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MVVM & Data Binding

In Part 2 we will introduce full data binding with MVVM and retrieve the monkeys from an internet data source.

This module is also available in Chinese (Simplified) & Chinese (Traditional).

Implementing INotifyPropertyChanged

INotifyPropertyChanged is important for data binding in MVVM Frameworks. This is an interface that when implemented, lets our view know about changes to the model. We will implement it once in our BaseViewModel so all other view models that we create can inherit from it.

  1. In Visual Studio, open ViewModel/BaseViewModel.cs
  2. In BaseViewModel.cs, implement INotifyPropertyChanged by changing this
public class BaseViewModel
{

}

to this

public class BaseViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
{

}
  1. In BaseViewModel.cs, right click on INotifyPropertyChanged
  2. Implement the INotifyPropertyChanged Interface
    • (Visual Studio Mac) In the right-click menu, select Quick Fix -> Implement Interface
    • (Visual Studio PC) In the right-click menu, select Quick Actions and Refactorings -> Implement Interface
  3. In BaseViewModel.cs, ensure this line of code now appears:
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
  1. In BaseViewModel.cs, create a new method called OnPropertyChanged
    • Note: We will call OnPropertyChanged whenever a property updates
public void OnPropertyChanged([CallerMemberName] string name = null) =>
    PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(name));

Implementing Title, IsBusy, and IsNotBusy

We will create a backing field and accessors for a few properties. These properties will allow us to set the title on our pages and also let our view know that our view model is busy so we don't perform duplicate operations (like allowing the user to refresh the data multiple times). They are in the BaseViewModel because they are common for every page.

  1. In BaseViewModel.cs, create the backing field:
public class BaseViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    bool isBusy;
    string title;
    //...
}
  1. Create the properties:
public class BaseViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    //...
    public bool IsBusy
    {
        get => isBusy;
        set
        {
            if (isBusy == value)
                return;
            isBusy = value;
            OnPropertyChanged();
        }
    }

    public string Title
    {
        get => title;
        set
        {
            if (title == value)
                return;
            title = value;
            OnPropertyChanged();
        }
    }
    //...
}

Notice that we call OnPropertyChanged when the value changes. The .NET MAUI binding infrastructure will subscribe to our PropertyChanged event so the UI will be notified of the change.

We can also create the inverse of IsBusy by creating another property called IsNotBusy that returns the opposite of IsBusy and then raising the event of OnPropertyChanged when we set IsBusy

public class BaseViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    //...
    public bool IsBusy
    {
        get => isBusy;
        set
        {
            if (isBusy == value)
                return;
            isBusy = value;
            OnPropertyChanged();
            // Also raise the IsNotBusy property changed
            OnPropertyChanged(nameof(IsNotBusy));
        }
    } 

    public bool IsNotBusy => !IsBusy;
    //...
}

Simplifying MVVM with .NET Community Toolkit

Now that you have an understanding of how MVVM works, let's look at a way to simplify development. As applications get more complex, more properties and events will be added. This leads to more boilerplate code being added. The .NET Community Toolkit seeks to simplify MVVM with source generators to automatically handle the code that we used to manually had to write. The CommunityToolkit.Mvvm library has been added to the project and we can start using it right away.

Delete all contents in BaseViewModel.cs and replace it with the following:

namespace MonkeyFinder.ViewModel;

public partial class BaseViewModel : ObservableObject
{
    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyPropertyChangedFor(nameof(IsNotBusy))]
    bool isBusy;

    [ObservableProperty]
    string title;

    public bool IsNotBusy => !IsBusy;
}

Here, we can see that our code has been greatly simplified with an ObservableObject base class that implements INotifyPropertyChanged and also attributes to expose our properties.

Note that both isBusy and title have the [ObservableProperty] attribute attached to it. The code that is generated looks nearly identical to what we manually wrote. Additionally, the isBusy property has [NotifyPropertyChangedFor(nameof(IsNotBusy))], which will also notify IsNotBusy when the value changes. To see the generated code head to the project and then expand Dependencies -> net9.0-android -> Analyzers -> CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.SourceGenerators -> CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.SourceGenerators.ObservablePropertyGenerator and open MonkeyFinder.ViewModel.BaseViewModel.cs:

Here is what our IsBusy looks like:

