="ref" href="#note-8"><sup>8</sup></a></p><h6>World’s forest cover density (%), 2010 — FAO<a id="ref-9" class="ref" href="#note-9"><sup>9</sup></a>
<p><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-worlds-forest-cover-density-2010-fao.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-3038" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-worlds-forest-cover-density-2010-fao-645x314.png" alt="The-World’s-Forest-Cover-Density-(2010)-FAO" width="645" height="314" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-worlds-forest-cover-density-2010-fao-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-worlds-forest-cover-density-2010-fao-645x314.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-worlds-forest-cover-density-2010-fao-1024x499.png 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/the-worlds-forest-cover-density-2010-fao.png 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p>
</h6><h6>World map of forest cover change – World Development Report (2008)<a id="ref-10" class="ref" href="#note-10"><sup>10</sup></a>
<p><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/world-map-of-forest-cover-change-world-development-report-20080.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-3039" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/world-map-of-forest-cover-change-world-development-report-20080-645x435.png" alt="World Map of Forest Cover Change – World Development Report (2008)0" width="645" height="435" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/world-map-of-forest-cover-change-world-development-report-20080-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/world-map-of-forest-cover-change-world-development-report-20080-645x435.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/world-map-of-forest-cover-change-world-development-report-20080-1024x691.png 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/world-map-of-forest-cover-change-world-development-report-20080.png 1221w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p>
</h6><h3 id="forest-cover-change-by-country"><a class="deep-link" href="#forest-cover-change-by-country"></a>I.5 Forest cover change by country</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-as-share-of-land-area" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-as-share-of-land-area" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/forest-area-as-share-of-land-area_v2_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="recent-forest-cover-change-in-specific-regions"><a class="deep-link" href="#recent-forest-cover-change-in-specific-regions"></a>I.6 Recent Forest Cover Change in Specific Regions</h3><h4 id="amazon-rainforest"><a class="deep-link" href="#amazon-rainforest"></a>Amazon Rainforest</h4><h6>Map of the amazon rainforest eco-regions as delineated by the WWF – Wikipedia<a id="ref-11" class="ref" href="#note-11"><sup>11</sup></a>
<p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/pastedImage1722.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3053" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/pastedImage1722.png" alt="pastedImage1722" width="400" height="329" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/pastedImage1722-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/pastedImage1722.png 400w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p>
</h6><h6>Predeforestation area of forest, cerrado, and water, and deforested and isolated and edge forest in Brazilian Amazon (in 1000 square kilometers) – Williams (2006)<a id="ref-12" class="ref" href="#note-12"><sup>12</sup></a>
<p><div class="tableContainer"><table class="tablepress"><thead><tr><th>State</th><th>Predeforestation</th><th>Predeforestation</th><th>Predeforestation</th><th>Predeforestation</th><th>1978</th><th>1978</th><th>1978</th><th>1988</th><th>1988</th><th>1988</th><th>1988</th><th>State</th></tr></thead><tbody class="row-hover"><tr><td></td><td>Forest</td><td>Cerrado</td><td>Water</td><td>Total Area</td><td>Deforested</td><td>Isolated and Edge</td><td>Total Disturbed</td><td>Deforested</td><td>Isolated and Edge</td><td>Total Disturbed</td><td>As % Total Area</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acre</td><td>152.4</td><td>0</td><td>0.4</td><td>152.8</td><td>2.6</td><td>4.5</td><td>7.1</td><td>6.4</td><td>24.1</td><td>30.5</td><td>20</td><td>Acre</td></tr><tr><td>Amàpá</td><td>137.4</td><td>1</td><td>1.1</td><td>139.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.6</td><td>Amàpá</td></tr><tr><td>Amazonas</td><td>1531.1</td><td>14.4</td><td>29.8</td><td>1575.3</td><td>2.3</td><td>6.5</td><td>8.8</td><td>11.8</td><td>36.9</td><td>48.7</td><td>3.1</td><td>Amazonas</td></tr><tr><td>Maranhao</td><td>145.8</td><td>114.7</td><td>1.3</td><td>261.8</td><td>9.4</td><td>13.8</td><td>23.2</td><td>32</td><td>30.3</td><td>62.3</td><td>23.8</td><td>Maranha–o</td></tr><tr><td>Mato Grosso</td><td>527.6</td><td>368.7</td><td>4.2</td><td>900.5</td><td>21.1</td><td>26.2</td><td>47.3</td><td>47.6</td><td>73.7</td><td>121.3</td><td>13.4</td><td>Mato Grosso</td></tr><tr><td>Pará</td><td>1183.6</td><td>28.6</td><td>49.5</td><td>1261.7</td><td>30.5</td><td>52</td><td>82.5</td><td>95.1</td><td>123.5</td><td>218.6</td><td>17.3</td><td>Pará</td></tr><tr><td>Rondonia</td><td>212.2</td><td>24.6</td><td>1.5</td><td>238.3</td><td>6.2</td><td>18.7</td><td>24.9</td><td>24</td><td>54.8</td><td>78.8</td><td>33</td><td>Rondonia</td></tr><tr><td>Roraima</td><td>172.4</td><td>51.5</td><td>1.8</td><td>225.