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<!doctype html><html><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title>Diet Compositions - Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="The map below details average daily per capita vegetable consumption versus typical dietary guidelines for health. Countries shown in blue have an average per capita intake below 250 grams (g) per person per day; countries in green are greater than 250g. National and World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations tend to range between 200-250g per day.1 Figures represent average per capita supply of vegetables, which does not correct for waste at the household level." /><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org/diet-compositions" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml" /><meta property="fb:app_id" content="1149943818390250" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org/diet-compositions" /><meta property="og:title" content="Diet Compositions" /><meta property="og:description" content="The map below details average daily per capita vegetable consumption versus typical dietary guidelines for health. Countries shown in blue have an average per capita intake below 250 grams (g) per person per day; countries in green are greater than 250g. National and World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations tend to range between 200-250g per day.1 Figures represent average per capita supply of vegetables, which does not correct for waste at the household level." /><meta property="og:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/per-capita-consumption-of-cereals-by-commodity-type-daily-kilocalories.png" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Our World in Data" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@OurWorldInData" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@OurWorldInData" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Diet Compositions" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="The map below details average daily per capita vegetable consumption versus typical dietary guidelines for health. Countries shown in blue have an average per capita intake below 250 grams (g) per person per day; countries in green are greater than 250g. National and World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations tend to range between 200-250g per day.1 Figures represent average per capita supply of vegetables, which does not correct for waste at the household level." /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/per-capita-consumption-of-cereals-by-commodity-type-daily-kilocalories.png" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/owid-theme/dist/owid.css" /></head><body><header class="SiteHeader"><nav id="owid-topbar"><a href="/" class="logo">Our World in Data</a><ul class="desktop"><li><form id="search-nav" action="https://google.com/search" method="GET"><input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="ourworldindata.org" /><input type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search..." /></form></li><li><a href="https://sdg-tracker.org" title="Sustainable Development Goals">SDGs</a></li><li><a href="/blog">Blog</a></li><li><a href="/about">About</a></li><li><a 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href="/alcohol-consumption" class="starred">Alcohol consumption</a></li><li><a href="/obesity">Obesity</a></li><li><a href="/food-per-person">Food per Person</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/hunger-and-undernourishment" class="starred">Hunger and Undernourishment</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/famines" class="starred">Famines</a></li><li><a href="/human-height">Human Height</a></li><li><a href="/employment-in-agriculture">Employment in Agriculture</a></li><li><a title="Starred pages are our best and most complete entries." href="/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture" class="starred">Yields and Land Use in Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/fertilizer-and-pesticides">Fertilizer and Pesticides</a></li><li><a href="/food-prices">Food Prices</a></li></div></header><main><div class="clearfix page-with-sidebar"><div class="entry-sidebar"><nav class="entry-toc"><h3>Contents</h3><ol><li class="section"><a href="#empirical-view">I. Empirical View</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#diet-compositions-by-macronutrient">I.1 Diet compositions by macronutrient</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#diet-compositions-by-food-groups">I.2 Diet compositions by food groups</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#cereal-preferences-vary-across-the-world">I.3 Cereal preferences vary across the world</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#vegetable-consumption-across-the-world">I.4 Vegetable consumption across the world</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#fruit-consumption-across-the-world">I.5 Fruit consumption across the world</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#correlates-determinants-consequences">II. Correlates, Determinants & Consequences</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#animal-based-foods-form-a-larger-part-of-our-diet-as-we-get-richer">II.1 Animal-based foods form a larger part of our diet as we get richer</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#cereal-preferences-vary-by-geographical-location">II.2 Cereal preferences vary by geographical location</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#data-quality-definition">III. Data Quality & Definition</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#how-is-per-capita-food-supply-or-consumption-calculated">III.1 How is per capita food supply or consumption calculated?</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#how-are-carbohydrate-protein-and-fat-intakes-derived-from-commodity-quantities">III.2 How are carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes derived from commodity quantities?</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#data-sources">IV. Data Sources</a></li></ol></nav></div><article class="page"><header class="article-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Diet Compositions</h1><div class="authors-byline"><a href="/about/#team">by Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser</a><a class="citation-note js-only"><sup>[cite]</sup></a></div><div class="citation-guideline">Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this entry, please also cite the underlying data sources. This entry can be cited as:<br /><br />Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2018) - "Diet Compositions". <em>Published online at OurWorldInData.org.</em> Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/diet-compositions' [Online Resource]</div></header><div class="article-content"><section><div class="blog-info">This article was first published in August 2017. The content and structure in the current version do not yet cover all the key aspects we intend to cover. We plan to revise and extend the material in the future.</div></section>
