diff --git a/.cargo/config.toml b/.cargo/config.toml
index 676b0e8a..851143c3 100644
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -18,3 +18,28 @@ rustflags = [
 [alias]
 xtask = "run --package xtask --"
 
+# >>> devspace patches >>>
+# Managed by `cargo xtask devspace`
+[patch."crates-io"]
+axaddrspace = { path = "modules/axaddrspace" }
+axdevice_base = { path = "modules/axdevice_base" }
+axvisor_api = { path = "modules/axvisor_api" }
+x86_vcpu = { path = "modules/x86_vcpu" }
+x86_vlapic = { path = "modules/x86_vlapic" }
+
+[patch."https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arm_vcpu"]
+arm_vcpu = { path = "modules/arm_vcpu/" }
+
+[patch."https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arm_vgic"]
+arm_vgic = { path = "modules/arm_vgic/" }
+
+[patch."https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axdevice"]
+axdevice = { path = "modules/axdevice/" }
+
+[patch."https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvcpu"]
+axvcpu = { path = "modules/axvcpu/" }
+
+[patch."https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvmconfig"]
+axvmconfig = { path = "modules/axvmconfig/" }
+
+# <<< devspace patches <<<
diff --git a/.devspace/state.json b/.devspace/state.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e861f5be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.devspace/state.json
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+{
+  "modules": {
+    "axvisor_api": {
+      "name": "axvisor_api",
+      "path": "modules/axvisor_api"
+    },
+    "x86_vlapic": {
+      "name": "x86_vlapic",
+      "path": "modules/x86_vlapic"
+    },
+    "axvmconfig": {
+      "name": "axvmconfig",
+      "path": "modules/axvmconfig"
+    },
+    "arm_vcpu": {
+      "name": "arm_vcpu",
+      "path": "modules/arm_vcpu"
+    },
+    "arm_vgic": {
+      "name": "arm_vgic",
+      "path": "modules/arm_vgic"
+    },
+    "x86_vcpu": {
+      "name": "x86_vcpu",
+      "path": "modules/x86_vcpu"
+    },
+    "axdevice_base": {
+      "name": "axdevice_base",
+      "path": "modules/axdevice_base"
+    },
+    "axaddrspace": {
+      "name": "axaddrspace",
+      "path": "modules/axaddrspace"
+    },
+    "axvcpu": {
+      "name": "axvcpu",
+      "path": "modules/axvcpu"
+    },
+    "axdevice": {
+      "name": "axdevice",
+      "path": "modules/axdevice"
+    }
+  },
+  "patches": [
+    {
+      "source": "crates-io",
+      "crate_name": "axaddrspace"
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "crates-io",
+      "crate_name": "axdevice_base"
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "crates-io",
+      "crate_name": "axvisor_api"
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "crates-io",
+      "crate_name": "x86_vcpu"
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "crates-io",
+      "crate_name": "x86_vlapic"
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arm_vcpu",
+      "crate_name": "arm_vcpu"
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arm_vgic",
+      "crate_name": "arm_vgic"
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axdevice",
+      "crate_name": "axdevice"
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvcpu",
+      "crate_name": "axvcpu"
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvmconfig",
+      "crate_name": "axvmconfig"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.github/workflows/actions/setup-nimbos-guest-image/action.yml b/.github/workflows/actions/setup-nimbos-guest-image/action.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index dc27a868..00000000
--- a/.github/workflows/actions/setup-nimbos-guest-image/action.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-name: Setup NimbOS Guest Image 
-
-inputs:
-  nimbos-version:
-    description: 'NimbOS version to use'
-    required: true
-    type: string
-  nimbos-repo:
-    description: 'NimbOS repository to use'
-    required: false
-    type: string
-    default: 'arceos-hypervisor/nimbos'
-  arch:
-    description: 'Architecture to build for'
-    required: true
-    type: string
-  bios-version:
-    description: 'BIOS version to use (only for x86_64)'
-    required: false
-    type: string
-    default: 'latest'
-  bios-repo:
-    description: 'BIOS repository to use (only for x86_64)'
-    required: false
-    type: string
-    default: 'arceos-hypervisor/axvm-bios-x86'
-  disk-path:
-    description: 'Absolute path to the disk image (relative paths will NOT work)'
-    required: true
-    type: string
-
-runs:
-  using: "composite"
-  steps:
-  - name: Make temporary directory
-    shell: bash
-    run: |
-      sudo rm -rf temp
-      mkdir -p temp
-  - name: Download NimbOS
-    uses: dsaltares/fetch-gh-release-asset@1.1.2
-    with:
-      file: ${{ inputs.arch }}_usertests.zip
-      repo: ${{ inputs.nimbos-repo }}
-      version: ${{ inputs.nimbos-version }}
-      target: temp/${{ inputs.arch }}.zip
-  - name: Unzip NimbOS
-    shell: bash
-    run: |
-      unzip temp/${{ inputs.arch }}.zip -d temp
-      rm temp/${{ inputs.arch }}.zip
-      mv temp/nimbos.bin temp/nimbos-${{ inputs.arch }}.bin
-  - name: Download BIOS
-    if: inputs.arch == 'x86_64'
-    uses: dsaltares/fetch-gh-release-asset@1.1.2
-    with:
-      file: axvm-bios.bin
-      repo: ${{ inputs.bios-repo }}
-      version: ${{ inputs.bios-version }}
-      target: temp/axvm-bios.bin
-  - name: Create Image
-    shell: bash
-    run: |
-      ./axvisor.sh disk_img --image ${{ inputs.disk-path }}
-      sudo mkdir -p img
-      sudo chown root:root temp/*
-      sudo mount ${{ inputs.disk-path }} img
-      sudo mv temp/* img
-      sudo umount img
-  - name: Cleanup
-    shell: bash
-    run: rm -rf temp img
diff --git a/.github/workflows/actions/setup-qemu/action.yml b/.github/workflows/actions/setup-qemu/action.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index f1b287bc..00000000
--- a/.github/workflows/actions/setup-qemu/action.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# copied from arceos-org/arceos
-name: Download and build QEMU
-
-inputs:
-  qemu-version:
-    description: 'QEMU version'
-    required: true
-    type: string
-
-runs:
-  using: "composite"
-  steps:
-  - name: Cache QEMU
-    id: cache-qemu
-    uses: actions/cache/restore@v3
-    with:
-      path: qemu_build
-      key: qemu-${{ inputs.qemu-version }}-slirp-1
-  - name: Download and build QEMU
-    if: steps.cache-qemu.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-    env:
-      QEMU_PATH: qemu-${{ inputs.qemu-version }}
-      PREFIX: ${{ github.workspace }}/qemu_build
-    shell: bash
-    run: |
-      sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build libslirp-dev glib-2.0
-      wget https://download.qemu.org/$QEMU_PATH.tar.xz && tar -xJf $QEMU_PATH.tar.xz
-      cd $QEMU_PATH \
-        && ./configure --prefix=$PREFIX --target-list=x86_64-softmmu,riscv64-softmmu,aarch64-softmmu --enable-slirp \
-        && make -j > /dev/null 2>&1 \
-        && make install
-  - uses: actions/cache/save@v3
-    if: steps.cache-qemu.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-    with:
-      path: qemu_build
-      key: qemu-${{ inputs.qemu-version }}-slirp-1
-
-  - name: Install QEMU
-    shell: bash
-    run: |
-      echo "$PWD/qemu_build/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-  - name: Verify installation
-    shell: bash
-    run: |
-      qemu-system-x86_64 --version
-      qemu-system-aarch64 --version
-      qemu-system-riscv64 --version
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-board.yml b/.github/workflows/test-board.yml
index f687650d..3e346787 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-board.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-board.yml
@@ -27,10 +27,14 @@ jobs:
       - ${{ matrix.board }}
 
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          submodules: "recursive"
 
-      - name: Install dependencies
+      - uses: cargo-bins/cargo-binstall@main
+
+      - name: Install ostool
+        # run: cargo binstall ostool
         run: cargo +stable install ostool --version ^0.8
 
       - name: Run tests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-qemu.yml b/.github/workflows/test-qemu.yml
index f4e510b3..b1c15412 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-qemu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-qemu.yml
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ jobs:
           #   vmconfigs: configs/vms/arceos-riscv64-qemu-smp1.toml
           #   vmconfigs_name: ArceOS
           #   vmimage_name: qemu_arceos_riscv64
-          - arch: x86_64
-            vmconfigs: configs/vms/nimbos-x86_64-qemu-smp1.toml
-            vmconfigs_name: NimbOS
-            vmimage_name: qemu_x86_64_nimbos
+          # - arch: x86_64
+          #   vmconfigs: configs/vms/nimbos-x86_64-qemu-smp1.toml
+          #   vmconfigs_name: NimbOS
+          #   vmimage_name: qemu_x86_64_nimbos
       fail-fast: false
     runs-on:
       - self-hosted
@@ -31,10 +31,14 @@ jobs:
       - intel
 
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          submodules: "recursive"
 
-      - name: Install dependencies
+      - uses: cargo-bins/cargo-binstall@main
+
+      - name: Install ostool
+        # run: cargo binstall ostool
         run: cargo +stable install ostool --version ^0.8
 
       - name: Download images and patch vm configs
diff --git a/.github/workflows/uboot.toml b/.github/workflows/uboot.toml
index e82eacaf..29fbd54d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/uboot.toml
+++ b/.github/workflows/uboot.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ success_regex = [
     "Welcome to AxVisor Shell!",
     "All tests passed!",
     "Hello World!",
+    "Hello, world!",
     "root@firefly:~#",
     "root@phytium-Ubuntu:~#",
     "Welcome to Phytium Buildroot",
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 0dc4eff8..772fd371 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ __pycache__/
 /crates/*
 !/crates/nop/
 !/crates/nop/**
-.devspace/
 
 /Cargo.toml.bk
 
diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index e69de29b..640aa4b1 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+[submodule "modules/axvm"]
+	path = modules/axvm
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvm.git
+[submodule "modules/axvcpu"]
+	path = modules/axvcpu
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvcpu.git
+[submodule "modules/axdevice"]
+	path = modules/axdevice
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axdevice.git
+[submodule "modules/arm_vcpu"]
+	path = modules/arm_vcpu
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arm_vcpu
+[submodule "modules/arm_vgic"]
+	path = modules/arm_vgic
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arm_vgic.git
+[submodule "modules/axaddrspace"]
+	path = modules/axaddrspace
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axaddrspace
+[submodule "modules/axdevice_base"]
+	path = modules/axdevice_base
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axdevice_base.git
+[submodule "modules/axvisor_api"]
+	path = modules/axvisor_api
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvisor_api
+[submodule "modules/x86_vcpu"]
+	path = modules/x86_vcpu
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/x86_vcpu
+[submodule "modules/x86_vlapic"]
+	path = modules/x86_vlapic
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/x86_vlapic
+[submodule "modules/axvmconfig"]
+	path = modules/axvmconfig
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvmconfig.git
+[submodule "platform/axplat-aarch64-dyn"]
+	path = platform/axplat-aarch64-dyn
+	url = https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axplat-aarch64-dyn
diff --git a/.rustfmt.toml b/.rustfmt.toml
index 89ab2b7f..de5e7675 100644
--- a/.rustfmt.toml
+++ b/.rustfmt.toml
@@ -1 +1 @@
-force_explicit_abi = false
\ No newline at end of file
+# force_explicit_abi = false
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 0b7e56a3..0efa00d9 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -11,13 +11,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "tock-registers 0.9.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "aarch64-cpu"
+version = "11.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "44171e22925ec72b63d86747bc3655c7849a5b8d865c980222128839f45ac034"
+dependencies = [
+ "tock-registers 0.10.1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "aarch64-cpu-ext"
 version = "0.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "52dad5cf7342926ce1c375ec680834e56dd3cdbe8b7adf8a6f99b2854cc52c17"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "tock-registers 0.10.1",
 ]
 
@@ -27,17 +36,6 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0a2c929f5025d9b8a0f549b187c4d3a39671f44015ff6ccddd0b134c874b3c1a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "abi-singleton"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dbdf894742ece5360a74aa8278c42e0f305aa9f7c35d43ebc9cceca105f7e434"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "addr2line"
 version = "0.25.1"
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ version = "0.7.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "891477e0c6a8957309ee5c45a6368af3ae14bb510732d2684ffa19af310920f9"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.16",
+ "getrandom 0.2.17",
  "once_cell",
  "version_check",
 ]
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "once_cell",
  "version_check",
- "zerocopy 0.8.31",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.33",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -112,15 +110,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ansi_rgb"
-version = "0.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a730095eb14ee842a0f1e68504b85c8d4a19b1ef2ac2a9b4debf0ed982f9b08a"
-dependencies = [
- "rgb",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "anstream"
 version = "0.6.21"
@@ -198,7 +187,7 @@ name = "arceos_api"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git?tag=dev-251216#16096568f5ae6ad2d687eff2927a4cb69cef8133"
 dependencies = [
- "axalloc",
+ "axalloc 0.3.0",
  "axconfig",
  "axdriver",
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
@@ -214,30 +203,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arm-gic-driver"
-version = "0.14.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a886a953642fbf21eb5928c49a05f021fae007219ae8cb2dafbf403dfeba974a"
-dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "enum_dispatch",
- "log",
- "rdif-intc 0.11.0",
- "tock-registers 0.9.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "arm-gic-driver"
-version = "0.15.9"
+version = "0.15.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5487b0a69ebddf2f8affd1e0d32a875fc6213b3a15e3315f9d7beb34b174d457"
+checksum = "ad71090ed958939b87f6c99e0acd3c476b3a0dbd54f2e2d9aa1ca1f40dc4417e"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
  "enum_dispatch",
  "log",
  "paste",
- "rdif-intc 0.12.1",
+ "rdif-intc",
  "tock-registers 0.9.0",
 ]
 
@@ -262,27 +237,20 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "arm_vcpu"
 version = "0.1.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arm_vcpu?branch=next#b24cc3635c049302ab8d58d3b54007bb5a053a96"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
- "axaddrspace",
- "axdevice_base",
+ "aarch64-cpu 11.2.0",
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
- "axvcpu",
- "axvisor_api",
+ "axvm-types",
  "log",
  "numeric-enum-macro",
- "percpu",
  "spin 0.10.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arm_vgic"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "80f576b11b486e2ca12373c8205c4a06473a85cf7a664845e5961c47948910c3"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "aarch64_sysreg",
  "axaddrspace",
  "axdevice_base",
@@ -290,7 +258,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "axvisor_api",
  "bitmaps",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "spin 0.9.8",
  "tock-registers 0.10.1",
 ]
@@ -307,6 +275,12 @@ version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b0f477b951e452a0b6b4a10b53ccd569042d1d01729b519e02074a9c0958a063"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "assert_matches"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9b34d609dfbaf33d6889b2b7106d3ca345eacad44200913df5ba02bfd31d2ba9"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "async-trait"
 version = "0.1.89"
@@ -315,7 +289,7 @@ checksum = "9035ad2d096bed7955a320ee7e2230574d28fd3c3a0f186cbea1ff3c7eed5dbb"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -332,21 +306,23 @@ checksum = "c08606f8c3cbf4ce6ec8e28fb0014a2c086708fe954eaa885384a6165172e7e8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axaddrspace"
-version = "0.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06b129114ab36be728ef11dd6540559c30deb6332378157d22bdc0aae6803a63"
+version = "0.2.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "assert_matches",
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
+ "axin",
  "bit_field",
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
  "cfg-if",
+ "lazy_static",
  "lazyinit",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "memory_set",
  "numeric-enum-macro",
  "page_table_entry",
  "page_table_multiarch",
+ "spin 0.10.0",
  "x86",
 ]
 
@@ -360,7 +336,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "kspin",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
+ "strum 0.27.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "axalloc"
+version = "0.3.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "axbacktrace",
+ "axerrno 0.2.2",
+ "buddy-slab-allocator",
+ "kernel_guard",
+ "kspin",
+ "log",
+ "memory_addr",
+ "percpu",
  "strum 0.27.2",
 ]
 
@@ -384,9 +375,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axconfig-gen"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0bf14099a96dbb925e39a44c4f25555f1e24516194452a84a943aa7eda62383d"
+checksum = "e8021a26bbd0b7e0760e28ded5dba2082fda8224c7cfd457ab370ff851626452"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "toml_edit 0.22.27",
@@ -394,14 +385,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axconfig-macros"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f86a6711b80fbd1dc4c1d8e2fb77a5de6fc8e2eb2b96bbd0420ca8af370eb74c"
+checksum = "4b2decc5437a10ddb659f0fbd819b9308362ea1d11455ddb5a1c47ea3973920d"
 dependencies = [
  "axconfig-gen",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -409,14 +400,14 @@ name = "axcpu"
 version = "0.3.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-org/axcpu.git?tag=dev-v03#72ef3859952b7340bae261c9a50c32705e602017"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "axbacktrace",
  "cfg-if",
  "lazyinit",
  "linkme",
  "log",
  "loongArch64",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "page_table_entry",
  "page_table_multiarch",
  "percpu",
@@ -430,7 +421,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "axdevice"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axdevice.git#75d9db284fd4c9ee9607c2fd84967461eeaf5b07"
 dependencies = [
  "arm_vgic",
  "axaddrspace",
@@ -439,7 +429,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "axvmconfig",
  "cfg-if",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "range-alloc",
  "spin 0.9.8",
 ]
@@ -447,14 +437,12 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "axdevice_base"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "67c43baf33ed4790ffd3365c4ca027a1e3d1c2b6058f4605b67bca04cadf48d5"
 dependencies = [
  "axaddrspace",
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
  "axvmconfig",
  "cfg-if",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "serde",
 ]
 
@@ -474,8 +462,8 @@ name = "axdriver"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git?tag=dev-251216#16096568f5ae6ad2d687eff2927a4cb69cef8133"
 dependencies = [
- "arm-gic-driver 0.15.9",
- "axalloc",
+ "arm-gic-driver",
+ "axalloc 0.3.0",
  "axconfig",
  "axdriver_base 0.1.2 (git+https://github.com/arceos-org/axdriver_crates.git?tag=dev-v01)",
  "axdriver_block 0.1.2 (git+https://github.com/arceos-org/axdriver_crates.git?tag=dev-v01)",
@@ -491,10 +479,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "crate_interface",
  "dma-api 0.5.2",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
- "rdif-block 0.6.2",
- "rdif-intc 0.12.1",
- "rdrive 0.18.11",
+ "memory_addr",
+ "rdif-block",
+ "rdif-intc",
+ "rdrive",
  "smallvec",
  "spin 0.10.0",
 ]
@@ -589,7 +577,7 @@ name = "axfeat"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git?tag=dev-251216#16096568f5ae6ad2d687eff2927a4cb69cef8133"
 dependencies = [
- "axalloc",
+ "axalloc 0.2.0",
  "axbacktrace",
  "axdriver",
  "axfs",
@@ -603,7 +591,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axfs"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
  "axdriver",
  "axdriver_block 0.1.2 (git+https://github.com/arceos-org/axdriver_crates.git?tag=v0.1.2)",
@@ -615,7 +603,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "fatfs",
  "lazyinit",
  "log",
- "rsext4 0.1.0 (git+https://github.com/Dirinkbottle/rsext4.git?tag=dev-251222)",
+ "rsext4",
  "spin 0.9.8",
 ]
 
@@ -646,7 +634,7 @@ name = "axhal"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git?tag=dev-251216#16096568f5ae6ad2d687eff2927a4cb69cef8133"
 dependencies = [
- "axalloc",
+ "axalloc 0.3.0",
  "axconfig",
  "axcpu",
  "axplat",
@@ -661,7 +649,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazyinit",
  "linkme",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "page_table_multiarch",
  "percpu",
 ]
@@ -675,12 +663,25 @@ dependencies = [
  "numeric-enum-macro",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "axin"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6db62cb7067e33d432df247b32ee450ae267cb16319c8c5de247381c3652a639"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro-crate",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "axio"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "23e797ff4cfd17460c7b8742222a2cadd72a2f4966f0057d36b5925fabf534f7"
+checksum = "92a675c98dc5af5cca52cfdd1044ae960816909853cd13870737d55cb23f5d4e"
 dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
 ]
 
@@ -703,7 +704,7 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axklib.git#7c0fc0588f978f7d75bb94f4e07477776ed37887"
 dependencies = [
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "trait-ffi",
 ]
 
@@ -723,14 +724,14 @@ name = "axmm"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git?tag=dev-251216#16096568f5ae6ad2d687eff2927a4cb69cef8133"
 dependencies = [
- "axalloc",
+ "axalloc 0.3.0",
  "axconfig",
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
  "axhal",
  "kspin",
  "lazyinit",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "memory_set",
 ]
 
@@ -763,36 +764,35 @@ dependencies = [
  "crate_interface",
  "handler_table",
  "kspin",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "percpu",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axplat-aarch64-dyn"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axplat-aarch64-dyn.git?tag=v0.4.0#05d5acd43d925807496255a9b9e1aa2d272bb591"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "aarch64-cpu-ext",
  "any-uart",
- "arm-gic-driver 0.15.9",
+ "arm-gic-driver",
  "axconfig-macros",
  "axcpu",
  "axplat",
  "fdt-parser",
- "heapless 0.8.0",
+ "heapless 0.9.2",
  "lazyinit",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "page_table_entry",
  "paste",
  "percpu",
- "rdif-intc 0.12.1",
- "rdrive 0.18.11",
+ "rdif-intc",
+ "rdrive",
  "serde",
  "somehal",
  "spin 0.10.0",
- "toml 0.8.23",
+ "toml 0.9.11+spec-1.1.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -800,8 +800,8 @@ name = "axplat-aarch64-peripherals"
 version = "0.3.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-org/axplat_crates.git?tag=dev-v03#0df0713b1c20eafaeebdc6b0e194b2985e857949"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
- "arm-gic-driver 0.15.9",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
+ "arm-gic-driver",
  "arm_pl011",
  "arm_pl031",
  "axcpu",
@@ -850,7 +850,7 @@ source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-org/axplat_crates.git?tag=dev-v03#0df071
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "axruntime"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
- "axalloc",
+ "axalloc 0.3.0",
  "axconfig",
  "axdisplay",
  "axdriver",
@@ -951,7 +951,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "crate_interface",
  "ctor_bare",
  "log",
+ "memory_addr",
  "percpu",
+ "percpu_macros",
  "somehal",
 ]
 
