diff --git a/src/closure-externs/closure-externs.js b/src/closure-externs/closure-externs.js
index be55c75d58154..8199fe8460569 100644
--- a/src/closure-externs/closure-externs.js
+++ b/src/closure-externs/closure-externs.js
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@
  * The closure_compiler() method in tools/shared.py refers to this file when calling closure.
  */
 
-// Special placeholder for `import.meta` and `await import`.
-var EMSCRIPTEN$IMPORT$META;
+// Special placeholder for `await import` and `await`.
 var EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT$IMPORT;
 var EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT;
 
@@ -188,13 +187,6 @@ var devicePixelRatio;
  */
 var id;
 
-/**
- * Used in MODULARIZE mode as the name of the incoming module argument.
- * This is generated outside of the code we pass to closure so from closure's
- * POV this is "extern".
- */
-var moduleArg;
-
 /**
  * This was removed from upstream closure compiler in
  * https://github.com/google/closure-compiler/commit/f83322c1b.
diff --git a/src/closure-externs/modularize-externs.js b/src/closure-externs/modularize-externs.js
index e9d8a58598998..c0471f5ef49a4 100644
--- a/src/closure-externs/modularize-externs.js
+++ b/src/closure-externs/modularize-externs.js
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
-// In MODULARIZE mode the JS code may be executed later, after `document.currentScript` is gone, so we store
-// it to `_scriptName` outside the wrapper function. Therefore, it cannot be minified.
-// In EXPORT_ES6 mode we use `import.meta.url` and for Node.js CommonJS builds we use `__filename`.
-
 /**
+ * In MODULARIZE mode the JS code may be executed later, after `document.currentScript` is gone, so
+ * we store it to `_scriptName` outside the wrapper function. Therefore, it cannot be minified.
+ * In EXPORT_ES6 mode we use `import.meta.url` and for Node.js CommonJS builds we use `__filename`.
  * @suppress {duplicate, undefinedVars}
  */
 var _scriptName;
 
+/**
+ * Used in MODULARIZE mode as the name of the incoming module argument.
+ * This is generated outside of the code we pass to closure so from closure's
+ * POV this is "extern".
+ */
+var moduleArg;
+
 /**
  * @suppress {duplicate, undefinedVars}
  */
diff --git a/src/jsifier.mjs b/src/jsifier.mjs
index c8bf14834dd95..84dc251827b75 100644
--- a/src/jsifier.mjs
+++ b/src/jsifier.mjs
@@ -397,6 +397,12 @@ export async function runJSify(outputFile, symbolsOnly) {
   }
 
   async function writeOutput(str) {
+    // Unmangle previously mangled `import.meta` references.
+    // See also: `mangleUnsupportedSyntax` in parseTools.mjs.
+    if (EXPORT_ES6) {
+      str = str.replaceAll('EMSCRIPTEN$IMPORT$META', 'import.meta');
+    }
+
     await outputHandle.write(str + '\n');
   }
 
diff --git a/src/modularize.js b/src/modularize.js
index 5abbeac466c11..58a3eb6783b49 100644
--- a/src/modularize.js
+++ b/src/modularize.js
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ var {{{ EXPORT_NAME }}} = (() => {
   var _scriptName = globalThis.document?.currentScript?.src;
 #endif
   return async function(moduleArg = {}) {
+    var Module = moduleArg;
 "<<< INNER_JS_CODE >>>"
 
     return Module;
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ var {{{ EXPORT_NAME }}} = (() => {
 // When targeting node and ES6 we use `await import ..` in the generated code
 // so the outer function needs to be marked as async.
 async function {{{ EXPORT_NAME }}}(moduleArg = {}) {
+  var Module = moduleArg;
 "<<< INNER_JS_CODE >>>"
 