<section><h2 id="empirical-view"><a class="deep-link" href="#empirical-view"></a>I. Empirical View</h2><h3 id="diet-compositions-by-macronutrient"><a class="deep-link" href="#diet-compositions-by-macronutrient"></a>I.1 Diet compositions by macronutrient</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-caloric-supply-derived-from-carbohydrates-protein-and-fat" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-caloric-supply-derived-from-carbohydrates-protein-and-fat" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/daily-caloric-supply-derived-from-carbohydrates-protein-and-fat_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="diet-compositions-by-food-groups"><a class="deep-link" href="#diet-compositions-by-food-groups"></a>I.2 Diet compositions by food groups</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/dietary-compositions-by-commodity-group-1961-2013" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/dietary-compositions-by-commodity-group-1961-2013" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/dietary-compositions-by-commodity-group-1961-2013_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="cereal-preferences-vary-across-the-world"><a class="deep-link" href="#cereal-preferences-vary-across-the-world"></a>I.3 Cereal preferences vary across the world</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-consumption-of-cereals-by-commodity-type-daily-kilocalories" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-consumption-of-cereals-by-commodity-type-daily-kilocalories" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/per-capita-consumption-of-cereals-by-commodity-type-daily-kilocalories_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="vegetable-consumption-across-the-world"><a class="deep-link" href="#vegetable-consumption-across-the-world"></a>I.4 Vegetable consumption across the world</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/vegetable-consumption-per-capita-kilograms-per-year" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/vegetable-consumption-per-capita-kilograms-per-year" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/vegetable-consumption-per-capita-kilograms-per-year_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="vegetable-consumption-vs-recommended-guidelines"><a class="deep-link" href="#vegetable-consumption-vs-recommended-guidelines"></a>Vegetable consumption vs. recommended guidelines</h4><p>The map below details average daily per capita vegetable consumption versus typical dietary guidelines for health. Countries shown in blue have an average per capita intake below 250 grams (g) per person per day; countries in green are greater than 250g. National and World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations tend to range between 200-250g per day.<a id="ref-1" class="ref" href="#note-1"><sup>1</sup></a> Figures represent average per capita supply of vegetables, which does not correct for waste at the household level.</p><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/average-per-capita-vegetable-intake-vs-minimum-recommended-guidelines?tab=map" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/average-per-capita-vegetable-intake-vs-minimum-recommended-guidelines?tab=map" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/average-per-capita-vegetable-intake-vs-minimum-recommended-guidelines-a42c8357c168ebd03c90930b9d3c439b_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="fruit-consumption-across-the-world"><a class="deep-link" href="#fruit-consumption-across-the-world"></a>I.5 Fruit consumption across the world</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fruit-consumption-per-capita-kilograms-per-year" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fruit-consumption-per-capita-kilograms-per-year" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/fruit-consumption-per-capita-kilograms-per-year_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="fruit-consumption-by-type"><a class="deep-link" href="#fruit-consumption-by-type"></a>Fruit consumption by type</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fruit-consumption-by-fruit-type" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fruit-consumption-by-fruit-type" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/fruit-consumption-by-fruit-type_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="fruit-consumption-vs-recommended-guidlines"><a class="deep-link" href="#fruit-consumption-vs-recommended-guidlines"></a>Fruit consumption vs. recommended guidlines</h4><p>The map below details average daily per capita fruit consumption versus typical dietary guidelines for health. Average per capita intake of fruit, measured relative to widely adopted minimum guidlines for health. Countries shown in blue have an average per capita intake below 200 grams (g) per person per day; countries in green are greater than 200g. National and World Health Organization (WHO) typically set a guideline of 200g per day.<a id="ref-2" class="ref" href="#note-2"><sup>2</sup></a> Figures representaverage per capita supply of fruit, which does not correct for waste at the household level.</p><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/average-per-capita-fruit-intake-vs-minimum-recommended-guidelines" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/average-per-capita-fruit-intake-vs-minimum-recommended-guidelines" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/average-per-capita-fruit-intake-vs-minimum-recommended-guidelines_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure></section>