@@ -1008,15 +1010,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "kspin",
  "lazyinit",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "percpu",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axum"
-version = "0.8.7"
+version = "0.8.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b098575ebe77cb6d14fc7f32749631a6e44edbef6b796f89b020e99ba20d425"
+checksum = "8b52af3cb4058c895d37317bb27508dccc8e5f2d39454016b297bf4a400597b8"
 dependencies = [
  "axum-core",
  "bytes",
@@ -1047,9 +1049,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axum-core"
-version = "0.5.5"
+version = "0.5.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "59446ce19cd142f8833f856eb31f3eb097812d1479ab224f54d72428ca21ea22"
+checksum = "08c78f31d7b1291f7ee735c1c6780ccde7785daae9a9206026862dab7d8792d1"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "futures-core",
@@ -1067,114 +1069,113 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "axvcpu"
 version = "0.1.2"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvcpu.git?branch=next#343ec3ccf99a86fb9c67a7b0372e9b7a745f0640"
 dependencies = [
  "axaddrspace",
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
  "axvisor_api",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "percpu",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axvisor"
-version = "0.0.0"
+version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu-ext",
  "anyhow",
- "arm-gic-driver 0.15.9",
- "axaddrspace",
  "axconfig",
- "axdevice",
- "axdevice_base",
  "axerrno 0.2.2",
  "axhvc",
- "axruntime",
  "axstd",
- "axvcpu",
- "axvisor_api",
  "axvm",
+ "axvmconfig",
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
  "byte-unit",
  "cfg-if",
  "cpumask",
- "crate_interface",
  "driver",
  "extern-trait",
- "fdt-parser",
  "kernel_guard",
  "kspin",
  "lazy_static",
  "lazyinit",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
- "page_table_entry",
- "page_table_multiarch",
- "percpu",
+ "memory_addr",
  "prettyplease",
  "quote",
- "rdif-intc 0.12.1",
- "rdrive 0.18.11",
  "spin 0.9.8",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "timer_list",
- "toml 0.9.10+spec-1.1.0",
- "vm-fdt 0.3.0 (git+https://github.com/bullhh/vm-fdt.git)",
+ "toml 0.9.11+spec-1.1.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axvisor_api"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "aa7233b2a1338dc06a80e2779b572b4df02007ea128ef7b235b66fc3eeac0ca6"
 dependencies = [
  "axaddrspace",
  "axvisor_api_proc",
  "crate_interface",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axvisor_api_proc"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "10a64eb4410ae8357ac8c01c2fb201e57d7aeeb5436ed4d0f5774bfa11cc5902"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axvm"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvm.git?branch=next#e161233e58c0ef0c6ec115ffa5b0d17dadd298be"
 dependencies = [
+ "aarch64-cpu 11.2.0",
+ "aarch64-cpu-ext",
+ "anyhow",
  "arm_vcpu",
- "arm_vgic",
  "axaddrspace",
- "axdevice",
- "axdevice_base",
- "axerrno 0.2.2",
- "axvcpu",
+ "axerrno 0.1.2",
+ "axhal",
+ "axplat-x86-qemu-q35",
+ "axruntime",
+ "axstd",
+ "axvm-types",
  "axvmconfig",
+ "bitmap-allocator",
  "cfg-if",
  "cpumask",
+ "derive_more",
+ "fdt-edit",
+ "kspin",
+ "lazyinit",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "page_table_entry",
  "page_table_multiarch",
- "percpu",
- "riscv_vcpu",
- "spin 0.9.8",
+ "ranges-ext",
+ "raw-cpuid 11.6.0",
+ "ringbuf",
+ "spin 0.10.0",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "timer_list",
+ "vm-allocator",
  "x86_vcpu",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "axvm-types"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "memory_addr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "axvmconfig"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvmconfig.git?branch=next#5a8b64a47510b17da71e54cabbdf8c999ba2e2c9"
 dependencies = [
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
  "clap",
@@ -1184,7 +1185,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "serde_repr",
- "toml 0.9.10+spec-1.1.0",
+ "toml 0.9.11+spec-1.1.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1202,25 +1203,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-link",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bare-metal"
-version = "1.0.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f8fe8f5a8a398345e52358e18ff07cc17a568fbca5c6f73873d3a62056309603"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "bare-test"
-version = "0.4.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f7dfcf95987c500af4665d8a18adbc5e7d3177a2537964f48002b88e28fb055e"
-dependencies = [
- "bare-test-macros",
- "log",
- "sparreal-kernel",
- "sparreal-macros 0.9.3",
- "sparreal-rt",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bare-test-macros"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -1229,7 +1211,7 @@ checksum = "e585a01076fee271c5aabcf36212acb349fb3e638561d842fffa8ca013f4fdd8"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1260,30 +1242,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.20.0",
  "flate2",
  "rand 0.9.2",
- "reqwest 0.12.26",
+ "reqwest 0.12.28",
  "tar",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bindgen"
-version = "0.71.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f58bf3d7db68cfbac37cfc485a8d711e87e064c3d0fe0435b92f7a407f9d6b3"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "cexpr",
- "clang-sys",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
- "log",
- "prettyplease",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "regex",
- "rustc-hash",
- "shlex",
- "syn 2.0.111",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bit"
 version = "0.1.1"
@@ -1364,16 +1326,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "buddy_system_allocator"
-version = "0.11.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1a0108968a3a2dab95b089c0fc3f1afa7759aa5ebe6f1d86d206d6f7ba726eb"
+name = "buddy-slab-allocator"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/buddy-slab-allocator.git?branch=main#13167188073a43c58bff92b860c603ae10a03a0a"
 dependencies = [
- "spin 0.9.8",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "log",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1499,7 +1461,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "semver",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1513,7 +1475,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "semver",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1533,23 +1495,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.49"
+version = "1.2.53"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "90583009037521a116abf44494efecd645ba48b6622457080f080b85544e2215"
+checksum = "755d2fce177175ffca841e9a06afdb2c4ab0f593d53b4dee48147dfaade85932"
 dependencies = [
  "find-msvc-tools",
  "shlex",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cexpr"
-version = "0.6.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6fac387a98bb7c37292057cffc56d62ecb629900026402633ae9160df93a8766"
-dependencies = [
- "nom",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
 version = "1.0.4"
@@ -1564,9 +1517,9 @@ checksum = "613afe47fcd5fac7ccf1db93babcb082c5994d996f20b8b159f2ad1658eb5724"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.42"
+version = "0.4.43"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "145052bdd345b87320e369255277e3fb5152762ad123a901ef5c262dd38fe8d2"
+checksum = "fac4744fb15ae8337dc853fee7fb3f4e48c0fbaa23d0afe49c447b4fab126118"
 dependencies = [
  "iana-time-zone",
  "js-sys",
@@ -1575,22 +1528,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-link",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "clang-sys"
-version = "1.8.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0b023947811758c97c59bf9d1c188fd619ad4718dcaa767947df1cadb14f39f4"
-dependencies = [
- "glob",
- "libc",
- "libloading",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.53"
+version = "4.5.54"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c9e340e012a1bf4935f5282ed1436d1489548e8f72308207ea5df0e23d2d03f8"
+checksum = "c6e6ff9dcd79cff5cd969a17a545d79e84ab086e444102a591e288a8aa3ce394"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
  "clap_derive",
@@ -1598,9 +1540,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.53"
+version = "4.5.54"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d76b5d13eaa18c901fd2f7fca939fefe3a0727a953561fefdf3b2922b8569d00"
+checksum = "fa42cf4d2b7a41bc8f663a7cab4031ebafa1bf3875705bfaf8466dc60ab52c00"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
@@ -1617,14 +1559,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.7.6"
+version = "0.7.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1d728cc89cf3aee9ff92b05e62b19ee65a02b5702cff7d5a377e32c6ae29d8d"
+checksum = "c3e64b0cc0439b12df2fa678eae89a1c56a529fd067a9115f7827f1fffd22b32"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
@@ -1634,11 +1576,11 @@ checksum = "b05b61dc5112cbb17e4b6cd61790d9845d13888356391624cbe7e41efeac1e75"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "colored"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "3.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fde0e0ec90c9dfb3b4b1a0891a7dcd0e2bffde2f7efed5fe7c9bb00e5bfb915e"
+checksum = "faf9468729b8cbcea668e36183cb69d317348c2e08e994829fb56ebfdfbaac34"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1765,7 +1707,7 @@ checksum = "70272a03a2cef15589bac05d3d15c023752f5f8f2da8be977d983a9d9e6250fb"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1839,9 +1781,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "crossterm_winapi",
  "derive_more",
  "document-features",
+ "futures-core",
  "mio",
  "parking_lot",
- "rustix 1.1.2",
+ "rustix 1.1.3",
  "signal-hook",
  "signal-hook-mio",
  "winapi",
@@ -1866,16 +1809,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "typenum",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cstr_core"
-version = "0.2.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd98742e4fdca832d40cab219dc2e3048de17d873248f83f17df47c1bea70956"
-dependencies = [
- "cty",
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ctor_bare"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -1893,15 +1826,9 @@ checksum = "9a49d5cd78b1c748184d41407b14a58af8403c13328ff2b9f49b0a418c24e3ff"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cty"
-version = "0.2.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b365fabc795046672053e29c954733ec3b05e4be654ab130fe8f1f94d7051f35"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cursive"
 version = "0.21.1"
@@ -1973,6 +1900,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "darling_macro 0.21.3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "darling"
+version = "0.23.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "25ae13da2f202d56bd7f91c25fba009e7717a1e4a1cc98a76d844b65ae912e9d"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core 0.23.0",
+ "darling_macro 0.23.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "darling_core"
 version = "0.20.11"
@@ -1984,7 +1921,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "strsim",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1997,7 +1934,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "ident_case",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_core"
+version = "0.23.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9865a50f7c335f53564bb694ef660825eb8610e0a53d3e11bf1b0d3df31e03b0"
+dependencies = [
+ "ident_case",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "strsim",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2008,7 +1958,7 @@ checksum = "fc34b93ccb385b40dc71c6fceac4b2ad23662c7eeb248cf10d529b7e055b6ead"
 dependencies = [
  "darling_core 0.20.11",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2019,7 +1969,18 @@ checksum = "d38308df82d1080de0afee5d069fa14b0326a88c14f15c5ccda35b4a6c414c81"
 dependencies = [
  "darling_core 0.21.3",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_macro"
+version = "0.23.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3984ec7bd6cfa798e62b4a642426a5be0e68f9401cfc2a01e3fa9ea2fcdb8d"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core 0.23.0",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2051,7 +2012,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro-error2",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2060,7 +2021,7 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "10d60334b3b2e7c9d91ef8150abfb6fa4c1c39ebbcf4a81c2e346aad939fee3e"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2074,24 +2035,25 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "derive_more"
-version = "2.1.0"
+version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "10b768e943bed7bf2cab53df09f4bc34bfd217cdb57d971e769874c9a6710618"
+checksum = "d751e9e49156b02b44f9c1815bcb94b984cdcc4396ecc32521c739452808b134"
 dependencies = [
  "derive_more-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "derive_more-impl"
-version = "2.1.0"
+version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d286bfdaf75e988b4a78e013ecd79c581e06399ab53fbacd2d916c2f904f30b"
+checksum = "799a97264921d8623a957f6c3b9011f3b5492f557bbb7a5a19b7fa6d06ba8dcb"
 dependencies = [
  "convert_case 0.10.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustc_version",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+ "unicode-xid",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2118,7 +2080,7 @@ checksum = "97369cbbc041bc366949bc74d34658d6cda5621039731c6310521892a3a20ae0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2145,7 +2107,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "aarch64-cpu-ext",
  "cfg-if",
  "spin 0.10.0",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2159,14 +2121,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "driver"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
  "axklib",
  "log",
- "phytium-mci 0.1.0 (git+https://github.com/YanQD/phytium-mci.git?rev=99c9ee5)",
- "rdif-block 0.6.2",
+ "phytium-mci",
+ "rdif-block",
  "rdif-clk",
- "rdrive 0.18.11",
+ "rdrive",
  "rk3568_clk",
  "rk3588-clk",
  "rockchip-pm",
@@ -2234,7 +2196,7 @@ checksum = "f282cfdfe92516eb26c2af8589c274c7c17681f5ecc03c18255fe741c6aa64eb"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2246,7 +2208,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2267,7 +2229,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2278,7 +2240,7 @@ checksum = "2f9ed6b3789237c8a0c1c505af1c7eb2c560df6186f01b098c3a1064ea532f38"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2299,7 +2261,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "darling 0.21.3",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2370,7 +2332,7 @@ checksum = "ba8f5038f5845165d06fe1453fe4130ad546d3314818bbda57e208e7b0cffe08"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2388,29 +2350,50 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fdt-edit"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b0f564fda6b9389cec0b258a98483b974b6ed37cf4e771222fb49cabe1e260f"
+dependencies = [
+ "enum_dispatch",
+ "fdt-raw",
+ "log",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fdt-parser"
 version = "0.4.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1f95f0bda5ff920492f6573294d8e3a99b75ee2e5ef93ab313fc6d517fa46785"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fdt-raw"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4e7b19f67663e8368d5a07165a1c348b5a761afe5d130e982a0ed8859aca37c2"
+dependencies = [
+ "heapless 0.9.2",
+ "log",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "filetime"
-version = "0.2.26"
+version = "0.2.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bc0505cd1b6fa6580283f6bdf70a73fcf4aba1184038c90902b92b3dd0df63ed"
+checksum = "f98844151eee8917efc50bd9e8318cb963ae8b297431495d3f758616ea5c57db"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "libredox",
- "windows-sys 0.60.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "find-msvc-tools"
-version = "0.1.5"
+version = "0.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3a3076410a55c90011c298b04d0cfa770b00fa04e1e3c97d3f6c9de105a03844"
+checksum = "8591b0bcc8a98a64310a2fae1bb3e9b8564dd10e381e6e28010fde8e8e8568db"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fitimage"
@@ -2427,15 +2410,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "md5",
  "serde",
  "sha1",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
- "vm-fdt 0.3.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "vm-fdt",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.1.5"
+version = "1.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bfe33edd8e85a12a67454e37f8c75e730830d83e313556ab9ebf9ee7fbeb3bfb"
+checksum = "b375d6465b98090a5f25b1c7703f3859783755aa9a80433b36e0379a3ec2f369"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
  "libz-sys",
@@ -2540,7 +2523,7 @@ checksum = "162ee34ebcb7c64a8abebc059ce0fee27c2262618d7b60ed8faf72fef13c3650"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2585,9 +2568,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.2.16"
+version = "0.2.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "335ff9f135e4384c8150d6f27c6daed433577f86b4750418338c01a1a2528592"
+checksum = "ff2abc00be7fca6ebc474524697ae276ad847ad0a6b3faa4bcb027e9a4614ad0"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
@@ -2616,12 +2599,6 @@ version = "0.32.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e629b9b98ef3dd8afe6ca2bd0f89306cec16d43d907889945bc5d6687f2f13c7"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "glob"
-version = "0.3.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0cc23270f6e1808e30a928bdc84dea0b9b4136a8bc82338574f23baf47bbd280"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "h2"
 version = "0.3.27"
@@ -2643,9 +2620,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "h2"
-version = "0.4.12"
+version = "0.4.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f3c0b69cfcb4e1b9f1bf2f53f95f766e4661169728ec61cd3fe5a0166f2d1386"
+checksum = "2f44da3a8150a6703ed5d34e164b875fd14c2cdab9af1252a9a1020bde2bdc54"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic-waker",
  "bytes",
@@ -2684,16 +2661,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "ahash 0.7.8",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.14.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash 0.8.12",
- "allocator-api2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.15.5"
@@ -2850,7 +2817,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "futures-channel",
  "futures-core",
- "h2 0.4.12",
+ "h2 0.4.13",
  "http 1.4.0",
  "http-body 1.0.1",
  "httparse",
@@ -3069,9 +3036,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.12.1"
+version = "2.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0ad4bb2b565bca0645f4d68c5c9af97fba094e9791da685bf83cb5f3ce74acf2"
+checksum = "7714e70437a7dc3ac8eb7e6f8df75fd8eb422675fc7678aff7364301092b1017"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
  "hashbrown 0.16.1",
@@ -3101,15 +3068,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "instability"
-version = "0.3.10"
+version = "0.3.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6778b0196eefee7df739db78758e5cf9b37412268bfa5650bfeed028aed20d9c"
+checksum = "357b7205c6cd18dd2c86ed312d1e70add149aea98e7ef72b9fdf0270e555c11d"
 dependencies = [
- "darling 0.20.11",
+ "darling 0.23.0",
  "indoc",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3136,9 +3103,9 @@ checksum = "469fb0b9cefa57e3ef31275ee7cacb78f2fdca44e4765491884a2b119d4eb130"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "iri-string"
-version = "0.7.9"
+version = "0.7.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4f867b9d1d896b67beb18518eda36fdb77a32ea590de864f1325b294a6d14397"
+checksum = "c91338f0783edbd6195decb37bae672fd3b165faffb89bf7b9e6942f8b1a731a"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "serde",
@@ -3150,15 +3117,6 @@ version = "1.70.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a6cb138bb79a146c1bd460005623e142ef0181e3d0219cb493e02f7d08a35695"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "itertools"
-version = "0.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "284f18f85651fe11e8a991b2adb42cb078325c996ed026d994719efcfca1d54b"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -3170,15 +3128,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.15"
+version = "1.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a5f13b858c8d314ee3e8f639011f7ccefe71f97f96e50151fb991f267928e2c"
+checksum = "92ecc6618181def0457392ccd0ee51198e065e016d1d527a7ac1b6dc7c1f09d2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jiff"
-version = "0.2.16"
+version = "0.2.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "49cce2b81f2098e7e3efc35bc2e0a6b7abec9d34128283d7a26fa8f32a6dbb35"
+checksum = "e67e8da4c49d6d9909fe03361f9b620f58898859f5c7aded68351e85e71ecf50"
 dependencies = [
  "jiff-static",
  "log",
@@ -3189,13 +3147,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jiff-static"
-version = "0.2.16"
+version = "0.2.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "980af8b43c3ad5d8d349ace167ec8170839f753a42d233ba19e08afe1850fa69"
+checksum = "e0c84ee7f197eca9a86c6fd6cb771e55eb991632f15f2bc3ca6ec838929e6e78"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3214,35 +3172,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "tokio",
- "toml 0.9.10+spec-1.1.0",
+ "toml 0.9.11+spec-1.1.0",
  "tower",
  "tower-http",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.83"
+version = "0.3.85"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "464a3709c7f55f1f721e5389aa6ea4e3bc6aba669353300af094b29ffbdde1d8"
+checksum = "8c942ebf8e95485ca0d52d97da7c5a2c387d0e7f0ba4c35e93bfcaee045955b3"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "kasm-aarch64"
-version = "0.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e484b7a4686e2750fae1b4c4b750e14f1522eb303288d9d2723a955c2a41b7d7"
-dependencies = [
- "darling 0.20.11",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "kasm-aarch64"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -3252,7 +3198,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "darling 0.20.11",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3264,7 +3210,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
  "prettyplease",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3333,29 +3279,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.178"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "37c93d8daa9d8a012fd8ab92f088405fb202ea0b6ab73ee2482ae66af4f42091"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "libloading"
-version = "0.8.9"
+version = "0.2.180"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d7c4b02199fee7c5d21a5ae7d8cfa79a6ef5bb2fc834d6e9058e89c825efdc55"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "windows-link",
-]
+checksum = "bcc35a38544a891a5f7c865aca548a982ccb3b8650a5b06d0fd33a10283c56fc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libredox"
-version = "0.1.11"
+version = "0.1.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "df15f6eac291ed1cf25865b1ee60399f57e7c227e7f51bdbd4c5270396a9ed50"
+checksum = "3d0b95e02c851351f877147b7deea7b1afb1df71b63aa5f8270716e0c5720616"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
  "libc",
- "redox_syscall 0.6.0",
+ "redox_syscall 0.7.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3412,7 +3348,7 @@ checksum = "e5cec0ec4228b4853bb129c84dbf093a27e6c7a20526da046defc334a1b017f7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3479,15 +3415,6 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "112b39cec0b298b6c1999fee3e31427f74f676e4cb9879ed1a121b43661a4154"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lwext4_rust"
-version = "0.2.0"
-dependencies = [
- "bindgen",
- "log",
- "printf-compat",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lzma-rs"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -3537,21 +3464,6 @@ version = "2.7.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f52b00d39961fc5b2736ea853c9cc86238e165017a493d1d5c8eac6bdc4cc273"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.9.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "488016bfae457b036d996092f6cb448677611ce4449e970ceaf42695203f218a"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "memory_addr"
-version = "0.3.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5438b8df0f13e16e1f46140de247695a95952a5a4479e47197a8711bf1063373"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memory_addr"
 version = "0.4.1"
@@ -3565,7 +3477,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "50a49ecd4114cf87f7e442ec5dd03bd590e7094541f987057310dbb32a6341ad"
 dependencies = [
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3584,12 +3496,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicase",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "minimal-lexical"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
 version = "0.8.9"
@@ -3646,13 +3552,13 @@ checksum = "8d5439c4ad607c3c23abf66de8c8bf57ba8adcd1f129e699851a6e43935d339d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "network-interface"
-version = "2.0.4"
+version = "2.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e79101e6efcffacab279462884a7eebf65ea5f4ac2cc727b60c715a9aa04722"
+checksum = "4ddcb8865ad3d9950f22f42ffa0ef0aecbfbf191867b3122413602b0a360b2a6"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
@@ -3667,19 +3573,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "nom"
-version = "7.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d273983c5a657a70a3e8f2a01329822f3b8c8172b73826411a55751e404a0a4a"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
- "minimal-lexical",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "nop"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.3.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num"
@@ -3815,7 +3711,7 @@ checksum = "a948666b637a0f465e8564c73e89d4dde00d72d4d473cc972f390fc3dcee7d9c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3847,9 +3743,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostool"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d9faa3c583310e624402b2c8ee736594bc1fc99c225a06e40a6e7073fba98f71"
+checksum = "b5243f6531ef2442252a2774f688f9f87f979bbc39db478cda4d27f8efaadb97"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "byte-unit",
@@ -3860,6 +3756,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cursive",
  "env_logger",
  "fitimage",
+ "futures",
  "indicatif",
  "jkconfig",
  "log",
@@ -3868,7 +3765,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "object",
  "ratatui",
  "regex",
- "reqwest 0.12.26",
+ "reqwest 0.12.28",
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -3877,33 +3774,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "tar",
  "tftpd",
  "tokio",
- "toml 0.9.10+spec-1.1.0",
+ "toml 0.9.11+spec-1.1.0",
  "uboot-shell",
  "ureq",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "page-table-arm"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2ce2c42338660c47a35e7b2940dcccbe6612a4a0aa0485ecdf4e23aa8a2a1158"
-dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "log",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "page-table-generic"
-version = "0.5.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "827063f64bbad7b7655092b0f98824ffbe85e89646388eb4dad1e3d797056a2f"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "log",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "page-table-generic"
 version = "0.6.1"
@@ -3913,7 +3788,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
  "log",
  "num-align",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3922,9 +3797,9 @@ version = "0.5.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dda9891ec368fda90e4b2cc36592b4881073e25a339fe7e3eddd811f0cf6bf18"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "x86_64",
 ]
 
@@ -3935,7 +3810,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9fa11a21844255e14aa6688ef0eafb058d7be19338633024fb59417f1bfb07f8"
 dependencies = [
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "page_table_entry",
  "riscv",
  "x86",
@@ -3970,12 +3845,6 @@ version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pasts"
-version = "0.14.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "efcd36303871fb977a47dabc9af736c75c492bb32a92fa26262b2741531e97ce"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "pci_types"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -3986,19 +3855,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pcie"
-version = "0.2.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "63e45cda4b8ef9f2a8dae7cf5b58c11b41d35fbe62a4d9693fd2d143225fbf44"
-dependencies = [
- "bit_field",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "log",
- "pci_types",
- "sparreal-macros 0.0.5",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "pcie"
 version = "0.4.5"
@@ -4011,7 +3867,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "pci_types",
  "rdif-pcie",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4040,27 +3896,7 @@ checksum = "8a9f4cc54a2e471ff72f1499461ba381ad4eae9cbd60d29c258545b995e406e0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "phytium-mci"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "bare-test",
- "bare-test-macros",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "byte-unit",
- "bytemuck",
- "dma-api 0.2.2",
- "lazy_static",
- "log",
- "nb",
- "pcie 0.2.7",
- "rlsf",
- "spin 0.10.0",
- "spin_on",
- "tock-registers 0.9.0",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4080,33 +3916,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "tock-registers 0.9.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pie-boot"
-version = "0.2.20"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "524d0fc5cd834d2179d8a88cde327b0e168dd6aedf30ce1832467a924a35594f"
-dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
- "aarch64-cpu-ext",
- "bindeps-simple",
- "fdt-parser",
- "heapless 0.8.0",
- "kasm-aarch64 0.1.3",
- "kdef-pgtable",
- "pie-boot-if 0.6.0",
- "pie-boot-loader-aarch64 0.1.27",
- "pie-boot-macros",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "pie-boot-if"
-version = "0.6.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c00af8d4efee0eee91ead95b34c50c067163dc4c90b874b1cc4caa671eb1d85b"
-dependencies = [
- "heapless 0.8.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "pie-boot-if"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -4116,52 +3925,28 @@ dependencies = [
  "heapless 0.8.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pie-boot-loader-aarch64"
-version = "0.1.27"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e4ee18ed1de7f55f318f01803bf7dc353ef492db71a2005fa3af36f116f25d28"
-dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
- "aarch64-cpu-ext",
- "any-uart",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "fdt-parser",
- "kasm-aarch64 0.1.3",
- "kdef-pgtable",
- "log",
- "num-align",
- "page-table-generic 0.6.1",
- "pie-boot-if 0.6.0",
- "prettyplease",
- "quote",
- "spin 0.10.0",
- "syn 2.0.111",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "pie-boot-loader-aarch64"
 version = "0.3.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "de8836eb8759cd65e70c73dc0f519345d8a734284e8e4cfc5889a6e445af9f09"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "aarch64-cpu-ext",
  "any-uart",
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
  "fdt-parser",
- "kasm-aarch64 0.2.0",
+ "kasm-aarch64",
  "kdef-pgtable",
  "log",
  "num-align",
- "page-table-generic 0.6.1",
- "pie-boot-if 0.8.0",
+ "page-table-generic",
+ "pie-boot-if",
  "prettyplease",
  "quote",
  "spin 0.10.0",
- "syn 2.0.111",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4173,7 +3958,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "darling 0.20.11",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4196,9 +3981,9 @@ checksum = "7edddbd0b52d732b21ad9a5fab5c704c14cd949e5e9a1ec5929a24fded1b904c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "portable-atomic"
-version = "1.11.1"
+version = "1.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f84267b20a16ea918e43c6a88433c2d54fa145c92a811b5b047ccbe153674483"
+checksum = "f89776e4d69bb58bc6993e99ffa1d11f228b839984854c7daeb5d37f87cbe950"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "portable-atomic-util"
@@ -4230,7 +4015,7 @@ version = "0.2.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "85eae3c4ed2f50dcfe72643da4befc30deadb458a9b590d720cde2f2b1e97da9"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy 0.8.31",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.33",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4240,19 +4025,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "479ca8adacdd7ce8f1fb39ce9ecccbfe93a3f1344b3d0d97f20bc0196208f62b"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
- "syn 2.0.111",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "printf-compat"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3b002af28ffe3d3d67202ae717810a28125a494d5396debc43de01ee136ac404"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "cstr_core",
- "cty",
- "itertools 0.9.0",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4283,14 +4056,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro-error-attr2",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.103"
+version = "1.0.106"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5ee95bc4ef87b8d5ba32e8b7714ccc834865276eab0aed5c9958d00ec45f49e8"
+checksum = "8fd00f0bb2e90d81d1044c2b32617f68fcb9fa3bb7640c23e9c748e53fb30934"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -4329,7 +4102,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-hash",
  "rustls",
  "socket2 0.6.1",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
  "web-time",
@@ -4350,7 +4123,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustls",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "slab",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "tinyvec",
  "tracing",
  "web-time",
@@ -4409,7 +4182,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6db2770f06117d490610c7488547d543617b21bfa07796d7a12f6f1bd53850d1"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
- "rand_core 0.9.3",
+ "rand_core 0.9.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4429,7 +4202,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core 0.9.3",
+ "rand_core 0.9.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4438,14 +4211,14 @@ version = "0.6.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.16",
+ "getrandom 0.2.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.9.3"
+version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "99d9a13982dcf210057a8a78572b2217b667c3beacbf3a0d8b454f6f82837d38"
+checksum = "76afc826de14238e6e8c374ddcc1fa19e374fd8dd986b0d2af0d02377261d83c"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.3.4",
 ]
@@ -4455,6 +4228,16 @@ name = "range-alloc"
 version = "0.1.4"
 source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/range-alloc.git#fc826e54dab9072be5358a1b0e7fc34503d6630d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ranges-ext"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3e350c92fb797d3d5f1ce45686618a922130cdd617c76a5a706f504e8b3d5904"
+dependencies = [
+ "heapless 0.9.2",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ratatui"
 version = "0.29.0"
@@ -4467,7 +4250,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "crossterm 0.28.1",
  "indoc",
  "instability",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools",
  "lru",
  "paste",
  "strum 0.26.3",
@@ -4494,18 +4277,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rdif-base"
-version = "0.6.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b6953f438bbbdf58e55513c31e70fa0f85daba2927e8a59130a04608141bb552"
-dependencies = [
- "as-any",
- "async-trait",
- "rdif-def",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rdif-base"
 version = "0.7.0"
@@ -4516,17 +4287,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "paste",
  "rdif-def",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rdif-block"
-version = "0.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7b8e19dc3cb6cd7241085a9560a91d4346edbc525bcbfc3c86e5eeb11559c19"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "rdif-base 0.6.0",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4538,9 +4299,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "dma-api 0.5.2",
  "futures",
- "rdif-base 0.7.0",
+ "rdif-base",
  "spin_on",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4549,7 +4310,7 @@ version = "0.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b9af012204e25d45735aa141b475c411b833b4f4bc580924905745d4afbbf606"
 dependencies = [
- "rdif-base 0.7.0",
+ "rdif-base",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4558,18 +4319,7 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c238eb44d86fabc99028adc973f896ce2202aeb6184cc8b89863f2d157d7ca06"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rdif-intc"
-version = "0.11.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a4e7622f78dc9b40958500119553f3c15b9bb9829002d87d0f4b114ebe302a40"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "rdif-base 0.6.0",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4579,8 +4329,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "170ec813e6cf4d1e5fa53fa8fed0fadc7aaab96683d4f1d44c602a6109931eb4"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "rdif-base 0.7.0",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "rdif-base",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4590,60 +4340,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "60c6e8dea6d432b2c03bc3f4238dc59a276aacac6f688a937351e7a313918738"
 dependencies = [
  "pci_types",
- "rdif-base 0.7.0",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rdif-power"
-version = "0.6.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7b6eefca0d1b44a5bef1e934d8ab2c8e00e19dd3d9e071855c0933637ee17a0"
-dependencies = [
- "rdif-base 0.7.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rdif-serial"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "673854a0c554806da63f0836c95b34b08956a143ff15e327644cbd07a8e0df31"
-dependencies = [
- "futures",
- "rdif-base 0.7.0",
- "spin_on",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rdif-systick"
-version = "0.5.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e11da4f362ab6cdcdee9d8e795faabd0f15e04167cb17939fd3aca19c2ef3421"
-dependencies = [
- "rdif-base 0.7.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rdrive"
-version = "0.15.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "72ce47e5a3d10943dfdb8c31dcca7a91c353ea43f4ac2eb72c92462e83a2baa4"
-dependencies = [
- "enum_dispatch",
- "fdt-parser",
- "log",
- "paste",
- "rdif-base 0.6.0",
- "rdif-block 0.5.0",
- "rdif-clk",
- "rdif-intc 0.11.0",
- "rdif-power",
- "rdif-serial",
- "rdif-systick",
- "rdrive-macros",
- "spin 0.10.0",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "rdif-base",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4655,23 +4353,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "fdt-parser",
  "log",
  "paste",
- "pcie 0.4.5",
- "rdif-base 0.7.0",
+ "pcie",
+ "rdif-base",
  "rdif-pcie",
  "rdrive-macros",
  "spin 0.10.0",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rdrive-macro-utils"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "977fcecf5b5fe8d7189d497d8754d27a4ffaedeac904cce1b7ea7bdfb5280934"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4682,7 +4369,7 @@ checksum = "eab3105c9af32e901a2adc7d920b39ff8b6ee0f6f0b7dfdeaf18f306ec12606f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4696,9 +4383,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ec96166dafa0886eb81fe1c0a388bece180fbef2135f97c1e2cf8302e74b43b5"
+checksum = "49f3fe0889e69e2ae9e41f4d6c4c0181701d00e4697b356fb1f74173a5e0ee27"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
 ]
@@ -4720,7 +4407,7 @@ checksum = "b7186006dcb21920990093f30e3dea63b7d6e977bf1256be20c3563a5db070da"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4819,9 +4506,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "reqwest"
-version = "0.12.26"
+version = "0.12.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3b4c14b2d9afca6a60277086b0cc6a6ae0b568f6f7916c943a8cdc79f8be240f"
+checksum = "eddd3ca559203180a307f12d114c268abf583f59b03cb906fd0b3ff8646c1147"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "bytes",
@@ -4829,7 +4516,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-channel",
  "futures-core",
  "futures-util",
- "h2 0.4.12",
+ "h2 0.4.13",
  "http 1.4.0",
  "http-body 1.0.1",
  "http-body-util",
@@ -4863,15 +4550,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "webpki-roots",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rgb"
-version = "0.8.52"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c6a884d2998352bb4daf0183589aec883f16a6da1f4dde84d8e2e9a5409a1ce"
-dependencies = [
- "bytemuck",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ring"
 version = "0.17.14"
@@ -4880,12 +4558,21 @@ checksum = "a4689e6c2294d81e88dc6261c768b63bc4fcdb852be6d1352498b114f61383b7"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "cfg-if",
- "getrandom 0.2.16",
+ "getrandom 0.2.17",
  "libc",
  "untrusted",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ringbuf"
+version = "0.4.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fe47b720588c8702e34b5979cb3271a8b1842c7cb6f57408efa70c779363488c"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "riscv"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -4899,25 +4586,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "riscv-pac",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "riscv-decode"
-version = "0.2.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "68b59d645e392e041ad18f5e529ed13242d8405c66bb192f59703ea2137017d0"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "riscv-h"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cffa652689d01c5f7033abe105e69f4d57ac85bf7e17da688bab10e4b9d3a2d8"
-dependencies = [
- "bare-metal",
- "bit_field",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "log",
- "riscv",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "riscv-macros"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -4926,7 +4594,7 @@ checksum = "e8c4aa1ea1af6dcc83a61be12e8189f9b293c3ba5a487778a4cd89fb060fdbbc"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4944,39 +4612,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "tock-registers 0.10.1",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "riscv_vcpu"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "13f38f28fe6c02bb3ced43087c9667b23d18adf729becdc5adf1253f7df83904"
-dependencies = [
- "axaddrspace",
- "axerrno 0.1.2",
- "axvcpu",
- "axvisor_api",
- "bit_field",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "cfg-if",
- "crate_interface",
- "log",
- "memoffset",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
- "page_table_entry",
- "riscv",
- "riscv-decode",
- "riscv-h",
- "rustsbi",
- "sbi-rt",
- "sbi-spec",
- "tock-registers 0.9.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rk3568_clk"
 version = "0.1.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/drivercraft/rk3568-clk.git#2b63818f9f9f576d99988fafa70de41112524e00"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "bare-test-macros",
  "fdt-parser",
  "kspin",
@@ -4995,9 +4636,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rkyv"
-version = "0.7.45"
+version = "0.7.46"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9008cd6385b9e161d8229e1f6549dd23c3d022f132a2ea37ac3a10ac4935779b"
+checksum = "2297bf9c81a3f0dc96bc9521370b88f054168c29826a75e89c55ff196e7ed6a1"
 dependencies = [
  "bitvec",
  "bytecheck",
@@ -5013,9 +4654,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rkyv_derive"
-version = "0.7.45"
+version = "0.7.46"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "503d1d27590a2b0a3a4ca4c94755aa2875657196ecbf401a42eff41d7de532c0"
+checksum = "84d7b42d4b8d06048d3ac8db0eb31bcb942cbeb709f0b5f2b2ebde398d3038f5"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -5043,19 +4684,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "dma-api 0.5.2",
  "log",
  "mbarrier",
- "rdif-base 0.7.0",
+ "rdif-base",
  "tock-registers 0.10.1",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rsext4"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
- "lazy_static",
- "log",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rsext4"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -5068,9 +4700,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rust_decimal"
-version = "1.39.0"
+version = "1.40.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "35affe401787a9bd846712274d97654355d21b2a2c092a3139aabe31e9022282"
+checksum = "61f703d19852dbf87cbc513643fa81428361eb6940f1ac14fd58155d295a3eb0"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "borsh",
@@ -5084,9 +4716,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-demangle"
-version = "0.1.26"
+version = "0.1.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "56f7d92ca342cea22a06f2121d944b4fd82af56988c270852495420f961d4ace"
+checksum = "b50b8869d9fc858ce7266cce0194bd74df58b9d0e3f6df3a9fc8eb470d95c09d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
@@ -5118,9 +4750,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "1.1.2"
+version = "1.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cd15f8a2c5551a84d56efdc1cd049089e409ac19a3072d5037a17fd70719ff3e"
+checksum = "146c9e247ccc180c1f61615433868c99f3de3ae256a30a43b49f67c2d9171f34"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
  "errno",
@@ -5131,9 +4763,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls"
-version = "0.23.35"
+version = "0.23.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "533f54bc6a7d4f647e46ad909549eda97bf5afc1585190ef692b4286b198bd8f"
+checksum = "c665f33d38cea657d9614f766881e4d510e0eda4239891eea56b4cadcf01801b"
 dependencies = [
  "log",
  "once_cell",
@@ -5155,9 +4787,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-pki-types"
-version = "1.13.2"
+version = "1.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "21e6f2ab2928ca4291b86736a8bd920a277a399bba1589409d72154ff87c1282"
+checksum = "be040f8b0a225e40375822a563fa9524378b9d63112f53e19ffff34df5d33fdd"
 dependencies = [
  "web-time",
  "zeroize",
@@ -5165,37 +4797,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-webpki"
-version = "0.103.8"
+version = "0.103.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2ffdfa2f5286e2247234e03f680868ac2815974dc39e00ea15adc445d0aafe52"
+checksum = "d7df23109aa6c1567d1c575b9952556388da57401e4ace1d15f79eedad0d8f53"
 dependencies = [
  "ring",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "untrusted",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustsbi"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "44c13763120794ed11d64bac885fb31d384ae385c3287b0697711b97affbf8ab"
-dependencies = [
- "rustsbi-macros",
- "sbi-rt",
- "sbi-spec",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustsbi-macros"
-version = "0.0.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a71347da9582cc6b6f3652c7d2c06516c9555690b3738ecdff7e84297f4e17fc"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.22"
@@ -5213,9 +4823,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.20"
+version = "1.0.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "28d3b2b1366ec20994f1fd18c3c594f05c5dd4bc44d8bb0c1c632c8d6829481f"
+checksum = "a50f4cf475b65d88e057964e0e9bb1f0aa9bbb2036dc65c64596b42932536984"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sbi-rt"
@@ -5243,9 +4853,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "schemars"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9558e172d4e8533736ba97870c4b2cd63f84b382a3d6eb063da41b91cce17289"
+checksum = "54e910108742c57a770f492731f99be216a52fadd361b06c8fb59d74ccc267d2"
 dependencies = [
  "dyn-clone",
  "ref-cast",
@@ -5256,14 +4866,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "schemars_derive"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "301858a4023d78debd2353c7426dc486001bddc91ae31a76fb1f55132f7e2633"
+checksum = "4908ad288c5035a8eb12cfdf0d49270def0a268ee162b75eeee0f85d155a7c45"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "serde_derive_internals",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5277,7 +4887,7 @@ name = "sdmmc"
 version = "0.1.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/drivercraft/sdmmc.git#cc6ae8e4ecb10b69d1e2fee5502f28198a057bba"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "arm_pl011",
  "bare-test-macros",
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
@@ -5287,7 +4897,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "kspin",
  "log",
  "paste",
- "smccc 0.2.2",
+ "smccc",
  "spin 0.10.0",
 ]
 
@@ -5379,7 +4989,7 @@ checksum = "d540f220d3187173da220f885ab66608367b6574e925011a9353e4badda91d79"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5390,20 +5000,20 @@ checksum = "18d26a20a969b9e3fdf2fc2d9f21eda6c40e2de84c9408bb5d3b05d499aae711"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.145"
+version = "1.0.149"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "402a6f66d8c709116cf22f558eab210f5a50187f702eb4d7e5ef38d9a7f1c79c"
+checksum = "83fc039473c5595ace860d8c4fafa220ff474b3fc6bfdb4293327f1a37e94d86"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
- "ryu",
  "serde",
  "serde_core",
+ "zmij",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5425,7 +5035,7 @@ checksum = "175ee3e80ae9982737ca543e96133087cbd9a485eecc3bc4de9c1a37b47ea59c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5529,10 +5139,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "signal-hook-registry"
-version = "1.4.7"
+version = "1.4.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7664a098b8e616bdfcc2dc0e9ac44eb231eedf41db4e9fe95d8d32ec728dedad"
+checksum = "c4db69cba1110affc0e9f7bcd48bbf87b3f4fc7c61fc9155afd4c469eb3d6c1b"
 dependencies = [
+ "errno",
  "libc",
 ]
 