[global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.SourceGenerators.ObservablePropertyGenerator", "8.3.0.0")]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCode]
[global::System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.ExcludeFromCodeCoverage]
public bool IsBusy
{
    get => isBusy;
    set
    {
        if (!global::System.Collections.Generic.EqualityComparer<bool>.Default.Equals(isBusy, value))
        {
            OnPropertyChanging(global::CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.ComponentModel.__Internals.__KnownINotifyPropertyChangingArgs.IsBusy);
            isBusy = value;
            OnPropertyChanged(global::CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.ComponentModel.__Internals.__KnownINotifyPropertyChangedArgs.IsBusy);
            OnPropertyChanged(global::CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.ComponentModel.__Internals.__KnownINotifyPropertyChangedArgs.IsNotBusy);
        }
    }
}

This code may look a bit scary, but since it is auto-generated it adds additional attributes to avoid conflicts. It is also highly optimized with caching as well.

The same library will also help us handle click events aka Commands in the future.

Note that we changed this class to a partial class so the generated code can be shared in the class.

Create a Monkey Service

We are ready to create a method that will retrieve the monkey data from the internet. We will first implement this with a simple HTTP request using HttpClient. We will do this inside of our MonkeyService.cs file that is located in the Services folder.

  1. Inside of the MonkeyService.cs, let's add a new method to get all Monkeys:

    List<Monkey> monkeyList = new ();
public async Task<List<Monkey>> GetMonkeys()
{
    return monkeyList;
}

    Right now, the method simply creates a new list of Monkeys and returns it. We can now fill in the method use HttpClient to pull down a json file, parse it, cache it, and return it.

  2. Let's get access to an HttpClient by added into the contructor for the MonkeyService.

     HttpClient httpClient;
public MonkeyService()
{
    this.httpClient = new HttpClient();
}

    .NET MAUI includes dependency injection similar to ASP.NET Core. We will register this service and dependencies soon.

  3. Let's check to see if we have any monkeys in the list and return it if so by filling in the GetMonkeys method:

    if (monkeyList?.Count > 0)
    return monkeyList;

  4. We can use the HttpClient to make a web request and parse it using the built in System.Text.Json deserialization.

    var response = await httpClient.GetAsync("https://www.montemagno.com/monkeys.json");

if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
    monkeyList = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync(MonkeyContext.Default.ListMonkey);
}

return monkeyList;

  5. Add the following using directive at the top of the file to access the ReadFromJsonAsync extension method:

    using System.Net.Http.Json;

No Internet? No Problem!

If you have internet issues in your current setup don't worry as we have embedded a list of monkeys into the project. Instead of using HttpClient, you can read the file and return it:

using var stream = await FileSystem.OpenAppPackageFileAsync("monkeydata.json");
using var reader = new StreamReader(stream);
var contents = await reader.ReadToEndAsync();
monkeyList = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(contents, MonkeyContext.Default.ListMonkey);

Call MonkeyService from ViewModel

We now can update our MonkeysViewModel to call our new monkey service and expose the list of monkeys to our user interface.

We will use an ObservableCollection<Monkey> that will be cleared and then loaded with Monkey objects. We use an ObservableCollection because it has built-in support to raise CollectionChanged events when we Add or Remove items from the collection. This means we don't call OnPropertyChanged when updating the collection.

  1. In MonkeysViewModel.cs declare a property which we will initialize to an empty collection. Also, we can set our Title to Monkey Finder.

    public partial class MonkeysViewModel : BaseViewModel
{
    public ObservableCollection<Monkey> Monkeys { get; } = new();
    public MonkeysViewModel()
    {
        Title = "Monkey Finder";
    }
}

  2. We will want to access our new MonkeyService. So let's add the following using directive to the top of the file:

    using MonkeyFinder.Services;

  3. We also need access to our MonkeyService, which we will inject through the constructor:

    public ObservableCollection<Monkey> Monkeys { get; } = new();
MonkeyService monkeyService;
public MonkeysViewModel(MonkeyService monkeyService)
{
    Title = "Monkey Finder";
    this.monkeyService = monkeyService;
}

  4. In MonkeysViewModel.cs, create a method named GetMonkeysAsync that returns async Task:

    public class MonkeysViewModel : BaseViewModel
{
    //...
    async Task GetMonkeysAsync()
    {
    }
    //...
}