<section><h2 id="correlates-determinants-consequences"><a class="deep-link" href="#correlates-determinants-consequences"></a>II. Correlates, Determinants & Consequences</h2><h3 id="animal-based-foods-form-a-larger-part-of-our-diet-as-we-get-richer"><a class="deep-link" href="#animal-based-foods-form-a-larger-part-of-our-diet-as-we-get-richer"></a>II.1 Animal-based foods form a larger part of our diet as we get richer</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-calories-from-animal-protein-vs-gdp-per-capita" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-calories-from-animal-protein-vs-gdp-per-capita" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/share-of-calories-from-animal-protein-vs-gdp-per-capita_v3_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h4 id="diets-are-more-diverse-in-nutrient-rich-foods-as-we-get-richer"><a class="deep-link" href="#diets-are-more-diverse-in-nutrient-rich-foods-as-we-get-richer"></a>Diets are more diverse in nutrient-rich foods as we get richer</h4><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fruit-consumption-vs-gdp-per-capita" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fruit-consumption-vs-gdp-per-capita" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/fruit-consumption-vs-gdp-per-capita_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure><h3 id="cereal-preferences-vary-by-geographical-location"><a class="deep-link" href="#cereal-preferences-vary-by-geographical-location"></a>II.2 Cereal preferences vary by geographical location</h3><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/rice-consumption-vs-latitude" class="grapherPreview"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/rice-consumption-vs-latitude" target="_blank"><div><img src="/exports/rice-consumption-vs-latitude_v1_850x600.svg"></div></a></figure></section>
<section><h2 id="data-quality-definition"><a class="deep-link" href="#data-quality-definition"></a>III. Data Quality & Definition</h2><h3 id="how-is-per-capita-food-supply-or-consumption-calculated"><a class="deep-link" href="#how-is-per-capita-food-supply-or-consumption-calculated"></a>III.1 How is per capita food supply or consumption calculated?</h3><p>The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) prepare 'Food Balance Sheets' (FBS) across all food commodities at global, regional and national levels. Food Balance Sheets map the quantity of food commodities (measured as their primary equivalents, for example, "wheat and products" represents the sum of all products derived from wheat) from the production level through to the remaining quantity left for human food. This is measured in mass quantities - such as tonnes or kilograms.</p><p>These sheets account for losses and allocations in the food system, including imports, exports, stock variations, seed, animal feed, other (industrial uses), and food losses. The remaining commodities after correction for these diversions is defined as 'food supply'. To derive the average per capita food supply, this total figure is divided by the population size. This figure can be considered to be the average level of food intake however it does not account for food wastage at the consumer level (i.e. in households or restaurants).</p><h3 id="how-are-carbohydrate-protein-and-fat-intakes-derived-from-commodity-quantities"><a class="deep-link" href="#how-are-carbohydrate-protein-and-fat-intakes-derived-from-commodity-quantities"></a>III.2 How are carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes derived from commodity quantities?</h3><p>The intake of specific macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein and fats) are derived based on average food composition factors - these factors are derived and presented in the FAO's Food Balance Sheet Handbook.<a id="ref-3" class="ref" href="#note-3"><sup>3</sup></a> Using these factors and mass quantities, the intake of carbohydrates, protein and fat can be calculated in grams.</p><p>To derive the share that each of these macronutrients contribute to total caloric intake, we can calculate the calories derived from carbohydrates, protein and fat using energy density factors. Approximately, each gram of carbohydrate and protein is equivalent to 4 kilocalories each, whilst each gram of fat is equivalent to 9 kilocalories.<a id="ref-4" class="ref" href="#note-4"><sup>4</sup></a> We can therefore calculate the total number of calories derived from each macronutrient per day by multiplying the grams of each by their equivalent energy conversion factor.</p><p>For example: consumption of 300 grams of carbohydrate *4 kilocalories per gram = 1200 kilocalories from carbohydrates.</p></section>
<section><h2 id="data-sources"><a class="deep-link" href="#data-sources"></a>IV. Data Sources</h2><h5>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food Supply database</h5><ul>
<li><strong>Data:</strong> Covers food commodities that have been converted back into primary equivalents (Quantity, Dietary Energy, Proteins, Fats, Totals and per Capita).</li>
<li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global – by country and world region</li>
<li><strong>Time span:</strong> Since 1961</li>
<li><strong>Available at:</strong> Online at FAOSTAT <a href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/345/default.aspx">here</a></li>
</ul><hr class="datasources-hr"></section>
</div><footer class="article-footer"><h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3><ol class="footnotes"><li id="note-1"><p>World Health Organization. WHO Healthy Diet. Available <a href="http://www.who.int/elena/healthy_diet_fact_sheet_394.pdf?ua=1">online</a>.</p></li><li id="note-2"><p>World Health Organization. WHO Healthy Diet. Available <a href="http://www.who.int/elena/healthy_diet_fact_sheet_394.pdf?ua=1">online</a>.</p></li><li id="note-3"><p>FAO (2001). Food Balance Sheets - A Handbook. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2001. Available <a href="ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/x9892e/x9892e00.pdf">online</a>.</p></li><li id="note-4"><p>FAO. Chapter 3: Calculation Of The Energy Content Of Foods - Energy Conversion Factors. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm">online</a>.</p></li></ol></footer></article></div></main><div id="wpadminbar" style="display: none;"><div id="wp-toolbar" role="navigation" aria-label="Toolbar" class="quicklinks"><ul id="wp-admin-bar-root-default" class="ab-top-menu"><li id="wp-admin-bar-site-name" class="menupop"><a aria-haspopup="true" href="/wp-admin/" class="ab-item">Our World In Data</a></li><li id="wp-admin-bar-edit"><a href="https://owid.cloud/wp-admin/post.php?post=12942&action=edit" class="ab-item">Edit Page</a></li></ul></div></div><footer class="SiteFooter"><div><a href="/" class="logo">Our World in Data</a> is a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">creative commons</a> publication about human civilization at a global scale.</div><nav><a href="/about">About</a><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScTaT03ggC7yo8KzRLvoCJY-5mtfuA6jOHheLLFtD5lSHkXlg/viewform">Feedback</a><a href="/subscribe">Subscribe</a><a href="https://twitter.com/OurWorldInData">Twitter</a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/OurWorldinData">Facebook</a><a href="https://github.com/owid">GitHub</a><a href="/support">Donate</a></nav><script src="/wp-content/themes/owid-theme/dist/js/owid.js"></script><script src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/embedCharts.js"></script></footer></body></html>