@@ -5560,19 +5171,13 @@ version = "1.15.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "67b1b7a3b5fe4f1376887184045fcf45c69e92af734b7aaddc05fb777b6fbd03"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "smccc"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "617d17f088ec733e5a6b86da6ce4cce1414e6e856d6061c16dda51cceae6f68c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "smccc"
 version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7c73e0ca8c566478040487791c9f488f86c5aec846ca1ab18484be8a1d8c55cd"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5615,107 +5220,29 @@ version = "0.4.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "13b5f763b9ab0ce9efd2d8eba9e5b457f93f6426ede68435fe9567cf7681f29d"
 dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
+ "aarch64-cpu 10.0.0",
  "aarch64-cpu-ext",
  "any-uart",
  "bindeps-simple",
  "fdt-parser",
  "futures",
  "heapless 0.8.0",
- "kasm-aarch64 0.2.0",
+ "kasm-aarch64",
  "kdef-pgtable",
  "log",
  "num-align",
- "page-table-generic 0.6.1",
- "pie-boot-if 0.8.0",
- "pie-boot-loader-aarch64 0.3.3",
+ "page-table-generic",
+ "pie-boot-if",
+ "pie-boot-loader-aarch64",
  "pie-boot-macros",
  "release-dep",
  "serde",
- "smccc 0.2.2",
+ "smccc",
  "spin 0.10.0",
- "toml 0.9.10+spec-1.1.0",
+ "toml 0.9.11+spec-1.1.0",
  "url",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "sparreal-kernel"
-version = "0.9.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b182a508314f1560ce8f94090f8c0990640bd849fab49e307ccafe2b51e67da9"
-dependencies = [
- "ansi_rgb",
- "anyhow",
- "arrayvec",
- "buddy_system_allocator",
- "byte-unit",
- "dma-api 0.3.1",
- "fdt-parser",
- "lazy_static",
- "lock_api",
- "log",
- "memory_addr 0.3.2",
- "page-table-generic 0.5.3",
- "pasts",
- "rdrive 0.15.3",
- "rgb",
- "sparreal-macros 0.9.3",
- "spin 0.9.8",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "sparreal-macros"
-version = "0.0.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f686073b67b2427c9243bddc10ea0a6a5300ab5354a8ee884d9126854b0abab7"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "sparreal-macros"
-version = "0.9.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7c39b68430130f1c7587eb41f512dd1f6e48bc22a3e1dc11a69dc1b8294cdc90"
-dependencies = [
- "abi-singleton",
- "darling 0.20.11",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "rdrive-macro-utils",
- "syn 2.0.111",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "sparreal-rt"
-version = "0.9.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f9da6adb0285c99f180e9746ebbadcf4886b1b009904f6f9ab5be155ae1325a7"
-dependencies = [
- "aarch64-cpu",
- "aarch64-cpu-ext",
- "ansi_rgb",
- "any-uart",
- "arm-gic-driver 0.14.9",
- "arrayvec",
- "buddy_system_allocator",
- "fdt-parser",
- "log",
- "memory_addr 0.3.2",
- "numeric-enum-macro",
- "page-table-arm",
- "page-table-generic 0.5.3",
- "pie-boot",
- "rgb",
- "smccc 0.1.1",
- "sparreal-kernel",
- "sparreal-macros 0.9.3",
- "spin 0.9.8",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "spin"
 version = "0.9.8"
@@ -5789,7 +5316,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5801,7 +5328,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5836,9 +5363,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.111"
+version = "2.0.114"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "390cc9a294ab71bdb1aa2e99d13be9c753cd2d7bd6560c77118597410c4d2e87"
+checksum = "d4d107df263a3013ef9b1879b0df87d706ff80f65a86ea879bd9c31f9b307c2a"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -5868,7 +5395,7 @@ checksum = "728a70f3dbaf5bab7f0c4b1ac8d7ae5ea60a4b5549c8a5914361c99147a709d2"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5932,14 +5459,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.23.0"
+version = "3.24.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2d31c77bdf42a745371d260a26ca7163f1e0924b64afa0b688e61b5a9fa02f16"
+checksum = "655da9c7eb6305c55742045d5a8d2037996d61d8de95806335c7c86ce0f82e9c"
 dependencies = [
  "fastrand",
  "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "once_cell",
- "rustix 1.1.2",
+ "rustix 1.1.3",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
@@ -5960,11 +5487,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "2.0.17"
+version = "2.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f63587ca0f12b72a0600bcba1d40081f830876000bb46dd2337a3051618f4fc8"
+checksum = "4288b5bcbc7920c07a1149a35cf9590a2aa808e0bc1eafaade0b80947865fbc4"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror-impl 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5975,25 +5502,25 @@ checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "2.0.17"
+version = "2.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3ff15c8ecd7de3849db632e14d18d2571fa09dfc5ed93479bc4485c7a517c913"
+checksum = "ebc4ee7f67670e9b64d05fa4253e753e016c6c95ff35b89b7941d6b856dec1d5"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time"
-version = "0.3.44"
+version = "0.3.45"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "91e7d9e3bb61134e77bde20dd4825b97c010155709965fedf0f49bb138e52a9d"
+checksum = "f9e442fc33d7fdb45aa9bfeb312c095964abdf596f7567261062b2a7107aaabd"
 dependencies = [
  "deranged",
  "itoa",
@@ -6001,22 +5528,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-conv",
  "num_threads",
  "powerfmt",
- "serde",
+ "serde_core",
  "time-core",
  "time-macros",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time-core"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40868e7c1d2f0b8d73e4a8c7f0ff63af4f6d19be117e90bd73eb1d62cf831c6b"
+checksum = "8b36ee98fd31ec7426d599183e8fe26932a8dc1fb76ddb6214d05493377d34ca"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time-macros"
-version = "0.2.24"
+version = "0.2.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30cfb0125f12d9c277f35663a0a33f8c30190f4e4574868a330595412d34ebf3"
+checksum = "71e552d1249bf61ac2a52db88179fd0673def1e1ad8243a00d9ec9ed71fee3dd"
 dependencies = [
  "num-conv",
  "time-core",
@@ -6073,9 +5600,9 @@ checksum = "8d2d250f87fb3fb6f225c907cf54381509f47b40b74b1d1f12d2dccbc915bdfe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio"
-version = "1.48.0"
+version = "1.49.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ff360e02eab121e0bc37a2d3b4d4dc622e6eda3a8e5253d5435ecf5bd4c68408"
+checksum = "72a2903cd7736441aac9df9d7688bd0ce48edccaadf181c3b90be801e81d3d86"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "libc",
@@ -6096,7 +5623,7 @@ checksum = "af407857209536a95c8e56f8231ef2c2e2aff839b22e07a1ffcbc617e9db9fa5"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6121,9 +5648,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-util"
-version = "0.7.17"
+version = "0.7.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2efa149fe76073d6e8fd97ef4f4eca7b67f599660115591483572e406e165594"
+checksum = "9ae9cec805b01e8fc3fd2fe289f89149a9b66dd16786abd8b19cfa7b48cb0098"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "futures-core",
@@ -6146,9 +5673,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml"
-version = "0.9.10+spec-1.1.0"
+version = "0.9.11+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0825052159284a1a8b4d6c0c86cbc801f2da5afd2b225fa548c72f2e74002f48"
+checksum = "f3afc9a848309fe1aaffaed6e1546a7a14de1f935dc9d89d32afd9a44bab7c46"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap",
  "serde_core",
@@ -6226,9 +5753,9 @@ checksum = "ab16f14aed21ee8bfd8ec22513f7287cd4a91aa92e44edfe2c17ddd004e92607"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tower"
-version = "0.5.2"
+version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d039ad9159c98b70ecfd540b2573b97f7f52c3e8d9f8ad57a24b916a536975f9"
+checksum = "ebe5ef63511595f1344e2d5cfa636d973292adc0eec1f0ad45fae9f0851ab1d4"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
  "futures-util",
@@ -6310,7 +5837,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "lenient_semver",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6364,14 +5891,14 @@ version = "0.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4064ed685c487dbc25bd3f0e9548f2e34bab9d18cefc700f9ec2dba74ba1138e"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicase"
-version = "2.8.1"
+version = "2.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75b844d17643ee918803943289730bec8aac480150456169e647ed0b576ba539"
+checksum = "dbc4bc3a9f746d862c45cb89d705aa10f187bb96c76001afab07a0d35ce60142"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
@@ -6391,7 +5918,7 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b3644627a5af5fa321c95b9b235a72fd24cd29c648c2c379431e6628655627bf"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools",
  "unicode-segmentation",
  "unicode-width 0.1.14",
 ]
@@ -6457,9 +5984,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "url"
-version = "2.5.7"
+version = "2.5.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08bc136a29a3d1758e07a9cca267be308aeebf5cfd5a10f3f67ab2097683ef5b"
+checksum = "ff67a8a4397373c3ef660812acab3268222035010ab8680ec4215f38ba3d0eed"
 dependencies = [
  "form_urlencoded",
  "idna",
@@ -6526,18 +6053,19 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "vm-fdt"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e21282841a059bb62627ce8441c491f09603622cd5a21c43bfedc85a2952f23"
+name = "vm-allocator"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "git+https://github.com/rust-vmm/vm-allocator.git#f89a04511f68ba81a48832edcc2ebf4b8fb793b0"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vm-fdt"
 version = "0.3.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bullhh/vm-fdt.git#f8caf77fadf4e925e91df5bd211c8a96dc1f6e07"
-dependencies = [
- "hashbrown 0.14.5",
-]
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7e21282841a059bb62627ce8441c491f09603622cd5a21c43bfedc85a2952f23"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "volatile"
@@ -6562,18 +6090,18 @@ checksum = "ccf3ec651a847eb01de73ccad15eb7d99f80485de043efb2f370cd654f4ea44b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasip2"
-version = "1.0.1+wasi-0.2.4"
+version = "1.0.2+wasi-0.2.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0562428422c63773dad2c345a1882263bbf4d65cf3f42e90921f787ef5ad58e7"
+checksum = "9517f9239f02c069db75e65f174b3da828fe5f5b945c4dd26bd25d89c03ebcf5"
 dependencies = [
  "wit-bindgen",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.106"
+version = "0.2.108"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0d759f433fa64a2d763d1340820e46e111a7a5ab75f993d1852d70b03dbb80fd"
+checksum = "64024a30ec1e37399cf85a7ffefebdb72205ca1c972291c51512360d90bd8566"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -6584,11 +6112,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-futures"
-version = "0.4.56"
+version = "0.4.58"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "836d9622d604feee9e5de25ac10e3ea5f2d65b41eac0d9ce72eb5deae707ce7c"
+checksum = "70a6e77fd0ae8029c9ea0063f87c46fde723e7d887703d74ad2616d792e51e6f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
+ "futures-util",
  "js-sys",
  "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -6597,9 +6126,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.106"
+version = "0.2.108"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48cb0d2638f8baedbc542ed444afc0644a29166f1595371af4fecf8ce1e7eeb3"
+checksum = "008b239d9c740232e71bd39e8ef6429d27097518b6b30bdf9086833bd5b6d608"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -6607,31 +6136,31 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.106"
+version = "0.2.108"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cefb59d5cd5f92d9dcf80e4683949f15ca4b511f4ac0a6e14d4e1ac60c6ecd40"
+checksum = "5256bae2d58f54820e6490f9839c49780dff84c65aeab9e772f15d5f0e913a55"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.106"
+version = "0.2.108"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cbc538057e648b67f72a982e708d485b2efa771e1ac05fec311f9f63e5800db4"
+checksum = "1f01b580c9ac74c8d8f0c0e4afb04eeef2acf145458e52c03845ee9cd23e3d12"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.83"
+version = "0.3.85"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b32828d774c412041098d182a8b38b16ea816958e07cf40eec2bc080ae137ac"
+checksum = "312e32e551d92129218ea9a2452120f4aabc03529ef03e4d0d82fb2780608598"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -6649,9 +6178,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "webpki-roots"
-version = "1.0.4"
+version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b2878ef029c47c6e8cf779119f20fcf52bde7ad42a731b2a304bc221df17571e"
+checksum = "12bed680863276c63889429bfd6cab3b99943659923822de1c8a39c49e4d722c"
 dependencies = [
  "rustls-pki-types",
 ]
@@ -6699,7 +6228,7 @@ checksum = "053e2e040ab57b9dc951b72c264860db7eb3b0200ba345b4e4c3b14f67855ddf"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6710,7 +6239,7 @@ checksum = "3f316c4a2570ba26bbec722032c4099d8c8bc095efccdc15688708623367e358"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7000,9 +6529,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen"
-version = "0.46.0"
+version = "0.51.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f17a85883d4e6d00e8a97c586de764dabcc06133f7f1d55dce5cdc070ad7fe59"
+checksum = "d7249219f66ced02969388cf2bb044a09756a083d0fab1e566056b04d9fbcaa5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "writeable"
@@ -7069,25 +6598,20 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "x86_vcpu"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "873e097d52e94c31be3f0175a9f8d6f2edbc77d7e2f8e6995427df9c08b30a2b"
 dependencies = [
  "axaddrspace",
  "axdevice_base",
- "axerrno 0.1.2",
- "axvcpu",
- "axvisor_api",
  "bit_field",
  "bitflags 2.10.0",
  "cfg-if",
- "crate_interface",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "numeric-enum-macro",
  "page_table_entry",
  "paste",
  "raw-cpuid 11.6.0",
  "spin 0.9.8",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "x86",
  "x86_64",
  "x86_vlapic",
@@ -7096,16 +6620,13 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "x86_vlapic"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2556c62649a277ccf1c3c34c740be87bbde5f8dab0b20fcdcf4c2cd7bb6e7302"
 dependencies = [
  "axaddrspace",
  "axdevice_base",
  "axerrno 0.1.2",
- "axvisor_api",
  "bit",
  "log",
- "memory_addr 0.4.1",
+ "memory_addr",
  "paste",
  "tock-registers 0.10.1",
 ]
@@ -7117,7 +6638,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32e45ad4206f6d2479085147f02bc2ef834ac85886624a23575ae137c8aa8156"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "rustix 1.1.2",
+ "rustix 1.1.3",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7139,14 +6660,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "jkconfig",
  "ostool",
- "reqwest 0.12.26",
+ "reqwest 0.12.28",
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "sha2",
  "tar",
  "tokio",
- "toml 0.9.10+spec-1.1.0",
+ "toml 0.9.11+spec-1.1.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7168,7 +6689,7 @@ checksum = "b659052874eb698efe5b9e8cf382204678a0086ebf46982b79d6ca3182927e5d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
@@ -7184,11 +6705,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.31"
+version = "0.8.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fd74ec98b9250adb3ca554bdde269adf631549f51d8a8f8f0a10b50f1cb298c3"
+checksum = "668f5168d10b9ee831de31933dc111a459c97ec93225beb307aed970d1372dfd"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy-derive 0.8.31",
+ "zerocopy-derive 0.8.33",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7199,18 +6720,18 @@ checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.31"
+version = "0.8.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d8a8d209fdf45cf5138cbb5a506f6b52522a25afccc534d1475dad8e31105c6a"
+checksum = "2c7962b26b0a8685668b671ee4b54d007a67d4eaf05fda79ac0ecf41e32270f1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7230,7 +6751,7 @@ checksum = "d71e5d6e06ab090c67b5e44993ec16b72dcbaabc526db883a360057678b48502"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
@@ -7270,5 +6791,11 @@ checksum = "eadce39539ca5cb3985590102671f2567e659fca9666581ad3411d59207951f3"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.111",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zmij"
+version = "1.0.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dfcd145825aace48cff44a8844de64bf75feec3080e0aa5cdbde72961ae51a65"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f06c0194..821efc0e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 [workspace]
+exclude = [
+  "modules/axvisor_api",
+  "arceos",
+]
 members = [
   "crates/*",
   "modules/*",
@@ -16,7 +20,7 @@ lto = true
 authors = ["Keyang Hu <keyang.hu@qq.com>", "周睿 <zrufo747@outlook.com>"]
 edition = "2024"
 license = "GPL-3.0-or-later OR Apache-2.0 OR MulanPubL-2.0 OR MulanPSL2"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.3.0"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
 bitflags = "2.2"
@@ -30,6 +34,8 @@ log = "0.4"
 spin = "0.9"
 timer_list = "0.1"
 toml = "0.9"
+ranges-ext = "0.3"
+vm-allocator = {git = "https://github.com/rust-vmm/vm-allocator.git", ref = "c66cfac", default-features = false}
 
 # System dependent modules provided by ArceOS.
 # FIXME: pin to a specific tag!
@@ -39,10 +45,12 @@ axstd = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git", tag = "dev-251216", f
   "irq",
   "multitask",
   "task-ext",
+  "alloc",
+  "myplat",
   "smp", # "page-alloc-64g",
 ]}
 
-axalloc = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git", tag = "dev-251216"}
+axalloc = {path = "modules/axalloc"}
 axconfig = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git", tag = "dev-251216"}
 axdisplay = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git", tag = "dev-251216"}
 axdriver = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos.git", tag = "dev-251216"}
@@ -57,13 +65,13 @@ axcpu = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-org/axcpu.git", tag = "dev-v03"}
 axplat = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-org/axplat_crates.git", tag = "dev-v03"}
 
 # System dependent modules provided by ArceOS-Hypervisor.
-axaddrspace = "0.1.1"
+axaddrspace = "0.2"
 axhvc = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axhvc.git"}
 axklib = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axklib.git"}
 axruntime = {path = "modules/axruntime"}
 axfs = {path = "modules/axfs"}
 axvcpu = "0.1"
-axvm = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvm.git", branch = "next"}
+axvm = {path = "modules/axvm"}
 
 # System independent crates provided by ArceOS, these crates could be imported by remote url. 
 axerrno = "0.2"
@@ -73,26 +81,41 @@ fdt-parser = "0.4"
 memory_addr = "0.4"
 page_table_entry = {version = "0.5", features = ["arm-el2"]}
 page_table_multiarch = "0.5"
-percpu = {version = "0.2", features = ["arm-el2"]}
 rdif-intc = "0.12"
 rdrive = "0.18"
+axbacktrace = "0.1"
 
-vm-fdt = {git = "https://github.com/bullhh/vm-fdt.git", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"]}
+# percpu "0.2.1" can not compile on aarch64
+percpu = {version = "=0.2.0", features = ["arm-el2"]}
+percpu_macros = "=0.2.0"
 
 axdevice = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axdevice.git"}
 axdevice_base = "0.1"
+axplat-aarch64-dyn = {path = "platform/axplat-aarch64-dyn", features = ["irq", "smp", "hv"]}
 axvisor_api = "0.1"
+axvm-types = {path = "modules/axvm-types"}
 driver = {path = "modules/driver"}
 
 # platform
 axplat-x86-qemu-q35 = {path = "platform/x86-qemu-q35"}
-axvmconfig = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvmconfig.git", branch = "next"}
+axvmconfig = {version = "0.1", default-features = false}
 
 [patch.crates-io]
-axvcpu = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvcpu.git", branch = "next"}
-axvmconfig = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvmconfig.git", branch = "next"}
+arm_vcpu = {path = "modules/arm_vcpu"}
+arm_vgic = {path = "modules/arm_vgic"}
+axaddrspace = {path = "modules/axaddrspace"}
+axdevice_base = {path = "modules/axdevice_base"}
+axvcpu = {path = "modules/axvcpu"}
+axvisor_api = {path = "modules/axvisor_api"}
+axvmconfig = {path = "modules/axvmconfig"}
+x86_vcpu = {path = "modules/x86_vcpu"}
+x86_vlapic = {path = "modules/x86_vlapic"}
+
+[patch."https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axdevice".axdevice]
+path = "modules/axdevice"
 
 [patch."https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos"]
 axconfig = {path = "modules/axconfig"}
 axruntime = {path = "modules/axruntime"}
 axfs = {path = "modules/axfs"}
+axalloc = {path = "modules/axalloc"}
diff --git a/configs/board/orangepi-5-plus.toml b/configs/board/orangepi-5-plus.toml
index 21559ce5..957287b5 100644
--- a/configs/board/orangepi-5-plus.toml
+++ b/configs/board/orangepi-5-plus.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 cargo_args = []
 features = [
-  # "ept-level-4",
   "dyn-plat",
   "axstd/bus-mmio",
   "driver/sdmmc",
diff --git a/configs/board/phytiumpi.toml b/configs/board/phytiumpi.toml
index a647a23c..69f2d018 100644
--- a/configs/board/phytiumpi.toml
+++ b/configs/board/phytiumpi.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 cargo_args = []
 features = [
-    # "ept-level-4",
     "dyn-plat",
     "axstd/bus-mmio",
     "fs",
diff --git a/configs/board/qemu-aarch64.toml b/configs/board/qemu-aarch64.toml
index c379cc79..45b77c89 100644
--- a/configs/board/qemu-aarch64.toml
+++ b/configs/board/qemu-aarch64.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 cargo_args = []
 features = [
-    "ept-level-4",
     "axstd/bus-mmio",
     "dyn-plat",
 ]
diff --git a/configs/board/qemu-x86_64.toml b/configs/board/qemu-x86_64.toml
index 1f5d32cd..c4ffa5af 100644
--- a/configs/board/qemu-x86_64.toml
+++ b/configs/board/qemu-x86_64.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 cargo_args = []
 features = [
     "axstd/myplat",
-    "ept-level-4",
     "fs",
 ]
 log = "Info"
diff --git a/configs/board/roc-rk3568-pc.toml b/configs/board/roc-rk3568-pc.toml
index 7e5e8014..50d73c86 100644
--- a/configs/board/roc-rk3568-pc.toml
+++ b/configs/board/roc-rk3568-pc.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 cargo_args = []
 features = [
-    # "ept-level-4",
     "dyn-plat",
     "axstd/bus-mmio",
     "fs",
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
index d8f73022..7663b404 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
@@ -10,34 +10,36 @@ vm_type = 1
 # The number of virtual CPUs.
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
-phys_cpu_ids = [0x00]
+# phys_cpu_ids = [0x00]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
 #
 [kernel]
 # The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x20_2008_0000
+# entry_point = 0x20_2008_0000
 # The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # Load from file system.
 image_location = "fs"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x20_2008_0000
+# kernel_load_addr = 0x20_2008_0000
 ## The file path of the kernel image.
 kernel_path = "/guest/arceos/phytiumpi"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x20_2000_0000
+# dtb_load_addr = 0x20_2000_0000
 #dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000_smp1.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
-    [0x20_2000_0000, 0x2000_0000, 0x7, 1], # System RAM MAP_IDENTICAL
+    [0x9000_0000, 0x2000_0000, 0x7, 1], # System RAM MAP_IDENTICAL
 ]
 
 #
 # Device specifications
 #
 [devices]
+
+interrupt_mode = "passthrough"
 # Emu_devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Ipa_len Alloc-Irq Emu-Type EmuConfig.
 emu_devices = []
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
index 4f04ffa7..1663836e 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
@@ -16,16 +16,16 @@ phys_cpu_ids = [0x201, 0x100]
 #
 [kernel]
 # The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x20_2008_0000
+#entry_point = 0x20_2008_0000
 # The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # Load from file system.
 image_location = "fs"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x20_2008_0000
+#kernel_load_addr = 0x20_2008_0000
 ## The file path of the kernel image.
 kernel_path = "/guest/arceos/phytiumpi"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x20_2000_0000
+#dtb_load_addr = 0x20_2000_0000
 #dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000_smp2.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
index fdd3becc..473f6683 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@ phys_cpu_ids = [0]
 #
 [kernel]
 # The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x8020_0000
+#entry_point = 0x8020_0000
 # The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # load from memory.
 image_location = "memory"
 # The file path of the kernel image.
 kernel_path = "path/arceos-aarch64-dyn-smp1.bin"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x8020_0000
+#kernel_load_addr = 0x8020_0000
 # The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 #dtb_path = "path/aarch64-qemu-gicv3.dtb"
 # The load address of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
+#dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
 
 ## The file path of the ramdisk image.
 # ramdisk_path = ""
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
index 432f5377..12f9cbb9 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
@@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ vm_type = 1
 # The number of virtual CPUs.
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
-phys_cpu_ids = [0x200]
+# cpu_ids = [0]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
 #
 [kernel]
 # The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x7008_0000
+# entry_point = 0x7008_0000
 # The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # Load from memory.
 image_location = "fs"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x7008_0000
+# kernel_load_addr = 0x7008_0000
 ## The file path of the kernel image.
 kernel_path = "/userdata/rootfs_overlay/guest/arceos/roc-rk3568-pc"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x7000_0000
+# dtb_load_addr = 0x7000_0000
 #dtb_path = "/path/arceos-rk3568.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml
index 5f2b9002..8fca554d 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ phys_cpu_ids = [0x00, 0x100]
 #
 [kernel]
 # The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x7008_0000
+#entry_point = 0x7008_0000
 # The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # Load from memory.
 image_location = "fs"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x7008_0000
+#kernel_load_addr = 0x7008_0000
 ## The file path of the kernel image.
 kernel_path = "/userdata/rootfs_overlay/guest/arceos/roc-rk3568-pc"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x7000_0000
+#dtb_load_addr = 0x7000_0000
 #dtb_path = "/path/arceos-aarch64-rk3568_smp2.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml
index 159ea607..60e8d0ae 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ phys_cpu_ids = [0x200]
 #
 [kernel]
 # The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x20_2008_0000
+#entry_point = 0x20_2008_0000
 # The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # Load from file system.
 image_location = "memory"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x20_2008_0000
+#kernel_load_addr = 0x20_2008_0000
 ## The file path of the kernel image.
 kernel_path = "/path/to/arceos_aarch64-dyn_smp1.bin"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x20_2000_0000
+#dtb_load_addr = 0x20_2000_0000
 #dtb_path = "/path/to/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
index ba5a6d32..f7b35dc2 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
@@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ vm_type = 1
 # The number of virtual CPUs.
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
-phys_cpu_ids = [0x100]
+# phys_cpu_ids = [0x100]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
 #
 [kernel]
 # The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x20_4008_0000
+# entry_point = 0x20_4008_0000
 # The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # Load from file system.
 image_location = "fs"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x20_4008_0000
+# kernel_load_addr = 0x20_4008_0000
 ## The file path of the kernel image.
 kernel_path = "/guest/linux/phytiumpi"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x20_4000_0000
+# dtb_load_addr = 0x20_4000_0000
 #dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000_smp1.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
index 84d2ab00..8b07c639 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ phys_cpu_ids = [0x200, 0x00]
 #
 [kernel]
 # The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x20_4008_0000
+#entry_point = 0x20_4008_0000
 # The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # Load from file system.
 image_location = "fs"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x20_4008_0000
+#kernel_load_addr = 0x20_4008_0000
 ## The file path of the kernel image.
 kernel_path = "/guest/linux/phytiumpi"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x20_4000_0000
+#dtb_load_addr = 0x20_4000_0000
 #dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000_smp2.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
index e849a54d..73b717b2 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
@@ -10,26 +10,17 @@ vm_type = 1
 # The number of virtual CPUs.
 cpu_num = 1
 # Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_ids = [0]
+# cpu_ids = [0]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
 #
 [kernel]
-# The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x8020_0000
-# The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # load from memory.
 image_location = "memory"
 # The file path of the kernel image.
 # kernel_path = "linux-6.6.62.bin"
 kernel_path = "tmp/Image"
-# The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x8020_0000
-# The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-#dtb_path = "tmp/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.dtb"
-# The load address of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
 
