-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 30
/
Copy pathfertilizer-and-pesticides.html
95 lines (37 loc) · 63.6 KB
/
fertilizer-and-pesticides.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
<!doctype html><html><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title>Fertilizer and Pesticides - Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="Living conditions around the world are changing rapidly. Explore how and why." /><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org/fertilizer-and-pesticides" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml" /><meta property="fb:app_id" content="1149943818390250" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org/fertilizer-and-pesticides" /><meta property="og:title" content="Fertilizer and Pesticides" /><meta property="og:description" content="Living conditions around the world are changing rapidly. Explore how and why." /><meta property="og:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/cereal-crop-yield-vs-fertilizer-application.png" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Our World in Data" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@OurWorldInData" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@OurWorldInData" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Fertilizer and Pesticides" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Living conditions around the world are changing rapidly. Explore how and why." /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/cereal-crop-yield-vs-fertilizer-application.png" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/owid-theme/dist/owid.css" /></head><body><header class="SiteHeader"><nav id="owid-topbar"><a href="/" class="logo">Our World in Data</a><ul class="desktop"><li><form id="search-nav" action="https://google.com/search" method="GET"><input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="ourworldindata.org" /><input type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search..." /></form></li><li><a href="https://sdg-tracker.org" title="Sustainable Development Goals">SDGs</a></li><li><a href="/blog">Blog</a></li><li><a href="/about">About</a></li><li><a href="/support">Donate</a></li></ul><ul class="mobile"><li class="nav-button"><a href="https://google.com/search?q=site:ourworldindata.org" data-expand="#search-dropdown"><i class="fac fac-search"></i></a></li><li class="nav-button"><a href="/" data-expand="#topics-dropdown" class="mobile"><i class="fac fac-bars"></i></a></li></ul></nav><div id="topics-dropdown" class="mobile"><ul><li class="header"><h2>Entries</h2></li><li class="category"><a href="/#population"><span>Population</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Population</div><ul><li><a href="/world-population-growth">World Population Growth</a></li><li><a href="/life-expectancy">Life Expectancy</a></li><li><a href="/child-mortality">Child Mortality</a></li><li><a href="/future-population-growth">Future Population Growth</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/fertility-rate" class="starred">Fertility Rate</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#health"><span>Health</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Health</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/cancer" class="starred">Cancer</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/mental-health" class="starred">Mental Health</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/smallpox" class="starred">Smallpox</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/causes-of-death" class="starred">Causes of Death</a></li><li><a href="/substance-use">Substance Use</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/alcohol-consumption" class="starred">Alcohol consumption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/health-meta" class="starred">Global Health</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/polio" class="starred">Polio</a></li><li><a href="/life-expectancy">Life Expectancy</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/suicide" class="starred">Suicide</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-healthcare" class="starred">Financing Healthcare</a></li><li><a href="/maternal-mortality">Maternal Mortality</a></li><li><a href="/eradication-of-diseases">Eradication of Diseases</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/burden-of-disease" class="starred">Burden of Disease</a></li><li><a href="/malaria">Malaria</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hiv-aids" class="starred">HIV / AIDS</a></li><li><a href="/smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#food"><span>Food</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Food</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/micronutrient-deficiency" class="starred">Micronutrient Deficiency</a></li><li><a href="/diet-compositions">Diet Compositions</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/meat-and-seafood-production-consumption" class="starred">Meat and Seafood Production & Consumption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/water-access-resources-sanitation" class="starred">Water Access, Resources & Sanitation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/alcohol-consumption" class="starred">Alcohol consumption</a></li><li><a href="/obesity">Obesity</a></li><li><a href="/food-per-person">Food per Person</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hunger-and-undernourishment" class="starred">Hunger and Undernourishment</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/famines" class="starred">Famines</a></li><li><a href="/human-height">Human Height</a></li><li><a href="/employment-in-agriculture">Employment in Agriculture</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture" class="starred">Yields and Land Use in Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/fertilizer-and-pesticides">Fertilizer and Pesticides</a></li><li><a href="/food-prices">Food Prices</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#energy"><span>Energy</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Energy</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" class="starred">CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></li><li><a href="/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources">Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources</a></li><li><a href="/fossil-fuels">Fossil Fuels</a></li><li><a href="/renewables">Renewables</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#environment"><span>Environment</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Environment</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" class="starred">CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/indoor-air-pollution" class="starred">Indoor Air Pollution</a></li><li><a href="/natural-catastrophes">Natural Catastrophes</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/air-pollution" class="starred">Air Pollution</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/water-access-resources-sanitation" class="starred">Water Access, Resources & Sanitation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/ozone-layer" class="starred">Ozone Layer</a></li><li><a href="/oil-spills">Oil Spills</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#technology"><span>Technology</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Technology</div><ul><li><a href="/technology-adoption">Technology Diffusion & Adoption</a></li><li><a href="/technological-progress">Technological Progress</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#growth-and-inequality"><span>Growth & Inequality</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Growth & Inequality</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/economic-inequality-by-gender" class="starred">Economic inequality by gender</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/extreme-poverty" class="starred">Global Extreme Poverty</a></li><li><a href="/economic-growth">Economic Growth</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/income-inequality" class="starred">Income Inequality</a></li><li><a href="/incomes-across-the-distribution">Incomes across the Distribution</a></li><li><a href="/global-economic-inequality">Global Economic Inequality</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#work-and-life"><span>Work & Life</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Work & Life</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/happiness-and-life-satisfaction" class="starred">Happiness and Life Satisfaction</a></li><li><a href="/light">Light</a></li><li><a href="/human-development-index">Human Development Index (HDI)</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/child-labor" class="starred">Child Labor</a></li><li><a href="/female-labor-supply">Female labor supply</a></li><li><a href="/working-hours">Working Hours</a></li><li><a href="/homelessness">Homelessness</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#public-sector"><span>Public Sector</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Public Sector</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/corruption" class="starred">Corruption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/public-spending" class="starred">Public Spending</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-healthcare" class="starred">Financing Healthcare</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/taxation" class="starred">Taxation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-education" class="starred">Financing Education</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#global-connections"><span>Global Connections</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Global Connections</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/international-trade" class="starred">International Trade</a></li><li><a href="/tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#war-and-peace"><span>War & Peace</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">War & Peace</div><ul><li><a href="/war-and-peace">War and Peace</a></li><li><a href="/nuclear-weapons">Nuclear Weapons</a></li><li><a href="/peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li><li><a href="/terrorism">Terrorism</a></li><li><a href="/military-spending">Military Spending</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#politics"><span>Politics</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Politics</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/corruption" class="starred">Corruption</a></li><li><a href="/democracy">Democracy</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#violence-and-rights"><span>Violence & Rights</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Violence & Rights</div><ul><li><a href="/homicides">Homicides</a></li><li><a href="/ethnographic-and-archaeological-evidence-on-violent-deaths">Ethnographic and Archaeological Evidence on Violent Deaths</a></li><li><a href="/human-rights">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="/violence-against-rights-for-children">Violence against & Rights for Children</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#education"><span>Education</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Education</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/global-rise-of-education" class="starred">Global Rise of Education</a></li><li><a href="/pre-primary-education">Pre-Primary Education</a></li><li><a href="/primary-and-secondary-education">Primary and Secondary Education</a></li><li><a href="/tertiary-education">Tertiary Education</a></li><li><a href="/quality-of-education">Quality of Education</a></li><li><a href="/literacy">Literacy</a></li><li><a href="/educational-mobility-inequality">Educational Mobility & Inequality</a></li><li><a href="/returns-to-education">Returns to Education</a></li><li><a href="/teachers-and-professors">Teachers and Professors</a></li><li><a href="/science-and-research">Science and Research</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-education" class="starred">Financing Education</a></li><li><a href="/projections-of-future-education">Projections of Future Education</a></li><li><a href="/intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#media"><span>Media</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Media</div><ul><li><a href="/internet">Internet</a></li><li><a href="/books">Books</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="category"><a href="/#culture"><span>Culture</span></a><div class="subcategory-menu"><div class="submenu-title">Culture</div><ul><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/trust" class="starred">Trust</a></li><li><a href="/optimism-pessimism">Optimism & Pessimism</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="end-link"><a href="https://sdg-tracker.org">SDGs</a></li><li class="end-link"><a href="/blog">Blog</a></li><li class="end-link"><a href="/about">About</a></li><li class="end-link"><a href="/support">Donate</a></li></ul></div><div id="search-dropdown" class="mobile"><form id="search-nav" action="https://google.com/search" method="GET"><input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="ourworldindata.org" /><input type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search..." /></form></div><div id="category-nav" class="desktop"><ul><li title="Population" class="category"><a href="/#population"><span>Population</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a href="/world-population-growth">World Population Growth</a></li><li><a href="/life-expectancy">Life Expectancy</a></li><li><a href="/child-mortality">Child Mortality</a></li><li><a href="/future-population-growth">Future Population Growth</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/fertility-rate" class="starred">Fertility Rate</a></li></ul></li><li title="Health" class="category"><a href="/#health"><span>Health</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/cancer" class="starred">Cancer</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/mental-health" class="starred">Mental Health</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/smallpox" class="starred">Smallpox</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/causes-of-death" class="starred">Causes of Death</a></li><li><a href="/substance-use">Substance Use</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/alcohol-consumption" class="starred">Alcohol consumption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/health-meta" class="starred">Global Health</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/polio" class="starred">Polio</a></li><li><a href="/life-expectancy">Life Expectancy</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/suicide" class="starred">Suicide</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-healthcare" class="starred">Financing Healthcare</a></li><li><a href="/maternal-mortality">Maternal Mortality</a></li><li><a href="/eradication-of-diseases">Eradication of Diseases</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/burden-of-disease" class="starred">Burden of Disease</a></li><li><a href="/malaria">Malaria</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hiv-aids" class="starred">HIV / AIDS</a></li><li><a href="/smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul></li><li title="Food" class="category active"><a href="/#food"><span>Food</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/micronutrient-deficiency" class="starred">Micronutrient