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.8</td><td>1</td><td>1.9</td><td>5.2</td><td>7.1</td><td>3.1</td><td>Roraima</td></tr><tr><td>Tocantins</td><td>30.3</td><td>244</td><td>2.9</td><td>277.2</td><td>5.7</td><td>6.9</td><td>12.6</td><td>11.4</td><td>8.2</td><td>19.6</td><td>7.1</td><td>Tocantins</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>4092.8</td><td>847.5</td><td>92.5</td><td>5032.8</td><td>78.2</td><td>129.8</td><td>208</td><td>230.4</td><td>357.8</td><td>587.8</td><td>11.7</td><td>Total</td></tr></tbody></table></div></p>
</h6><h6>Annual rate of legal deforestation in the Amazon (in km2 per year) 1977/88-2013 – INPE<a id="ref-13" class="ref" href="#note-13"><sup>13</sup></a>
<p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-rate-of-legal-deforestation-in-the-amazon-in-km2-per-year-197788-2013-inpe0.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-3047" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-rate-of-legal-deforestation-in-the-amazon-in-km2-per-year-197788-2013-inpe0-645x337.png" alt="Annual rate of legal deforestation in the Amazon, in km2 per year (1977:88-2013) – INPE0" width="645" height="337" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-rate-of-legal-deforestation-in-the-amazon-in-km2-per-year-197788-2013-inpe0-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-rate-of-legal-deforestation-in-the-amazon-in-km2-per-year-197788-2013-inpe0-645x337.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/11/annual-rate-of-legal-deforestation-in-the-amazon-in-km2-per-year-197788-2013-inpe0.png 807w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p>
<p>Deforestation data is available in a special Google Project <a href="http://earthengine.google.org/#intro">here</a>. This is including Landsat Annual Timelapse 1984-2012 of Amazon Deforestation (it also includes data on forest cover change in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000-2010)).</p>
</h6><h4 id="african-forests"><a class="deep-link" href="#african-forests"></a>African Forests</h4><h6>Gross and net deforestation areas and annual rates measured from the sample of satellite images (areas in 1000 ha) for three regions, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 – Mayaux et al. (2013)<a id="ref-14" class="ref" href="#note-14"><sup>14</sup></a></h6><p><div class="tableContainer"><table class="tablepress"><thead><tr><th></th><th>1990–2000</th><th>1990–2000</th><th>1990–2000</th><th>1990–2000</th><th></th><th>2000–2010</th><th>2000–2010</th><th>2000–2010</th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody class="row-hover"><tr><td></td><td>gross deforestation</td><td>annual rate (%)</td><td>net deforestation</td><td>annual rate (%)</td><td>gross deforestation</td><td>annual rate (%)</td><td>net deforestation</td><td>annual rate (%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Central Africa (n=173)</td><td>345.9 ± 54</td><td>0.19</td><td>285.4 ± 36.5</td><td>0.16</td><td>187.6 ± 22.2</td><td>0.11</td><td>181.5 ± 39.8</td><td>0.1</td><td>Central Africa (n=173)</td></tr><tr><td>West Africa (n=67)</td><td>278.7 ± 77.9</td><td>1.09</td><td>233.5 ± 108.3</td><td>0.91</td><td>82.1 ± 14.1</td><td>0.35</td><td>70.4 ± 23.9</td><td>0.3</td><td>West Africa (n=67)</td></tr><tr><td>Madagascar (n=16)</td><td>75.8 ± 25.8</td><td>1.69</td><td>728 ± 32.8</td><td>1.63</td><td>40.5 ± 18.2</td><td>1.08</td><td>36.4 ± 24.8</td><td>0.97</td><td>Madagascar (n=16)</td></tr><tr><td>total three regions</td><td>700.4</td><td>0.33</td><td>591.9</td><td>0.28</td><td>310.2</td><td>0.15</td><td>288.3</td><td>0.14</td><td>total three regions</td></tr></tbody></table></div></p></section>
<section><h2 id="data-sources"><a class="deep-link" href="#data-sources"></a>II. Data Sources</h2><p><strong>FAO</strong></p><p>A very important publication by the FAO on the topic are the <em>State of the World's Forests</em> that is available <a href="http://www.fao.org/forestry/sofo/en/">here</a>.</p><p>The FAO database on Forestry is online <a href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/630/default.aspx">here</a>. It includes several datasets for countries and world regions since 1961. The dataset is very comprehensive and includes many forestry products.