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Author: bruchansky

Pluralism_in_Europe/1_Pluralism_Human_Values.ipynb

@@ -17,14 +17,12 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
     "## Abstract\n",
-    "Taking a broad definition of pluralism, pluralists are people believing that diversity is a good thing for society. In this first data analysis, I've explored who these people are and what values they are sharing. \n",
+    "Taking a broad definition of pluralism, pluralists are people believing that diversity is a good thing for society. In this first data analysis, I've tried to understand who these people are and what values they are sharing. \n",
     "\n",
     "To this end, I've used freely available results from the European Social Survey (2018 edition) and in particular its 21-item measure of human values designed by Shalom H. Schwartz.\n",
     "\n",
     "I’ve highlighted cultural similarities across 27 European countries and have raised some important questions regarding diversity and its multiple meanings.\n",
     "\n",
-    "- [Open call for data scientists](https://github.com/bruchansky/pluralism)\n",
-    "- More about this project: https://plural.world/alternatives/measuring-pluralism/\n",
     "- ESS Round 9: European Social Survey Round 9 Data (2018). Data file edition 3.1. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. http://dx.doi.org/10.21338/NSD-ESS9-2018\n",
     "- The Human Value Scale: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/findings/ESS_Findings_HVS.pdf\n",
     "\n",
@@ -52,7 +50,7 @@
     "3. It is important to her/him to listen to people who are different from her/him. Even when she/he disagrees with them, she/he still wants to understand them.\n",
     "4. It is important to her/him to make her/his own decisions about what she/he does. She/he likes to be free and not depend on others.\n",
     "\n",
-    "Comparing these statements with my definition of pluralism, statement #3 (‘ipudrst’ variable) is particularly promising: not only does it express a general interest in difference, but it does explicitly value disagreement, which implies more than just sympathy towards specific sociocultural groups.\n"
+    "Comparing these statements with our definition of pluralism, statement #3 (‘ipudrst’ variable) is particularly promising: not only does it express a general interest in difference, but it does explicitly value disagreement, which implies more than just sympathy towards specific sociocultural groups.\n"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -123,12 +121,12 @@
     "                              'ipsuces','ipstrgv','ipadvnt','ipbhprp',\n",
     "                              'iprspot','iplylfr','impenv','imptrad',\n",
     "                              'impfun'\n",
-    "                              # important to be creative, rich, treat equally, be admired, \n",
-    "                              # to live safe, try different things, follow rules, understand different people\n",
-    "                              # to be modest, have good time, be free, help people\n",
-    "                              # to be successful, that government is strong, to seek adventures, behave properly\n",
-    "                              # to get respect, to be loyal to friends, to care for environment, to follow traditions\n",
-    "                              # to seek fun\n",
+    "                              # line1: important to be creative, rich, treat equally, be admired, \n",
+    "                              # 2: to live safe, try different things, follow rules, understand different people\n",
+    "                              # 3: to be modest, have good time, be free, help people\n",
+    "                              # 4: to be successful, that government is strong, to seek adventures, behave properly\n",
+    "                              # 5: to get respect, to be loyal to friends, to care for environment, to follow traditions\n",
+    "                              # 6: to seek fun\n",
     "                              ]]\n",
     "\n"
    ]
@@ -227,7 +225,7 @@
     "# Create a dataframe to compare human values by country\n",
     "countries_series = pd.DataFrame()  \n",
     "\n",
-    "# Create a global dataframe including all Europe respondents and explore correlation\n",
+    "# Create a global dataframe including all European respondents and explore correlation\n",
     "ess_dataset_global_human_values = ess_dataset[features_human_values].copy()\n",
     "del ess_dataset_global_human_values['cntry']\n",
     "corr_matrix = ess_dataset_global_human_values.corr().abs()\n",
@@ -490,7 +488,7 @@
     "https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/methodology/ESS_weighting_data_1_1.pdf\n",
     "https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/methodology/ESS_computing_human_values_scale.pdf\n",
     "\n",
-    "In the following parts of this analysis, I’ll be focussing on Europe’s three most populated countries, which happen to also feature different sets of correlated values to pluralism: UK, France and Germany.\n",
+    "\n",
     "![Most correlated values to pluralism](Most_correlated_value_to_pluralism.png)\n",
     "\n",
     "**Results are consistent with the human value model used in the survey.** \n",
@@ -507,7 +505,7 @@
     "\n",
     "**Results hint at tension between what I call principled and sociable pluralists.**\n",
     "\n",
-    "On the one hand, helping people around us and being loyal to our friends certainly requires empathy and the ability to understand people different from us. On the other hand, friends and people around us are probably more similar to us than the average population. This is what I call sociable pluralism.\n",