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
index ed0cf421..47d8fe90 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
@@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ vm_type = 1
 # The number of virtual CPUs.
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
-phys_cpu_ids = [0x00]
+# phys_cpu_ids = [0x00]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
 #
 [kernel]
 # The entry point of the kernel image.
-entry_point = 0x8008_0000
+# entry_point = 0x8008_0000
 # The location of image: "memory" | "fs".
 # Load from memory.
 image_location = "fs"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
-kernel_load_addr = 0x8008_0000
+# kernel_load_addr = 0x8008_0000
 ## The file path of the kernel image.
 kernel_path = "/userdata/rootfs_overlay/guest/linux/roc-rk3568-pc"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
+# dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
 #dtb_path = "/path/linux-aarch64-rk3568_smp1.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
diff --git a/configs/vms/nimbos-x86_64-qemu-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/nimbos-x86_64-qemu-smp1.toml
index 3e12b78f..2f2ec72c 100644
--- a/configs/vms/nimbos-x86_64-qemu-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/nimbos-x86_64-qemu-smp1.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ vm_type = 1
 # The number of virtual CPUs.
 cpu_num = 1
 # Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [1]
+# cpu_ids = [0]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
diff --git a/doc/changelog/README.md b/doc/changelog/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e768b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/changelog/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/changelog/v0.3.0/AxVCpu.md b/doc/changelog/v0.3.0/AxVCpu.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f6e33e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/changelog/v0.3.0/AxVCpu.md
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# 重构 AxVCpu
+
+## 1. 背景与动机
+
+当前 axvisor 项目包含三个核心 crate：
+- axvisor：顶层虚拟化与平台管理逻辑
+- axvm：虚拟机（VMM / guest execution）相关实现
+- axdevice：虚拟/直通设备抽象与注册
+
+随着对多架构（如 RISC-V、AArch64、x86_64 等）与多平台（不同 SoC / 板级）的支持增加，项目内部出现以下问题：
+1. arch 相关条件编译（`#[cfg(...)]`）在 axvm 与 axdevice 中大量散落，难以维护。
+2. 配置项（arch、平台、虚拟设备开关、内存/核数限制等）分布于：
+   - axvm（如启动参数、MMU/内存模型）
+   - axdevice（设备选择、初始化）
+   - axvmconfig / axvisor_api（跨 crate 传递结构）
+   造成信息路径割裂。
+3. 配置“流向”不清晰：谁定义 / 谁持有 / 谁消费不明确。
+4. 架构耦合阻碍复用：axvm、axdevice 难以在其他宿主或测试环境中独立使用（例如单元测试 / 模拟）。
+5. 虚拟设备在axdevice直接注册，造成配置需经过axvisor->axvm->axdevice，跨多个crate，重复传递。
+6. 架构感知逻辑与“功能逻辑”耦合，增加新增架构或改动现有策略的风险与成本。
+7. API接口不统一，同一个库中同时使用多种不同的接口风格，包括trait直接作为接口、axvisor-api外部函数和extern "C"函数。
+8. axvcpu本意是设计为抹除架构间vcpu差异，但实际是各架构差异较大，在这一层抹除差异造成接口过度复杂，无法根据特性优化。
+**vCPU核心功能差异：**
+
+| 功能特性 | ARM64 | x86_64 | RISC-V | 抽象复杂度 |
+|---------|-------|--------|--------|-----------|
+| **虚拟化扩展** | VHE/VNCR | VMX | H-extension | ⭐⭐⭐ |
+| **上下文切换** | EL2/EL1切换 | VMCS管理 | HSTATE管理 | ⭐⭐⭐ |
+| **异常处理** | Syndrome解析 | Exit Reason | Exit Cause | ⭐⭐ |
+| **内存管理** | Stage-2页表 | EPT/NPT | Sv-39页表 | ⭐⭐⭐ |
+| **寄存器模型** | 通用+系统寄存器 | 通用+MSR | 通用+CSR | ⭐⭐ |
+
+**虚拟中断控制器差异对比：**
+
+| 特性 | ARM vGIC | Intel APIC | RISC-V IMSIC | 接口统一难度 |
+|------|----------|------------|--------------|-------------|
+| **消息传递** | SGI/ID/PPI | LAPIC/IOAPIC | MSI | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
+| **路由机制** | Affinity/Target | Fixed/Lowest | AIA | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
+| **优先级** | 32级优先级 | 8级优先级 | 配置优先级 | ⭐⭐⭐ |
+| **虚拟化支持** | vGICv2/vGICv3 | APICv | IMSIC+HVIP | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
+| **配置接口** | Distributor | MSR访问 | MMIO访问 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
+
+
+![dependency-problems](architecture-old.png)
+
+
+## 2. 目标
+
+| 目标类别 | 目标描述 | 衡量指标 |
+|----------|----------|----------|
+| 架构解耦 | axvm、axdevice 不再直接包含 arch 特定条件编译 | arch 条件编译迁移到 axvisor |
+| 配置集中 | 所有外部可调配置集中在 axvisor | 单一入口（Configuration Root） |
+| 接口稳定 | axvm / axdevice 通过清晰 API 接收已解析配置 | API 文档化，函数/类型变更频率降低 |
+| 可测试性 | 可在无真实硬件 / 无特定 arch 条件下运行核心逻辑测试 | CI 引入“generic host” profile |
+| 可扩展性 | 支持新增 arch / 虚拟设备时最小化侵入 | 新增 arch 时仅修改 axvisor 层及少量 adapter |
+
+## 3. 优化方案
+
+![new-architecture](layout.svg)
+
+新的设计理念：从"vCPU层抹除差异"转变为"VM层抹除差异，vCPU求同存异"。核心相似功能抽象，架构特性独立，最小公约的函数组合，最终在VM层抹除架构差异
+
+### 单一配置源（Single Source of Truth）
+
+所有运行参数（arch、平台、设备编排、资源限制等）在 axvisor 中构建并冻结。
+
+### Arch 隔离, 模块化设计
+
+配置只“下行”到 axvm、axdevice；运行期状态可“上行”以供监控。
+
+循环依赖（crate-interface）被限制在 `axplat <-> axplat-dyn` 最小范围内。
+
+对 `arceos` 的依赖仅包括 `std` 兼容部分，以此使 `AxVisor` 本体和所有组件做到 OS 无关，后续可方便支持其他单内核甚至宏内核，微内核等不同宿主环境。
+
+`Arch` 专属代码集中于 `axvm::arch::*`。对于 `Arch` 相关的功能，通过 `axplat-dyn` 透传 `somehal` 的 `Arch` 实现，使得 `Arch` 相关功能限制在 `AxVm` 内部，避免其他组件产生对 `Arch` 的依赖。
+
+`common` 提供跨架构通用逻辑、模块与接口定义。
+
+每个架构实现其特定的 VCPU、内存模型、中断注入等，组合`common`中的模块，如 `device`、`addrspace` 等。最终通过 `trait ArchVm` 适配器暴露统一接口供上层调用。从而实现增加或修改某个架构时不影响其他架构。
+
+### 通过状态机管理虚拟机生命周期与资源分配
+
+- `AxVisor` 内核维护 `vmm` 容器，承载多个 `Vm` 实例。
+- `VmData` 记录基础信息（ID、Name）与状态机 `VmMachineState`。
+- `VmMachineState` 为枚举，涵盖状态数据：
+
+```rust
+pub enum VmMachineState {
+    Uninit(VmMachineUninit),
+    Inited(VmMachineInited),
+    Running(VmMachineRunning),
+    Switching,
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    Stopping(VmStatusStopping),
+    Stopped,
+}
+```
+
+确保不混淆相应状态的数据与行为。状态转换通过 `Switching` 中间态进行，用 `Switching` 换出前一状态，使数据所有权可以 `move` 到下一状态。
diff --git a/doc/changelog/v0.3.0/architecture-old.png b/doc/changelog/v0.3.0/architecture-old.png
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diff --git a/doc/changelog/v0.3.0/layout.dio b/doc/changelog/v0.3.0/layout.dio
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e841d6f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/changelog/v0.3.0/layout.dio
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align-items: unsafe flex-start; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 138px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1057px; margin-left: 101px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">Stopped</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="170" y="1069" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">Stopped</text></switch></g></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.drawio.com/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Text is not SVG - cannot display</text></a></switch></svg>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/old.drawio b/doc/old.drawio
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d64d1caf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/old.drawio
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/refactor-vm.dio b/doc/refactor-vm.dio
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52e72b39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/refactor-vm.dio
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
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"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">fn stop()<div>fn suspend()</div><div>fn is_running(): bool</div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="355" y="478" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">fn stop()...</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="260" y="500" width="190" height="66" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe flex-start; width: 180px; height: 1px; padding-top: 533px; margin-left: 266px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; 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text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 138px; height: 1px; padding-top: 435px; margin-left: 56px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">InitData</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="125" y="438" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">InitData</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="55" y="449" width="140" height="25" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 462px; margin-left: 60px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; max-height: 21px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">fn start()</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="125" y="465" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">fn start()</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="55" y="474" width="140" height="76" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe flex-start; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 512px; margin-left: 61px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: left; max-height: 72px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">config ...<div>vcpus: Vec&lt;VCpu&gt;</div><div><span style="color: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(237, 237, 237));">addrspace: Mutex&lt;&gt;</span></div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="61" y="516" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px">config ......</text></switch></g></g><g><path d="M 470 449 L 470 420 L 610 420 L 610 449" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(#ffffff, var(--ge-dark-color, #121212)); stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 470 449 L 470 499 L 610 499 L 610 449" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 470 449 L 610 449" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 138px; height: 1px; padding-top: 435px; margin-left: 471px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">StoppedData</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="438" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">StoppedData</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="470" y="449" width="140" height="25" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 462px; margin-left: 475px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; max-height: 21px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">&lt;&lt;&gt;&gt;</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="465" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">&lt;&lt;&gt;&gt;</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="470" y="474" width="140" height="25" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe flex-start; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 487px; margin-left: 476px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: left; max-height: 21px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">statistic ...</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="476" y="490" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px">statistic ...</text></switch></g></g><g><path d="M 22.82 611.69 L 39.23 399.97 Q 40 390 44.91 381.29 L 159.19 178.27" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="stroke" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 161.76 173.69 L 161.38 181.51 L 159.19 178.27 L 155.28 178.08 Z" fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255)); stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding-top: 437px; margin-left: 38px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; background-color: light-dark(#ffffff, var(--ge-dark-color, #121212)); white-space: nowrap; ">Weak</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="38" y="440" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="11px" text-anchor="middle">Weak</text></switch></g></g><g><path d="M 140 701.05 L 279.03 752.78" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 283.95 754.61 L 276.17 755.45 L 279.03 752.78 L 278.61 748.89 Z" fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255)); stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/></g><g><path d="M 0 639 L 0 610 L 140 610 L 140 639" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(#ffffff, var(--ge-dark-color, #121212)); stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 0 639 L 0 740 L 140 740 L 140 639" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 0 639 L 140 639" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 138px; height: 1px; padding-top: 625px; margin-left: 1px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">VCpu</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="70" y="628" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">VCpu</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="0" y="639" width="140" height="41" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 660px; margin-left: 5px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; max-height: 37px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">&lt;&lt;&gt;&gt;</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="70" y="663" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">&lt;&lt;&gt;&gt;</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="0" y="680" width="140" height="60" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe flex-start; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 710px; margin-left: 6px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: left; max-height: 56px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">data: Weak&lt;VmData&gt;<div>cpu: arch-vcpu</div><div>common: axvcpu</div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="6" y="714" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px">data: Weak&lt;VmData&gt;...</text></switch></g></g><g><path d="M 435 226.96 L 376.99 224.44" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 371.75 224.21 L 378.89 221.02 L 376.99 224.44 L 378.59 228.01 Z" fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255)); stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding-top: 226px; margin-left: 415px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; background-color: light-dark(#ffffff, var(--ge-dark-color, #121212)); white-space: nowrap; ">Arc</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="415" y="230" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="11px" text-anchor="middle">Arc</text></switch></g></g><g><path d="M 435 179 L 435 150 L 575 150 L 575 179" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(#ffffff, var(--ge-dark-color, #121212)); stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 435 179 L 435 310 L 575 310 L 575 179" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 435 179 L 575 179" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 138px; height: 1px; padding-top: 165px; margin-left: 436px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">Vm</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="505" y="168" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">Vm</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="435" y="179" width="140" height="61" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 210px; margin-left: 440px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; max-height: 57px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><div>fn start()</div>fn stop()<div>fn suspend()</div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="505" y="213" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">fn start()fn stop()...</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="435" y="240" width="140" height="70" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe flex-start; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 275px; margin-left: 441px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: left; max-height: 66px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">data: Arc&lt;VmData&gt;</span></div><div>image_loader</div><div>fdt</div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="441" y="279" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px">data: Arc&lt;VmData&gt;...</text></switch></g></g><g><path d="M 505 130 L 505 143.63" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 505 148.88 L 501.5 141.88 L 505 143.63 L 508.5 141.88 Z" fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255)); stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/></g><g><path d="M 435 29 L 435 0 L 575 0 L 575 29" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(#ffffff, var(--ge-dark-color, #121212)); stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 435 29 L 435 130 L 575 130 L 575 29" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 435 29 L 575 29" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 138px; height: 1px; padding-top: 15px; margin-left: 436px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">AxVisor</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="505" y="18" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">AxVisor</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="435" y="29" width="140" height="41" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 50px; margin-left: 440px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; max-height: 37px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">kernel</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="505" y="53" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">kernel</text></switch></g></g><g><rect x="435" y="70" width="140" height="60" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe flex-start; width: 130px; height: 1px; padding-top: 100px; margin-left: 441px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: left; max-height: 56px; overflow: hidden; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><div>config</div><div>shell</div><div>vms: Container&lt;Vm&gt;</div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="441" y="104" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px">config...</text></switch></g></g><g><path d="M 105.1 550 L 87.96 605.99" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 86.43 611.01 L 85.13 603.29 L 87.96 605.99 L 91.82 605.34 Z" fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255)); stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/></g><g><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/refactor.dio b/doc/refactor.dio
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de3bc28b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/refactor.dio
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diff --git a/doc/refactor.md b/doc/refactor.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db5eb80e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/refactor.md
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# AxVisor 架构继续分析
+
+## 原有架构
+
+![old](old.svg)
+
+1. 虚拟机需要大量 Arch 特定的虚拟化支持，而 axhal 统一了各 arch 接口，抹除了 arch 差异，导致每需要一个功能，都需要在 axhal 中添加对应 arch 的实现，而其他 arch 则需要添加空实现，增加了维护成本。
+
+2. 同样的，axvcpu 也统一了 各 arch 的 vcpu 接口，导致每增加一个 vcpu 功能，都需要在 axvcpu 中添加对应 arch 的实现，增加了维护成本。
+
+3. 全部组件依赖 `axvisor-api`, 任何组件想要使用其他组件的功能，都需要通过 `axvisor-api` 进行间接调用，而 arch 开发中，会增加 arch 相关的特有函数，这又需要在 axvcpu 或 axhal 中增加其他 arch 空实现，并修改 `axvisor-api`，进一步增加了 `axvisor-api` 修改的可能性，导致几乎任何修改，都需要修改 `axvisor-api`、`axhal`， 而修改 `axvisor-api`, `axhal`，则会导致修改所有依赖库，进而引发修改所有 `axplat` 等等几乎所有组件。
+
+## 重构后
+
+![new](refactor.svg)
+
+1. 将所有架构相关（arch-specific）的实现收敛到 AxVm 模块：由 AxVm 统一负责虚拟机生命周期管理，并对外提供一致的虚拟机管理接口。AxVm 内部按架构选择对应的 VCPU 实现与地址空间实现，避免 arch-specific 代码分散在各个模块中。各架构的 VM 也不再通过 axvcpu 抹平差异，而是直接调用 arch_vcpu；由 arch_vcpu 以各自方式实现/适配 axvcpu 的能力，从而复用通用逻辑，并允许每个 ArchVm 以自己的方式组合 vcpu、vdevice、addrspace 等组件。
+
+2. `axvisor-api` 改动：各模块不再直接依赖 `axvisor-api`，而是各自暴露最小必要接口，降低模块变更引发的全局联动修改。
+
+3. 对 ArceOS 的依赖：行为上仅依赖 `std` 部分；虚拟化相关的特有能力通过 crate-interface 或直接依赖 HAL 层实现，尽量避免对 ArceOS 做侵入式修改。
+
+## 深化设计axvm
+
+![axvm](refactor-vm.svg)
+
+### AxVm 内部设计
+
+如图所示，`AxVm` 通过状态机管理虚拟机生命周期与资源分配。
+
+1. **整体结构**：
+
+ - `AxVisor` 内核维护 `vms` 容器，承载多个 `Vm` 实例。
+ - `Vm` 持有静态配置（`image_loader`, `fdt`）以及共享的运行时数据 `VmData`（`Arc` 管理）。
+
+2. **状态管理 (`VmData`)**
+
+ - `VmData` 记录基础信息（ID、Name）与核心状态 `status: RWLock<VmMachine>`。
+ - `VmMachine` 为枚举，涵盖三种状态数据：
+   - **InitData**：配置、`vcpus: Vec<VCpu>`、`addrspace: Mutex<>`，启动前的准备态。
+   - **VmRunData**：`start()` 时将 `addrspace` 等从 InitData `move` 进来，初始化 `v-device-manager: Mutex<>`，提供 `stop()`, `suspend()`, `is_running()` 运行时接口。
+   - **StoppedData**：停止后保留统计信息 `statistic ...`。
+
+3. **VCPU 与线程模型**
+
+ - `VCpu` 同时包含架构相关 `arch-vcpu` 与通用 `axvcpu` 部分，持有指向 `VmData` 的 `Weak`，避免循环引用。
+ - 进入运行态后，为每个 vcpu 创建线程（Thread1/Thread2...），执行 `loop fn run()`；退出时走 `Stop(drop)` 路径释放资源。
+
+通过在状态间显式迁移资源（Move）并结合 `Arc/Weak` 引用控制，AxVm 将不同阶段的能力与数据隔离，降低跨模块耦合并确保生命周期安全。
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new file mode 100644
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text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 118px; height: 1px; padding-top: 650px; margin-left: 591px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; color: #000000; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;; color: light-dark(#000000, #ffffff); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; ">riscv<span style="color: light-dark(rgb(63, 63, 63), rgb(183, 183, 183)); background-color: transparent;">_vcpu</span></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="650" y="654" fill="light-dark(#000000, #ffffff)" font-family="&quot;Helvetica&quot;" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">riscv_vcpu</text></switch></g></g><g><path d="M 615 450 L 619.81 613.63" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke" style="stroke: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255));"/><path d="M 619.97 618.88 L 616.26 611.99 L 619.81 613.63 L 623.26 611.78 Z" fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all" style="fill: light-dark(rgb(0, 0, 0), rgb(255, 255, 255)); 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kernel/Cargo.toml b/kernel/Cargo.toml
index ea99ff32..e17fb82d 100644
--- a/kernel/Cargo.toml
+++ b/kernel/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,69 +3,49 @@ authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 name = "axvisor"
+version.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-ept-level-4 = ["axaddrspace/4-level-ept"]
-fs = ["axstd/fs", "axruntime/fs"]
-dyn-plat = ["axstd/myplat", "axstd/driver-dyn", "axruntime/driver-dyn"]
+dyn-plat = ["axstd/myplat", "axstd/driver-dyn"]
+fs = ["axstd/fs"]
 
 [dependencies]
+anyhow = {version = "1.0", default-features = false}
 bitflags.workspace = true
 cfg-if.workspace = true
 cpumask.workspace = true
 kernel_guard.workspace = true
 kspin = "0.1"
-lazy_static = {version = "1.5", default-features = false, features = ["spin_no_std"]}
 lazyinit = "0.2"
 log = "0.4"
-spin = "0.9"
 timer_list = "0.1.0"
+toml = {version = "0.9", default-features = false}
 
 # System dependent modules provided by ArceOS.
-axstd = {workspace = true, features = [
-  "alloc-level-1",
-  "paging",
-  "irq",
-  "multitask",
-  "smp",
-]}
+axstd.workspace = true
 
 # System dependent modules provided by ArceOS-Hypervisor.
-axaddrspace.workspace = true
 axhvc.workspace = true
-axruntime = {workspace = true, features = ["alloc", "irq", "paging", "smp", "multitask"]}
-axvcpu.workspace = true
 axvm.workspace = true
+axvmconfig = { workspace = true }
 
 # System independent crates provided by ArceOS, these crates could be imported by remote url. 
 axerrno.workspace = true
 byte-unit = {version = "5", default-features = false, features = ["byte"]}
-crate_interface.workspace = true
 extern-trait = "0.2"
-fdt-parser = "0.4"
 memory_addr.workspace = true
-page_table_entry = {version = "0.5", features = ["arm-el2"]}
-page_table_multiarch = "0.5"
-percpu = {version = "0.2", features = ["arm-el2"]}
-rdif-intc = "0.12"
-rdrive = "0.18"
-
-vm-fdt = {workspace = true, default-features = false, features = ["alloc"]}
-
-axdevice.workspace = true
-axdevice_base = "0.1"
-axvisor_api = "0.1"
 driver.workspace = true
+spin = "0.9"
 
+# axvm = { path = "../axvm" }
+# axvmconfig = { version = "0.1", default-features = false }
 
-[target.'cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")'.dependencies]
-aarch64-cpu-ext = "0.1"
-arm-gic-driver = {version = "0.15.5", features = ["rdif"]}
+lazy_static = {version = "1.5", default-features = false, features = ["spin_no_std"]}
 
 [build-dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0"
 axconfig.workspace = true
 prettyplease = "0.2"
 quote = "1.0"
 syn = "2.0"
 toml.workspace = true
-anyhow = "1.0"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kernel/src/hal/arch/aarch64/api.rs b/kernel/src/hal/arch/aarch64/api.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5071517d..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/hal/arch/aarch64/api.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-#[axvisor_api::api_mod_impl(axvisor_api::arch)]
-mod arch_api_impl {
-    use core::panic;
-
-    use axvisor_api::memory::virt_to_phys;
-
-    extern fn hardware_inject_virtual_interrupt(irq: axvisor_api::vmm::InterruptVector) {
-        crate::hal::arch::inject_interrupt(irq as _);
-    }
-
-    extern fn read_vgicd_typer() -> u32 {
-        let mut gic = rdrive::get_one::<rdif_intc::Intc>()
-            .expect("Failed to get GIC driver")
-            .lock()
-            .unwrap();
-        if let Some(gic) = gic.typed_mut::<arm_gic_driver::v2::Gic>() {
-            return gic.typer_raw();
-        }
-
-        if let Some(gic) = gic.typed_mut::<arm_gic_driver::v3::Gic>() {
-            // Use the GICv3 driver to read the typer register
-            return gic.typer_raw();
-        }
-        panic!("No GIC driver found");
-    }
-
-    extern fn read_vgicd_iidr() -> u32 {
-        // use axstd::os::arceos::modules::axhal::irq::MyVgic;
-        // MyVgic::get_gicd().lock().get_iidr()
-        let mut gic = rdrive::get_one::<rdif_intc::Intc>()
-            .expect("Failed to get GIC driver")
-            .lock()
-            .unwrap();
-        if let Some(gic) = gic.typed_mut::<arm_gic_driver::v2::Gic>() {
-            return gic.iidr_raw();
-        }
-
-        if let Some(gic) = gic.typed_mut::<arm_gic_driver::v3::Gic>() {
-            // Use the GICv3 driver to read the typer register
-            return gic.iidr_raw();
-        }
-
-        panic!("No GIC driver found");
-    }
-
-    extern fn get_host_gicd_base() -> memory_addr::PhysAddr {
-        let mut gic = rdrive::get_one::<rdif_intc::Intc>()
-            .expect("Failed to get GIC driver")
-            .lock()
-            .unwrap();
-        if let Some(gic) = gic.typed_mut::<arm_gic_driver::v2::Gic>() {
-            let ptr: *mut u8 = gic.gicd_addr().as_ptr();
-            return virt_to_phys((ptr as usize).into());
-        }
-
-        if let Some(gic) = gic.typed_mut::<arm_gic_driver::v3::Gic>() {
-            let ptr: *mut u8 = gic.gicd_addr().as_ptr();
-            // Use the GICv3 driver to read the typer register
-            return virt_to_phys((ptr as usize).into());
-        }
-        panic!("No GIC driver found");
-    }
-
-    extern fn get_host_gicr_base() -> memory_addr::PhysAddr {
-        let mut gic = rdrive::get_one::<rdif_intc::Intc>()
-            .expect("Failed to get GIC driver")
-            .lock()
-            .unwrap();
-        if let Some(gic) = gic.typed_mut::<arm_gic_driver::v3::Gic>() {
-            let ptr: *mut u8 = gic.gicr_addr().as_ptr();
-            return virt_to_phys((ptr as usize).into());
-        }
-        panic!("No GICv3 driver found");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/hal/arch/aarch64/cache.rs b/kernel/src/hal/arch/aarch64/cache.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 76ea085b..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/hal/arch/aarch64/cache.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-use memory_addr::VirtAddr;
-
-use crate::hal::CacheOp;
-
-impl From<CacheOp> for aarch64_cpu_ext::cache::CacheOp {
-    fn from(op: CacheOp) -> Self {
-        match op {
-            CacheOp::Clean => aarch64_cpu_ext::cache::CacheOp::Clean,
-            CacheOp::Invalidate => aarch64_cpu_ext::cache::CacheOp::Invalidate,
-            CacheOp::CleanAndInvalidate => aarch64_cpu_ext::cache::CacheOp::CleanAndInvalidate,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn dcache_range(op: CacheOp, addr: VirtAddr, size: usize) {
-    aarch64_cpu_ext::cache::dcache_range(op.into(), addr.as_usize(), size);
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/hal/arch/aarch64/mod.rs b/kernel/src/hal/arch/aarch64/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a312b5d..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/hal/arch/aarch64/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-use aarch64_cpu_ext::registers::*;
-
-mod api;
-pub mod cache;
-
-pub fn inject_interrupt(irq: usize) {
-    debug!("Injecting virtual interrupt: {irq}");
-
-    let mut gic = rdrive::get_one::<rdif_intc::Intc>()
-        .expect("Failed to get GIC driver")
-        .lock()
-        .unwrap();
-    if let Some(gic) = gic.typed_mut::<arm_gic_driver::v2::Gic>() {
-        use arm_gic_driver::{
-            IntId,
-            v2::{VirtualInterruptConfig, VirtualInterruptState},
-        };
-
-        let gich = gic.hypervisor_interface().expect("Failed to get GICH");
-        gich.enable();
-        gich.set_virtual_interrupt(
-            0,
-            VirtualInterruptConfig::software(
-                unsafe { IntId::raw(irq as _) },
-                None,
-                0,
-                VirtualInterruptState::Pending,
-                false,
-                true,
-            ),
-        );
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if let Some(_gic) = gic.typed_mut::<arm_gic_driver::v3::Gic>() {
-        inject_interrupt_gic_v3(irq as _);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    panic!("no gic driver found")
-}
-
-pub fn inject_interrupt_gic_v3(vector: usize) {
-    use arm_gic_driver::v3::*;
-
-    debug!("Injecting virtual interrupt: vector={vector}");
-    let elsr = ICH_ELRSR_EL2.read(ICH_ELRSR_EL2::STATUS);
-    let lr_num = ICH_VTR_EL2.read(ICH_VTR_EL2::LISTREGS) as usize + 1;
-
-    let mut free_lr = -1_isize;
-
-    // First, check if this interrupt is already pending/active
-    for i in 0..lr_num {
-        // find a free list register
-        if (1 << i) & elsr > 0 {
-            if free_lr == -1 {
-                free_lr = i as isize;
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-        let lr_val = ich_lr_el2_get(i);
-
-        if lr_val.read(ICH_LR_EL2::VINTID) == vector as u64
-            && lr_val.matches_any(&[ICH_LR_EL2::STATE::Pending, ICH_LR_EL2::STATE::Active])
-        {
-            debug!("Virtual interrupt {vector} already pending/active in LR{i}, skipping");
-            // If the interrupt is already pending or active, we can skip injecting it again.
-            // This is important to avoid duplicate injections.
-            continue;
-        }
-    }
-
-    debug!("use free lr {free_lr} to inject irq {vector}");
-
-    if free_lr == -1 {
-        warn!("No free list register to inject IRQ {vector}, checking ICH_HCR_EL2");
-
-        // Try to find and reuse an inactive LR
-        for i in 0..lr_num {
-            let lr_val = ich_lr_el2_get(i);
-            if lr_val.matches_any(&[ICH_LR_EL2::STATE::Invalid]) {
-                debug!("Reusing inactive LR{i} for IRQ {vector}");
-                free_lr = i as isize;
-
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if free_lr == -1 {
-            panic!("No free list register to inject IRQ {}", vector);
-        }
-    }
-
-    ich_lr_el2_write(
-        free_lr as _,
-        ICH_LR_EL2::VINTID.val(vector as u64) + ICH_LR_EL2::STATE::Pending + ICH_LR_EL2::GROUP::SET,
-    );
-
-    // Ensure the virtual interrupt interface is enabled
-    let en = ICH_HCR_EL2.is_set(ICH_HCR_EL2::EN);
-    if !en {
-        // Check EN bit
-        warn!("Virtual interrupt interface not enabled, enabling now");
-        ICH_HCR_EL2.modify(ICH_HCR_EL2::EN::SET);
-    }
-
-    debug!("Virtual interrupt {vector} injected successfully in LR{free_lr}");
-}
-
-pub fn hardware_check() {
-    let pa_bits = match ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1.read_as_enum(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1::PARange) {
-        Some(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1::PARange::Value::Bits_32) => 32,
-        Some(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1::PARange::Value::Bits_36) => 36,
-        Some(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1::PARange::Value::Bits_40) => 40,
-        Some(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1::PARange::Value::Bits_42) => 42,
-        Some(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1::PARange::Value::Bits_44) => 44,
-        Some(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1::PARange::Value::Bits_48) => 48,
-        Some(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1::PARange::Value::Bits_52) => 52,
-        _ => 32,
-    };
-
-    let level = match pa_bits {
-        44.. => 4,
-        _ => 3,
-    };
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "ept-level-4")]
-    {
-        if level < 4 {
-            panic!(
-                "4-level EPT feature is enabled, but the hardware only supports {}-level page tables. Please disable the 4-level EPT feature or use hardware that supports 4-level page tables.",
-                level
-            );
-        }
-    }
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "ept-level-4"))]
-    {
-        if level > 3 {
-            panic!(
-                "The hardware supports {}-level page tables, but the 4-level EPT feature is not enabled. Please enable the 4-level EPT feature to utilize the hardware's full capabilities.",
-                level
-            );
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/hal/arch/x86_64/cache.rs b/kernel/src/hal/arch/x86_64/cache.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a905a9d..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/hal/arch/x86_64/cache.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-use memory_addr::VirtAddr;
-
-use crate::hal::CacheOp;
-
-pub fn dcache_range(_op: CacheOp, _addr: VirtAddr, _size: usize) {}
diff --git a/kernel/src/hal/arch/x86_64/mod.rs b/kernel/src/hal/arch/x86_64/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ab92f90b..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/hal/arch/x86_64/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub mod cache;
-
-pub fn hardware_check() {}
-pub fn inject_interrupt(_vector: u8) {}
diff --git a/kernel/src/hal/mod.rs b/kernel/src/hal/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dc058723..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/hal/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-use std::os::arceos::{
-    self,
-    modules::{axhal::percpu::this_cpu_id, axtask},
-};
-
-use axerrno::{AxResult, ax_err_type};
-use memory_addr::PAGE_SIZE_4K;
-use page_table_multiarch::PagingHandler;
-
-use arceos::modules::axhal;
-use axaddrspace::{AxMmHal, HostPhysAddr, HostVirtAddr};
-use axvcpu::AxVCpuHal;
-use axvm::{AxVMHal, AxVMPerCpu};
-
-#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "aarch64", path = "arch/aarch64/mod.rs")]
-#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "x86_64", path = "arch/x86_64/mod.rs")]
-pub mod arch;
-
-use crate::{hal::arch::hardware_check, task::AsVCpuTask, vmm};
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum CacheOp {
-    /// Write back to memory
-    Clean,
-    /// Invalidate cache
-    Invalidate,
-    /// Clean and invalidate
-    CleanAndInvalidate,
-}
-
-/// Implementation for `AxVMHal` trait.
-pub struct AxVMHalImpl;
-
-impl AxVMHal for AxVMHalImpl {
-    type PagingHandler = axhal::paging::PagingHandlerImpl;
-
-    fn virt_to_phys(vaddr: HostVirtAddr) -> HostPhysAddr {
-        axhal::mem::virt_to_phys(vaddr)
-    }
-
-    fn current_time_nanos() -> u64 {
-        axhal::time::monotonic_time_nanos()
-    }
-
-    fn current_vm_id() -> usize {
-        axtask::current().as_vcpu_task().vm().id()
-    }
-
-    fn current_vcpu_id() -> usize {
-        axtask::current().as_vcpu_task().vcpu.id()
-    }
-
-    fn current_pcpu_id() -> usize {
-        axhal::percpu::this_cpu_id()
-    }
-
-    fn vcpu_resides_on(vm_id: usize, vcpu_id: usize) -> AxResult<usize> {
-        vmm::with_vcpu_task(vm_id, vcpu_id, |task| task.cpu_id() as usize)
-            .ok_or_else(|| ax_err_type!(NotFound))
-    }
-
-    fn inject_irq_to_vcpu(vm_id: usize, vcpu_id: usize, irq: usize) -> AxResult {
-        vmm::with_vm_and_vcpu_on_pcpu(vm_id, vcpu_id, move |_, vcpu| {
-            vcpu.inject_interrupt(irq).unwrap();
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct AxMmHalImpl;
-
-impl AxMmHal for AxMmHalImpl {
-    fn alloc_frame() -> Option<HostPhysAddr> {
-        <AxVMHalImpl as AxVMHal>::PagingHandler::alloc_frame()
-    }
-
-    fn dealloc_frame(paddr: HostPhysAddr) {
-        <AxVMHalImpl as AxVMHal>::PagingHandler::dealloc_frame(paddr)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn phys_to_virt(paddr: HostPhysAddr) -> HostVirtAddr {
-        <AxVMHalImpl as AxVMHal>::PagingHandler::phys_to_virt(paddr)
-    }
-
-    fn virt_to_phys(vaddr: axaddrspace::HostVirtAddr) -> axaddrspace::HostPhysAddr {
-        std::os::arceos::modules::axhal::mem::virt_to_phys(vaddr)
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct AxVCpuHalImpl;
-
-impl AxVCpuHal for AxVCpuHalImpl {
-    type MmHal = AxMmHalImpl;
-
-    fn irq_hanlder() {
-        axhal::irq::irq_handler(0);
-    }
-}
-
-#[percpu::def_percpu]
-static mut AXVM_PER_CPU: AxVMPerCpu<AxVCpuHalImpl> = AxVMPerCpu::<AxVCpuHalImpl>::new_uninit();
-
-/// Init hardware virtualization support in each core.
-pub(crate) fn enable_virtualization() {
-    use core::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
-    use core::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-
-    use std::thread;
-
-    use arceos::api::task::{AxCpuMask, ax_set_current_affinity};
-
-    static CORES: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
-
-    info!("Enabling hardware virtualization support on all cores...");
-
-    hardware_check();
-
-    let cpu_count = axruntime::cpu_count();
-
-    for cpu_id in 0..cpu_count {
-        thread::spawn(move || {
-            info!("Core {cpu_id} is initializing hardware virtualization support...");
-            // Initialize cpu affinity here.
-            assert!(
-                ax_set_current_affinity(AxCpuMask::one_shot(cpu_id)).is_ok(),
-                "Initialize CPU affinity failed!"
-            );
-
-            info!("Enabling hardware virtualization support on core {cpu_id}");
-
-            vmm::init_timer_percpu();
-
-            let percpu = unsafe { AXVM_PER_CPU.current_ref_mut_raw() };
-            percpu
-                .init(this_cpu_id())
-                .expect("Failed to initialize percpu state");
-            percpu
-                .hardware_enable()
-                .expect("Failed to enable virtualization");
-
-            info!("Hardware virtualization support enabled on core {cpu_id}");
-
-            let _ = CORES.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
-        });
-    }
-
-    info!("Waiting for all cores to enable hardware virtualization...");
-
-    // Wait for all cores to enable virtualization.
-    while CORES.load(Ordering::Acquire) != cpu_count {
-        // Use `yield_now` instead of `core::hint::spin_loop` to avoid deadlock.
-        thread::yield_now();
-    }
-
-    info!("All cores have enabled hardware virtualization support.");
-}
-
-#[axvisor_api::api_mod_impl(axvisor_api::memory)]
-mod memory_api_impl {
-    use core::{alloc::Layout, ptr::NonNull};
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    extern fn alloc_frame() -> Option<HostPhysAddr> {
-        <AxMmHalImpl as AxMmHal>::alloc_frame()
-    }
-
-    extern fn alloc_contiguous_frames(
-        num_frames: usize,
-        frame_align_pow2: usize,
-    ) -> Option<HostPhysAddr> {
-        arceos::modules::axalloc::global_allocator()
-            .alloc(
-                Layout::from_size_align(
-                    num_frames * PAGE_SIZE_4K,
-                    PAGE_SIZE_4K << frame_align_pow2,
-                )
-                .unwrap(),
-            )
-            // .alloc_pages(num_frames, PAGE_SIZE_4K << frame_align_pow2)
-            // .map(|vaddr| <AxMmHalImpl as AxMmHal>::virt_to_phys(vaddr.into()))
-            .map(|vaddr| HostPhysAddr::from(vaddr.as_ptr() as usize))
-            .ok()
-    }
-
-    extern fn dealloc_frame(paddr: HostPhysAddr) {
-        <AxMmHalImpl as AxMmHal>::dealloc_frame(paddr)
-    }
-
-    extern fn dealloc_contiguous_frames(paddr: HostPhysAddr, num_frames: usize) {
-        // arceos::modules::axalloc::global_allocator().dealloc_pages(paddr.as_usize(), num_frames);
-        arceos::modules::axalloc::global_allocator().dealloc(
-            unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(paddr.as_usize() as _) },
-            Layout::from_size_align(num_frames * PAGE_SIZE_4K, PAGE_SIZE_4K).unwrap(),
-        );
-    }
-
-    extern fn phys_to_virt(paddr: HostPhysAddr) -> HostVirtAddr {
-        <AxMmHalImpl as AxMmHal>::phys_to_virt(paddr)
-    }
-
-    extern fn virt_to_phys(vaddr: HostVirtAddr) -> HostPhysAddr {
-        <AxMmHalImpl as AxMmHal>::virt_to_phys(vaddr)
-    }
-}
-
-#[axvisor_api::api_mod_impl(axvisor_api::time)]
-mod time_api_impl {
-    use super::*;
-    use axvisor_api::time::{CancelToken, Nanos, Ticks, TimeValue};
-
-    extern fn current_ticks() -> Ticks {
-        axhal::time::current_ticks()
-    }
-
-    extern fn ticks_to_nanos(ticks: Ticks) -> Nanos {
-        axhal::time::ticks_to_nanos(ticks)
-    }
-
-    extern fn nanos_to_ticks(nanos: Nanos) -> Ticks {
-        axhal::time::nanos_to_ticks(nanos)
-    }
-
-    extern fn register_timer(
-        deadline: TimeValue,
-        handler: alloc::boxed::Box<dyn FnOnce(TimeValue) + Send + 'static>,
-    ) -> CancelToken {
-        vmm::timer::register_timer(deadline.as_nanos() as u64, handler)
-    }
-
-    extern fn cancel_timer(token: CancelToken) {
-        vmm::timer::cancel_timer(token)
-    }
-}
-
-#[axvisor_api::api_mod_impl(axvisor_api::vmm)]
-mod vmm_api_impl {
-    use super::*;
-    use axvisor_api::vmm::{InterruptVector, VCpuId, VMId};
-
-    extern fn current_vm_id() -> usize {
-        <AxVMHalImpl as AxVMHal>::current_vm_id()
-    }
-
-    extern fn current_vcpu_id() -> usize {
-        <AxVMHalImpl as AxVMHal>::current_vcpu_id()
-    }
-
-    extern fn vcpu_num(vm_id: VMId) -> Option<usize> {
-        vmm::with_vm(vm_id, |vm| vm.vcpu_num())
-    }
-
-    extern fn active_vcpus(_vm_id: VMId) -> Option<usize> {
-        todo!("active_vcpus")
-    }
-
-    extern fn inject_interrupt(vm_id: VMId, vcpu_id: VCpuId, vector: InterruptVector) {
-        <AxVMHalImpl as AxVMHal>::inject_irq_to_vcpu(vm_id, vcpu_id, vector as usize).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    extern fn notify_vcpu_timer_expired(_vm_id: VMId, _vcpu_id: VCpuId) {
-        todo!("notify_vcpu_timer_expired")
-        // vmm::timer::notify_timer_expired(vm_id, vcpu_id);
-    }
-}
-
-#[axvisor_api::api_mod_impl(axvisor_api::host)]
-mod host_api_impl {
-    extern fn get_host_cpu_num() -> usize {
-        // std::os::arceos::modules::axconfig::plat::CPU_NUM
-        axruntime::cpu_count()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/main.rs b/kernel/src/main.rs
index cd4f078e..7763600f 100644
--- a/kernel/src/main.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/main.rs
@@ -4,32 +4,37 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
 