Deficiency</a></li><li><a href="/diet-compositions">Diet Compositions</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/meat-and-seafood-production-consumption" class="starred">Meat and Seafood Production & Consumption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/water-access-resources-sanitation" class="starred">Water Access, Resources & Sanitation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/alcohol-consumption" class="starred">Alcohol consumption</a></li><li><a href="/obesity">Obesity</a></li><li><a href="/food-per-person">Food per Person</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hunger-and-undernourishment" class="starred">Hunger and Undernourishment</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/famines" class="starred">Famines</a></li><li><a href="/human-height">Human Height</a></li><li><a href="/employment-in-agriculture">Employment in Agriculture</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture" class="starred">Yields and Land Use in Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/fertilizer-and-pesticides">Fertilizer and Pesticides</a></li><li><a href="/food-prices">Food Prices</a></li></ul></li><li title="Energy" class="category"><a href="/#energy"><span>Energy</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" class="starred">CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></li><li><a href="/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources">Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources</a></li><li><a href="/fossil-fuels">Fossil Fuels</a></li><li><a href="/renewables">Renewables</a></li></ul></li><li title="Environment" class="category"><a href="/#environment"><span>Environment</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" class="starred">CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/indoor-air-pollution" class="starred">Indoor Air Pollution</a></li><li><a href="/natural-catastrophes">Natural Catastrophes</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/air-pollution" class="starred">Air Pollution</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/water-access-resources-sanitation" class="starred">Water Access, Resources & Sanitation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/ozone-layer" class="starred">Ozone Layer</a></li><li><a href="/oil-spills">Oil Spills</a></li></ul></li><li title="Technology" class="category"><a href="/#technology"><span>Technology</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a href="/technology-adoption">Technology Diffusion & Adoption</a></li><li><a href="/technological-progress">Technological Progress</a></li></ul></li><li title="Growth & Inequality" class="category"><a href="/#growth-and-inequality"><span>Growth & Inequality</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/economic-inequality-by-gender" class="starred">Economic inequality by gender</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/extreme-poverty" class="starred">Global Extreme Poverty</a></li><li><a href="/economic-growth">Economic Growth</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/income-inequality" class="starred">Income Inequality</a></li><li><a href="/incomes-across-the-distribution">Incomes across the Distribution</a></li><li><a href="/global-economic-inequality">Global Economic Inequality</a></li></ul></li><li title="Work & Life" class="category"><a href="/#work-and-life"><span>Work & Life</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/happiness-and-life-satisfaction" class="starred">Happiness and Life Satisfaction</a></li><li><a href="/light">Light</a></li><li><a href="/human-development-index">Human Development Index (HDI)</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/child-labor" class="starred">Child Labor</a></li><li><a href="/female-labor-supply">Female labor supply</a></li><li><a href="/working-hours">Working Hours</a></li><li><a href="/homelessness">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li><li title="Public Sector" class="category"><a href="/#public-sector"><span>Public Sector</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/corruption" class="starred">Corruption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/public-spending" class="starred">Public Spending</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-healthcare" class="starred">Financing Healthcare</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/taxation" class="starred">Taxation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-education" class="starred">Financing Education</a></li></ul></li><li title="Global Connections" class="category"><a href="/#global-connections"><span>Global Connections</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/international-trade" class="starred">International Trade</a></li><li><a href="/tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></li><li title="War & Peace" class="category"><a href="/#war-and-peace"><span>War & Peace</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a href="/war-and-peace">War and Peace</a></li><li><a href="/nuclear-weapons">Nuclear Weapons</a></li><li><a href="/peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li><li><a href="/terrorism">Terrorism</a></li><li><a href="/military-spending">Military Spending</a></li></ul></li><li title="Politics" class="category"><a href="/#politics"><span>Politics</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/corruption" class="starred">Corruption</a></li><li><a href="/democracy">Democracy</a></li></ul></li><li title="Violence & Rights" class="category"><a href="/#violence-and-rights"><span>Violence & Rights</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a href="/homicides">Homicides</a></li><li><a href="/ethnographic-and-archaeological-evidence-on-violent-deaths">Ethnographic and Archaeological Evidence on Violent Deaths</a></li><li><a href="/human-rights">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="/violence-against-rights-for-children">Violence against & Rights for Children</a></li></ul></li><li title="Education" class="category"><a href="/#education"><span>Education</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/global-rise-of-education" class="starred">Global Rise of Education</a></li><li><a href="/pre-primary-education">Pre-Primary Education</a></li><li><a href="/primary-and-secondary-education">Primary and Secondary Education</a></li><li><a href="/tertiary-education">Tertiary Education</a></li><li><a href="/quality-of-education">Quality of Education</a></li><li><a href="/literacy">Literacy</a></li><li><a href="/educational-mobility-inequality">Educational Mobility & Inequality</a></li><li><a href="/returns-to-education">Returns to Education</a></li><li><a href="/teachers-and-professors">Teachers and Professors</a></li><li><a href="/science-and-research">Science and Research</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/financing-education" class="starred">Financing Education</a></li><li><a href="/projections-of-future-education">Projections of Future Education</a></li><li><a href="/intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul></li><li title="Media" class="category"><a href="/#media"><span>Media</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a href="/internet">Internet</a></li><li><a href="/books">Books</a></li></ul></li><li title="Culture" class="category"><a href="/#culture"><span>Culture</span></a><ul class="entries"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/trust" class="starred">Trust</a></li><li><a href="/optimism-pessimism">Optimism & Pessimism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div id="entries-nav" class="desktop"><li><hr /></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/micronutrient-deficiency" class="starred">Micronutrient