+    "On the one hand, helping people around us and being loyal to our friends requires empathy and the ability to understand people different from us. On the other hand, friends and people around us are probably more similar to us than the average population. This is what I call sociable pluralism.\n",
     "\n",
     "Similarly, believing in environment protection and equal opportunities in life implies that we are all in the same boat, whatever our differences.  But it is a more abstract and principled understanding of pluralism than its sociable version. \n",
     "\n",

Pluralism_in_Europe/2_Pluralism_Sex&Gender.ipynb

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
     "As a reminder, I’m taking a broad definition of pluralism: pluralists are people believing that diversity is a good thing for society. Pluralists are people who value not just specific differences but all of them. \n",
     "It is thus not enough to sympathize with a specific community or minority group to be considered a pluralist. Pluralists value difference whatever form it takes.\n",
     "\n",
-    "- [Open call for data scientists](https://github.com/bruchansky/pluralism) \n",
     "- More about this project: https://plural.world/alternatives/measuring-pluralism/\n",
     "- ESS Round 9: European Social Survey Round 9 Data (2018). Data file edition 3.1. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. http://dx.doi.org/10.21338/NSD-ESS9-2018\n",
     "- The Human Value Scale: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/findings/ESS_Findings_HVS.pdf\n",
@@ -114,12 +113,12 @@
     "                              'ipsuces','ipstrgv','ipadvnt','ipbhprp',\n",
     "                              'iprspot','iplylfr','impenv','imptrad',\n",
     "                              'impfun'\n",
-    "                              # important to be creative, rich, treat equally, be admired, \n",
-    "                              # to live safe, try different things, follow rules, understand different people\n",
-    "                              # to be modest, have good time, be free, help people\n",
-    "                              # to be successful, that government is strong, to seek adventures, behave properly\n",
-    "                              # to get respect, to be loyal to friends, to care for environment, to follow traditions\n",
-    "                              # to seek fun\n",
+    "                              # line 1: important to be creative, rich, treat equally, be admired, \n",
+    "                              # 2: to live safe, try different things, follow rules, understand different people\n",
+    "                              # 3: to be modest, have good time, be free, help people\n",
+    "                              # 4: to be successful, that government is strong, to seek adventures, behave properly\n",
+    "                              # 5: to get respect, to be loyal to friends, to care for environment, to follow traditions\n",
+    "                              # 6: to seek fun\n",
     "                              ]]\n",
     "\n"
    ]
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
     "### Comparing pluralism by country\n",
-    "As detailed in the first part of this analysis, I'm using the following general statement (‘ipudrst’ variable) to measure how much a respondent embraces diversity (i.e. is a pluralist): “It is important to her/him to listen to people who are different from her/him. Even when she/he disagrees with them, she/he still wants to understand them” .\n",
+    "As described in the first part of this analysis, I'm using the following general statement (‘ipudrst’ variable) to measure how much a respondent embraces diversity (i.e. is a pluralist): “It is important to her/him to listen to people who are different from her/him. Even when she/he disagrees with them, she/he still wants to understand them” .\n",
     "\n",
     "Respondents are asked to rate the general statement from 1 (very much like me) to 6 (not like me at all).\n",
     "\n",
@@ -301,14 +300,14 @@
     "In the table below, I’ve compared people’s attitude towards the same general statement (“It is important to her/him to listen to people who are different from her/him. Even when she/he disagrees with them, she/he still wants to understand them”).\n",
     "\n",
     "I’ve compared answers based on:\n",
-    "- Gender (see note 1)\n",
+    "- Respondants' gender (see note 1)\n",
     "- Relationship: living without a partner, with an other-sex or same-sex partner\n",
     "- A sense of being discriminated against based on sex or gender\n",
     "- Attitude towards gays and lesbians (see note 2)\n",
     "\n",
     "*Note 1: The survey offers only two options for gender: male or female.*\n",
     "\n",
-    "*Note 2: For simplicity, I have selected people having the most positive attitude towards gays and lesbians (see appendix).*\n",
+    "*Note 2: For simplicity, I have selected respondants having the most positive attitude towards gays and lesbians (see appendix).*\n",
     "\n",
     "*In grey are populations that are too small to make accurate comparisons.*"
    ]
@@ -474,11 +473,11 @@
     "3. When they identify as being a woman \n",
     "4. When they don’t live with a partner \n",
     "\n",
-    "The order differs slightly per country, but embracing difference is by far most correlated with gender and sexual discrimination. Those most affected by lack of pluralism believe the most strongly in the benefits of diversity, it seems. This probably also explains why European women tend to embrace diversity more than men, but it is only an assumption.\n",