  5. In GetMonkeysAsync, first ensure IsBusy is false. If it is true, return

    async Task GetMonkeysAsync()
{
    if (IsBusy)
        return;
}

  6. In GetMonkeysAsync, add some scaffolding for try/catch/finally blocks

    • Notice, that we toggle IsBusy to true and then false when we start to call to the server and when we finish.
    async Task GetMonkeysAsync()
{
    if (IsBusy)
        return;

    try
    {
        IsBusy = true;

    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {

    }
    finally
    {
       IsBusy = false;
    }

}

  7. In the try block of GetMonkeysAsync, we can get the monkeys from our MonkeyService.

    async Task GetMonkeysAsync()
{
    //...
    try
    {
        IsBusy = true;

        var monkeys = await monkeyService.GetMonkeys();
    }
    //... 
}

  8. Still inside of the try block, clear the Monkeys property and then add the new monkey data:

    async Task GetMonkeysAsync()
{
    //...
    try
    {
        IsBusy = true;

        var monkeys = await monkeyService.GetMonkeys();

        if(Monkeys.Count != 0)
            Monkeys.Clear();

        foreach (var monkey in monkeys)
            Monkeys.Add(monkey);
    }
    //...
}

  9. In GetMonkeysAsync, add this code to the catch block to display a popup if the data retrieval fails:

    async Task GetMonkeysAsync()
{
    //...
    catch(Exception ex)
    {
        Debug.WriteLine($"Unable to get monkeys: {ex.Message}");
        await Shell.Current.DisplayAlert("Error!", ex.Message, "OK");
    }
    //...
}

  10. Ensure the completed code looks like this:

    async Task GetMonkeysAsync()
{
    if (IsBusy)
        return;

    try
    {
        IsBusy = true;
        var monkeys = await monkeyService.GetMonkeys();

        if(Monkeys.Count != 0)
            Monkeys.Clear();

        foreach(var monkey in monkeys)
            Monkeys.Add(monkey);

    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Debug.WriteLine($"Unable to get monkeys: {ex.Message}");
        await Shell.Current.DisplayAlert("Error!", ex.Message, "OK");
    }
    finally
    {
        IsBusy = false;
    }

}

  11. Finally, let's expose this method via an ICommand that we can data bind to. Normally, we would have to create a backing field such as:

    public Command GetMonkeysCommand { get; }
public MonkeysViewModel()
{
    //...
    GetMonkeysCommand = new Command(async () => await GetMonkeysAsync());
}

    However, with the .NET Community Toolkit we simply can add the [RelayCommand] attribute to our method:

     [RelayCommand]
async Task GetMonkeysAsync()
{
    //..
}

    This will automatically create all of the code we need:

    // <auto-generated/>

namespace MonkeyFinder.ViewModel
{
    partial class MonkeysViewModel
    {
	/// <summary>The backing field for <see cref="GetMonkeysASyncCommand"/>.</summary>
	[global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.SourceGenerators.RelayCommandGenerator", "8.0.0.0")]
	private global::CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.Input.AsyncRelayCommand? getMonkeysASyncCommand;
	/// <summary>Gets an <see cref="global::CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.Input.IAsyncRelayCommand"/> instance wrapping <see cref="GetMonkeysASync"/>.</summary>
	[global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.SourceGenerators.RelayCommandGenerator", "8.0.0.0")]
	[global::System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.ExcludeFromCodeCoverage]
	public global::CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.Input.IAsyncRelayCommand GetMonkeysASyncCommand => getMonkeysASyncCommand ??= new global::CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.Input.AsyncRelayCommand(new global::System.Func<global::System.Threading.Tasks.Task>(GetMonkeysASync));
    }
}

    MAGIC!

Our main method for getting data is now complete!

Register Services

Before we can run the app, we must register all of our dependencies. Open the MauiProgram.cs file.

  1. Add the following using directive to access our MonkeyService:

    using MonkeyFinder.Services;

  2. Find where we are registering our MainPage with builder.Services and add the following above it:

    builder.Services.AddSingleton<MonkeyService>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<MonkeysViewModel>();

We are registering the MonkeyService and MonkeysViewModel as singletons. This means they will only be created once, if we wanted a unique instance to be created each request we would register them as Transient.