Deficiency</a></li><li><a href="/diet-compositions">Diet Compositions</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/meat-and-seafood-production-consumption" class="starred">Meat and Seafood Production & Consumption</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/water-access-resources-sanitation" class="starred">Water Access, Resources & Sanitation</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/alcohol-consumption" class="starred">Alcohol consumption</a></li><li><a href="/obesity">Obesity</a></li><li><a href="/food-per-person">Food per Person</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hunger-and-undernourishment" class="starred">Hunger and Undernourishment</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/famines" class="starred">Famines</a></li><li><a href="/human-height">Human Height</a></li><li><a href="/employment-in-agriculture">Employment in Agriculture</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture" class="starred">Yields and Land Use in Agriculture</a></li><li class="active"><a href="/fertilizer-and-pesticides">Fertilizer and Pesticides</a></li><li><a href="/food-prices">Food Prices</a></li></div></header><main><div class="clearfix page-with-sidebar"><div class="entry-sidebar"><nav class="entry-toc"><h3>Contents</h3><ol><li class="section"><a href="#empirical-view">I. Empirical View</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#fertilizer-application-rates">I.1 Fertilizer application rates</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#fertilizer-production">I.2 Fertilizer production</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#fertilizer-consumption">I.3 Fertilizer consumption</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#fertilizer-and-nutrient-prices">I.4 Fertilizer and nutrient prices</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#pesticide-application-rates">I.5 Pesticide application rates</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#pesticide-production">I.6 Pesticide production</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#pesticide-consumption">I.7 Pesticide consumption</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#correlates-determinants-consequences">II. Correlates, Determinants & Consequences</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#fertilizer-consumption-and-income">II.1 Fertilizer consumption and income</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#yields-tend-to-increase-with-fertilizer-application">II.2 Yields tend to increase with fertilizer application</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#fertilizer-and-land-use">II.3 Fertilizer and land use</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#pesticides">II.4 Pesticides</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#data-quality-definition">III. Data Quality & Definition</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#data-sources">IV. Data Sources
</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#fertilizer">IV.1 Fertilizer</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#pesticides">IV.2 Pesticides</a></li></ol></nav></div><article class="page"><header class="article-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Fertilizer and Pesticides</h1><div class="authors-byline"><a href="/about/#team">by Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie</a><a class="citation-note js-only"><sup>[cite]</sup></a></div><div class="citation-guideline">Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this entry, please also cite the underlying data sources. This entry can be cited as:<br /><br />Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie (2017) - "Fertilizer and Pesticides". <em>Published online at OurWorldInData.org.</em> Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/fertilizer-and-pesticides' [Online Resource]</div></header><div class="article-content"><section><h2 id="empirical-view"><a class="deep-link" href="#empirical-view"></a>I. Empirical View</h2><h3 id="fertilizer-application-rates"><a class="deep-link" href="#fertilizer-application-rates"></a>I.1 Fertilizer application rates</h3><h4 id="fertilizer-application-over-the-long-run"><a class="deep-link" href="#fertilizer-application-over-the-long-run"></a>Fertilizer application over the long run</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertilizer-application-rates-over-the-long-run" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertilizer-application-rates-over-the-long-run" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/fertilizer-application-rates-over-the-long-run_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="total-fertilizer-application-rates"><a class="deep-link" href="#total-fertilizer-application-rates"></a>Total fertilizer application rates</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertilizer-use-in-kg-per-hectare-of-arable-land" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertilizer-use-in-kg-per-hectare-of-arable-land" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/fertilizer-use-in-kg-per-hectare-of-arable-land_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="nitrogen-fertilizer-application-rate"><a class="deep-link" href="#nitrogen-fertilizer-application-rate"></a>Nitrogen fertilizer application rate</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrogen-fertilizer-application-per-hectare-of-cropland" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrogen-fertilizer-application-per-hectare-of-cropland" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/nitrogen-fertilizer-application-per-hectare-of-cropland_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h6>World map of average annual nitrogen balance (pounds per acre) – National Geographic<a id="ref-1" class="ref" href="#note-1"><sup>1</sup></a>
<p><strong><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/world-map-of-average-annual-nitrogen-balance-pounds-per-acre-national-geographic0.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2857" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/world-map-of-average-annual-nitrogen-balance-pounds-per-acre-national-geographic0-645x483.png" alt="World Map of Average Annual Nitrogen Balance (pounds per acre) – National Geographic0" width="645" height="483" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/world-map-of-average-annual-nitrogen-balance-pounds-per-acre-national-geographic0-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/world-map-of-average-annual-nitrogen-balance-pounds-per-acre-national-geographic0-645x483.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/world-map-of-average-annual-nitrogen-balance-pounds-per-acre-national-geographic0.png 1024w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></strong></p>