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate alloc;
 
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+#[macro_use]
 extern crate axstd as std;
-
-extern crate axruntime;
 extern crate driver;
 
-mod hal;
+// extern crate axruntime;
+
 mod logo;
 mod shell;
 mod task;
 mod vmm;
 
+pub use shell::*;
+pub use vmm::*;
+
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 fn main() {
     logo::print_logo();
 
     info!("Starting virtualization...");
-    info!("Hardware support: {:?}", axvm::has_hardware_support());
-    hal::enable_virtualization();
+    // info!("Hardware support: {:?}", axvm::has_hardware_support());
 
     vmm::init();
-    vmm::start();
+    vmm::start_preconfigured_vms().unwrap();
 
     info!("[OK] Default guest initialized");
-
+    vmm::wait_for_all_vms_exit();
+    info!("All guest VMs exited.");
     shell::console_init();
 }
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/command/mod.rs b/kernel/src/shell/command/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 954a20bf..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/shell/command/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,566 +0,0 @@
-mod base;
-mod history;
-mod vm;
-
-pub use base::*;
-pub use history::*;
-pub use vm::*;
-
-use std::io::prelude::*;
-use std::string::String;
-use std::vec::Vec;
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, string::ToString};
-use std::{print, println};
-
-lazy_static::lazy_static! {
-    pub static ref COMMAND_TREE: BTreeMap<String, CommandNode> = build_command_tree();
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct CommandNode {
-    handler: Option<fn(&ParsedCommand)>,
-    subcommands: BTreeMap<String, CommandNode>,
-    description: &'static str,
-    usage: Option<&'static str>,
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    log_level: log::LevelFilter,
-    options: Vec<OptionDef>,
-    flags: Vec<FlagDef>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct OptionDef {
-    name: &'static str,
-    short: Option<char>,
-    long: Option<&'static str>,
-    description: &'static str,
-    required: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct FlagDef {
-    name: &'static str,
-    short: Option<char>,
-    long: Option<&'static str>,
-    description: &'static str,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct ParsedCommand {
-    pub command_path: Vec<String>,
-    pub options: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-    pub flags: BTreeMap<String, bool>,
-    pub positional_args: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum ParseError {
-    UnknownCommand(String),
-    UnknownOption(String),
-    MissingValue(String),
-    MissingRequiredOption(String),
-    NoHandler(String),
-}
-
-impl CommandNode {
-    pub fn new(description: &'static str) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            handler: None,
-            subcommands: BTreeMap::new(),
-            description,
-            usage: None,
-            log_level: log::LevelFilter::Off,
-            options: Vec::new(),
-            flags: Vec::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_handler(mut self, handler: fn(&ParsedCommand)) -> Self {
-        self.handler = Some(handler);
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_usage(mut self, usage: &'static str) -> Self {
-        self.usage = Some(usage);
-        self
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn with_log_level(mut self, level: log::LevelFilter) -> Self {
-        self.log_level = level;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_option(mut self, option: OptionDef) -> Self {
-        self.options.push(option);
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_flag(mut self, flag: FlagDef) -> Self {
-        self.flags.push(flag);
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_subcommand<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S, node: CommandNode) -> Self {
-        self.subcommands.insert(name.into(), node);
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl OptionDef {
-    pub fn new(name: &'static str, description: &'static str) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name,
-            short: None,
-            long: None,
-            description,
-            required: false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn with_short(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
-        self.short = Some(short);
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_long(mut self, long: &'static str) -> Self {
-        self.long = Some(long);
-        self
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn required(mut self) -> Self {
-        self.required = true;
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl FlagDef {
-    pub fn new(name: &'static str, description: &'static str) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name,
-            short: None,
-            long: None,
-            description,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_short(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
-        self.short = Some(short);
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_long(mut self, long: &'static str) -> Self {
-        self.long = Some(long);
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-// Command Parser
-pub struct CommandParser;
-
-impl CommandParser {
-    pub fn parse(input: &str) -> Result<ParsedCommand, ParseError> {
-        let tokens = Self::tokenize(input);
-        if tokens.is_empty() {
-            return Err(ParseError::UnknownCommand("empty command".to_string()));
-        }
-
-        // Find the command path
-        let (command_path, command_node, remaining_tokens) = Self::find_command(&tokens)?;
-
-        // Parse the arguments
-        let (options, flags, positional_args) = Self::parse_args(remaining_tokens, command_node)?;
-
-        // Validate required options
-        Self::validate_required_options(command_node, &options)?;
-
-        Ok(ParsedCommand {
-            command_path,
-            options,
-            flags,
-            positional_args,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn tokenize(input: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-        let mut tokens = Vec::new();
-        let mut current_token = String::new();
-        let mut in_quotes = false;
-        let mut escape_next = false;
-
-        for ch in input.chars() {
-            if escape_next {
-                current_token.push(ch);
-                escape_next = false;
-            } else if ch == '\\' {
-                escape_next = true;
-            } else if ch == '"' {
-                in_quotes = !in_quotes;
-            } else if ch.is_whitespace() && !in_quotes {
-                if !current_token.is_empty() {
-                    tokens.push(current_token.clone());
-                    current_token.clear();
-                }
-            } else {
-                current_token.push(ch);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if !current_token.is_empty() {
-            tokens.push(current_token);
-        }
-
-        tokens
-    }
-
-    fn find_command(
-        tokens: &[String],
-    ) -> Result<(Vec<String>, &CommandNode, &[String]), ParseError> {
-        let mut current_node = COMMAND_TREE
-            .get(&tokens[0])
-            .ok_or_else(|| ParseError::UnknownCommand(tokens[0].clone()))?;
-
-        let mut command_path = vec![tokens[0].clone()];
-        let mut token_index = 1;
-
-        // Traverse to find the deepest command node
-        while token_index < tokens.len() {
-            if let Some(subcommand) = current_node.subcommands.get(&tokens[token_index]) {
-                current_node = subcommand;
-                command_path.push(tokens[token_index].clone());
-                token_index += 1;
-            } else {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok((command_path, current_node, &tokens[token_index..]))
-    }
-
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    fn parse_args(
-        tokens: &[String],
-        command_node: &CommandNode,
-    ) -> Result<
-        (
-            BTreeMap<String, String>,
-            BTreeMap<String, bool>,
-            Vec<String>,
-        ),
-        ParseError,
-    > {
-        let mut options = BTreeMap::new();
-        let mut flags = BTreeMap::new();
-        let mut positional_args = Vec::new();
-        let mut i = 0;
-
-        while i < tokens.len() {
-            let token = &tokens[i];
-
-            if let Some(name) = token.strip_prefix("--") {
-                // Long options/flags
-                if let Some(eq_pos) = name.find('=') {
-                    // --option=value format
-                    let (opt_name, value) = name.split_at(eq_pos);
-                    let value = &value[1..]; // Skip '='
-                    if Self::is_option(opt_name, command_node) {
-                        options.insert(opt_name.to_string(), value.to_string());
-                    } else {
-                        return Err(ParseError::UnknownOption(format!("--{opt_name}")));
-                    }
-                } else if Self::is_flag(name, command_node) {
-                    flags.insert(name.to_string(), true);
-                } else if Self::is_option(name, command_node) {
-                    // --option value format
-                    if i + 1 >= tokens.len() {
-                        return Err(ParseError::MissingValue(format!("--{name}")));
-                    }
-                    options.insert(name.to_string(), tokens[i + 1].clone());
-                    i += 1; // Skip value
-                } else {
-                    return Err(ParseError::UnknownOption(format!("--{name}")));
-                }
-            } else if token.starts_with('-') && token.len() > 1 {
-                // Short options/flags
-                let chars: Vec<char> = token[1..].chars().collect();
-                for (j, &ch) in chars.iter().enumerate() {
-                    if Self::is_short_flag(ch, command_node) {
-                        flags.insert(
-                            Self::get_flag_name_by_short(ch, command_node)
-                                .unwrap()
-                                .to_string(),
-                            true,
-                        );
-                    } else if Self::is_short_option(ch, command_node) {
-                        let opt_name = Self::get_option_name_by_short(ch, command_node).unwrap();
-                        if j == chars.len() - 1 && i + 1 < tokens.len() {
-                            // Last character and there is a next token as value
-                            options.insert(opt_name.to_string(), tokens[i + 1].clone());
-                            i += 1; // Skip value
-                        } else {
-                            return Err(ParseError::MissingValue(format!("-{ch}")));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        return Err(ParseError::UnknownOption(format!("-{ch}")));
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                // Positional arguments
-                positional_args.push(token.clone());
-            }
-            i += 1;
-        }
-
-        Ok((options, flags, positional_args))
-    }
-
-    fn is_option(name: &str, node: &CommandNode) -> bool {
-        node.options
-            .iter()
-            .any(|opt| (opt.long == Some(name)) || opt.name == name)
-    }
-
-    fn is_flag(name: &str, node: &CommandNode) -> bool {
-        node.flags
-            .iter()
-            .any(|flag| (flag.long == Some(name)) || flag.name == name)
-    }
-
-    fn is_short_option(ch: char, node: &CommandNode) -> bool {
-        node.options.iter().any(|opt| opt.short == Some(ch))
-    }
-
-    fn is_short_flag(ch: char, node: &CommandNode) -> bool {
-        node.flags.iter().any(|flag| flag.short == Some(ch))
-    }
-
-    fn get_option_name_by_short(ch: char, node: &CommandNode) -> Option<&str> {
-        node.options
-            .iter()
-            .find(|opt| opt.short == Some(ch))
-            .map(|opt| opt.name)
-    }
-
-    fn get_flag_name_by_short(ch: char, node: &CommandNode) -> Option<&str> {
-        node.flags
-            .iter()
-            .find(|flag| flag.short == Some(ch))
-            .map(|flag| flag.name)
-    }
-
-    fn validate_required_options(
-        node: &CommandNode,
-        options: &BTreeMap<String, String>,
-    ) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
-        for option in &node.options {
-            if option.required && !options.contains_key(option.name) {
-                return Err(ParseError::MissingRequiredOption(option.name.to_string()));
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-// Command execution function
-pub fn execute_command(input: &str) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
-    let parsed = CommandParser::parse(input)?;
-
-    // Find the corresponding command node
-    let mut current_node = COMMAND_TREE.get(&parsed.command_path[0]).unwrap();
-    for cmd in &parsed.command_path[1..] {
-        current_node = current_node.subcommands.get(cmd).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    // Execute the command
-    if let Some(handler) = current_node.handler {
-        handler(&parsed);
-        Ok(())
-    } else {
-        Err(ParseError::NoHandler(parsed.command_path.join(" ")))
-    }
-}
-
-// Build command tree
-fn build_command_tree() -> BTreeMap<String, CommandNode> {
-    let mut tree = BTreeMap::new();
-
-    build_base_cmd(&mut tree);
-    build_vm_cmd(&mut tree);
-
-    tree
-}
-
-// Helper function: Display command help
-pub fn show_help(command_path: &[String]) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
-    let mut current_node = COMMAND_TREE
-        .get(&command_path[0])
-        .ok_or_else(|| ParseError::UnknownCommand(command_path[0].clone()))?;
-
-    for cmd in &command_path[1..] {
-        current_node = current_node
-            .subcommands
-            .get(cmd)
-            .ok_or_else(|| ParseError::UnknownCommand(cmd.clone()))?;
-    }
-
-    println!("Command: {}", command_path.join(" "));
-    println!("Description: {}", current_node.description);
-
-    if let Some(usage) = current_node.usage {
-        println!("Usage: {}", usage);
-    }
-
-    if !current_node.options.is_empty() {
-        println!("\nOptions:");
-        for option in &current_node.options {
-            let mut opt_str = String::new();
-            if let Some(short) = option.short {
-                opt_str.push_str(&format!("-{short}"));
-            }
-            if let Some(long) = option.long {
-                if !opt_str.is_empty() {
-                    opt_str.push_str(", ");
-                }
-                opt_str.push_str(&format!("--{long}"));
-            }
-            if opt_str.is_empty() {
-                opt_str = option.name.to_string();
-            }
-
-            let required_str = if option.required { " (required)" } else { "" };
-            println!("  {:<20} {}{}", opt_str, option.description, required_str);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if !current_node.flags.is_empty() {
-        println!("\nFlags:");
-        for flag in &current_node.flags {
-            let mut flag_str = String::new();
-            if let Some(short) = flag.short {
-                flag_str.push_str(&format!("-{short}"));
-            }
-            if let Some(long) = flag.long {
-                if !flag_str.is_empty() {
-                    flag_str.push_str(", ");
-                }
-                flag_str.push_str(&format!("--{long}"));
-            }
-            if flag_str.is_empty() {
-                flag_str = flag.name.to_string();
-            }
-
-            println!("  {:<20} {}", flag_str, flag.description);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if !current_node.subcommands.is_empty() {
-        println!("\nSubcommands:");
-        for (name, node) in &current_node.subcommands {
-            println!("  {:<20} {}", name, node.description);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn print_prompt() {
-    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-    print!("axvisor:{}$ ", std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
-    print!("axvisor:$ ");
-    std::io::stdout().flush().unwrap();
-}
-
-pub fn run_cmd_bytes(cmd_bytes: &[u8]) {
-    match str::from_utf8(cmd_bytes) {
-        Ok(cmd_str) => {
-            let trimmed = cmd_str.trim();
-            if trimmed.is_empty() {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            match execute_command(trimmed) {
-                Ok(_) => {
-                    // Command executed successfully
-                }
-                Err(ParseError::UnknownCommand(cmd)) => {
-                    println!("Error: Unknown command '{}'", cmd);
-                    println!("Type 'help' to see available commands");
-                }
-                Err(ParseError::UnknownOption(opt)) => {
-                    println!("Error: Unknown option '{}'", opt);
-                }
-                Err(ParseError::MissingValue(opt)) => {
-                    println!("Error: Option '{}' is missing a value", opt);
-                }
-                Err(ParseError::MissingRequiredOption(opt)) => {
-                    println!("Error: Missing required option '{}'", opt);
-                }
-                Err(ParseError::NoHandler(cmd)) => {
-                    println!("Error: Command '{}' has no handler function", cmd);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Err(_) => {
-            println!("Error: Input contains invalid UTF-8 characters");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Built-in command handler
-pub fn handle_builtin_commands(input: &str) -> bool {
-    match input.trim() {
-        "help" => {
-            show_available_commands();
-            true
-        }
-        "exit" | "quit" => {
-            println!("Goodbye!");
-            std::process::exit(0);
-        }
-        "clear" => {
-            print!("\x1b[2J\x1b[H"); // ANSI clear screen sequence
-            std::io::stdout().flush().unwrap();
-            true
-        }
-        _ if input.starts_with("help ") => {
-            let cmd_parts: Vec<String> = input[5..]
-                .split_whitespace()
-                .map(|s| s.to_string())
-                .collect();
-            if let Err(e) = show_help(&cmd_parts) {
-                println!("Error: {:?}", e);
-            }
-            true
-        }
-        _ => false,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn show_available_commands() {
-    println!("ArceOS Shell - Available Commands:");
-    println!();
-
-    // Display all top-level commands
-    for (name, node) in COMMAND_TREE.iter() {
-        println!("  {:<15} {}", name, node.description);
-
-        // Display subcommands
-        if !node.subcommands.is_empty() {
-            for (sub_name, sub_node) in &node.subcommands {
-                println!("    {:<13} {}", sub_name, sub_node.description);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    println!();
-    println!("Built-in Commands:");
-    println!("  help            Show help information");
-    println!("  help <command>  Show help for a specific command");
-    println!("  clear           Clear the screen");
-    println!("  exit/quit       Exit the shell");
-    println!();
-    println!("Tip: Use 'help <command>' to see detailed usage of a command");
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/command/vm.rs b/kernel/src/shell/command/vm.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c54fe2e6..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/shell/command/vm.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1399 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::btree_map::BTreeMap,
-    println,
-    string::{String, ToString},
-    vec::Vec,
-};
-
-use axvm::VMStatus;
-#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-use std::fs::read_to_string;
-
-use crate::{
-    shell::command::{CommandNode, FlagDef, OptionDef, ParsedCommand},
-    vmm::{add_running_vm_count, vcpus, vm_list, with_vm},
-};
-
-/// Check if a VM can transition to Running state.
-/// Returns Ok(()) if the transition is valid, Err with a message otherwise.
-fn can_start_vm(status: VMStatus) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
-    match status {
-        VMStatus::Loaded | VMStatus::Stopped => Ok(()),
-        VMStatus::Running => Err("VM is already running"),
-        VMStatus::Suspended => Err("VM is suspended, use 'vm resume' instead"),
-        VMStatus::Stopping => Err("VM is stopping, wait for it to fully stop"),
-        VMStatus::Loading => Err("VM is still loading"),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Check if a VM can transition to Stopping state.
-/// Returns Ok(()) if the transition is valid, Err with a message otherwise.
-fn can_stop_vm(status: VMStatus, force: bool) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
-    match status {
-        VMStatus::Running | VMStatus::Suspended => Ok(()),
-        VMStatus::Stopping => {
-            if force {
-                Ok(())
-            } else {
-                Err("VM is already stopping")
-            }
-        }
-        VMStatus::Stopped => Err("VM is already stopped"),
-        VMStatus::Loading | VMStatus::Loaded => Ok(()), // Allow stopping VMs in these states
-    }
-}
-
-/// Check if a VM can be suspended.
-fn can_suspend_vm(status: VMStatus) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
-    match status {
-        VMStatus::Running => Ok(()),
-        VMStatus::Suspended => Err("VM is already suspended"),
-        VMStatus::Stopped => Err("VM is stopped, cannot suspend"),
-        VMStatus::Stopping => Err("VM is stopping, cannot suspend"),
-        VMStatus::Loading => Err("VM is loading, cannot suspend"),
-        VMStatus::Loaded => Err("VM is not running, cannot suspend"),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Check if a VM can be resumed.
-fn can_resume_vm(status: VMStatus) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
-    match status {
-        VMStatus::Suspended => Ok(()),
-        VMStatus::Running => Err("VM is already running"),
-        VMStatus::Stopped => Err("VM is stopped, use 'vm start' instead"),
-        VMStatus::Stopping => Err("VM is stopping, cannot resume"),
-        VMStatus::Loading => Err("VM is loading, cannot resume"),
-        VMStatus::Loaded => Err("VM is not started yet, use 'vm start' instead"),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Format memory size in a human-readable way.
-fn format_memory_size(bytes: usize) -> String {
-    if bytes < 1024 {
-        format!("{}B", bytes)
-    } else if bytes < 1024 * 1024 {
-        format!("{}KB", bytes / 1024)
-    } else if bytes < 1024 * 1024 * 1024 {
-        format!("{}MB", bytes / (1024 * 1024))
-    } else {
-        format!("{}GB", bytes / (1024 * 1024 * 1024))
-    }
-}
-
-// ============================================================================
-// Command Handlers
-// ============================================================================
-
-fn vm_help(_cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    println!("VM - virtual machine management");
-    println!();
-    println!("Most commonly used vm commands:");
-    println!("  create    Create a new virtual machine");
-    println!("  start     Start a virtual machine");
-    println!("  stop      Stop a virtual machine");
-    println!("  suspend   Suspend (pause) a running virtual machine");
-    println!("  resume    Resume a suspended virtual machine");
-    println!("  restart   Restart a virtual machine");
-    println!("  delete    Delete a virtual machine");
-    println!();
-    println!("Information commands:");
-    println!("  list      Show table of all VMs");
-    println!("  show      Show VM details (requires VM_ID)");
-    println!("            - Default: basic information");
-    println!("            - --full: complete detailed information");
-    println!("            - --config: show configuration");
-    println!("            - --stats: show statistics");
-    println!();
-    println!("Use 'vm <command> --help' for more information on a specific command.");
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-fn vm_create(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-
-    println!("Positional args: {:?}", args);
-
-    if args.is_empty() {
-        println!("Error: No VM configuration file specified");
-        println!("Usage: vm create [CONFIG_FILE]");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let initial_vm_count = vm_list::get_vm_list().len();
-
-    for config_path in args.iter() {
-        println!("Creating VM from config: {}", config_path);
-
-        use crate::vmm::config::init_guest_vm;
-        match read_to_string(config_path) {
-            Ok(raw_cfg) => match init_guest_vm(&raw_cfg) {
-                Ok(vm_id) => {
-                    println!(
-                        "✓ Successfully created VM[{}] from config: {}",
-                        vm_id, config_path
-                    );
-                }
-                Err(_) => {
-                    println!(
-                        "✗ Failed to create VM from {}: Configuration error or panic occurred",
-                        config_path
-                    );
-                }
-            },
-            Err(e) => {
-                println!("✗ Failed to read config file {}: {:?}", config_path, e);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Check the actual number of VMs created
-    let final_vm_count = vm_list::get_vm_list().len();
-    let created_count = final_vm_count - initial_vm_count;
-
-    if created_count > 0 {
-        println!("Successfully created {} VM(s)", created_count);
-        println!("Use 'vm start <VM_ID>' to start the created VMs.");
-    } else {
-        println!("No VMs were created.");
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-fn vm_start(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-    let detach = cmd.flags.get("detach").unwrap_or(&false);
-
-    if args.is_empty() {
-        // start all VMs
-        info!("VMM starting, booting all VMs...");
-        let mut started_count = 0;
-
-        for vm in vm_list::get_vm_list() {
-            // Check current status before starting
-            let status: VMStatus = vm.vm_status();
-            if status == VMStatus::Running {
-                println!("⚠ VM[{}] is already running, skipping", vm.id());
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if status != VMStatus::Loaded && status != VMStatus::Stopped {
-                println!("⚠ VM[{}] is in {:?} state, cannot start", vm.id(), status);
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if let Err(e) = start_single_vm(vm.clone()) {
-                println!("✗ VM[{}] failed to start: {:?}", vm.id(), e);
-            } else {
-                println!("✓ VM[{}] started successfully", vm.id());
-                started_count += 1;
-            }
-        }
-        println!("Started {} VM(s)", started_count);
-    } else {
-        // Start specified VMs
-        for vm_name in args {
-            // Try to parse as VM ID or lookup VM name
-            if let Ok(vm_id) = vm_name.parse::<usize>() {
-                start_vm_by_id(vm_id);
-            } else {
-                println!("Error: VM name lookup not implemented. Use VM ID instead.");
-                println!("Available VMs:");
-                vm_list_simple();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if *detach {
-        println!("VMs started in background mode");
-    }
-}
-
-/// Start a single VM by setting up vCPUs and calling boot.
-/// Returns Ok(()) if successful, Err otherwise.
-fn start_single_vm(vm: crate::vmm::VMRef) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
-    let vm_id = vm.id();
-    let status = vm.vm_status();
-
-    // Validate state transition using helper function
-    can_start_vm(status)?;
-
-    // Set up primary virtual CPU before starting
-    vcpus::setup_vm_primary_vcpu(vm.clone());
-
-    // Boot the VM
-    match vm.boot() {
-        Ok(_) => {
-            // Transition to Running state and notify the primary VCpu
-            // Note: Since the VCpu task is created directly in the wait queue (blocked state),
-            // we can immediately notify it without waiting for it to be scheduled first.
-            vcpus::notify_primary_vcpu(vm_id);
-            add_running_vm_count(1);
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        Err(err) => {
-            // Revert status on failure
-            error!("Failed to boot VM[{}]: {:?}", vm_id, err);
-            Err("Failed to boot VM")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn start_vm_by_id(vm_id: usize) {
-    match with_vm(vm_id, |vm| start_single_vm(vm.clone())) {
-        Some(Ok(_)) => {
-            println!("✓ VM[{}] started successfully", vm_id);
-        }
-        Some(Err(err)) => {
-            println!("✗ VM[{}] failed to start: {}", vm_id, err);
-        }
-        None => {
-            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn vm_stop(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-    let force = cmd.flags.get("force").unwrap_or(&false);
-
-    if args.is_empty() {
-        println!("Error: No VM specified");
-        println!("Usage: vm stop [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    for vm_name in args {
-        if let Ok(vm_id) = vm_name.parse::<usize>() {
-            stop_vm_by_id(vm_id, *force);
-        } else {
-            println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", vm_name);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn stop_vm_by_id(vm_id: usize, force: bool) {
-    match with_vm(vm_id, |vm| {
-        let status = vm.vm_status();
-
-        // Validate state transition using helper function
-        if let Err(err) = can_stop_vm(status, force) {
-            println!("⚠ VM[{}] {}", vm_id, err);
-            return Err(err);
-        }
-
-        // Print appropriate message based on status
-        match status {
-            VMStatus::Stopping if force => {
-                println!("Force stopping VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-            }
-            VMStatus::Running => {
-                if force {
-                    println!("Force stopping VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-                } else {
-                    println!("Gracefully stopping VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-                }
-            }
-            VMStatus::Loading | VMStatus::Loaded => {
-                println!(
-                    "⚠ VM[{}] is in {:?} state, stopping anyway...",
-                    vm_id, status
-                );
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-
-        // Call shutdown
-        match vm.shutdown() {
-            Ok(_) => Ok(()),
-            Err(_err) => {
-                // Revert status on failure
-                Err("Failed to shutdown VM")
-            }
-        }
-    }) {
-        Some(Ok(_)) => {
-            println!("✓ VM[{}] stop signal sent successfully", vm_id);
-            println!(
-                "  Note: vCPU threads will exit gracefully, VM status will transition to Stopped"
-            );
-        }
-        Some(Err(err)) => {
-            println!("✗ Failed to stop VM[{}]: {:?}", vm_id, err);
-        }
-        None => {
-            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Restart a VM by stopping it (if running) and then starting it again.(functionality incomplete)
-fn vm_restart(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-    let force = cmd.flags.get("force").unwrap_or(&false);
-
-    if args.is_empty() {
-        println!("Error: No VM specified");
-        println!("Usage: vm restart [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    for vm_name in args {
-        if let Ok(vm_id) = vm_name.parse::<usize>() {
-            restart_vm_by_id(vm_id, *force);
-        } else {
-            println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", vm_name);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn restart_vm_by_id(vm_id: usize, force: bool) {
-    println!("Restarting VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-
-    // Check current status
-    let current_status = with_vm(vm_id, |vm| vm.vm_status());
-    if current_status.is_none() {
-        println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let status = current_status.unwrap();
-    match status {
-        VMStatus::Stopped | VMStatus::Loaded => {
-            // VM is already stopped, just start it
-            println!("VM[{}] is already stopped, starting...", vm_id);
-            start_vm_by_id(vm_id);
-        }
-        VMStatus::Suspended | VMStatus::Running => {
-            // Stop the VM (this will wake up suspended VCpus automatically)
-            println!("Stopping VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-            stop_vm_by_id(vm_id, force);
-
-            // Wait for VM to fully stop
-            println!("Waiting for VM[{}] to stop completely...", vm_id);
-            let max_wait_iterations = 50; // 5 seconds timeout (50 * 100ms)
-            let mut iterations = 0;
-
-            loop {
-                if let Some(vm_status) = with_vm(vm_id, |vm| vm.vm_status()) {
-                    match vm_status {
-                        VMStatus::Stopped => {
-                            println!("✓ VM[{}] stopped successfully", vm_id);
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        VMStatus::Stopping => {
-                            // Still stopping, wait a bit
-                            iterations += 1;
-                            if iterations >= max_wait_iterations {
-                                println!(
-                                    "⚠ VM[{}] stop timeout, it may still be shutting down",
-                                    vm_id
-                                );
-                                println!("  Use 'vm status {}' to check status manually", vm_id);
-                                return;
-                            }
-                            // Sleep for 100ms
-                            std::os::arceos::modules::axhal::time::busy_wait(
-                                core::time::Duration::from_millis(100),
-                            );
-                        }
-                        _ => {
-                            println!("⚠ VM[{}] in unexpected state: {:?}", vm_id, vm_status);
-                            return;
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    println!("✗ VM[{}] no longer exists", vm_id);
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Now restart the VM
-            println!("Starting VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-            start_vm_by_id(vm_id);
-        }
-        VMStatus::Stopping => {
-            if force {
-                println!(
-                    "⚠ VM[{}] is currently stopping, waiting for shutdown to complete...",
-                    vm_id
-                );
-                // Could implement similar wait logic here if needed
-            } else {
-                println!("⚠ VM[{}] is currently stopping", vm_id);
-                println!(
-                    "  Wait for shutdown to complete, then use 'vm start {}'",
-                    vm_id
-                );
-                println!("  Or use --force to wait and then restart");
-            }
-        }
-        VMStatus::Loading => {
-            println!("✗ VM[{}] is still loading, cannot restart", vm_id);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Suspend a running VM (functionality incomplete)
-fn vm_suspend(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-
-    if args.is_empty() {
-        println!("Error: No VM specified");
-        println!("Usage: vm suspend <VM_ID>...");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    for vm_name in args {
-        if let Ok(vm_id) = vm_name.parse::<usize>() {
-            suspend_vm_by_id(vm_id);
-        } else {
-            println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", vm_name);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn suspend_vm_by_id(vm_id: usize) {
-    println!("Suspending VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-
-    let result = with_vm(vm_id, |vm| {
-        let status = vm.vm_status();
-
-        // Check if VM can be suspended
-        if let Err(err_msg) = can_suspend_vm(status) {
-            return Err(err_msg);
-        }
-
-        // Set VM status to Suspended
-        vm.set_vm_status(VMStatus::Suspended);
-        info!("VM[{}] status set to Suspended", vm_id);
-
-        Ok(())
-    });
-
-    match result {
-        Some(Ok(_)) => {
-            println!("✓ VM[{}] suspend signal sent", vm_id);
-
-            // Get VM to check VCpu count
-            let vcpu_count = with_vm(vm_id, |vm| vm.vcpu_num()).unwrap_or(0);
-            println!(
-                "  Note: {} VCpu task(s) will enter wait queue at next VMExit",
-                vcpu_count
-            );
-
-            // Wait a brief moment for VCpus to enter suspended state
-            println!("  Waiting for VCpus to suspend...");
-            let max_wait_iterations = 10; // 1 second timeout (10 * 100ms)
-            let mut iterations = 0;
-            let mut all_suspended = false;
-
-            while iterations < max_wait_iterations {
-                // Check if all VCpus are in blocked state
-                if let Some(vm) = crate::vmm::vm_list::get_vm_by_id(vm_id) {
-                    let vcpu_states: Vec<_> =
-                        vm.vcpu_list().iter().map(|vcpu| vcpu.state()).collect();
-
-                    let blocked_count = vcpu_states
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|s| matches!(s, axvcpu::VCpuState::Blocked))
-                        .count();
-