  1. In the code behind for the project we will inject our MonkeysViewModel into our MainPage:

    public MainPage(MonkeysViewModel viewModel)
{
InitializeComponent();
BindingContext = viewModel;
}

Build The Monkeys User Interface

It is now time to build the .NET MAUI user interface in View/MainPage.xaml. Our end result is to build a page that looks like this:

  1. In MainPage.xaml, add a xmlns:viewmodel namespace and a x:DataType at the top of the ContentPage tag, which will enable us to get binding intellisense:

    <ContentPage
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/dotnet/2021/maui"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml" 
    x:Class="MonkeyFinder.View.MainPage"
    xmlns:model="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.Model"
    xmlns:viewmodel="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.ViewModel"
    x:DataType="viewmodel:MonkeysViewModel">

</ContentPage>

    This is called a compiled binding. We are specifying that we will be binding directly to the MonkeysViewModel. This will do error checking and has performance enhancements.

  2. We can create our first binding on the ContentPage by adding the Title Property:

<ContentPage
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/dotnet/2021/maui"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml"
    x:Class="MonkeyFinder.View.MainPage"
    xmlns:model="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.Model"
    xmlns:viewmodel="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.ViewModel"
    x:DataType="viewmodel:MonkeysViewModel"
    Title="{Binding Title}">

</ContentPage>
  1. In the MainPage.xaml, we can add a Grid between the ContentPage tags with 2 rows and 2 columns. We will also set the RowSpacing and ColumnSpacing to
<ContentPage
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/dotnet/2021/maui"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml"
    x:Class="MonkeyFinder.View.MainPage"
    xmlns:model="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.Model"
    xmlns:viewmodel="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.ViewModel"
    x:DataType="viewmodel:MonkeysViewModel"
    Title="{Binding Title}">

    <!-- Add this -->
    <Grid
        ColumnDefinitions="*,*"
        ColumnSpacing="5"
        RowDefinitions="*,Auto"
        RowSpacing="0">
    </Grid>
</ContentPage>
  1. In the MainPage.xaml, we can add a CollectionView between the Grid tags that spans 2 Columns. We will also set the ItemsSource which will bind to our Monkeys ObservableCollection and additionally set a few properties for optimizing the list.
<ContentPage
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/dotnet/2021/maui"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml"
    x:Class="MonkeyFinder.View.MainPage"
    xmlns:model="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.Model"
    xmlns:viewmodel="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.ViewModel"
    x:DataType="viewmodel:MonkeysViewModel"
    Title="{Binding Title}">

    <!-- Add this -->
    <Grid
        ColumnDefinitions="*,*"
        ColumnSpacing="5"
        RowDefinitions="*,Auto"
        RowSpacing="0">
         <CollectionView ItemsSource="{Binding Monkeys}"
                         SelectionMode="None"
                         Grid.ColumnSpan="2">

        </CollectionView>
    </Grid>
</ContentPage>
  1. In the MainPage.xaml, we can add a ItemTemplate to our CollectionView that will represent what each item in the list displays:
<ContentPage
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/dotnet/2021/maui"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml"
    x:Class="MonkeyFinder.View.MainPage"
    xmlns:model="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.Model"
    xmlns:viewmodel="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.ViewModel"
    x:DataType="viewmodel:MonkeysViewModel"
    Title="{Binding Title}">

   <Grid
        ColumnDefinitions="*,*"
        ColumnSpacing="5"
        RowDefinitions="*,Auto"
        RowSpacing="0">
        <CollectionView ItemsSource="{Binding Monkeys}"
                         SelectionMode="None"
                         Grid.ColumnSpan="2">
            <CollectionView.ItemTemplate>
                <DataTemplate x:DataType="model:Monkey">
                    <Grid Padding="10">
                        <Border HeightRequest="125" Style="{StaticResource CardView}">
                            <Grid Padding="0" ColumnDefinitions="125,*">
                                <Image Aspect="AspectFill" Source="{Binding Image}"
                                       WidthRequest="125"
                                       HeightRequest="125"/>
                                <VerticalStackLayout
                                    Grid.Column="1"
                                    VerticalOptions="Center"
                                    Padding="10">
                                    <Label Style="{StaticResource LargeLabel}" Text="{Binding Name}" />
                                    <Label Style="{StaticResource MediumLabel}" Text="{Binding Location}" />
                                </VerticalStackLayout>
                            </Grid>
                        </Border>
                    </Grid>
                </DataTemplate>
            </CollectionView.ItemTemplate>
        </CollectionView>
    </Grid>
</ContentPage>
  1. In the MainPage.xaml, we can add a Button under our CollectionView that will enable us to click it and get the monkeys from the server:
<ContentPage
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/dotnet/2021/maui"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml"
    x:Class="MonkeyFinder.View.MainPage"
    xmlns:model="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.Model"
    xmlns:viewmodel="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.ViewModel"
    x:DataType="viewmodel:MonkeysViewModel"
    Title="{Binding Title}">