</p><p>FAO data – for example data on forest coverage (%) – is available through <strong>Gapminder</strong> (<a href="http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=5.35870967741936;ti=2005$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=pp59adS3CHWfRGgfhjf8FBQ;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=282;dataMax=119849$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0.03;dataMax=100$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=i14_t001990,,,,;i13_t001990,,,,;i82_t001990,,,,;i75_t001990,,,,;i76_t001990,,,,;i217_t001990,,,,;i239_t001990,,,,;i102_t001990,,,,;i29_t001990,,,,;i249_t001990,,,,;i101_t001990,,,,">here</a>). At Gapminder – where also data on primary forests, wood coverage or wood removal is available – the data can be plotted against a second variable.</p><p><strong>World Bank</strong></p><p>Annual data – since 1990 – data on 'Forest area (% of land area)' (by country) is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (<a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS">here</a>).</p><p>Annual data – since 1990 – on 'Forest area (sq. km)' (by country) is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (<a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.K2">here</a>).</p><p>Other Specialised Institutions</p><p>The <strong>Center for Global Development's FORMA</strong> (or Forest Monitoring for Action) allows close tracking and analysis of global deforestation trends. It is online <a href="http://international.cgdev.org/page/forest-monitoring-action-forma-and-forest-conservation-performance-ratings-fcpr">here</a>.</p><p>The <strong>IIASA Global Forest Database</strong> is online <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20151111130000/http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/modelsData/GlobalForestDB.en.html">here</a>.</p><p>The <strong>Eurostat</strong> website 'Statistics Explained' publishes up-to-date statistical information on forestry is online <a href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Forestry_statistics">here</a>.</p></section>
</div><footer class="article-footer"><h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3><ol class="footnotes"><li id="note-1"><p></p>
<p>This is taken from Michael Williams (2006) – Deforesting the Earth From Prehistory to Global Crisis, An Abridgment. University Of Chicago Press. I combined two figures of this book for the four maps shown here.</p>
<p>The original source of these maps is R. G. Cochrane, “The Impact of Man on the Natural Biota,” in New Zealand in Maps, ed. A. G. Anderson and D. Brunch [London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1977], 32–33.</p></li><li id="note-2"><p></p>
<p>This is taken from Michael Williams (2000) – Dark ages and dark areas: global deforestation in the deep past. Journal of Historical Geography, 26, 1 (2000) 28–46. Online <a href="http://geography.fullerton.edu/taylor/ENST595T/darkages.pdf">here</a>.</p>
<p>The original source of these maps is H. C. Darby, The clearing of the woodland in Europe, in W. L. Thomas (Ed.), Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Chicago 1956) 98–9, based on O. Schlüter, Die Siedlungsräume Mittleuropas in frügeschichtlicher Zeit: Part 1—Forschungen zur Deutschen Landeskunde, Vol. 61 (Hamburg 1952).</p></li><li id="note-3"><p></p>
<p>This is Figure 3.6 of Michael Williams (2006) – Deforesting the Earth From Prehistory to Global Crisis, An Abridgment. University Of Chicago Press. The book's website is <a href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo3770940.html">here</a>.</p>
<p>This data visualization is based on E. S. Deevy, D. S. Rice, p. m. Rice, H. H. Vaughan, M. Brenner, and M. S. Flannery. “Mayan Urbanism: Impact on a Tropical Karst Environment,” Science 206 [1979]: 298–306. Online <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/206/4416/298.short">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-4"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from Michael Williams (2006) – Deforesting the Earth From Prehistory to Global Crisis, An Abridgment. University Of Chicago Press. I have not included Copeland’s projections for 1950 that are included in the original table in Williams (2006).</p>
<p>Note: F.S. refers to the U.S. Forest Service.</p>
<p></p></li><li id="note-5"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from Michael Williams (2006) – Deforesting the Earth From Prehistory to Global Crisis, An Abridgment. University Of Chicago Press.</p>
<p>The sources of this source are: M. Clawson, “Forests in the Long Sweep of American History,” Science 204 (1979): 1108–74, with additional information from</p>
<p>USDA, Forest Service, An Analysis of the Timber Situation in the United States, 1952–2030, Forest Resources Report no. 23 [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1982];</p>
<p>and An Analysis of the Timber Situation in the United States, 1989–2040, Rocky Mountain Forest Range Experimental Station, General Technical Report RM-199 [Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, 1990].)</p>
<p></p></li><li id="note-6"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from FAO (2012) - The State of the World's Forests. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2012. Online <a href="http://www.fao.org/forestry/sofo/en/">here</a>.</p>