-                    if blocked_count == vcpu_states.len() {
-                        all_suspended = true;
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    // Show progress for the first few iterations
-                    if iterations < 3 {
-                        debug!("  VCpus blocked: {}/{}", blocked_count, vcpu_states.len());
-                    }
-                }
-
-                iterations += 1;
-                std::os::arceos::modules::axhal::time::busy_wait(
-                    core::time::Duration::from_millis(100),
-                );
-            }
-
-            if all_suspended {
-                println!("✓ All VCpu tasks are now suspended");
-            } else {
-                println!("⚠ Some VCpu tasks may still be transitioning to suspended state");
-                println!("  VCpus will suspend at next VMExit (timer interrupt, I/O, etc.)");
-                println!("  This is normal for VMs with low interrupt rates");
-            }
-
-            println!("  Use 'vm resume {}' to resume the VM", vm_id);
-        }
-        Some(Err(err)) => {
-            println!("✗ Failed to suspend VM[{}]: {}", vm_id, err);
-        }
-        None => {
-            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Resume a suspended VM (functionality incomplete)
-fn vm_resume(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-
-    if args.is_empty() {
-        println!("Error: No VM specified");
-        println!("Usage: vm resume <VM_ID>...");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    for vm_name in args {
-        if let Ok(vm_id) = vm_name.parse::<usize>() {
-            resume_vm_by_id(vm_id);
-        } else {
-            println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", vm_name);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn resume_vm_by_id(vm_id: usize) {
-    println!("Resuming VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-
-    let result = with_vm(vm_id, |vm| {
-        let status = vm.vm_status();
-
-        // Check if VM can be resumed
-        if let Err(err_msg) = can_resume_vm(status) {
-            return Err(err_msg);
-        }
-
-        // Set VM status back to Running
-        vm.set_vm_status(VMStatus::Running);
-
-        // Notify all VCpus to wake up
-        vcpus::notify_all_vcpus(vm_id);
-
-        info!("VM[{}] resumed", vm_id);
-        Ok(())
-    });
-
-    match result {
-        Some(Ok(_)) => {
-            println!("✓ VM[{}] resumed successfully", vm_id);
-        }
-        Some(Err(err)) => {
-            println!("✗ Failed to resume VM[{}]: {}", vm_id, err);
-        }
-        None => {
-            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn vm_delete(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-    let force = cmd.flags.get("force").unwrap_or(&false);
-    let keep_data = cmd.flags.get("keep-data").unwrap_or(&false);
-
-    if args.is_empty() {
-        println!("Error: No VM specified");
-        println!("Usage: vm delete [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let vm_name = &args[0];
-
-    if let Ok(vm_id) = vm_name.parse::<usize>() {
-        // Check if VM exists and get its status first
-        let vm_status = with_vm(vm_id, |vm| vm.vm_status());
-
-        if vm_status.is_none() {
-            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let status = vm_status.unwrap();
-
-        // Check if VM is running
-        match status {
-            VMStatus::Running => {
-                if !force {
-                    println!("✗ VM[{}] is currently running", vm_id);
-                    println!(
-                        "  Use 'vm stop {}' first, or use '--force' to force delete",
-                        vm_id
-                    );
-                    return;
-                }
-                println!("⚠ Force deleting running VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-            }
-            VMStatus::Stopping => {
-                if !force {
-                    println!("⚠ VM[{}] is currently stopping", vm_id);
-                    println!("  Wait for it to stop completely, or use '--force' to force delete");
-                    return;
-                }
-                println!("⚠ Force deleting stopping VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-            }
-            VMStatus::Stopped => {
-                println!("Deleting stopped VM[{}]...", vm_id);
-            }
-            _ => {
-                println!("⚠ VM[{}] is in {:?} state", vm_id, status);
-                if !force {
-                    println!("Use --force to force delete");
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        delete_vm_by_id(vm_id, *keep_data);
-    } else {
-        println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", vm_name);
-    }
-}
-
-fn delete_vm_by_id(vm_id: usize, keep_data: bool) {
-    // First check VM status and try to stop it if running
-    let vm_status = with_vm(vm_id, |vm| {
-        let status = vm.vm_status();
-
-        // If VM is running, suspended, or stopping, send shutdown signal
-        match status {
-            VMStatus::Running | VMStatus::Suspended | VMStatus::Stopping => {
-                println!(
-                    "  VM[{}] is {:?}, sending shutdown signal...",
-                    vm_id, status
-                );
-                vm.set_vm_status(VMStatus::Stopping);
-                let _ = vm.shutdown();
-            }
-            VMStatus::Loaded => {
-                // Transition from Loaded to Stopped
-                vm.set_vm_status(VMStatus::Stopped);
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-
-        use alloc::sync::Arc;
-        let count = Arc::strong_count(&vm);
-        println!("  [Debug] VM Arc strong_count: {}", count);
-
-        status
-    });
-
-    if vm_status.is_none() {
-        println!("✗ VM[{}] not found or already removed", vm_id);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let status = vm_status.unwrap();
-
-    // Remove VM from global list
-    // Note: This drops the reference from the global list, but the VM object
-    // will only be fully destroyed when all vCPU threads exit and drop their references
-    match crate::vmm::vm_list::remove_vm(vm_id) {
-        Some(vm) => {
-            println!("✓ VM[{}] removed from VM list", vm_id);
-
-            // Wait for vCPU threads to exit if VM has VCpu tasks
-            match status {
-                VMStatus::Running
-                | VMStatus::Suspended
-                | VMStatus::Stopping
-                | VMStatus::Stopped => {
-                    println!("  Waiting for vCPU threads to exit...");
-
-                    // Debug: Check Arc count before cleanup
-                    use alloc::sync::Arc;
-                    println!(
-                        "  [Debug] VM Arc count before cleanup: {}",
-                        Arc::strong_count(&vm)
-                    );
-
-                    // Clean up VCpu resources after threads have exited
-                    println!("  Cleaning up VCpu resources...");
-                    vcpus::cleanup_vm_vcpus(vm_id);
-
-                    // Debug: Check Arc count after final wait
-                    println!(
-                        "  [Debug] VM Arc count after final wait: {}",
-                        Arc::strong_count(&vm)
-                    );
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    // VM not running, no vCPU threads to wait for
-                    // But still need to clean up VCpu queue entry if it exists
-                    vcpus::cleanup_vm_vcpus(vm_id);
-                }
-            }
-
-            if keep_data {
-                println!("✓ VM[{}] deleted (configuration and data preserved)", vm_id);
-            } else {
-                println!("✓ VM[{}] deleted completely", vm_id);
-
-                // Debug: Check Arc count - should be 1 now (only this variable)
-                // TaskExt uses Weak reference, so it doesn't count
-                use alloc::sync::Arc;
-                let count = Arc::strong_count(&vm);
-                println!("  [Debug] VM Arc strong_count: {}", count);
-
-                if count == 1 {
-                    println!("  ✓ Perfect! VM will be freed immediately when function returns");
-                } else {
-                    println!(
-                        "  ⚠ Warning: Unexpected Arc count {}, possible reference leak!",
-                        count
-                    );
-                }
-
-                // TODO: Clean up VM-related data files
-                // - Remove disk images
-                // - Remove configuration files
-                // - Remove log files
-            }
-
-            // When function returns, the 'vm' variable is dropped
-            // Since Arc count is 1, AxVM::drop() is called immediately
-            println!("  VM[{}] will be freed now", vm_id);
-        }
-        None => {
-            println!(
-                "✗ Failed to remove VM[{}] from list (may have been removed already)",
-                vm_id
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    // When function returns, the 'vm' Arc is dropped
-    // If all vCPU threads have exited (ref_count was 1), AxVM::drop() is called here
-    println!("✓ VM[{}] deletion completed", vm_id);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-fn vm_list_simple() {
-    let vms = vm_list::get_vm_list();
-    println!("ID    NAME           STATE      VCPU   MEMORY");
-    println!("----  -----------    -------    ----   ------");
-    for vm in vms {
-        let status = vm.vm_status();
-
-        // Calculate total memory size
-        let total_memory: usize = vm.memory_regions().iter().map(|region| region.size()).sum();
-
-        println!(
-            "{:<4}  {:<11}    {:<7}    {:<4}   {}",
-            vm.id(),
-            vm.with_config(|cfg| cfg.name()),
-            status.as_str(),
-            vm.vcpu_num(),
-            format_memory_size(total_memory)
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-fn vm_list(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let binding = "table".to_string();
-    let format = cmd.options.get("format").unwrap_or(&binding);
-
-    let display_vms = vm_list::get_vm_list();
-
-    if display_vms.is_empty() {
-        println!("No virtual machines found.");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if format == "json" {
-        // JSON output
-        println!("{{");
-        println!("  \"vms\": [");
-        for (i, vm) in display_vms.iter().enumerate() {
-            let status = vm.vm_status();
-            let total_memory: usize = vm.memory_regions().iter().map(|region| region.size()).sum();
-
-            println!("    {{");
-            println!("      \"id\": {},", vm.id());
-            println!("      \"name\": \"{}\",", vm.with_config(|cfg| cfg.name()));
-            println!("      \"state\": \"{}\",", status.as_str());
-            println!("      \"vcpu\": {},", vm.vcpu_num());
-            println!("      \"memory\": \"{}\"", format_memory_size(total_memory));
-
-            if i < display_vms.len() - 1 {
-                println!("    }},");
-            } else {
-                println!("    }}");
-            }
-        }
-        println!("  ]");
-        println!("}}");
-    } else {
-        // Table output (default)
-        println!(
-            "{:<6} {:<15} {:<12} {:<15} {:<10} {:<20}",
-            "VM ID", "NAME", "STATUS", "VCPU", "MEMORY", "VCPU STATE"
-        );
-        println!(
-            "{:-<6} {:-<15} {:-<12} {:-<15} {:-<10} {:-<20}",
-            "", "", "", "", "", ""
-        );
-
-        for vm in display_vms {
-            let status = vm.vm_status();
-            let total_memory: usize = vm.memory_regions().iter().map(|region| region.size()).sum();
-
-            // Get VCpu ID list
-            let vcpu_ids: Vec<String> = vm
-                .vcpu_list()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|vcpu| vcpu.id().to_string())
-                .collect();
-            let vcpu_id_list = vcpu_ids.join(",");
-
-            // Get VCpu state summary
-            let mut state_counts = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-            for vcpu in vm.vcpu_list() {
-                let state = match vcpu.state() {
-                    axvcpu::VCpuState::Free => "Free",
-                    axvcpu::VCpuState::Running => "Run",
-                    axvcpu::VCpuState::Blocked => "Blk",
-                    axvcpu::VCpuState::Invalid => "Inv",
-                    axvcpu::VCpuState::Created => "Cre",
-                    axvcpu::VCpuState::Ready => "Rdy",
-                };
-                *state_counts.entry(state).or_insert(0) += 1;
-            }
-
-            // Format: Run:2,Blk:1
-            let summary: Vec<String> = state_counts
-                .iter()
-                .map(|(state, count)| format!("{}:{}", state, count))
-                .collect();
-            let vcpu_state_summary = summary.join(",");
-
-            println!(
-                "{:<6} {:<15} {:<12} {:<15} {:<10} {:<20}",
-                vm.id(),
-                vm.with_config(|cfg| cfg.name()),
-                status.as_str(),
-                vcpu_id_list,
-                format_memory_size(total_memory),
-                vcpu_state_summary
-            );
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn vm_show(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-    let show_config = cmd.flags.get("config").unwrap_or(&false);
-    let show_stats = cmd.flags.get("stats").unwrap_or(&false);
-    let show_full = cmd.flags.get("full").unwrap_or(&false);
-
-    if args.is_empty() {
-        println!("Error: No VM specified");
-        println!("Usage: vm show [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>");
-        println!();
-        println!("Options:");
-        println!("  -f, --full     Show full detailed information");
-        println!("  -c, --config   Show configuration details");
-        println!("  -s, --stats    Show statistics");
-        println!();
-        println!("Use 'vm list' to see all VMs");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Show specific VM details
-    let vm_name = &args[0];
-    if let Ok(vm_id) = vm_name.parse::<usize>() {
-        if *show_full {
-            show_vm_full_details(vm_id);
-        } else {
-            show_vm_basic_details(vm_id, *show_config, *show_stats);
-        }
-    } else {
-        println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", vm_name);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Show basic VM information (default view)
-fn show_vm_basic_details(vm_id: usize, show_config: bool, show_stats: bool) {
-    match with_vm(vm_id, |vm| {
-        let status = vm.vm_status();
-
-        println!("VM Details: {}", vm_id);
-        println!();
-
-        // Basic Information
-        println!("  VM ID:     {}", vm.id());
-        println!("  Name:      {}", vm.with_config(|cfg| cfg.name()));
-        println!("  Status:    {}", status.as_str_with_icon());
-        println!("  VCPUs:     {}", vm.vcpu_num());
-
-        // Calculate total memory
-        let total_memory: usize = vm.memory_regions().iter().map(|region| region.size()).sum();
-        println!("  Memory:    {}", format_memory_size(total_memory));
-
-        // Add state-specific information
-        match status {
-            VMStatus::Suspended => {
-                println!();
-                println!("  ℹ VM is paused. Use 'vm resume {}' to continue.", vm_id);
-            }
-            VMStatus::Stopped => {
-                println!();
-                println!("  ℹ VM is stopped. Use 'vm delete {}' to clean up.", vm_id);
-            }
-            VMStatus::Loaded => {
-                println!();
-                println!("  ℹ VM is ready. Use 'vm start {}' to boot.", vm_id);
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-
-        // VCPU Summary
-        println!();
-        println!("VCPU Summary:");
-        let mut state_counts = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-        for vcpu in vm.vcpu_list() {
-            let state = match vcpu.state() {
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Free => "Free",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Running => "Running",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Blocked => "Blocked",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Invalid => "Invalid",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Created => "Created",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Ready => "Ready",
-            };
-            *state_counts.entry(state).or_insert(0) += 1;
-        }
-
-        for (state, count) in state_counts {
-            println!("  {}: {}", state, count);
-        }
-
-        // Memory Summary
-        println!();
-        println!("Memory Summary:");
-        println!("  Total Regions: {}", vm.memory_regions().len());
-        println!("  Total Size:    {}", format_memory_size(total_memory));
-
-        // Configuration Summary
-        if show_config {
-            println!();
-            println!("Configuration:");
-            vm.with_config(|cfg| {
-                println!("  BSP Entry:      {:#x}", cfg.bsp_entry().as_usize());
-                println!("  AP Entry:       {:#x}", cfg.ap_entry().as_usize());
-                println!("  Interrupt Mode: {:?}", cfg.interrupt_mode());
-                if let Some(dtb_addr) = cfg.image_config().dtb_load_gpa {
-                    println!("  DTB Address:    {:#x}", dtb_addr.as_usize());
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        // Device Summary
-        if show_stats {
-            println!();
-            println!("Device Summary:");
-            println!(
-                "  MMIO Devices:   {}",
-                vm.get_devices().iter_mmio_dev().count()
-            );
-            println!(
-                "  SysReg Devices: {}",
-                vm.get_devices().iter_sys_reg_dev().count()
-            );
-        }
-
-        println!();
-        println!("Use 'vm show {} --full' for detailed information", vm_id);
-    }) {
-        Some(_) => {}
-        None => {
-            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Show full detailed information about a specific VM (--full flag)
-fn show_vm_full_details(vm_id: usize) {
-    match with_vm(vm_id, |vm| {
-        let status = vm.vm_status();
-
-        println!("=== VM Details: {} ===", vm_id);
-        println!();
-
-        // Basic Information
-        println!("Basic Information:");
-        println!("  VM ID:     {}", vm.id());
-        println!("  Name:      {}", vm.with_config(|cfg| cfg.name()));
-        println!("  Status:    {}", status.as_str_with_icon());
-        println!("  VCPUs:     {}", vm.vcpu_num());
-
-        // Calculate total memory
-        let total_memory: usize = vm.memory_regions().iter().map(|region| region.size()).sum();
-        println!("  Memory:    {}", format_memory_size(total_memory));
-        println!("  EPT Root:  {:#x}", vm.ept_root().as_usize());
-
-        // Add state-specific information
-        match status {
-            VMStatus::Suspended => {
-                println!(
-                    "    ℹ VM is paused, VCpu tasks are waiting. Use 'vm resume {}' to continue.",
-                    vm_id
-                );
-            }
-            VMStatus::Stopping => {
-                println!("    ℹ VM is shutting down, VCpu tasks are exiting.");
-            }
-            VMStatus::Stopped => {
-                println!(
-                    "    ℹ VM is stopped, all VCpu tasks have exited. Use 'vm delete {}' to clean up.",
-                    vm_id
-                );
-            }
-            VMStatus::Loaded => {
-                println!(
-                    "    ℹ VM is ready to start. Use 'vm start {}' to boot.",
-                    vm_id
-                );
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-
-        // VCPU Details
-        println!();
-        println!("VCPU Details:");
-
-        // Count VCpu states for summary
-        let mut state_counts = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-        for vcpu in vm.vcpu_list() {
-            let state = match vcpu.state() {
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Free => "Free",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Running => "Running",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Blocked => "Blocked",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Invalid => "Invalid",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Created => "Created",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Ready => "Ready",
-            };
-            *state_counts.entry(state).or_insert(0) += 1;
-        }
-
-        // Show summary first
-        let summary: Vec<String> = state_counts
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(state, count)| format!("{}: {}", state, count))
-            .collect();
-        println!("  Summary: {}", summary.join(", "));
-        println!();
-
-        for vcpu in vm.vcpu_list() {
-            let vcpu_state = match vcpu.state() {
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Free => "Free",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Running => "Running",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Blocked => "Blocked",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Invalid => "Invalid",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Created => "Created",
-                axvcpu::VCpuState::Ready => "Ready",
-            };
-
-            if let Some(phys_cpu_set) = vcpu.phys_cpu_set() {
-                println!(
-                    "  VCPU {}: {} (Affinity: {:#x})",
-                    vcpu.id(),
-                    vcpu_state,
-                    phys_cpu_set
-                );
-            } else {
-                println!("  VCPU {}: {} (No affinity)", vcpu.id(), vcpu_state);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Add note for Suspended VMs
-        if status == VMStatus::Suspended {
-            println!();
-            println!(
-                "  Note: VCpu tasks are blocked in wait queue and will resume when VM is unpaused."
-            );
-        }
-
-        // Memory Regions
-        println!();
-        println!(
-            "Memory Regions: ({} region(s), {} total)",
-            vm.memory_regions().len(),
-            format_memory_size(total_memory)
-        );
-        for (i, region) in vm.memory_regions().iter().enumerate() {
-            let region_type = if region.needs_dealloc {
-                "Allocated"
-            } else {
-                "Reserved"
-            };
-            let identical = if region.is_identical() {
-                " [identical]"
-            } else {
-                ""
-            };
-            println!(
-                "  Region {}: GPA={:#x} HVA={:#x} Size={} Type={}{}",
-                i,
-                region.gpa,
-                region.hva,
-                format_memory_size(region.size()),
-                region_type,
-                identical
-            );
-        }
-
-        // Configuration
-        println!();
-        println!("Configuration:");
-        vm.with_config(|cfg| {
-            println!("  BSP Entry:      {:#x}", cfg.bsp_entry().as_usize());
-            println!("  AP Entry:       {:#x}", cfg.ap_entry().as_usize());
-            println!("  Interrupt Mode: {:?}", cfg.interrupt_mode());
-
-            if let Some(dtb_addr) = cfg.image_config().dtb_load_gpa {
-                println!("  DTB Address:    {:#x}", dtb_addr.as_usize());
-            }
-
-            // Show kernel info
-            println!(
-                "  Kernel GPA:     {:#x}",
-                cfg.image_config().kernel_load_gpa.as_usize()
-            );
-
-            // Show passthrough devices
-            if !cfg.pass_through_devices().is_empty() {
-                println!();
-                println!(
-                    "  Passthrough Devices: ({} device(s))",
-                    cfg.pass_through_devices().len()
-                );
-                for device in cfg.pass_through_devices() {
-                    println!(
-                        "    - {}: GPA[{:#x}~{:#x}] -> HPA[{:#x}~{:#x}] ({})",
-                        device.name,
-                        device.base_gpa,
-                        device.base_gpa + device.length,
-                        device.base_hpa,
-                        device.base_hpa + device.length,
-                        format_memory_size(device.length)
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Show passthrough addresses
-            if !cfg.pass_through_addresses().is_empty() {
-                println!();
-                println!(
-                    "  Passthrough Memory Regions: ({} region(s))",
-                    cfg.pass_through_addresses().len()
-                );
-                for pt_addr in cfg.pass_through_addresses() {
-                    println!(
-                        "    - GPA[{:#x}~{:#x}] ({})",
-                        pt_addr.base_gpa,
-                        pt_addr.base_gpa + pt_addr.length,
-                        format_memory_size(pt_addr.length)
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Show passthrough SPIs (ARM specific)
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-            {
-                let spis = cfg.pass_through_spis();
-                if !spis.is_empty() {
-                    println!();
-                    println!("  Passthrough SPIs: {:?}", spis);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Show emulated devices
-            if !cfg.emu_devices().is_empty() {
-                println!();
-                println!(
-                    "  Emulated Devices: ({} device(s))",
-                    cfg.emu_devices().len()
-                );
-                for (idx, device) in cfg.emu_devices().iter().enumerate() {
-                    println!("    {}. {:?}", idx + 1, device);
-                }
-            }
-        });
-
-        // Devices
-        println!();
-        let mmio_dev_count = vm.get_devices().iter_mmio_dev().count();
-        let sysreg_dev_count = vm.get_devices().iter_sys_reg_dev().count();
-        println!("Devices:");
-        println!("  MMIO Devices:   {}", mmio_dev_count);
-        println!("  SysReg Devices: {}", sysreg_dev_count);
-
-        // Additional Statistics
-        println!();
-        println!("Additional Statistics:");
-        println!("  Total Memory Regions: {}", vm.memory_regions().len());
-
-        // Show VCpu affinity details
-        println!();
-        println!("  VCpu Affinity Details:");
-        for (vcpu_id, affinity, pcpu_id) in vm.get_vcpu_affinities_pcpu_ids() {
-            if let Some(aff) = affinity {
-                println!(
-                    "    VCpu {}: Physical CPU mask {:#x}, PCpu ID {}",
-                    vcpu_id, aff, pcpu_id
-                );
-            } else {
-                println!(
-                    "    VCpu {}: No specific affinity, PCpu ID {}",
-                    vcpu_id, pcpu_id
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }) {
-        Some(_) => {}
-        None => {
-            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Build the VM command tree and register it.
-pub fn build_vm_cmd(tree: &mut BTreeMap<String, CommandNode>) {
-    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-    let create_cmd = CommandNode::new("Create a new virtual machine")
-        .with_handler(vm_create)
-        .with_usage("vm create [OPTIONS] <CONFIG_FILE>...")
-        .with_option(
-            OptionDef::new("name", "Virtual machine name")
-                .with_short('n')
-                .with_long("name"),
-        )
-        .with_option(
-            OptionDef::new("cpu", "Number of CPU cores")
-                .with_short('c')
-                .with_long("cpu"),
-        )
-        .with_option(
-            OptionDef::new("memory", "Amount of memory")
-                .with_short('m')
-                .with_long("memory"),
-        )
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("force", "Force creation without confirmation")
-                .with_short('f')
-                .with_long("force"),
-        );
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-    let start_cmd = CommandNode::new("Start a virtual machine")
-        .with_handler(vm_start)
-        .with_usage("vm start [OPTIONS] [VM_ID...]")
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("detach", "Start in background")
-                .with_short('d')
-                .with_long("detach"),
-        )
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("console", "Attach to console")
-                .with_short('c')
-                .with_long("console"),
-        );
-
-    let stop_cmd = CommandNode::new("Stop a virtual machine")
-        .with_handler(vm_stop)
-        .with_usage("vm stop [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>...")
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("force", "Force stop")
-                .with_short('f')
-                .with_long("force"),
-        )
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("graceful", "Graceful shutdown")
-                .with_short('g')
-                .with_long("graceful"),
-        );
-
-    let restart_cmd = CommandNode::new("Restart a virtual machine")
-        .with_handler(vm_restart)
-        .with_usage("vm restart [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>...")
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("force", "Force restart")
-                .with_short('f')
-                .with_long("force"),
-        );
-
-    let suspend_cmd = CommandNode::new("Suspend (pause) a running virtual machine")
-        .with_handler(vm_suspend)
-        .with_usage("vm suspend <VM_ID>...");
-
-    let resume_cmd = CommandNode::new("Resume a suspended virtual machine")
-        .with_handler(vm_resume)
-        .with_usage("vm resume <VM_ID>...");
-
-    let delete_cmd = CommandNode::new("Delete a virtual machine")
-        .with_handler(vm_delete)
-        .with_usage("vm delete [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>")
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("force", "Skip confirmation")
-                .with_short('f')
-                .with_long("force"),
-        )
-        .with_flag(FlagDef::new("keep-data", "Keep VM data").with_long("keep-data"));
-
-    let list_cmd = CommandNode::new("Show virtual machine lists")
-        .with_handler(vm_list)
-        .with_usage("vm list [OPTIONS]")
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("all", "Show all VMs including stopped ones")
-                .with_short('a')
-                .with_long("all"),
-        )
-        .with_option(OptionDef::new("format", "Output format (table, json)").with_long("format"));
-
-    let show_cmd = CommandNode::new("Show detailed VM information")
-        .with_handler(vm_show)
-        .with_usage("vm show [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>")
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("full", "Show full detailed information")
-                .with_short('f')
-                .with_long("full"),
-        )
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("config", "Show configuration details")
-                .with_short('c')
-                .with_long("config"),
-        )
-        .with_flag(
-            FlagDef::new("stats", "Show device statistics")
-                .with_short('s')
-                .with_long("stats"),
-        );
-
-    // main VM command
-    let mut vm_node = CommandNode::new("Virtual machine management")
-        .with_handler(vm_help)
-        .with_usage("vm <command> [options] [args...]")
-        .add_subcommand(
-            "help",
-            CommandNode::new("Show VM help").with_handler(vm_help),
-        );
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-    {
-        vm_node = vm_node
-            .add_subcommand("create", create_cmd)
-            .add_subcommand("start", start_cmd);
-    }
-
-    vm_node = vm_node
-        .add_subcommand("stop", stop_cmd)
-        .add_subcommand("suspend", suspend_cmd)
-        .add_subcommand("resume", resume_cmd)
-        .add_subcommand("restart", restart_cmd)
-        .add_subcommand("delete", delete_cmd)
-        .add_subcommand("list", list_cmd)
-        .add_subcommand("show", show_cmd);
-
-    tree.insert("vm".to_string(), vm_node);
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/commands/builtin.rs b/kernel/src/shell/commands/builtin.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c71f27ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/commands/builtin.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+//! Built-in commands
+//!
+//! Commands that are part of the shell itself (help, exit, clear, log, uname).
+
+use std::println;
+
+use super::super::parser::ParsedCommand;
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+
+/// Handle the `uname` command - display system information
+pub fn do_uname(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let show_all = cmd.flags.get("all").unwrap_or(&false);
+    let show_kernel = cmd.flags.get("kernel-name").unwrap_or(&false);
+    let show_arch = cmd.flags.get("machine").unwrap_or(&false);
+
+    let arch = option_env!("AX_ARCH").unwrap_or("");
+    let platform = option_env!("AX_PLATFORM").unwrap_or("");
+    let smp = match option_env!("AX_SMP") {
+        None | Some("1") => "",
+        _ => " SMP",
+    };
+    let version = option_env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").unwrap_or("0.1.0");
+
+    if *show_all {
+        println!(
+            "ArceOS {ver}{smp} {arch} {plat}",
+            ver = version,
+            smp = smp,
+            arch = arch,
+            plat = platform,
+        );
+    } else if *show_kernel {
+        println!("ArceOS");
+    } else if *show_arch {
+        println!("{}", arch);
+    } else {
+        println!(
+            "ArceOS {ver}{smp} {arch} {plat}",
+            ver = version,
+            smp = smp,
+            arch = arch,
+            plat = platform,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle the `exit` command - exit the shell
+pub fn do_exit(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
+    let exit_code = if args.is_empty() {
+        0
+    } else {
+        args[0].parse::<i32>().unwrap_or(0)
+    };
+
+    println!("Bye~");
+    std::process::exit(exit_code);
+}
+
+/// Handle the `log` command - change log level
+pub fn do_log(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
+
+    if args.is_empty() {
+        println!("Current log level: {:?}", log::max_level());
+        return;
+    }
+
+    match args[0].as_str() {
+        "on" | "enable" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Info),
+        "off" | "disable" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Off),
+        "error" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Error),
+        "warn" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Warn),
+        "info" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Info),
+        "debug" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Debug),
+        "trace" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Trace),
+        level => {
+            println!("Unknown log level: {}", level);
+            println!("Available levels: off, error, warn, info, debug, trace");
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    println!("Log level set to: {:?}", log::max_level());
+}
+
+/// Register built-in commands to the command tree
+pub fn register_builtin_commands(tree: &mut BTreeMap<String, super::super::parser::CommandNode>) {
+    use super::super::parser::{CommandNode, FlagDef};
+
+    // uname Command
+    tree.insert(
+        "uname".to_string(),
+        CommandNode::new("System information")
+            .with_handler(do_uname)
+            .with_usage("uname [OPTIONS]")
+            .with_flag(
+                FlagDef::new("all", "Show all information")
+                    .with_short('a')
+                    .with_long("all"),
+            )
+            .with_flag(
+                FlagDef::new("kernel-name", "Show kernel name")
+                    .with_short('s')
+                    .with_long("kernel-name"),
+            )
+            .with_flag(
+                FlagDef::new("machine", "Show machine architecture")
+                    .with_short('m')
+                    .with_long("machine"),
+            ),
+    );
+
+    // exit Command
+    tree.insert(
+        "exit".to_string(),
+        CommandNode::new("Exit the shell")
+            .with_handler(do_exit)
+            .with_usage("exit [EXIT_CODE]"),
+    );
+
+    // log Command
+    tree.insert(
+        "log".to_string(),
+        CommandNode::new("Change log level")
+            .with_handler(do_log)
+            .with_usage("log [LEVEL]"),
+    );
+}
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/command/base.rs b/kernel/src/shell/commands/fs.rs
similarity index 84%
rename from kernel/src/shell/command/base.rs
rename to kernel/src/shell/commands/fs.rs
index d24b945d..ac852084 100644
--- a/kernel/src/shell/command/base.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/commands/fs.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
+//! File system commands
+//!
+//! Commands for file and directory operations (ls, cat, cd, mkdir, etc.).
+
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
 use std::fs::{self, File, FileType};
 #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
 use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
-use std::println;
 use std::string::{String, ToString};
 
-use crate::shell::command::{CommandNode, FlagDef, ParsedCommand};
+use super::super::parser::{CommandNode, FlagDef, ParsedCommand};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
 macro_rules! print_err {
@@ -18,17 +21,9 @@ macro_rules! print_err {
     };
 }
 