   return Module;
diff --git a/src/parseTools.mjs b/src/parseTools.mjs
index ba24c30f07ab9..61e4d20565de1 100644
--- a/src/parseTools.mjs
+++ b/src/parseTools.mjs
@@ -36,21 +36,24 @@ function mangleUnsupportedSyntax(text) {
   // Do special keyword replacement after macro processing, so that
   // macros can generate keywords (easier to read preprocessed code).
   if (EXPORT_ES6) {
-    // `eval`, Terser and Closure don't support module syntax; to allow it,
-    // we need to temporarily replace `import.meta` and `await import` usages
-    // with placeholders during preprocess phase, and back after all the other ops.
-    // See also: `phase_final_emitting` in emcc.py.
-    text = text
-      .replace(/\bimport\.meta\b/g, 'EMSCRIPTEN$IMPORT$META')
-      .replace(/\bawait import\b/g, 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT$IMPORT');
-  }
-  if (MODULARIZE) {
-    // Same for our use of "top-level-await" which is not actually top level
-    // in the case of MODULARIZE.
-    text = text.replace(/\bawait createWasm\(\)/g, 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(createWasm())');
-    text = text.replace(/\bawait run\(\)/g, 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(run())');
-    text = text.replace(/\bawait instantiatePromise\b/g, 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(instantiatePromise)');
-    text = text.replace(/\bawait init\(\)/g, 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(init())');
+    // `vm.runInContext` doesn't support module syntax; to allow it, we need to
+    // temporarily replace `import.meta` usages with placeholders.
+    // See also: `writeOutput` in jsifier.mjs.
+    text = text.replaceAll('import.meta', 'EMSCRIPTEN$IMPORT$META');
+  }
+  if (MODULARIZE && USE_CLOSURE_COMPILER) {
+    // Closure doesn't support "top-level await" which is not actually the top
+    // level in case of MODULARIZE. Temporarily replace `await` usages with
+    // placeholders during preprocess phase, and back after all the other ops.
+    // See also: `fix_js_mangling` in link.py.
+    // FIXME: Remove after https://github.com/google/closure-compiler/issues/3835 is fixed.
+    if (EXPORT_ES6) {
+      text = text.replaceAll('await import', 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT$IMPORT');
+    }
+    text = text.replaceAll('await createWasm()', 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(createWasm())');
+    text = text.replaceAll('await run()', 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(run())');
+    text = text.replaceAll('await instantiatePromise', 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(instantiatePromise)');
+    text = text.replaceAll('await init()', 'EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(init())');
   }
   return text;
 }
diff --git a/src/shell.js b/src/shell.js
index 1b31a3065acc4..ad4fd53554e63 100644
--- a/src/shell.js
+++ b/src/shell.js
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
 #if MODULARIZE
 #if MODULARIZE == 'instance'
 var Module = {};
-#else
-var Module = moduleArg;
 #endif
 #elif USE_CLOSURE_COMPILER
 /** @type{Object} */
@@ -130,7 +128,7 @@ if (ENVIRONMENT_IS_NODE) {
 #endif
 #endif // PTHREADS || WASM_WORKERS
 }
-#endif // ENVIRONMENT_MAY_BE_NODE
+#endif // ENVIRONMENT_MAY_BE_NODE && (EXPORT_ES6 || PTHREADS || WASM_WORKERS)
 
 // --pre-jses are emitted after the Module integration code, so that they can
 // refer to Module (if they choose; they can also define Module)
diff --git a/src/shell_minimal.js b/src/shell_minimal.js
index 8ddc5c2d8a70a..9615ea8e7a651 100644
--- a/src/shell_minimal.js
+++ b/src/shell_minimal.js
@@ -6,9 +6,8 @@
 
 #include "minimum_runtime_check.js"
 
-#if MODULARIZE
-var Module = moduleArg;
-#elif USE_CLOSURE_COMPILER
+#if !MODULARIZE
+#if USE_CLOSURE_COMPILER
 /** @type{Object} */
 var Module;
 // if (!Module) is crucial for Closure Compiler here as it will
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@ var Module = globalThis.{{{ EXPORT_NAME }}} || {};
 #else
 var Module = {{{ EXPORT_NAME }}};
 #endif
+#endif // !MODULARIZE
 