   <Grid
        ColumnDefinitions="*,*"
        ColumnSpacing="5"
        RowDefinitions="*,Auto"
        RowSpacing="0">
        <CollectionView ItemsSource="{Binding Monkeys}"
                         SelectionMode="None"
                         Grid.ColumnSpan="2">
            <CollectionView.ItemTemplate>
                <DataTemplate x:DataType="model:Monkey">
                    <Grid Padding="10">
                        <Border HeightRequest="125" Style="{StaticResource CardView}">
                            <Grid Padding="0" ColumnDefinitions="125,*">
                                <Image Aspect="AspectFill" Source="{Binding Image}"
                                       WidthRequest="125"
                                       HeightRequest="125"/>
                                <VerticalStackLayout
                                    Grid.Column="1"
                                    VerticalOptions="Center"
                                    Padding="10">
                                    <Label Style="{StaticResource LargeLabel}" Text="{Binding Name}" />
                                    <Label Style="{StaticResource MediumLabel}" Text="{Binding Location}" />
                                </VerticalStackLayout>
                            </Grid>
                        </Border>
                    </Grid>
                </DataTemplate>
            </CollectionView.ItemTemplate>
        </CollectionView>

        <!-- Add this -->
        <Button Text="Get Monkeys" 
                Command="{Binding GetMonkeysCommand}"
                IsEnabled="{Binding IsNotBusy}"
                Grid.Row="1"
                Grid.Column="0"
                Style="{StaticResource ButtonOutline}"
                Margin="8"/>
    </Grid>
</ContentPage>
  1. Finally, In the MainPage.xaml, we can add a ActivityIndicator above all of our controls at the very bottom or Grid that will show an indication that something is happening when we press the Get Monkeys button.
<ContentPage
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/dotnet/2021/maui"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml"
    x:Class="MonkeyFinder.View.MainPage"
    xmlns:model="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.Model"
    xmlns:viewmodel="clr-namespace:MonkeyFinder.ViewModel"
    x:DataType="viewmodel:MonkeysViewModel"
    Title="{Binding Title}">

   <Grid
        ColumnDefinitions="*,*"
        ColumnSpacing="5"
        RowDefinitions="*,Auto"
        RowSpacing="0">
        <CollectionView ItemsSource="{Binding Monkeys}"
                         SelectionMode="None"
                         Grid.ColumnSpan="2">
            <CollectionView.ItemTemplate>
                <DataTemplate x:DataType="model:Monkey">
                    <Grid Padding="10">
                        <Border HeightRequest="125" Style="{StaticResource CardView}">
                            <Grid Padding="0" ColumnDefinitions="125,*">
                                <Image Aspect="AspectFill" Source="{Binding Image}"
                                       WidthRequest="125"
                                       HeightRequest="125"/>
                                <VerticalStackLayout
                                    Grid.Column="1"
                                    VerticalOptions="Center"
                                    Padding="10">
                                    <Label Style="{StaticResource LargeLabel}" Text="{Binding Name}" />
                                    <Label Style="{StaticResource MediumLabel}" Text="{Binding Location}" />
                                </VerticalStackLayout>
                            </Grid>
                        </Border>
                    </Grid>
                </DataTemplate>
            </CollectionView.ItemTemplate>
        </CollectionView>

        <Button Text="Get Monkeys" 
                Command="{Binding GetMonkeysCommand}"
                IsEnabled="{Binding IsNotBusy}"
                Grid.Row="1"
                Grid.Column="0"
                Style="{StaticResource ButtonOutline}"
                Margin="8"/>

        <!-- Add this -->
        <ActivityIndicator IsVisible="{Binding IsBusy}"
                           IsRunning="{Binding IsBusy}"
                           HorizontalOptions="Fill"
                           VerticalOptions="Center"
			   Color="{StaticResource Primary}"
                           Grid.RowSpan="2"
                           Grid.ColumnSpan="2"/>
    </Grid>
</ContentPage>

Run the App

  1. In Visual Studio, set the iOS, Android, macOS, or Windows project as the startup project

  2. In Visual Studio, click "Start Debugging". When the application starts you will see a Get Monkeys button that when pressed will load monkey data from the internet!

Let's continue our journey and learn about Navigation in Part 3