<p>The sources on which these estimates are based were published by the FAO and Williams, M. (2002) – Deforesting the earth: from prehistory to global crisis. Chicago, USA, University of Chicago Press.</p></li><li id="note-7"><p></h6>
<p>The source is the FAO (2013) - Statistical Yearbook, online <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e00.htm">here</a>. The original source of the data is the FAO, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT).</p></li><li id="note-8"><p>The chosen coloring is not ideal – the blue is difficult to distinguish from the black, and the pink is equally difficult to distinguish from the red.</p>
<p>The publication is Hansen, M.C. et al (2013) – High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science 342 (6160) 850-853.</p></li><li id="note-9"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from the FAO. Online <a href="http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/80298/en/">here</a>. I have repositioned the legend.</p></li><li id="note-10"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from World Bank (2008) – World Development Report (2008): Agriculture for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. Online <a href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDRS/Resources/477365-1327599046334/WDR_00_book.pdf">here</a>.</p>
<p>The source of the data is Lepers et al. (2005).</p>
<p>Note by the original source: 'Areas are defined as hotspots when deforestation rates exceed threshold values, as estimated from either available deforestation data or from expert opinion.'</p></li><li id="note-11"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from Wikipedia <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_rainforest.jpg">here</a> - the satellite image is from NASA.</p>
<p>The yellow line approximately encloses the Amazon drainage basin. National boundaries are shown in black.</p>
<p>This file is in the public domain because it was solely created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted".</p></li><li id="note-12"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from Michael Williams (2006) – Deforesting the Earth From Prehistory to Global Crisis, An Abridgment. University Of Chicago Press.</p>
<p>The original source is D. L. Skole and C. J. Tucker, “Tropical Deforestation and Habitat Fragmentation in the Amazon: Satellite Data from 1978 to 1988,” Science 260 (1993), 1906. This article is online <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5116/1905">here</a>.</p>
<p>Williams (2006) publishes the table here but claims that the unit of measurement is km<sup>2</sup>. A comparison with the original paper – <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5116/1905">Skole and Tucker (1993)</a> – shows that he is wrong – the unit of meaurement is 1000 km<sup>2</sup>.</p></li><li id="note-13"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from INPE - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais online <a href="http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=3443">here</a>.</p>
<p>INPE is a research unit of the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology.</p></li><li id="note-14"><p></p>
<p>This is taken from Mayaux et al. (2013) – State and evolution of the African rainforests between 1990 and 2010. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 5 September 2013 vol. 368 no. 1625 20120300. Online <a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1625/20120300.full">here</a>.</p>
<p>Note by the original paper: 'The numbers in parentheses represent the standard deviation of the estimates.'</p>
<p>This was reported at the website of the Oxford Martin School in the article '<a href=" http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/news/201307AfricanDeforestation">Loss of African rainforest has slowed</a>'.</p></li></ol></footer></article></div></main><div id="wpadminbar" style="display: none;"><div id="wp-toolbar" role="navigation" aria-label="Toolbar" class="quicklinks"><ul id="wp-admin-bar-root-default" class="ab-top-menu"><li id="wp-admin-bar-site-name" class="menupop"><a aria-haspopup="true" href="/wp-admin/" class="ab-item">Our World In Data</a></li><li id="wp-admin-bar-edit"><a href="https://owid.cloud/wp-admin/post.php?post=3026&action=edit" class="ab-item">Edit Page</a></li></ul></div></div><footer class="SiteFooter"><div><a href="/" class="logo">Our World in Data</a> is a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">creative commons</a> publication about human civilization at a global scale.</div><nav><a href="/about">About</a><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScTaT03ggC7yo8KzRLvoCJY-5mtfuA6jOHheLLFtD5lSHkXlg/viewform">Feedback</a><a href="/subscribe">Subscribe</a><a href="https://twitter.com/OurWorldInData">Twitter</a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/OurWorldinData">Facebook</a><a href="https://github.com/owid">GitHub</a><a href="/support">Donate</a></nav><script src="/wp-content/themes/owid-theme/dist/js/owid.js"></script><script src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/embedCharts.js"></script></footer></body></html>