 #if ENVIRONMENT_MAY_BE_NODE
 var ENVIRONMENT_IS_NODE = {{{ nodeDetectionCode() }}};
diff --git a/test/codesize/test_codesize_minimal_esm.json b/test/codesize/test_codesize_minimal_esm.json
index 817e871ca770c..374bdf1acb564 100644
--- a/test/codesize/test_codesize_minimal_esm.json
+++ b/test/codesize/test_codesize_minimal_esm.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
-  "a.out.js": 2433,
-  "a.out.js.gz": 1138,
+  "a.out.js": 2368,
+  "a.out.js.gz": 1122,
   "a.out.nodebug.wasm": 75,
   "a.out.nodebug.wasm.gz": 87,
-  "total": 2508,
-  "total_gz": 1225,
+  "total": 2443,
+  "total_gz": 1209,
   "sent": [],
   "imports": [],
   "exports": [
diff --git a/tools/acorn-optimizer.mjs b/tools/acorn-optimizer.mjs
index e1b5604981450..1c9df11859182 100755
--- a/tools/acorn-optimizer.mjs
+++ b/tools/acorn-optimizer.mjs
@@ -1726,6 +1726,7 @@ const params = {
   ecmaVersion: 'latest',
   sourceType: exportES6 ? 'module' : 'script',
   allowAwaitOutsideFunction: true,
+  allowImportExportEverywhere: exportES6,
 };
 if (closureFriendly) {
   const currentComments = [];
diff --git a/tools/building.py b/tools/building.py
index bb891c556d5dc..62a0d8e9399e4 100644
--- a/tools/building.py
+++ b/tools/building.py
@@ -585,6 +585,14 @@ def closure_compiler(filename, advanced=True, extra_closure_args=None):
 
   args = ['--compilation_level', 'ADVANCED_OPTIMIZATIONS' if advanced else 'SIMPLE_OPTIMIZATIONS']
   args += ['--language_in', 'UNSTABLE']
+  # Make Closure aware of the ES6 module syntax;
+  # i.e. the `import.meta` and `await import` usages
+  if settings.EXPORT_ES6:
+    args += ['--chunk_output_type', 'ES_MODULES']
+    if settings.ENVIRONMENT_MAY_BE_NODE:
+      args += ['--module_resolution', 'NODE']
+      # https://github.com/google/closure-compiler/issues/3740
+      args += ['--jscomp_off=moduleLoad']
   # We currently only use closure compiler for minification, not transpilation.
   args += ['--language_out', 'NO_TRANSPILE']
   # Tell closure never to inject the 'use strict' directive.
diff --git a/tools/link.py b/tools/link.py
index f2f7b97850685..eded3cd7e37db 100644
--- a/tools/link.py
+++ b/tools/link.py
@@ -2073,19 +2073,28 @@ def phase_source_transforms(options):
   save_intermediate('transformed')
 
 
-# Unmangle previously mangled `import.meta` and `await import` references in
+# Unmangle previously mangled `await import` and `await` references in
 # both main code and libraries.
-# See also: `preprocess` in parseTools.js.
+# See also: `mangleUnsupportedSyntax` in parseTools.mjs.
 def fix_js_mangling(js_file):
-  # We don't apply these mangliings except in MODULARIZE/EXPORT_ES6 modes.
-  if not settings.MODULARIZE:
+  # Mangling only takes place under closure in MODULARIZE mode.
+  if not settings.MODULARIZE or not settings.USE_CLOSURE_COMPILER:
     return
 
   src = read_file(js_file)
-  write_file(js_file, src
-             .replace('EMSCRIPTEN$IMPORT$META', 'import.meta')
-             .replace('EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT$IMPORT', 'await import')
-             .replace('EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(', 'await ('))
+
+  if settings.EXPORT_ES6:
+    # Also remove the line containing `export{};`, which is inserted by
+    # Closure to mark the file as an ES6 module.
+    # https://github.com/google/closure-compiler/issues/4084#issuecomment-1505056519
+    # https://github.com/google/closure-compiler/blob/v20260401/src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/ConvertChunksToESModules.java#L111-L113
+    src = src \
+      .replace('EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT$IMPORT', 'await import') \
+      .replace('export{};\n', '')
+
+  src = src.replace('EMSCRIPTEN$AWAIT(', 'await (')
+
+  write_file(js_file, src)
   save_intermediate('js-mangling')