-// Helper function: split whitespace
-#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-fn split_whitespace(s: &str) -> (&str, &str) {
-    let s = s.trim();
-    if let Some(pos) = s.find(char::is_whitespace) {
-        let (first, rest) = s.split_at(pos);
-        (first, rest.trim())
-    } else {
-        (s, "")
-    }
-}
+// ============================================================================
+// Command Handlers
+// ============================================================================
 
 #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
 fn do_ls(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
@@ -286,79 +281,6 @@ fn do_pwd(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
     println!("{}", pwd);
 }
 
-fn do_uname(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let show_all = cmd.flags.get("all").unwrap_or(&false);
-    let show_kernel = cmd.flags.get("kernel-name").unwrap_or(&false);
-    let show_arch = cmd.flags.get("machine").unwrap_or(&false);
-
-    let arch = option_env!("AX_ARCH").unwrap_or("");
-    let platform = option_env!("AX_PLATFORM").unwrap_or("");
-    let smp = match option_env!("AX_SMP") {
-        None | Some("1") => "",
-        _ => " SMP",
-    };
-    let version = option_env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").unwrap_or("0.1.0");
-
-    if *show_all {
-        println!(
-            "ArceOS {ver}{smp} {arch} {plat}",
-            ver = version,
-            smp = smp,
-            arch = arch,
-            plat = platform,
-        );
-    } else if *show_kernel {
-        println!("ArceOS");
-    } else if *show_arch {
-        println!("{}", arch);
-    } else {
-        println!(
-            "ArceOS {ver}{smp} {arch} {plat}",
-            ver = version,
-            smp = smp,
-            arch = arch,
-            plat = platform,
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-fn do_exit(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-    let exit_code = if args.is_empty() {
-        0
-    } else {
-        args[0].parse::<i32>().unwrap_or(0)
-    };
-
-    println!("Bye~");
-    std::process::exit(exit_code);
-}
-
-fn do_log(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
-    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
-
-    if args.is_empty() {
-        println!("Current log level: {:?}", log::max_level());
-        return;
-    }
-
-    match args[0].as_str() {
-        "on" | "enable" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Info),
-        "off" | "disable" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Off),
-        "error" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Error),
-        "warn" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Warn),
-        "info" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Info),
-        "debug" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Debug),
-        "trace" => log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Trace),
-        level => {
-            println!("Unknown log level: {}", level);
-            println!("Available levels: off, error, warn, info, debug, trace");
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-    println!("Log level set to: {:?}", log::max_level());
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
 fn do_mv(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
     let args = &cmd.positional_args;
@@ -605,7 +527,23 @@ const fn file_perm_to_rwx(mode: u32) -> [u8; 9] {
     perm
 }
 
-pub fn build_base_cmd(tree: &mut BTreeMap<String, CommandNode>) {
+// Helper function: split whitespace
+#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+fn split_whitespace(s: &str) -> (&str, &str) {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    if let Some(pos) = s.find(char::is_whitespace) {
+        let (first, rest) = s.split_at(pos);
+        (first, rest.trim())
+    } else {
+        (s, "")
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Command Registration
+// ============================================================================
+
+pub fn register_fs_commands(tree: &mut BTreeMap<String, CommandNode>) {
     // ls Command
     #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
     tree.insert(
@@ -709,45 +647,6 @@ pub fn build_base_cmd(tree: &mut BTreeMap<String, CommandNode>) {
             ),
     );
 
-    // uname Command
-    tree.insert(
-        "uname".to_string(),
-        CommandNode::new("System information")
-            .with_handler(do_uname)
-            .with_usage("uname [OPTIONS]")
-            .with_flag(
-                FlagDef::new("all", "Show all information")
-                    .with_short('a')
-                    .with_long("all"),
-            )
-            .with_flag(
-                FlagDef::new("kernel-name", "Show kernel name")
-                    .with_short('s')
-                    .with_long("kernel-name"),
-            )
-            .with_flag(
-                FlagDef::new("machine", "Show machine architecture")
-                    .with_short('m')
-                    .with_long("machine"),
-            ),
-    );
-
-    // exit Command
-    tree.insert(
-        "exit".to_string(),
-        CommandNode::new("Exit the shell")
-            .with_handler(do_exit)
-            .with_usage("exit [EXIT_CODE]"),
-    );
-
-    // log Command
-    tree.insert(
-        "log".to_string(),
-        CommandNode::new("Change log level")
-            .with_handler(do_log)
-            .with_usage("log [LEVEL]"),
-    );
-
     // touch Command
     #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
     tree.insert(
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/commands/mod.rs b/kernel/src/shell/commands/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75a7d05b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/commands/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+//! Command handlers module
+//!
+//! Provides command implementations for different categories.
+
+mod builtin;
+mod fs;
+mod vm;
+
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use core::str;
+
+use crate::std::io::Write;
+
+use axstd::print;
+use axstd::println;
+
+use super::parser::{CommandNode, CommandParser, ParseError};
+
+pub use builtin::register_builtin_commands;
+pub use fs::register_fs_commands;
+pub use vm::register_vm_commands;
+
+lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+    /// Global command tree containing all registered commands
+    pub static ref COMMAND_TREE: BTreeMap<String, CommandNode> = build_command_tree();
+}
+
+/// Build the complete command tree by registering all command categories
+fn build_command_tree() -> BTreeMap<String, CommandNode> {
+    let mut tree = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    register_builtin_commands(&mut tree);
+    register_fs_commands(&mut tree);
+    register_vm_commands(&mut tree);
+
+    tree
+}
+
+/// Execute a parsed command
+pub fn execute_command(input: &str) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
+    let parsed = CommandParser::parse(input, &COMMAND_TREE)?;
+
+    // Find the corresponding command node
+    let mut current_node = (*COMMAND_TREE)
+        .get(&parsed.command_path[0])
+        .ok_or_else(|| ParseError::UnknownCommand(parsed.command_path[0].clone()))?;
+    for cmd in &parsed.command_path[1..] {
+        current_node = current_node
+            .subcommands
+            .get(cmd)
+            .ok_or_else(|| ParseError::UnknownCommand(cmd.clone()))?;
+    }
+
+    // Execute the command
+    if let Some(handler) = current_node.handler() {
+        handler(&parsed);
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(ParseError::NoHandler(parsed.command_path.join(" ")))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Display help for a specific command
+pub fn show_help(command_path: &[String]) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
+    let mut current_node = (*COMMAND_TREE)
+        .get(&command_path[0])
+        .ok_or_else(|| ParseError::UnknownCommand(command_path[0].clone()))?;
+
+    for cmd in &command_path[1..] {
+        current_node = current_node
+            .subcommands
+            .get(cmd)
+            .ok_or_else(|| ParseError::UnknownCommand(cmd.clone()))?;
+    }
+
+    println!("Command: {}", command_path.join(" "));
+    println!("Description: {}", current_node.description);
+
+    if let Some(usage) = current_node.usage {
+        println!("Usage: {}", usage);
+    }
+
+    if !current_node.options.is_empty() {
+        println!("\nOptions:");
+        for option in &current_node.options {
+            let mut opt_str = String::new();
+            if let Some(short) = option.short {
+                opt_str.push_str(&format!("-{short}"));
+            }
+            if let Some(long) = option.long {
+                if !opt_str.is_empty() {
+                    opt_str.push_str(", ");
+                }
+                opt_str.push_str(&format!("--{long}"));
+            }
+            if opt_str.is_empty() {
+                opt_str = option.name.to_string();
+            }
+
+            let required_str = if option.required { " (required)" } else { "" };
+            println!("  {:<20} {}{}", opt_str, option.description, required_str);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !current_node.flags.is_empty() {
+        println!("\nFlags:");
+        for flag in &current_node.flags {
+            let mut flag_str = String::new();
+            if let Some(short) = flag.short {
+                flag_str.push_str(&format!("-{short}"));
+            }
+            if let Some(long) = flag.long {
+                if !flag_str.is_empty() {
+                    flag_str.push_str(", ");
+                }
+                flag_str.push_str(&format!("--{long}"));
+            }
+            if flag_str.is_empty() {
+                flag_str = flag.name.to_string();
+            }
+
+            println!("  {:<20} {}", flag_str, flag.description);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !current_node.subcommands.is_empty() {
+        println!("\nSubcommands:");
+        for (name, node) in &current_node.subcommands {
+            println!("  {:<20} {}", name, node.description);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Show all available commands
+pub fn show_available_commands() {
+    println!("ArceOS Shell - Available Commands:");
+    println!();
+
+    // Display all top-level commands
+    for (name, node) in (*COMMAND_TREE).iter() {
+        println!("  {:<15} {}", name, node.description);
+
+        // Display subcommands
+        if !node.subcommands.is_empty() {
+            for (sub_name, sub_node) in &node.subcommands {
+                println!("    {:<13} {}", sub_name, sub_node.description);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    println!();
+    println!("Built-in Commands:");
+    println!("  help            Show help information");
+    println!("  help <command>  Show help for a specific command");
+    println!("  clear           Clear the screen");
+    println!("  exit/quit       Exit the shell");
+    println!();
+    println!("Tip: Use 'help <command>' to see detailed usage of a command");
+}
+
+/// Handle built-in shell commands (help, exit, clear)
+pub fn handle_builtin_commands(input: &str) -> bool {
+    match input.trim() {
+        "help" => {
+            show_available_commands();
+            true
+        }
+        "exit" | "quit" => {
+            println!("Goodbye!");
+            axstd::process::exit(0);
+        }
+        "clear" => {
+            print!("\x1b[2J\x1b[H"); // ANSI clear screen sequence
+            axstd::io::stdout().flush().unwrap();
+            true
+        }
+        _ if input.starts_with("help ") => {
+            let cmd_parts: Vec<String> = input[5..]
+                .split_whitespace()
+                .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                .collect();
+            if let Err(e) = show_help(&cmd_parts) {
+                println!("Error: {:?}", e);
+            }
+            true
+        }
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Print the shell prompt
+pub fn print_prompt() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+    print!("axvisor:{}$ ", axstd::env::current_dir().unwrap());
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+    print!("axvisor:$ ");
+    axstd::io::stdout().flush().unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Execute a command from byte input
+pub fn run_cmd_bytes(cmd_bytes: &[u8]) {
+    match str::from_utf8(cmd_bytes) {
+        Ok(cmd_str) => {
+            let trimmed = cmd_str.trim();
+            if trimmed.is_empty() {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            match execute_command(trimmed) {
+                Ok(_) => {
+                    // Command executed successfully
+                }
+                Err(ParseError::UnknownCommand(cmd)) => {
+                    println!("Error: Unknown command '{}'", cmd);
+                    println!("Type 'help' to see available commands");
+                }
+                Err(ParseError::UnknownOption(opt)) => {
+                    println!("Error: Unknown option '{}'", opt);
+                }
+                Err(ParseError::MissingValue(opt)) => {
+                    println!("Error: Option '{}' is missing a value", opt);
+                }
+                Err(ParseError::MissingRequiredOption(opt)) => {
+                    println!("Error: Missing required option '{}'", opt);
+                }
+                Err(ParseError::NoHandler(cmd)) => {
+                    println!("Error: Command '{}' has no handler function", cmd);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            println!("Error: Input contains invalid UTF-8 characters");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/commands/vm.rs b/kernel/src/shell/commands/vm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71e3e96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/commands/vm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,676 @@
+//! Virtual machine management commands
+//!
+//! Commands for managing virtual machines (create, start, stop, list, etc.).
+
+use alloc::{
+    collections::BTreeMap,
+    string::{String, ToString},
+};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+use axstd::fs::read_to_string;
+use axstd::println;
+
+use crate::vmm::config::build_vmconfig;
+use crate::vmm::vm_list;
+use axvm::VMStatus;
+use axvm::config::AxVMCrateConfig;
+
+use super::super::parser::{CommandNode, FlagDef, OptionDef, ParsedCommand};
+
+/// Format memory size in a human-readable way.
+fn format_memory_size(bytes: usize) -> String {
+    if bytes < 1024 {
+        format!("{}B", bytes)
+    } else if bytes < 1024 * 1024 {
+        format!("{}KB", bytes / 1024)
+    } else if bytes < 1024 * 1024 * 1024 {
+        format!("{}MB", bytes / (1024 * 1024))
+    } else {
+        format!("{}GB", bytes / (1024 * 1024 * 1024))
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Command Handlers
+// ============================================================================
+
+fn vm_help(_cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    println!("VM - virtual machine management");
+    println!();
+    println!("Most commonly used vm commands:");
+    println!("  create    Create a new virtual machine");
+    println!("  start     Start a virtual machine");
+    println!("  stop      Stop a virtual machine");
+    println!("  suspend   Suspend (pause) a running virtual machine");
+    println!("  resume    Resume a suspended virtual machine");
+    println!("  delete    Delete a virtual machine");
+    println!();
+    println!("Information commands:");
+    println!("  list      Show table of all VMs");
+    println!("  show      Show VM details (requires VM_ID)");
+    println!("            - Default: basic information");
+    println!("            - --full: complete detailed information");
+    println!("            - --config: show configuration");
+    println!("            - --stats: show statistics");
+    println!();
+    println!("Use 'vm <command> --help' for more information on a specific command.");
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+fn vm_create(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
+
+    println!("Positional args: {:?}", args);
+
+    if args.is_empty() {
+        println!("Error: No VM configuration file specified");
+        println!("Usage: vm create [CONFIG_FILE]");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let initial_vm_count = vm_list::get_vm_list().len();
+
+    for config_path in args.iter() {
+        println!("Creating VM from config: {}", config_path);
+
+        // Read file content first
+        let raw_cfg = match read_to_string(config_path) {
+            Ok(content) => content,
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("✗ Failed to read config file {}: {:?}", config_path, e);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Parse TOML from string content
+        let config_info: AxVMCrateConfig = match toml::from_str(&raw_cfg) {
+            Ok(cfg) => cfg,
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("✗ Failed to parse TOML from {}: {:?}", config_path, e);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        match build_vmconfig(config_info) {
+            Ok(vm_config) => match axvm::Vm::new(vm_config) {
+                Ok(vm) => {
+                    let vm = vm_list::push_vm(vm);
+                    let vm_id = vm.id();
+                    println!(
+                        "✓ Successfully created VM[{}] from config: {}",
+                        vm_id, config_path
+                    );
+                    println!("{:?}", vm.status());
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    println!("✗ Failed to create VM from {}: {:?}", config_path, e);
+                }
+            },
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("✗ Failed to build VM config from {}: {:?}", config_path, e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Check the actual number of VMs created
+    let final_vm_count = vm_list::get_vm_list().len();
+    let created_count = final_vm_count - initial_vm_count;
+
+    if created_count > 0 {
+        println!("Successfully created {} VM(s)", created_count);
+        println!("Use 'vm start <VM_ID>' to start the created VMs.");
+    } else {
+        println!("No VMs were created.");
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+fn vm_start(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
+
+    if args.is_empty() {
+        // start all VMs
+        info!("VMM starting, booting all VMs...");
+        let mut started_count = 0;
+
+        for vm in vm_list::get_vm_list() {
+            let vm: vm_list::VMRef = vm;
+            // Check current status before starting
+            let status = vm.status();
+            if status == VMStatus::Running {
+                println!("⚠ VM[{}] is already running, skipping", vm.id());
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if status != VMStatus::Initialized && status != VMStatus::Stopped {
+                println!("⚠ VM[{}] is in {:?} state, cannot start", vm.id(), status);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Use vm.id() to get usize VM ID
+            let vm_id = usize::from(vm.id());
+
+            // Try to start the VM
+            match vm.boot() {
+                Ok(_) => {
+                    println!("✓ VM[{}] started successfully", vm_id);
+                    started_count += 1;
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    println!("✗ VM[{}] failed to start: {:?}", vm_id, e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        println!("Started {} VM(s)", started_count);
+    } else {
+        // Start specified VMs
+        for arg in args {
+            // Try to parse as VM ID or lookup VM name
+            let arg: &String = arg;
+            if let Ok(vm_id) = arg.parse::<usize>() {
+                if !start_vm_by_id(vm_id) {
+                    // VM not found, show available VMs
+                    println!("Available VMs:");
+                    vm_list_simple();
+                }
+            } else {
+                println!("Error: VM name lookup not implemented. Use VM ID instead.");
+                println!("Available VMs:");
+                vm_list_simple();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn start_vm_by_id(vm_id: usize) -> bool {
+    let vm: vm_list::VMRef = match vm_list::get_vm_by_id(vm_id) {
+        Some(vm) => vm,
+        None => {
+            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
+            return false;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Boot the VM
+    match vm.boot() {
+        Ok(_) => {
+            println!("{:?}", vm.status());
+            println!("✓ VM[{}] started successfully", vm_id);
+            true
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ VM[{}] failed to boot: {:?}", vm_id, e);
+            true
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn vm_status(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
+
+    // If no arguments, show status of all VMs
+    if args.is_empty() {
+        let vm_list = vm_list::get_vm_list();
+        if vm_list.is_empty() {
+            println!("No VMs found.");
+            return;
+        }
+        println!("VM Status:");
+        println!("-----------");
+        for vm in vm_list {
+            let vm: vm_list::VMRef = vm;
+            let vm_id = usize::from(vm.id());
+            let name = vm.name();
+            let status = vm.status();
+            println!("VM[{}] \"{}\": {:?}", vm_id, name, status);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Show status of specified VM(s)
+    for arg in args {
+        let arg: &String = arg;
+        if let Ok(vm_id) = arg.parse::<usize>() {
+            if let Some(vm) = vm_list::get_vm_by_id(vm_id) {
+                let vm: vm_list::VMRef = vm;
+                let name = vm.name();
+                let status = vm.status();
+                println!("VM[{}] \"{}\": {:?}", vm_id, name, status);
+            } else {
+                println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
+            }
+        } else {
+            println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", arg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn vm_stop(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
+
+    if args.is_empty() {
+        println!("Error: No VM specified");
+        println!("Usage: vm stop <VM_ID>");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for vm_name in args {
+        let vm_name: &String = vm_name;
+        if let Ok(vm_id) = vm_name.parse::<usize>() {
+            stop_vm_by_id(vm_id);
+        } else {
+            println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", vm_name);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn stop_vm_by_id(vm_id: usize) {
+    let vm: vm_list::VMRef = match vm_list::get_vm_by_id(vm_id) {
+        Some(vm) => vm,
+        None => {
+            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let status = vm.status();
+
+    // Check if VM can be stopped
+    match status {
+        VMStatus::Running => {
+            println!("Stopping VM[{}]...", vm_id);
+        }
+        VMStatus::Stopping => {
+            println!("⚠ VM[{}] is already stopping", vm_id);
+            return;
+        }
+        VMStatus::Stopped => {
+            println!("⚠ VM[{}] is already stopped", vm_id);
+            return;
+        }
+        VMStatus::Initialized => {
+            println!("⚠ VM[{}] is not running yet", vm_id);
+            return;
+        }
+        _ => {
+            println!("⚠ VM[{}] is in {:?} state, cannot stop", vm_id, status);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Call shutdown
+    match vm.shutdown() {
+        Ok(_) => {
+            println!("✓ VM[{}] stop signal sent successfully", vm_id);
+            println!("  Note: VM status will transition to Stopped");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to stop VM[{}]: {:?}", vm_id, e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn vm_delete(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
+    let force = cmd.flags.get("force").unwrap_or(&false);
+
+    if args.is_empty() {
+        println!("Error: No VM specified");
+        println!("Usage: vm delete [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for arg in args {
+        let arg: &String = arg;
+        if let Ok(vm_id) = arg.parse::<usize>() {
+            delete_vm_by_id(vm_id, *force);
+        } else {
+            println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", arg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn delete_vm_by_id(vm_id: usize, force: bool) {
+    // Check if VM exists and get its status
+    let vm: vm_list::VMRef = match vm_list::get_vm_by_id(vm_id) {
+        Some(vm) => vm,
+        None => {
+            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let status = vm.status();
+
+    // Check if VM is running
+    match status {
+        VMStatus::Running => {
+            if !force {
+                println!("✗ VM[{}] is currently running", vm_id);
+                println!(
+                    "  Use 'vm stop {}' first, or use '--force' to force delete",
+                    vm_id
+                );
+                return;
+            }
+            println!("⚠ Force deleting running VM[{}]...", vm_id);
+        }
+        VMStatus::Stopping => {
+            if !force {
+                println!("⚠ VM[{}] is currently stopping", vm_id);
+                println!("  Wait for it to stop completely, or use '--force' to force delete");
+                return;
+            }
+            println!("⚠ Force deleting stopping VM[{}]...", vm_id);
+        }
+        VMStatus::Stopped | VMStatus::Initialized => {
+            println!("Deleting VM[{}] (status: {:?})...", vm_id, status);
+            // Resources will be automatically released when VM is dropped
+            println!("  ✓ VM resources will be released on drop");
+        }
+        _ => {
+            println!("⚠ VM[{}] is in {:?} state", vm_id, status);
+            if !force {
+                println!("  Use --force to force delete");
+                return;
+            }
+            println!("  Force deleting...");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If VM is running, try to stop it first
+    if matches!(status, VMStatus::Running | VMStatus::Stopping) {
+        println!("  Sending shutdown signal...");
+        match vm.shutdown() {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                println!("  ✓ Shutdown signal sent");
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("  ⚠ Warning: Failed to send shutdown signal: {:?}", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Remove VM from global list
+    match vm_list::remove_vm(vm_id) {
+        Some(_) => {
+            println!("✓ VM[{}] deleted successfully", vm_id);
+        }
+        None => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to remove VM[{}] from list", vm_id);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+fn vm_list_simple() {
+    let vms = vm_list::get_vm_list();
+    println!("ID    NAME           STATE      VCPU   MEMORY");
+    println!("----  -----------    -------    ----   ------");
+    for vm in vms {
+        let vm: vm_list::VMRef = vm;
+        let status = vm.status();
+        let vcpu_num = vm.vcpu_num();
+        let memory_size = vm.memory_size();
+
+        println!(
+            "{:<4}  {:<11}    {:<7}    {:<4}   {}",
+            usize::from(vm.id()),
+            vm.name(),
+            format!("{:?}", status),
+            vcpu_num,
+            format_memory_size(memory_size)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn vm_list(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let binding = "table".to_string();
+    let format = cmd.options.get("format").unwrap_or(&binding);
+
+    let display_vms = vm_list::get_vm_list();
+
+    if display_vms.is_empty() {
+        println!("No virtual machines found.");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if format == "json" {
+        // JSON output
+        println!("{{");
+        println!("  \"vms\": [");
+        for (i, vm) in display_vms.iter().enumerate() {
+            let vm: &vm_list::VMRef = vm;
+            let status = vm.status();
+            let total_memory = vm.memory_size();
+            let vcpu_num = vm.vcpu_num();
+
+            println!("    {{");
+            println!("      \"id\": {},", usize::from(vm.id()));
+            println!("      \"name\": \"{}\",", vm.name());
+            println!("      \"state\": {:?},", status);
+            println!("      \"vcpu\": {},", vcpu_num);
+            println!("      \"memory\": \"{}\"", format_memory_size(total_memory));
+
+            if i < display_vms.len() - 1 {
+                println!("    }},");
+            } else {
+                println!("    }}");
+            }
+        }
+        println!("  ]");
+        println!("}}");
+    } else {
+        // Table output (default)
+        println!(
+            "{:<6} {:<15} {:<12} {:<10} {:<10}",
+            "VM ID", "NAME", "STATUS", "VCPU", "MEMORY"
+        );
+        println!("{:-<6} {:-<15} {:-<12} {:-<10} {:-<10}", "", "", "", "", "");
+
+        for vm in display_vms {
+            let vm: vm_list::VMRef = vm;
+            let status = vm.status();
+            let total_memory = vm.memory_size();
+            let vcpu_num = vm.vcpu_num();
+
+            println!(
+                "{:<6} {:<15} {:<12} {:<10} {}",
+                usize::from(vm.id()),
+                vm.name(),
+                format!("{:?}", status),
+                vcpu_num,
+                format_memory_size(total_memory)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn vm_show(cmd: &ParsedCommand) {
+    let args = &cmd.positional_args;
+
+    if args.is_empty() {
+        println!("Error: No VM specified");
+        println!("Usage: vm show <VM_ID>");
+        println!();
+        println!("Use 'vm list' to see all VMs");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Show specific VM details
+    let vm_name: &String = &args[0];
+    if let Ok(vm_id) = vm_name.parse::<usize>() {
+        show_vm_details(vm_id);
+    } else {
+        println!("Error: Invalid VM ID: {}", vm_name);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Show VM information
+fn show_vm_details(vm_id: usize) {
+    let vm: vm_list::VMRef = match vm_list::get_vm_by_id(vm_id) {
+        Some(vm) => vm,
+        None => {
+            println!("✗ VM[{}] not found", vm_id);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let status = vm.status();
+
+    println!("=== VM Details: {} ===", vm_id);
+    println!();
+
+    // Basic Information
+    println!("  VM ID:     {}", usize::from(vm.id()));
+    println!("  Name:      {}", vm.name());
+    println!("  Status:    {:?}", status);
+    println!("  VCPUs:     {}", vm.vcpu_num());
+    println!("  Memory:    {}", format_memory_size(vm.memory_size()));
+
+    // Add state-specific information
+    match status {
+        VMStatus::Initialized => {
+            println!();
+            println!("  ℹ VM is ready. Use 'vm start {}' to boot.", vm_id);
+        }
+        VMStatus::Running => {
+            println!();
+            println!("  ℹ VM is running.");
+        }
+        VMStatus::Stopped => {
+            println!();
+            println!("  ℹ VM is stopped.");
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Command Registration
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Build the VM command tree and register it.
+pub fn register_vm_commands(tree: &mut BTreeMap<String, CommandNode>) {
+    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+    let create_cmd = CommandNode::new("Create a new virtual machine")
+        .with_handler(vm_create)
+        .with_usage("vm create [OPTIONS] <CONFIG_FILE>...")
+        .with_option(
+            OptionDef::new("name", "Virtual machine name")
+                .with_short('n')
+                .with_long("name"),
+        )
+        .with_option(
+            OptionDef::new("cpu", "Number of CPU cores")
+                .with_short('c')
+                .with_long("cpu"),
+        )
+        .with_option(
+            OptionDef::new("memory", "Amount of memory")
+                .with_short('m')
+                .with_long("memory"),
+        )
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("force", "Force creation without confirmation")
+                .with_short('f')
+                .with_long("force"),
+        );
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+    let start_cmd = CommandNode::new("Start a virtual machine")
+        .with_handler(vm_start)
+        .with_usage("vm start [OPTIONS] [VM_ID...]")
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("detach", "Start in background")
+                .with_short('d')
+                .with_long("detach"),
+        )
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("console", "Attach to console")
+                .with_short('c')
+                .with_long("console"),
+        );
+
+    let status_cmd = CommandNode::new("Stop a virtual machine")
+        .with_handler(vm_status)
+        .with_usage("vm stop [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>...");
+
+    let stop_cmd = CommandNode::new("Stop a virtual machine")
+        .with_handler(vm_stop)
+        .with_usage("vm stop [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>...")
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("force", "Force stop")
+                .with_short('f')
+                .with_long("force"),
+        )
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("graceful", "Graceful shutdown")
+                .with_short('g')
+                .with_long("graceful"),
+        );
+
+    let delete_cmd = CommandNode::new("Delete a virtual machine")
+        .with_handler(vm_delete)
+        .with_usage("vm delete [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>")
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("force", "Force delete without stopping VM first")
+                .with_short('f')
+                .with_long("force"),
+        );
+
+    let list_cmd = CommandNode::new("Show virtual machine lists")
+        .with_handler(vm_list)
+        .with_usage("vm list [OPTIONS]")
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("all", "Show all VMs including stopped ones")
+                .with_short('a')
+                .with_long("all"),
+        )
+        .with_option(OptionDef::new("format", "Output format (table, json)").with_long("format"));
+
+    let show_cmd = CommandNode::new("Show detailed VM information")
+        .with_handler(vm_show)
+        .with_usage("vm show [OPTIONS] <VM_ID>")
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("full", "Show full detailed information")
+                .with_short('f')
+                .with_long("full"),
+        )
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("config", "Show configuration details")
+                .with_short('c')
+                .with_long("config"),
+        )
+        .with_flag(
+            FlagDef::new("stats", "Show device statistics")
+                .with_short('s')
+                .with_long("stats"),
+        );
+
+    // main VM command
+    let mut vm_node = CommandNode::new("Virtual machine management")
+        .with_handler(vm_help)
+        .with_usage("vm <command> [options] [args...]")
+        .add_subcommand(
+            "help",
+            CommandNode::new("Show VM help").with_handler(vm_help),
+        );
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+    {
+        vm_node = vm_node
+            .add_subcommand("create", create_cmd)
+            .add_subcommand("start", start_cmd);
+    }
+
+    vm_node = vm_node
+        .add_subcommand("status", status_cmd)
+        .add_subcommand("stop", stop_cmd)
+        .add_subcommand("delete", delete_cmd)
+        .add_subcommand("list", list_cmd)
+        .add_subcommand("show", show_cmd);
+
+    tree.insert("vm".to_string(), vm_node);
+}
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/completion.rs b/kernel/src/shell/completion.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00845b35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/completion.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+//! Tab completion module for file and directory names
+//!
+//! Provides intelligent filename and directory name completion
+//! when the user presses the TAB key.
+
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+/// Completion result containing possible matches
+pub struct CompletionResult {
+    /// The common prefix of all matches
+    pub prefix: String,
+    /// List of all possible completions
+    pub matches: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl CompletionResult {
+    /// Create a new completion result
+    pub fn new(prefix: String, matches: Vec<String>) -> Self {
+        Self { prefix, matches }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if there's exactly one match
+    pub fn is_unique(&self) -> bool {
+        self.matches.len() == 1
+    }
+
+    /// Check if there are no matches
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.matches.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Perform tab completion for the given input line and cursor position
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `line` - The current input line
+/// * `cursor_pos` - The current cursor position
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// * `None` if no completion is possible
+/// * `Some(CompletionResult)` with completion suggestions
+pub fn complete(line: &str, cursor_pos: usize) -> Option<CompletionResult> {
+    // Find the word being completed (word under cursor)
+    let word_start = find_word_start(line, cursor_pos);
+    let word_to_complete = &line[word_start..cursor_pos];
+
+    // Check if we should complete commands or filenames
+    // If we're at the beginning of the line or after a space, complete commands
+    // Otherwise, complete filenames
+    if is_at_command_position(line, word_start) {
+        complete_command(word_to_complete)
+    } else {
+        // For filename completion, we need to extract the path prefix and filename part
+        // Returns a CompletionResult where insert_text is the full path (path_prefix + filename)
+        complete_filename(word_to_complete)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find the start position of the word under the cursor
+pub fn find_word_start(line: &str, cursor_pos: usize) -> usize {
+    let bytes = line.as_bytes();
+    let mut pos = cursor_pos.saturating_sub(1);
+
+    while pos > 0 && !is_whitespace(bytes[pos]) {
+        pos -= 1;
+    }
+
+    if is_whitespace(bytes[pos]) {
+        pos + 1
+    } else {
+        pos
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check if a byte is a whitespace character
+fn is_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
+    b == b' ' || b == b'\t'
+}
+
+/// Check if we're at a position where commands should be completed
+/// (either at the start of line or after a pipe)
+fn is_at_command_position(line: &str, word_start: usize) -> bool {
+    let before_word = &line[..word_start];
+    let trimmed = before_word.trim();
+
+    // At the start of the line
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // After a pipe (simple check)
+    if trimmed.ends_with('|') {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    false
+}
+
+/// Complete command names
+#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+fn complete_command(partial: &str) -> Option<CompletionResult> {
+    use super::commands::COMMAND_TREE;
+
+    let partial_lower = partial.to_lowercase();
+    let mut matches: Vec<String> = (*COMMAND_TREE)
+        .keys()
+        .filter(|cmd: &&String| cmd.starts_with(&partial_lower))
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+
+    if matches.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    matches.sort();
+
+    let common_prefix = find_common_prefix(&matches);
+    Some(CompletionResult::new(common_prefix, matches))
+}
+
+/// Complete command names (no filesystem feature)
+#[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+fn complete_command(partial: &str) -> Option<CompletionResult> {
+    use super::commands::COMMAND_TREE;
+
+    let partial_lower = partial.to_lowercase();
+    let mut matches: Vec<String> = (*COMMAND_TREE)
+        .keys()
+        .filter(|cmd: &&String| cmd.starts_with(&partial_lower))
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+
+    if matches.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    matches.sort();
+
+    let common_prefix = find_common_prefix(&matches);
+    Some(CompletionResult::new(common_prefix, matches))
+}
+
+/// Complete file and directory names
+#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+fn complete_filename(partial: &str) -> Option<CompletionResult> {
+    use alloc::string::ToString;
+    use axstd::fs;
+
+    // Split into directory path and file prefix
+    let (dir_path, file_prefix, path_prefix) = if let Some(last_slash) = partial.rfind('/') {
+        // If partial ends with '/', complete everything in that directory
+        if last_slash == partial.len() - 1 {
+            // dir_path is everything up to and including the last slash
+            (partial, "", partial.to_string())
+        } else {
+            // dir_path is everything up to and including the last slash
+            // file_prefix is everything after the last slash
+            (
+                &partial[..=last_slash],
+                &partial[last_slash + 1..],
+                partial[..=last_slash].to_string(),
+            )
+        }
+    } else {
+        (".", partial, String::new())
+    };
+
+    // Try to read the directory
+    let entries = match fs::read_dir(dir_path) {
+        Ok(entries) => entries,
+        Err(_) => return None,
+    };
+
+    let mut matches: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in entries.flatten() {
+        let name = entry.file_name();
+
+        // Skip hidden files (starting with '.') unless explicitly requested
+        if !file_prefix.starts_with('.') && name.starts_with('.') {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if name.starts_with(file_prefix) {
+            // Check if it's a directory by file type
+            let file_type = entry.file_type();
+
+            // Add '/' suffix for directories
+            let completed_name = if matches!(file_type, axstd::fs::FileType::Dir) {
+                format!("{name}/")
+            } else {
+                name.clone()
+            };
+
+            // For matches, we need to include the path prefix
+            // e.g., if partial is "/gu" and we find "guest", match should be "/guest/"
+            let full_match = if !path_prefix.is_empty() && path_prefix != "/" {
+                format!("{}{}", path_prefix, completed_name)
+            } else if path_prefix == "/" {
+                format!("/{}", completed_name)
+            } else {
+                completed_name.clone()
+            };
+
+            matches.push(full_match);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if matches.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    matches.sort();
+
+    let common_prefix = find_common_prefix(&matches);
+    Some(CompletionResult::new(common_prefix, matches))
+}
+
+/// Complete file and directory names (no filesystem support)
+#[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+fn complete_filename(_partial: &str) -> Option<CompletionResult> {
+    // No filesystem support, no filename completion
+    None
+}
+
+/// Find the common prefix among all strings
+fn find_common_prefix(strings: &[String]) -> String {
+    if strings.is_empty() {
+        return String::new();
+    }
+
+    if strings.len() == 1 {
+        return strings[0].clone();
+    }
+
+    let first = &strings[0];
+    let mut end = first.len();
+
+    for s in &strings[1..] {
+        let mut new_end = 0;
+        for (i, (a, b)) in first.bytes().zip(s.bytes()).enumerate() {
+            if a == b {
+                new_end = i + 1;
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        end = end.min(new_end);
+        if end == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    first[..end].to_string()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_find_common_prefix() {
+        assert_eq!(find_common_prefix(&[]), "");
+        assert_eq!(find_common_prefix(&["test".into()]), "test");
+        assert_eq!(
+            find_common_prefix(&["test".into(), "testing".into()]),
+            "test"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(find_common_prefix(&["foo".into(), "bar".into()]), "");
+        assert_eq!(
+            find_common_prefix(&["file1.txt".into(), "file2.txt".into()]),
+            "file"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_find_word_start() {
+        assert_eq!(find_word_start("ls test", 6), 3);
+        assert_eq!(find_word_start("ls test file", 6), 3);
+        assert_eq!(find_word_start("ls", 2), 0);
+        assert_eq!(find_word_start("ls   test", 7), 5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_at_command_position() {
+        assert!(is_at_command_position("ls", 0));
+        assert!(is_at_command_position("| ls", 2));
+        assert!(!is_at_command_position("ls file", 3));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/mod.rs b/kernel/src/shell/mod.rs
index 89850240..48d5cc61 100644
--- a/kernel/src/shell/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/mod.rs
@@ -1,225 +1,32 @@
-mod command;
-
-use std::io::prelude::*;
-use std::println;
-use std::string::ToString;
-
-use crate::shell::command::{
-    CommandHistory, clear_line_and_redraw, handle_builtin_commands, print_prompt, run_cmd_bytes,
+//! AxVisor Shell
+//!
+//! A command-line shell for AxVisor with support for:
+//! - Command history and navigation
+//! - File system operations (when fs feature is enabled)
+//! - Virtual machine management
+//!
+//! # Example
+//!
+//! ```no_run
+//! use axvisor_shell::console_init;
+//!
+//! // Start the shell in blocking mode
+//! console_init();
+//! ```
+
+mod completion;
+mod parser;
+mod shell_impl;
+
+mod commands;
+
+// Re-export shell types and functions
+pub use shell_impl::{Shell, console_init, console_init_non_blocking};
+
+// Re-export parser types for external use
+pub use parser::{
+    CommandHistory, CommandNode, CommandParser, FlagDef, OptionDef, ParseError, ParsedCommand,
 };
 