</h6><h4 id="phosphate-fertilizer-application-rate"><a class="deep-link" href="#phosphate-fertilizer-application-rate"></a>Phosphate fertilizer application rate</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/phosphate-application-per-hectare-of-cropland" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/phosphate-application-per-hectare-of-cropland" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/phosphate-application-per-hectare-of-cropland_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="potash-fertilizer-application-rate"><a class="deep-link" href="#potash-fertilizer-application-rate"></a>Potash fertilizer application rate</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/potash-fertilizer-application-per-hectare-of-cropland" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/potash-fertilizer-application-per-hectare-of-cropland" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/potash-fertilizer-application-per-hectare-of-cropland_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="fertilizer-production"><a class="deep-link" href="#fertilizer-production"></a>I.2 Fertilizer production</h3><h4 id="total-fertilizer-production"><a class="deep-link" href="#total-fertilizer-production"></a>Total fertilizer production</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-fertilizer-production-by-nutrient-tonnes" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-fertilizer-production-by-nutrient-tonnes" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/total-fertilizer-production-by-nutrient-tonnes_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="nitrogen-fertilizer-production"><a class="deep-link" href="#nitrogen-fertilizer-production"></a>Nitrogen fertilizer production</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-nitrogen-fertilizer-production-by-region" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-nitrogen-fertilizer-production-by-region" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/global-nitrogen-fertilizer-production-by-region_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="phosphate-fertilizer-production"><a class="deep-link" href="#phosphate-fertilizer-production"></a>Phosphate fertilizer production</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/phosphate-fertilizer-production-by-region" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/phosphate-fertilizer-production-by-region" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/phosphate-fertilizer-production-by-region_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="potash-potassium-fertilizer-production"><a class="deep-link" href="#potash-potassium-fertilizer-production"></a>Potash (potassium) fertilizer production</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/potash-fertilizer-production-tonnes" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/potash-fertilizer-production-tonnes" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/potash-fertilizer-production-tonnes_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="fertilizer-consumption"><a class="deep-link" href="#fertilizer-consumption"></a>I.3 Fertilizer consumption</h3><h4 id="nitrogen-fertilizer-consumption"><a class="deep-link" href="#nitrogen-fertilizer-consumption"></a>Nitrogen fertilizer consumption</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrogen-fertilizer-consumption-tonnes" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrogen-fertilizer-consumption-tonnes" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/nitrogen-fertilizer-consumption-tonnes_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="phosphate-fertilizer-consumption"><a class="deep-link" href="#phosphate-fertilizer-consumption"></a>Phosphate fertilizer consumption</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/phosphate-fertilizer-consumption-by-region" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/phosphate-fertilizer-consumption-by-region" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/phosphate-fertilizer-consumption-by-region_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="potash-potassium-fertilizer-consumption"><a class="deep-link" href="#potash-potassium-fertilizer-consumption"></a>Potash (potassium) fertilizer consumption</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/potash-fertilizer-consumption-tonnes" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/potash-fertilizer-consumption-tonnes" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/potash-fertilizer-consumption-tonnes_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="fertilizer-and-nutrient-prices"><a class="deep-link" href="#fertilizer-and-nutrient-prices"></a>I.4 Fertilizer and nutrient prices</h3><h4 id="phosphate-and-potash-prices-over-the-long-term"><a class="deep-link" href="#phosphate-and-potash-prices-over-the-long-term"></a>Phosphate and potash prices over the long-term</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/phosphate-and-potash-price-indexes-over-the-long-term-1900-100" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/phosphate-and-potash-price-indexes-over-the-long-term-1900-100" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/phosphate-and-potash-price-indexes-over-the-long-term-1900-100_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="global-fertilizer-price-index"><a class="deep-link" href="#global-fertilizer-price-index"></a>Global fertilizer price index</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertilizer-price-index-1960-2030" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertilizer-price-index-1960-2030" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/fertilizer-price-index-1960-2030_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="global-urea-prices"><a class="deep-link" href="#global-urea-prices"></a>Global urea prices</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urea-nutrient-prices-per-metric-ton-1960-2030" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urea-nutrient-prices-per-metric-ton-1960-2030" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/urea-nutrient-prices-per-metric-ton-1960-2030_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="pesticide-application-rates"><a class="deep-link" href="#pesticide-application-rates"></a>I.5 Pesticide application rates</h3><h4 id="pesticide-application-across-the-world"><a class="deep-link" href="#pesticide-application-across-the-world"></a>Pesticide application across the world</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/pesticide-use-per-hectare-of-cropland" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/pesticide-use-per-hectare-of-cropland" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/pesticide-use-per-hectare-of-cropland_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="pesticide-production"><a class="deep-link" href="#pesticide-production"></a>I.6 Pesticide production</h3><p>The following graph shows the increase over the very long run.</p><h6>Total global pesticide production and global pesticide imports, 1940s-2000 – Tillman et al. (2002)<a id="ref-2" class="ref" href="#note-2"><sup>2</sup></a> <strong><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/total-global-pesticide-production-and-global-pesticide-imports-1940s-2000-tillman-et-al-20020.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2874" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/total-global-pesticide-production-and-global-pesticide-imports-1940s-2000-tillman-et-al-20020-645x375.png" alt="Total global pesticide production and global pesticide imports (1940s-2000) – Tillman et al. (2002)0" width="645" height="375" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/total-global-pesticide-production-and-global-pesticide-imports-1940s-2000-tillman-et-al-20020-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/total-global-pesticide-production-and-global-pesticide-imports-1940s-2000-tillman-et-al-20020-645x375.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/total-global-pesticide-production-and-global-pesticide-imports-1940s-2000-tillman-et-al-20020.png 728w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></strong>
