JSCBC-1524: Surface C++ exceptions at entry points as JS errors

Changes
-------
* Define `NODE_ADDON_API_CPP_EXCEPTIONS` and
  `NODE_ADDON_API_CPP_EXCEPTIONS_ALL`, so the exception mode is explicit
  and every entry point turns any C++ exception that escapes it into a
  thrown JS error rather than aborting the process
* Report a core exception thrown by a transaction operation that cannot
  start through the operation's callback, so it rejects with the usual
  typed error and the callback runs exactly once
* Convert transaction operation arguments before creating the callback
  cookie, so a bad argument throws with no cookie to resolve
* Add tests for a CAS string that is not a 64-bit number and for
  transaction operations made before any attempt

Change-Id: I3518304a9edebd856c459ac67fa109593e154f7e
Reviewed-on: https://review.couchbase.org/c/couchnode/+/256435
Tested-by: Jared Casey <jared.casey@couchbase.com>
Reviewed-by: Mateusz <matt.wozakowski@couchbase.com>

Author: thejcfactor

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -203,6 +203,11 @@ file(GLOB SOURCE_FILES "src/*.cpp")
 add_library(${PROJECT_NAME} SHARED ${SOURCE_FILES} ${CMAKE_JS_SRC})
 target_compile_definitions(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE COUCHBASE_CXX_CLIENT_IGNORE_CORE_DEPRECATIONS)
 add_definitions(-DNAPI_VERSION=6)
+# Build node-addon-api with C++ exceptions, and have every entry point turn any
+# C++ exception that escapes it into a thrown JS error. Without the second, only
+# a Napi::Error is translated, and any other exception aborts the process.
+add_definitions(-DNODE_ADDON_API_CPP_EXCEPTIONS)
+add_definitions(-DNODE_ADDON_API_CPP_EXCEPTIONS_ALL)
 # A callback that reaches JS while a worker is terminating cannot throw. Without
 # this, node-addon-api aborts the process building the error instead.
 add_definitions(-DNODE_API_SWALLOW_UNTHROWABLE_EXCEPTIONS)