+    "The order differs slightly per country, but embracing difference is most correlated with gender and sexual discrimination. Those most affected by lack of pluralism believe the most strongly in the benefits of diversity, it seems. This probably also explains why European women tend to embrace diversity more than men, but it is only an assumption.\n",
     "\n",
     "People feeling sympathy for gay men and lesbians are consistent in their beliefs and are more likely to be pluralists.\n",
     "\n",
-    "This also applies to same-sex couples in Germany and the UK. Surprisingly, it doesn’t apply in France. Furthermore, europeans not living with a partner embrace difference more than those living with a same-sex partner. This might be due to the relatively small number of respondents in the second category. Another explanation could be that same-sex couples have a more conservative lifestyle than singles (more explanations are welcomed!). \n"
+    "This also applies to same-sex couples in Germany and the UK. Surprisingly, it doesn’t apply in France. Furthermore, europeans not living with a partner embrace difference more than those living with a same-sex partner. This might be due to the relatively small number of respondents in the second category. Another explanation could be that same-sex couples have more conservative values than singles (better explanations are welcomed!). \n"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -642,19 +641,15 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "People discriminated against based on sex or gender do also tend to be more welcoming to immigrants from other races and ethnicities. This is validating the point I was making in the previous section.\n",
+    "People discriminated against based on sex or gender do also tend to be more welcoming to immigrants from other races and ethnicities. This is validating the assumption I was making in the previous section.\n",
     "\n",
     "It is also the case for people feeling sympathy for gay men and lesbians. They remain consistent in their appreciation of diversity.\n",
     "\n",
     "It is not systematically the case for women and singles who, on average, have feelings towards different races and ethnicities that are closer to averages. \n",
     "\n",
     "It would be wrong to draw too many conclusions from what is a simple exploration. But what is clear is that the feeling of being discriminated against has a much bigger impact on attitude towards diversity than belonging to any gender or sexual orientation group.\n",
     "\n",
-    "Is this a good or bad thing? On the one hand, it is rational and perfectly understandable to value diversity more if we are ourselves being discriminated against. On the other hand, would it not be better if people felt equally passionate about diversity whether they are discriminated against or not? \n",
-    "\n",
-    "It is the same perpetual debate as for any other human value: is it right if only disadvantaged communities feel passionate about equality ? For civil servants to always defend public service and for business people to always defend free competition ? Are self-serving human values ok? Or should we all think bigger?\n",
-    "\n",
-    "What makes these questions even more problematic is that pluralism is all about embracing diversity. Can people be considered true pluralists if their belief is only serving their own interests? \n",
+    "Is this a good or bad thing? On the one hand, it is rational and perfectly understandable to value diversity more if we are ourselves being discriminated against. On the other hand, would it not be better if people felt equally passionate about diversity whether they are discriminated against or not?\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
     "### Next part: Race and Ethniciy\n",
@@ -664,13 +659,13 @@
    ]
   },
   {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "cell_type": "raw",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
     "### Appendix: Attitude towards gay men and lesbians \n",
     " \n",
     "\n",
-    "As noted in the main results, I have selected people having only the most positive attitude towards gay men and lesbians to study the impact their sympathy has on embracing diversity.\n",
+    "As noted in the main results, I have selected respondants having only the most positive attitude towards gay men and lesbians to study the impact their sympathy has on embracing diversity.\n",
     "\n",
     "Here is a more detailed analysis performed at the European level and without using design weights.\n",
     "\n",
@@ -684,7 +679,9 @@
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
    "execution_count": 12,
-   "metadata": {},
+   "metadata": {
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
    "outputs": [
     {
      "data": {
@@ -742,7 +739,7 @@
    "source": [
     "We can see that stronger attitudes towards gay men and lesbians come with stronger attitudes towards difference, which is to be expected. What is surprising is that those strongly against gay freedom also feel strongly about their ability to listen people different than them (anyone has an explanation?).\n",
     "\n",
-    "Overall, people who strongly believe that \"gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own life as they wish\" have the most characteristic attitude towards diversity, this is why I have used this category in my main analysis. "
+    "Overall though, people who strongly believe that \"gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own life as they wish\" have the most positive attitude towards diversity. "
    ]
   },
   {