</h6><h4 id="pesticide-production-by-type"><a class="deep-link" href="#pesticide-production-by-type"></a>Pesticide production by type</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/pesticide-breakdown-by-type" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/pesticide-breakdown-by-type" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/pesticide-breakdown-by-type_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h6>Estimated worldwide annual sales of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and others) in billions of dollars, 1960-1999 – Agrios (2005)<a id="ref-3" class="ref" href="#note-3"><sup>3</sup></a> <strong><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/estimated-worldwide-annual-sales-of-pesticides-1960-to-1999-in-billions-of-dollars-herbicides-insecticides-fungicides-and-others-agrios-20050.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2875" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/estimated-worldwide-annual-sales-of-pesticides-1960-to-1999-in-billions-of-dollars-herbicides-insecticides-fungicides-and-others-agrios-20050-645x410.png" alt="Estimated worldwide annual sales of pesticides 1960 to 1999 in billions of dollars (Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides, and others) – Agrios (2005)0" width="645" height="410" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/estimated-worldwide-annual-sales-of-pesticides-1960-to-1999-in-billions-of-dollars-herbicides-insecticides-fungicides-and-others-agrios-20050-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/estimated-worldwide-annual-sales-of-pesticides-1960-to-1999-in-billions-of-dollars-herbicides-insecticides-fungicides-and-others-agrios-20050-645x410.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/estimated-worldwide-annual-sales-of-pesticides-1960-to-1999-in-billions-of-dollars-herbicides-insecticides-fungicides-and-others-agrios-20050.png 861w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></strong>
</h6><h6>Annual usage of the various types of pesticides (in millions of pounds of active ingredient) and annual cost of pesticides (in millions of dollars) in the United States, 1980-1999 – Agrios (2005)<a id="ref-4" class="ref" href="#note-4"><sup>4</sup></a><strong>
</strong><p><strong></strong></p>
<p><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-6082" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43-750x277.png" alt="Agrios Plant Pathology figure 1-43" width="750" height="277" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43-32x32.png 32w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43-64x64.png 64w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43-96x96.png 96w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43-128x128.png 128w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43-150x55.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43-400x148.png 400w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43-750x277.png 750w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ourworldindata_agrios-plant-pathology-figure-1-43.png 1381w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p>
</h6><h3 id="pesticide-consumption"><a class="deep-link" href="#pesticide-consumption"></a>I.7 Pesticide consumption</h3><h6>Total world pesticide consumption by world region, 1994-1997 – Heisey and Norton (2007)<a id="ref-5" class="ref" href="#note-5"><sup>5</sup></a> <div class="tableContainer"><table class="tablepress"><thead><tr><th></th><th>Herbicides</th><th>Insecticides</th><th>Fungicides</th></tr></thead><tbody class="row-hover"><tr><td>China</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>6.8</td><td>37.2</td><td>9.4</td></tr><tr><td>Other Asia</td><td>24.4</td><td>41</td><td>19.2</td></tr><tr><td>Middle East/North Africa</td><td>9.7</td><td>19.5</td><td>14.1</td></tr><tr><td>Sub-Saharan Africa</td><td>11.7</td><td>9.7</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Latin America/Caribbean</td><td>85.8</td><td>39.8</td><td>31.8</td></tr><tr><td>All developing</td><td>138.4</td><td>147.2</td><td>83.6</td></tr><tr><td>Transitional</td><td>35.6</td><td>7.9</td><td>23.2</td></tr><tr><td>Industrialized</td><td>337.8</td><td>163.4</td><td>190.4</td></tr><tr><td>World</td><td>511.8</td><td>318.4</td><td>297.2</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</h6><h4 id="pesticide-consumption-by-country"><a class="deep-link" href="#pesticide-consumption-by-country"></a>Pesticide consumption by country</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/pesticide-use-tonnes" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/pesticide-use-tonnes" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/pesticide-use-tonnes_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h6>Results of residue monitoring on domestic and imported foods by the Food and Drug Administration, 1988-1994 – Agrios (2005)<a id="ref-6" class="ref" href="#note-6"><sup>6</sup></a>
</h6><h6><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em>Legend: green line - no pesticide residues, blue line - residues within legal limits, brown line - residues that were over the tolerance allowed by the Environmental Protection Agency</em></span></h6><p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/results-of-residue-monitoring-on-domestic-and-imported-foods-by-the-food-and-drug-administration-1988-1994-agrios-20050.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2879" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/results-of-residue-monitoring-on-domestic-and-imported-foods-by-the-food-and-drug-administration-1988-1994-agrios-20050-645x299.png" alt="Results of residue monitoring on domestic and imported foods by the Food and Drug Administration (1988-1994) – Agrios (2005)0" width="645" height="299" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/results-of-residue-monitoring-on-domestic-and-imported-foods-by-the-food-and-drug-administration-1988-1994-agrios-20050-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/results-of-residue-monitoring-on-domestic-and-imported-foods-by-the-food-and-drug-administration-1988-1994-agrios-20050-645x299.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/results-of-residue-monitoring-on-domestic-and-imported-foods-by-the-food-and-drug-administration-1988-1994-agrios-20050-1024x475.png 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/results-of-residue-monitoring-on-domestic-and-imported-foods-by-the-food-and-drug-administration-1988-1994-agrios-20050.png 1109w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p><h6>Pesticide residue levels in human adipose tissue and human milk in USA, 1970-1983, United Kingdom, 1963-1983, and Japan, 1976-1985 – Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity<a id="ref-7" class="ref" href="#note-7"><sup>7</sup></a> <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/pesticide-residue-levels-in-human-adipose-tissue-and-human-milk-usa-1970-83-united-kingdom-1963-83-japan-1976-85-simon-1996-the-state-of-humanity0.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2881" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/pesticide-residue-levels-in-human-adipose-tissue-and-human-milk-usa-1970-83-united-kingdom-1963-83-japan-1976-85-simon-1996-the-state-of-humanity0-343x500.png" alt="Pesticide residue levels in human adipose tissue and human milk, USA 1970-83, United Kingdom 1963-83, Japan 1976-85 – Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity0" width="343" height="500" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/pesticide-residue-levels-in-human-adipose-tissue-and-human-milk-usa-1970-83-united-kingdom-1963-83-japan-1976-85-simon-1996-the-state-of-humanity0-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/pesticide-residue-levels-in-human-adipose-tissue-and-human-milk-usa-1970-83-united-kingdom-1963-83-japan-1976-85-simon-1996-the-state-of-humanity0-343x500.png 343w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/pesticide-residue-levels-in-human-adipose-tissue-and-human-milk-usa-1970-83-united-kingdom-1963-83-japan-1976-85-simon-1996-the-state-of-humanity0.png 511w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a>
</h6></section>
<section><h2 id="correlates-determinants-consequences"><a class="deep-link" href="#correlates-determinants-consequences"></a>II. Correlates, Determinants & Consequences</h2><h3 id="fertilizer-consumption-and-income"><a class="deep-link" href="#fertilizer-consumption-and-income"></a>II.1 Fertilizer consumption and income</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertilizer-consumption-per-hectare-vs-gdp-per-capita" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertilizer-consumption-per-hectare-vs-gdp-per-capita" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/fertilizer-consumption-per-hectare-vs-gdp-per-capita_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="yields-tend-to-increase-with-fertilizer-application"><a class="deep-link" href="#yields-tend-to-increase-with-fertilizer-application"></a>II.2 Yields tend to increase with fertilizer application</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cereal-crop-yield-vs-fertilizer-application" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cereal-crop-yield-vs-fertilizer-application" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/cereal-crop-yield-vs-fertilizer-application_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="fertilizer-and-land-use"><a class="deep-link" href="#fertilizer-and-land-use"></a>II.3 Fertilizer and land use</h3><h6>World fertilizer use and grainland area per person, (1950-94) – Brown (1995)<a id="ref-8" class="ref" href="#note-8"><sup>8</sup></a>
<p><strong></strong></p><strong>
</strong><p><strong><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/world-fertilizer-use-and-grainland-area-per-person-1950-94-brown-19950.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2862" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/world-fertilizer-use-and-grainland-area-per-person-1950-94-brown-19950.png" alt="World Fertilizer Use and Grainland Area Per Person, (1950-94) – Brown (1995)0" width="368" height="326" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/world-fertilizer-use-and-grainland-area-per-person-1950-94-brown-19950-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/world-fertilizer-use-and-grainland-area-per-person-1950-94-brown-19950.png 368w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></strong></p>
</h6><h6>Grain production in Australia, China, South America, and United States relative to nitrogen fertilizer use, 1961-2002 – Hatfield and Prueger (2004)<a id="ref-9" class="ref" href="#note-9"><sup>9</sup></a><strong><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Grain-production-in-Australia-China-South-America-and-United-States-relative-to-N-fertilizer-use-1961-20020.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2863" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Grain-production-in-Australia-China-South-America-and-United-States-relative-to-N-fertilizer-use-1961-20020.png" alt="Grain production in Australia, China, South America, and United States relative to N fertilizer use (1961-2002)0" width="564" height="435" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Grain-production-in-Australia-China-South-America-and-United-States-relative-to-N-fertilizer-use-1961-20020-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Grain-production-in-Australia-China-South-America-and-United-States-relative-to-N-fertilizer-use-1961-20020.png 564w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></strong>
</h6><h3 id="pesticides"><a class="deep-link" href="#pesticides"></a>II.4 Pesticides</h3><h6>Loss of food production due to diseases, insects and weeds – Agrios (2005)<a id="ref-10" class="ref" href="#note-10"><sup>10</sup></a> <div class="tableContainer"><table class="tablepress"><thead><tr><th>Attainable crop production (2002 prices)</th><th>$1.5 trillion</th></tr></thead><tbody class="row-hover"><tr><td>Actual crop production (-36.5%)</td><td>$950 billion</td></tr><tr><td>Production without crop protection</td><td>$455 billion</td></tr><tr><td>Losses prevented by crop protection</td><td>$415 billion</td></tr><tr><td>Actual annual losses to world crop production</td><td>$550 billion</td></tr><tr><td>Losses caused by diseases only (14.1%)</td><td>$220 billion</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</h6><h6>Late blight of potato and the Irish famine: itinerary of the potato blight – Agrios (2005)<a id="ref-11" class="ref" href="#note-11"><sup>11</sup></a>
<p>The map below shows the itinerary of the advance of the potato blight between June, when the blight was first detected in Belgium, and the end of October 1845, by which time it spread from Italy to Ireland and from Spain to the Scandinavian countries.<a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/the-late-blight-of-potato-and-the-irish-famine-agrios-20051.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2870" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/the-late-blight-of-potato-and-the-irish-famine-agrios-20051-436x500.png" alt="The late blight of potato and the Irish famine – Agrios (2005)1" width="436" height="500" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/the-late-blight-of-potato-and-the-irish-famine-agrios-20051-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/the-late-blight-of-potato-and-the-irish-famine-agrios-20051-436x500.png 436w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/the-late-blight-of-potato-and-the-irish-famine-agrios-20051.png 545w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a></p>
</h6><h6>Map of the history of spread of ergot of sorghum, caused primarily by the fungus Claviceps africana, around the world – Agrios (2005)<a id="ref-12" class="ref" href="#note-12"><sup>12</sup></a><strong> <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/map-of-the-history-of-spread-of-ergot-of-sorghum-caused-primarily-by-the-fungus-claviceps-africana-around-the-world-agrios-20050.png" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2873" src="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/map-of-the-history-of-spread-of-ergot-of-sorghum-caused-primarily-by-the-fungus-claviceps-africana-around-the-world-agrios-20050-645x348.png" alt="Map of the history of spread of ergot of sorghum, caused primarily by the fungus Claviceps africana, around the world – Agrios (2005)0" width="645" height="348" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/map-of-the-history-of-spread-of-ergot-of-sorghum-caused-primarily-by-the-fungus-claviceps-africana-around-the-world-agrios-20050-150x150.png 150w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/map-of-the-history-of-spread-of-ergot-of-sorghum-caused-primarily-by-the-fungus-claviceps-africana-around-the-world-agrios-20050-645x348.png 645w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/map-of-the-history-of-spread-of-ergot-of-sorghum-caused-primarily-by-the-fungus-claviceps-africana-around-the-world-agrios-20050-1024x553.png 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2013/10/map-of-the-history-of-spread-of-ergot-of-sorghum-caused-primarily-by-the-fungus-claviceps-africana-around-the-world-agrios-20050.png 1402w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 50vw, 100vw"></a> </strong>
</h6></section>
<section><h2 id="data-quality-definition"><a class="deep-link" href="#data-quality-definition"></a>III. Data Quality & Definition</h2><p>The UN's Food and Agricultural Organisation gives the following definition of Pesticides<a id="ref-13" class="ref" href="#note-13"><sup>13</sup></a>: 'Pesticides refer to insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, disinfectants and any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies. The term includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant or agent for thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit, and substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport.</p></section>
<section><h2 id="data-sources"><a class="deep-link" href="#data-sources"></a>IV. Data Sources<strong>
</strong><p><strong></strong></p></h2><h3 id="fertilizer"><a class="deep-link" href="#fertilizer"></a>IV.1 Fertilizer</h3><p>The <strong>FAO Fertilizer Database</strong> is online <a href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/575/default.aspx#ancor">here</a>. It includes several datasets on fertilizers for countries and world regions since 2002.</p><p>The same organisation's <strong>Fertilizer Archive</strong> goes back to 1961 and is online <a href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/422/default.aspx#ancor">here</a>. For the same time span the FAO publishes data in the Fertilizers Trade Values Database <a href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/619/default.aspx#ancor">here</a>.</p><h3 id="pesticides"><a class="deep-link" href="#pesticides"></a>IV.2 Pesticides</h3><p>The FAO Pesticides Use Database is online <a href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/424/default.aspx#ancor">here</a>. It includes several datasets on pesticides for countries and world regions since 1990. The FAO's Pesticides Trade Database goes back to 1961 and is online <a href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/423/default.aspx#ancor">here</a>.</p></section>
</div><footer class="article-footer"><h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3><ol class="footnotes"><li id="note-1"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from National Geographic <a href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/05/fertilized-world/nitrogen-flow-graphic">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-2"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from David Tilman, Kenneth G. Cassman, Pamela A. Matson, Rosamond Naylor & Stephen Polasky (2002) – Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418, 671-677 (8 August 2002) | doi:10.1038/nature01014 Online <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01014.html">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-3"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from George N. Agrios (2005) – Plant Pathology, Fifth Edition. Academic Press. 952 pages. The website of the book is <a href="http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780120445653&gdftrk=gdfV26763_a_7c349_a_7c3550_a_7c9780120445653&mckv=dvgJdFEm_d%7bdevice%7d&pcrid=17145141792&gclid=CI6Xzqv4tboCFbLHtAodRFkA2g">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-4"><p></h6>
<p>This is graphs D and E from Figure 1-43 in George N. Agrios (2005) – Plant Pathology, Fifth Edition. Academic Press. 952 pages. The website of the book is <a href="http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780120445653&gdftrk=gdfV26763_a_7c349_a_7c3550_a_7c9780120445653&mckv=dvgJdFEm_d%7bdevice%7d&pcrid=17145141792&gclid=CI6Xzqv4tboCFbLHtAodRFkA2g">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-5"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from Paul W. Heisey and George W. Norton (2007) – Chapter 53 Fertilizers and other farm chemicals in the Handbook of Agricultural Economics. Volume 3, 2007, Agricultural Development: Farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets, pages 2741–2777. Online <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574007206030532#">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-6"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from George N. Agrios (2005) – Plant Pathology, Fifth Edition. Academic Press. 952 pages. The website of the book is <a href="http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780120445653&gdftrk=gdfV26763_a_7c349_a_7c3550_a_7c9780120445653&mckv=dvgJdFEm_d%7bdevice%7d&pcrid=17145141792&gclid=CI6Xzqv4tboCFbLHtAodRFkA2g">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-7"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from a chapter in Simon [Ed.] (1996) – The State of Humanity. Blackwell. The following sources are given by the author: USA and UK: UN Environment Programme, Environmental Data Report, London: Blackwell, 1987, 100-1; Japan: UN Environment Programme, Environmental Data Report, London: Blackwell, 1989, 196.</p></li><li id="note-8"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from Lester R. Brown (1995) – Nature's Limit (Chapter 1) from the State of the World 1995, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.. Online at the website of the FAO <a href="http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tac/x5809e/x5809e0j.htm">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-9"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from J.L. Hatfield and J.H. Prueger (2004) – Nitrogen Over-use, Under-use, and Efficiency in New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress Brisbane, Australia, 26 Sep - 1 Oct 2004 | ISBN 1 920842 20 9. Online <a href="http://www.cropscience.org.au/icsc2004/plenary/2/140_hatfield.htm">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-10"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from George N. Agrios (2005) – Plant Pathology, Fifth Edition. Academic Press. 952 pages. The website of the book is <a href="http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780120445653&gdftrk=gdfV26763_a_7c349_a_7c3550_a_7c9780120445653&mckv=dvgJdFEm_d%7bdevice%7d&pcrid=17145141792&gclid=CI6Xzqv4tboCFbLHtAodRFkA2g">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-11"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from George N. Agrios (2005) – Plant Pathology, Fifth Edition. Academic Press. 952 pages. The website of the book is <a href="http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780120445653&gdftrk=gdfV26763_a_7c349_a_7c3550_a_7c9780120445653&mckv=dvgJdFEm_d%7bdevice%7d&pcrid=17145141792&gclid=CI6Xzqv4tboCFbLHtAodRFkA2g">here</a>.</p></li><li id="note-12"><p></h6>
<p>This is taken from George N. Agrios (2005) – Plant Pathology, Fifth Edition. Academic Press. 952 pages. The website of the book is <a href="http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780120445653&gdftrk=gdfV26763_a_7c349_a_7c3550_a_7c9780120445653&mckv=dvgJdFEm_d%7bdevice%7d&pcrid=17145141792&gclid=CI6Xzqv4tboCFbLHtAodRFkA2g">here</a>. The original source given by the authors is R. Bandyopadhyay et al. (1998). Plant Dis. 82, 356–367.</p></li><li id="note-13"><p>This is the definition given by the UN's Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in their glossary that is online <a href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/375/default.aspx">here</a>.</p></li></ol></footer></article></div></main><div id="wpadminbar" style="display: none;"><div id="wp-toolbar" role="navigation" aria-label="Toolbar" class="quicklinks"><ul id="wp-admin-bar-root-default" class="ab-top-menu"><li id="wp-admin-bar-site-name" class="menupop"><a aria-haspopup="true" href="/wp-admin/" class="ab-item">Our World In Data</a></li><li id="wp-admin-bar-edit"><a href="https://owid.cloud/wp-admin/post.php?post=2850&action=edit" class="ab-item">Edit Page</a></li></ul></div></div><footer class="SiteFooter"><div><a href="/" class="logo">Our World in Data</a> is a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">creative commons</a> publication about human civilization at a global scale.</div><nav><a href="/about">About</a><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScTaT03ggC7yo8KzRLvoCJY-5mtfuA6jOHheLLFtD5lSHkXlg/viewform">Feedback</a><a href="/subscribe">Subscribe</a><a href="https://twitter.com/OurWorldInData">Twitter</a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/OurWorldinData">Facebook</a><a href="https://github.com/owid">GitHub</a><a href="/support">Donate</a></nav><script src="/wp-content/themes/owid-theme/dist/js/owid.js"></script><script src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/embedCharts.js"></script></footer></body></html>