-const LF: u8 = b'\n';
-const CR: u8 = b'\r';
-const DL: u8 = b'\x7f';
-const BS: u8 = b'\x08';
-const ESC: u8 = 0x1b; // ESC key
-
-const MAX_LINE_LEN: usize = 256;
-
-// Initialize the console shell.
-pub fn console_init() {
-    let mut stdin = std::io::stdin();
-    let mut stdout = std::io::stdout();
-    let mut history = CommandHistory::new(100);
-
-    let mut buf = [0; MAX_LINE_LEN];
-    let mut cursor = 0; // cursor position in buffer
-    let mut line_len = 0; // actual length of current line
-
-    enum InputState {
-        Normal,
-        Escape,
-        EscapeSeq,
-    }
-
-    let mut input_state = InputState::Normal;
-
-    println!("Welcome to AxVisor Shell!");
-    println!("Type 'help' to see available commands");
-    println!("Use UP/DOWN arrows to navigate command history");
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
-    println!("Note: Running with limited features (filesystem support disabled).");
-    println!();
-
-    print_prompt();
-
-    loop {
-        let mut temp_buf = [0u8; 1];
-
-        let ch = match stdin.read(&mut temp_buf) {
-            Ok(1) => temp_buf[0],
-            _ => {
-                continue;
-            }
-        };
-
-        match input_state {
-            InputState::Normal => {
-                match ch {
-                    CR | LF => {
-                        println!();
-                        if line_len > 0 {
-                            let cmd_str = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..line_len]).unwrap_or("");
-
-                            // Add to history
-                            history.add_command(cmd_str.to_string());
-
-                            // Execute command
-                            if !handle_builtin_commands(cmd_str) {
-                                run_cmd_bytes(&buf[..line_len]);
-                            }
-
-                            // reset buffer
-                            buf[..line_len].fill(0);
-                            cursor = 0;
-                            line_len = 0;
-                        }
-                        print_prompt();
-                    }
-                    BS | DL => {
-                        // backspace: delete character before cursor / DEL key: delete character at cursor
-                        if cursor > 0 {
-                            // move characters after cursor forward
-                            for i in cursor..line_len {
-                                buf[i - 1] = buf[i];
-                            }
-                            cursor -= 1;
-                            line_len -= 1;
-                            if line_len < buf.len() {
-                                buf[line_len] = 0;
-                            }
-
-                            let current_content =
-                                std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..line_len]).unwrap_or("");
-                            #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-                            let prompt = format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
-                            #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
-                            let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
-                            clear_line_and_redraw(&mut stdout, &prompt, current_content, cursor);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    ESC => {
-                        input_state = InputState::Escape;
-                    }
-                    0..=31 => {
-                        // ignore other control characters
-                    }
-                    c => {
-                        // insert character
-                        if line_len < MAX_LINE_LEN - 1 {
-                            // move characters after cursor backward to make space for new character
-                            for i in (cursor..line_len).rev() {
-                                buf[i + 1] = buf[i];
-                            }
-                            buf[cursor] = c;
-                            cursor += 1;
-                            line_len += 1;
-
-                            let current_content =
-                                std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..line_len]).unwrap_or("");
-                            #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-                            let prompt = format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
-                            #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
-                            let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
-                            clear_line_and_redraw(&mut stdout, &prompt, current_content, cursor);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            InputState::Escape => match ch {
-                b'[' => {
-                    input_state = InputState::EscapeSeq;
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    input_state = InputState::Normal;
-                }
-            },
-            InputState::EscapeSeq => {
-                match ch {
-                    b'A' => {
-                        // UP arrow - previous command
-                        if let Some(prev_cmd) = history.previous() {
-                            // clear current buffer
-                            buf[..line_len].fill(0);
-
-                            let cmd_bytes = prev_cmd.as_bytes();
-                            let copy_len = cmd_bytes.len().min(MAX_LINE_LEN - 1);
-                            buf[..copy_len].copy_from_slice(&cmd_bytes[..copy_len]);
-                            cursor = copy_len;
-                            line_len = copy_len;
-                            #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-                            let prompt = format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
-                            #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
-                            let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
-                            clear_line_and_redraw(&mut stdout, &prompt, prev_cmd, cursor);
-                        }
-                        input_state = InputState::Normal;
-                    }
-                    b'B' => {
-                        // DOWN arrow - next command
-                        match history.next() {
-                            Some(next_cmd) => {
-                                // clear current buffer
-                                buf[..line_len].fill(0);
-
-                                let cmd_bytes = next_cmd.as_bytes();
-                                let copy_len = cmd_bytes.len().min(MAX_LINE_LEN - 1);
-                                buf[..copy_len].copy_from_slice(&cmd_bytes[..copy_len]);
-                                cursor = copy_len;
-                                line_len = copy_len;
-
-                                #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-                                let prompt =
-                                    format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
-                                #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
-                                let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
-                                clear_line_and_redraw(&mut stdout, &prompt, next_cmd, cursor);
-                            }
-                            None => {
-                                // clear current line
-                                buf[..line_len].fill(0);
-                                cursor = 0;
-                                line_len = 0;
-                                #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-                                let prompt =
-                                    format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
-                                #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
-                                let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
-                                clear_line_and_redraw(&mut stdout, &prompt, "", cursor);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        input_state = InputState::Normal;
-                    }
-                    b'C' => {
-                        // RIGHT arrow - move cursor right
-                        if cursor < line_len {
-                            cursor += 1;
-                            stdout.write_all(b"\x1b[C").ok();
-                            stdout.flush().ok();
-                        }
-                        input_state = InputState::Normal;
-                    }
-                    b'D' => {
-                        // LEFT arrow - move cursor left
-                        if cursor > 0 {
-                            cursor -= 1;
-                            stdout.write_all(b"\x1b[D").ok();
-                            stdout.flush().ok();
-                        }
-                        input_state = InputState::Normal;
-                    }
-                    b'3' => {
-                        // check if this is Delete key sequence (ESC[3~)
-                        // need to read next character to confirm
-                        input_state = InputState::Normal;
-                        // can add additional state to handle complete Delete sequence
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        // ignore other escape sequences
-                        input_state = InputState::Normal;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
+// Re-export commands module
+pub use commands::{COMMAND_TREE, execute_command, show_available_commands, show_help};
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/command/history.rs b/kernel/src/shell/parser/history.rs
similarity index 78%
rename from kernel/src/shell/command/history.rs
rename to kernel/src/shell/parser/history.rs
index 9c13fc83..63173ce1 100644
--- a/kernel/src/shell/command/history.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/parser/history.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
+//! Command history management
+//!
+//! Provides functionality to store and navigate through command history.
+
 use std::io::prelude::*;
 use std::{string::String, vec::Vec};
 
+/// Command history storage and navigation
 pub struct CommandHistory {
     history: Vec<String>,
     current_index: usize,
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@ pub struct CommandHistory {
 }
 
 impl CommandHistory {
+    /// Create a new command history with the given maximum size
     pub fn new(max_size: usize) -> Self {
         Self {
             history: Vec::new(),
@@ -16,6 +22,7 @@ impl CommandHistory {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Add a command to the history
     pub fn add_command(&mut self, cmd: String) {
         if !cmd.trim().is_empty() && self.history.last() != Some(&cmd) {
             if self.history.len() >= self.max_size {
@@ -26,6 +33,7 @@ impl CommandHistory {
         self.current_index = self.history.len();
     }
 
+    /// Get the previous command in history
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub fn previous(&mut self) -> Option<&String> {
         if self.current_index > 0 {
@@ -36,8 +44,9 @@ impl CommandHistory {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get the next command in history
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&String> {
+    pub fn next_command(&mut self) -> Option<&String> {
         if self.current_index < self.history.len() {
             self.current_index += 1;
             if self.current_index < self.history.len() {
@@ -51,6 +60,7 @@ impl CommandHistory {
     }
 }
 
+/// Clear the current line and redraw it with the given content
 #[allow(unused_must_use)]
 pub fn clear_line_and_redraw(
     stdout: &mut dyn Write,
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/parser/mod.rs b/kernel/src/shell/parser/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae809c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/parser/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! Command parsing module
+//!
+//! Provides functionality to parse and structure commands.
+
+mod history;
+mod node;
+mod parser_impl;
+
+pub use history::{CommandHistory, clear_line_and_redraw};
+pub use node::{CommandNode, FlagDef, OptionDef, ParseError, ParsedCommand};
+pub use parser_impl::CommandParser;
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/parser/node.rs b/kernel/src/shell/parser/node.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b7df812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/parser/node.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+//! Command node definitions for the command tree
+//!
+//! Defines the structures used to build the command tree hierarchy.
+
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::string::String;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+/// A node in the command tree
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct CommandNode {
+    handler: Option<fn(&ParsedCommand)>,
+    pub subcommands: BTreeMap<String, CommandNode>,
+    pub description: &'static str,
+    pub usage: Option<&'static str>,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub log_level: log::LevelFilter,
+    pub options: Vec<OptionDef>,
+    pub flags: Vec<FlagDef>,
+}
+
+impl CommandNode {
+    /// Create a new command node with a description
+    pub fn new(description: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            handler: None,
+            subcommands: BTreeMap::new(),
+            description,
+            usage: None,
+            log_level: log::LevelFilter::Off,
+            options: Vec::new(),
+            flags: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the handler function for this command
+    pub fn with_handler(mut self, handler: fn(&ParsedCommand)) -> Self {
+        self.handler = Some(handler);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the usage string for this command
+    pub fn with_usage(mut self, usage: &'static str) -> Self {
+        self.usage = Some(usage);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the log level for this command
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn with_log_level(mut self, level: log::LevelFilter) -> Self {
+        self.log_level = level;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add an option to this command
+    pub fn with_option(mut self, option: OptionDef) -> Self {
+        self.options.push(option);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a flag to this command
+    pub fn with_flag(mut self, flag: FlagDef) -> Self {
+        self.flags.push(flag);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a subcommand to this command
+    pub fn add_subcommand<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S, node: CommandNode) -> Self {
+        self.subcommands.insert(name.into(), node);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Get the handler for this command
+    pub fn handler(&self) -> Option<fn(&ParsedCommand)> {
+        self.handler
+    }
+}
+
+/// Definition of a command option (takes a value)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct OptionDef {
+    pub name: &'static str,
+    pub short: Option<char>,
+    pub long: Option<&'static str>,
+    pub description: &'static str,
+    pub required: bool,
+}
+
+impl OptionDef {
+    /// Create a new option definition
+    pub fn new(name: &'static str, description: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            short: None,
+            long: None,
+            description,
+            required: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the short flag (e.g., -v)
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn with_short(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
+        self.short = Some(short);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the long flag (e.g., --verbose)
+    pub fn with_long(mut self, long: &'static str) -> Self {
+        self.long = Some(long);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Mark this option as required
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn required(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.required = true;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Definition of a command flag (boolean)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct FlagDef {
+    pub name: &'static str,
+    pub short: Option<char>,
+    pub long: Option<&'static str>,
+    pub description: &'static str,
+}
+
+impl FlagDef {
+    /// Create a new flag definition
+    pub fn new(name: &'static str, description: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            short: None,
+            long: None,
+            description,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the short flag (e.g., -v)
+    pub fn with_short(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
+        self.short = Some(short);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the long flag (e.g., --verbose)
+    pub fn with_long(mut self, long: &'static str) -> Self {
+        self.long = Some(long);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// A parsed command with all arguments and options
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ParsedCommand {
+    pub command_path: Vec<String>,
+    pub options: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    pub flags: BTreeMap<String, bool>,
+    pub positional_args: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// Errors that can occur during command parsing
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ParseError {
+    UnknownCommand(String),
+    UnknownOption(String),
+    MissingValue(String),
+    MissingRequiredOption(String),
+    NoHandler(String),
+}
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/parser/parser_impl.rs b/kernel/src/shell/parser/parser_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5526db08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/parser/parser_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+//! Command parser implementation
+//!
+//! Parses command strings into structured command objects.
+
+use super::node::{CommandNode, ParseError, ParsedCommand};
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+/// Command parser
+pub struct CommandParser;
+
+impl CommandParser {
+    /// Parse a command string into a structured command
+    pub fn parse(
+        input: &str,
+        command_tree: &BTreeMap<String, CommandNode>,
+    ) -> Result<ParsedCommand, ParseError> {
+        let tokens = Self::tokenize(input);
+        if tokens.is_empty() {
+            return Err(ParseError::UnknownCommand("empty command".to_string()));
+        }
+
+        // Find the command path
+        let (command_path, command_node, remaining_tokens) =
+            Self::find_command(&tokens, command_tree)?;
+
+        // Parse the arguments
+        let (options, flags, positional_args) = Self::parse_args(remaining_tokens, command_node)?;
+
+        // Validate required options
+        Self::validate_required_options(command_node, &options)?;
+
+        Ok(ParsedCommand {
+            command_path,
+            options,
+            flags,
+            positional_args,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Split input string into tokens, handling quotes and escapes
+    fn tokenize(input: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut tokens = Vec::new();
+        let mut current_token = String::new();
+        let mut in_quotes = false;
+        let mut escape_next = false;
+
+        for ch in input.chars() {
+            if escape_next {
+                current_token.push(ch);
+                escape_next = false;
+            } else if ch == '\\' {
+                escape_next = true;
+            } else if ch == '"' {
+                in_quotes = !in_quotes;
+            } else if ch.is_whitespace() && !in_quotes {
+                if !current_token.is_empty() {
+                    tokens.push(current_token.clone());
+                    current_token.clear();
+                }
+            } else {
+                current_token.push(ch);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !current_token.is_empty() {
+            tokens.push(current_token);
+        }
+
+        tokens
+    }
+
+    /// Find the command node for the given tokens
+    fn find_command<'a>(
+        tokens: &'a [String],
+        command_tree: &'a BTreeMap<String, CommandNode>,
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<String>, &'a CommandNode, &'a [String]), ParseError> {
+        let mut current_node = command_tree
+            .get(&tokens[0])
+            .ok_or_else(|| ParseError::UnknownCommand(tokens[0].clone()))?;
+
+        let mut command_path = vec![tokens[0].clone()];
+        let mut token_index = 1;
+
+        // Traverse to find the deepest command node
+        while token_index < tokens.len() {
+            if let Some(subcommand) = current_node.subcommands.get(&tokens[token_index]) {
+                current_node = subcommand;
+                command_path.push(tokens[token_index].clone());
+                token_index += 1;
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok((command_path, current_node, &tokens[token_index..]))
+    }
+
+    /// Parse arguments into options, flags, and positional args
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    fn parse_args(
+        tokens: &[String],
+        command_node: &CommandNode,
+    ) -> Result<
+        (
+            BTreeMap<String, String>,
+            BTreeMap<String, bool>,
+            Vec<String>,
+        ),
+        ParseError,
+    > {
+        let mut options = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut flags = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut positional_args = Vec::new();
+        let mut i = 0;
+
+        while i < tokens.len() {
+            let token = &tokens[i];
+
+            if let Some(name) = token.strip_prefix("--") {
+                // Long options/flags
+                if let Some(eq_pos) = name.find('=') {
+                    // --option=value format
+                    let (opt_name, value) = name.split_at(eq_pos);
+                    let value = &value[1..]; // Skip '='
+                    if Self::is_option(opt_name, command_node) {
+                        options.insert(opt_name.to_string(), value.to_string());
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(ParseError::UnknownOption(format!("--{opt_name}")));
+                    }
+                } else if Self::is_flag(name, command_node) {
+                    flags.insert(name.to_string(), true);
+                } else if Self::is_option(name, command_node) {
+                    // --option value format
+                    if i + 1 >= tokens.len() {
+                        return Err(ParseError::MissingValue(format!("--{name}")));
+                    }
+                    options.insert(name.to_string(), tokens[i + 1].clone());
+                    i += 1; // Skip value
+                } else {
+                    return Err(ParseError::UnknownOption(format!("--{name}")));
+                }
+            } else if token.starts_with('-') && token.len() > 1 {
+                // Short options/flags
+                let chars: Vec<char> = token[1..].chars().collect();
+                for (j, &ch) in chars.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if Self::is_short_flag(ch, command_node) {
+                        flags.insert(
+                            Self::get_flag_name_by_short(ch, command_node)
+                                .unwrap()
+                                .to_string(),
+                            true,
+                        );
+                    } else if Self::is_short_option(ch, command_node) {
+                        let opt_name = Self::get_option_name_by_short(ch, command_node).unwrap();
+                        if j == chars.len() - 1 && i + 1 < tokens.len() {
+                            // Last character and there is a next token as value
+                            options.insert(opt_name.to_string(), tokens[i + 1].clone());
+                            i += 1; // Skip value
+                        } else {
+                            return Err(ParseError::MissingValue(format!("-{ch}")));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(ParseError::UnknownOption(format!("-{ch}")));
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Positional arguments
+                positional_args.push(token.clone());
+            }
+            i += 1;
+        }
+
+        Ok((options, flags, positional_args))
+    }
+
+    fn is_option(name: &str, node: &CommandNode) -> bool {
+        node.options
+            .iter()
+            .any(|opt| (opt.long == Some(name)) || opt.name == name)
+    }
+
+    fn is_flag(name: &str, node: &CommandNode) -> bool {
+        node.flags
+            .iter()
+            .any(|flag| (flag.long == Some(name)) || flag.name == name)
+    }
+
+    fn is_short_option(ch: char, node: &CommandNode) -> bool {
+        node.options.iter().any(|opt| opt.short == Some(ch))
+    }
+
+    fn is_short_flag(ch: char, node: &CommandNode) -> bool {
+        node.flags.iter().any(|flag| flag.short == Some(ch))
+    }
+
+    fn get_option_name_by_short(ch: char, node: &CommandNode) -> Option<&str> {
+        node.options
+            .iter()
+            .find(|opt| opt.short == Some(ch))
+            .map(|opt| opt.name)
+    }
+
+    fn get_flag_name_by_short(ch: char, node: &CommandNode) -> Option<&str> {
+        node.flags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|flag| flag.short == Some(ch))
+            .map(|flag| flag.name)
+    }
+
+    fn validate_required_options(
+        node: &CommandNode,
+        options: &BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
+        for option in &node.options {
+            if option.required && !options.contains_key(option.name) {
+                return Err(ParseError::MissingRequiredOption(option.name.to_string()));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::node::{CommandNode, FlagDef};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_tokenize() {
+        let tokens = CommandParser::tokenize("hello world");
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec!["hello", "world"]);
+
+        let tokens = CommandParser::tokenize("hello \"world test\"");
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec!["hello", "world test"]);
+
+        let tokens = CommandParser::tokenize("hello\\ world");
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec!["hello world"]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/kernel/src/shell/shell_impl.rs b/kernel/src/shell/shell_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..443fca8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/shell/shell_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+//! Shell core implementation
+//!
+//! Provides the main shell functionality including input handling,
+//! command execution, and state management.
+
+use std::io::prelude::*;
+use std::print;
+use std::println;
+
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+
+use super::commands::{handle_builtin_commands, print_prompt, run_cmd_bytes};
+use super::completion;
+use super::parser::{CommandHistory, clear_line_and_redraw};
+
+const LF: u8 = b'\n';
+const CR: u8 = b'\r';
+const DL: u8 = b'\x7f';
+const BS: u8 = b'\x08';
+const TAB: u8 = b'\t'; // TAB key for completion
+const ESC: u8 = 0x1b; // ESC key
+
+const MAX_LINE_LEN: usize = 256;
+
+/// Shell state that can be stored and restored
+pub struct Shell {
+    stdin: std::io::Stdin,
+    stdout: std::io::Stdout,
+    history: CommandHistory,
+    buf: [u8; MAX_LINE_LEN],
+    cursor: usize,
+    line_len: usize,
+    input_state: InputState,
+    initialized: bool,
+}
+
+/// Input state for handling escape sequences
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum InputState {
+    Normal,
+    Escape,
+    EscapeSeq,
+}
+
+impl Shell {
+    /// Create a new shell instance
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            stdin: std::io::stdin(),
+            stdout: std::io::stdout(),
+            history: CommandHistory::new(100),
+            buf: [0; MAX_LINE_LEN],
+            cursor: 0,
+            line_len: 0,
+            input_state: InputState::Normal,
+            initialized: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize the shell (print welcome message)
+    pub fn init(&mut self) {
+        if self.initialized {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        println!("Welcome to AxVisor Shell!");
+        println!("Type 'help' to see available commands");
+        println!("Use UP/DOWN arrows to navigate command history");
+        println!("Press TAB to autocomplete commands and filenames");
+        println!("Note: Only ASCII characters are supported for input");
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+        println!("Note: Running with limited features (filesystem support disabled).");
+        println!();
+
+        print_prompt();
+        self.initialized = true;
+    }
+
+    /// Process one character of input.
+    /// Returns true if a command was executed (for potential scheduling decisions).
+    pub fn process_char(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if !self.initialized {
+            self.init();
+        }
+
+        let mut temp_buf = [0u8; 1];
+
+        let ch = match self.stdin.read(&mut temp_buf) {
+            Ok(1) => temp_buf[0],
+            _ => return false,
+        };
+
+        self.process_input(ch)
+    }
+
+    fn process_input(&mut self, ch: u8) -> bool {
+        let mut command_executed = false;
+
+        match self.input_state {
+            InputState::Normal => match ch {
+                CR | LF => {
+                    println!();
+                    if self.line_len > 0 {
+                        let cmd_str = std::str::from_utf8(&self.buf[..self.line_len]).unwrap_or("");
+
+                        // Add to history
+                        self.history.add_command(cmd_str.to_string());
+
+                        // Execute command
+                        if !handle_builtin_commands(cmd_str) {
+                            run_cmd_bytes(&self.buf[..self.line_len]);
+                        }
+
+                        command_executed = true;
+
+                        // reset buffer
+                        self.buf[..self.line_len].fill(0);
+                        self.cursor = 0;
+                        self.line_len = 0;
+                    }
+                    print_prompt();
+                }
+                BS | DL => {
+                    // backspace: delete character before cursor / DEL key: delete character at cursor
+                    if self.cursor > 0 {
+                        // move characters after cursor forward
+                        for i in self.cursor..self.line_len {
+                            self.buf[i - 1] = self.buf[i];
+                        }
+                        self.cursor -= 1;
+                        self.line_len -= 1;
+                        if self.line_len < self.buf.len() {
+                            self.buf[self.line_len] = 0;
+                        }
+
+                        let current_content =
+                            std::str::from_utf8(&self.buf[..self.line_len]).unwrap_or("");
+                        #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+                        let prompt = format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
+                        #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+                        let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
+                        clear_line_and_redraw(
+                            &mut self.stdout,
+                            &prompt,
+                            current_content,
+                            self.cursor,
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                TAB => {
+                    // Tab completion
+                    let current_content =
+                        std::str::from_utf8(&self.buf[..self.line_len]).unwrap_or("");
+
+                    if let Some(result) = completion::complete(current_content, self.cursor) {
+                        let result: &completion::CompletionResult = &result;
+                        let is_unique = result.is_unique();
+                        let matches_count = result.matches.len();
+
+                        // If there are multiple matches, always show all options first
+                        if !is_unique && matches_count > 1 {
+                            println!();
+                            // Strip the common prefix from matches for cleaner display
+                            let display_prefix: &str = &result.prefix;
+                            for (i, match_name) in result.matches.iter().enumerate() {
+                                let match_name: &String = match_name;
+                                let display_name: &str = match_name
+                                    .strip_prefix(display_prefix)
+                                    .unwrap_or(match_name.as_str());
+                                print!("{}  ", display_name); // Add explicit spacing
+                                if (i + 1) % 3 == 0 {
+                                    println!();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if !result.matches.len().is_multiple_of(3) {
+                                println!();
+                            }
+                            print_prompt();
+                            let current_content =
+                                std::str::from_utf8(&self.buf[..self.line_len]).unwrap_or("");
+                            print!("{}", current_content);
+                            self.stdout.flush().ok();
+                        } else if is_unique && matches_count > 0 {
+                            // Single match - insert the full match
+                            let text_to_insert = &result.matches[0];
+                            let word_start =
+                                completion::find_word_start(current_content, self.cursor);
+                            let current_word = &current_content[word_start..self.cursor];
+
+                            // Calculate what we need to add (match minus what's already typed)
+                            let to_add = if text_to_insert.starts_with(current_word) {
+                                text_to_insert
+                                    .strip_prefix(current_word)
+                                    .unwrap_or(text_to_insert)
+                            } else {
+                                text_to_insert
+                            };
+
+                            if !to_add.is_empty() {
+                                let to_add_bytes = to_add.as_bytes();
+                                let insert_len =
+                                    to_add_bytes.len().min(MAX_LINE_LEN - self.line_len - 1);
+
+                                if insert_len > 0 {
+                                    // Move existing characters to make space
+                                    for i in (self.cursor..self.line_len).rev() {
+                                        self.buf[i + insert_len] = self.buf[i];
+                                    }
+
+                                    // Insert completion
+                                    self.buf[self.cursor..self.cursor + insert_len]
+                                        .copy_from_slice(&to_add_bytes[..insert_len]);
+
+                                    self.cursor += insert_len;
+                                    self.line_len += insert_len;
+
+                                    // Redraw
+                                    let new_content =
+                                        std::str::from_utf8(&self.buf[..self.line_len])
+                                            .unwrap_or("");
+                                    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+                                    let prompt =
+                                        format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
+                                    #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+                                    let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
+                                    clear_line_and_redraw(
+                                        &mut self.stdout,
+                                        &prompt,
+                                        new_content,
+                                        self.cursor,
+                                    );
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                ESC => {
+                    self.input_state = InputState::Escape;
+                }
+                0..=31 => {
+                    // ignore other control characters (already handled: LF, CR, BS, DL, TAB, ESC)
+                }
+                c @ 32..=126 => {
+                    // insert ASCII printable character
+                    if self.line_len < MAX_LINE_LEN - 1 {
+                        // move characters after cursor backward to make space for new character
+                        for i in (self.cursor..self.line_len).rev() {
+                            self.buf[i + 1] = self.buf[i];
+                        }
+                        self.buf[self.cursor] = c;
+                        self.cursor += 1;
+                        self.line_len += 1;
+
+                        let current_content =
+                            std::str::from_utf8(&self.buf[..self.line_len]).unwrap_or("");
+                        #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+                        let prompt = format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
+                        #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+                        let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
+                        clear_line_and_redraw(
+                            &mut self.stdout,
+                            &prompt,
+                            current_content,
+                            self.cursor,
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    // Non-ASCII or DEL characters - ignore for now
+                    // In a full implementation, we would handle multi-byte UTF-8 sequences
+                }
+            },
+            InputState::Escape => match ch {
+                b'[' => {
+                    self.input_state = InputState::EscapeSeq;
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    self.input_state = InputState::Normal;
+                }
+            },
+            InputState::EscapeSeq => match ch {
+                b'A' => {
+                    // UP arrow - previous command
+                    if let Some(prev_cmd) = self.history.previous() {
+                        let prev_cmd: &String = prev_cmd;
+                        // clear current buffer
+                        self.buf[..self.line_len].fill(0);
+
+                        let cmd_bytes: &[u8] = prev_cmd.as_bytes();
+                        let copy_len = cmd_bytes.len().min(MAX_LINE_LEN - 1);
+                        self.buf[..copy_len].copy_from_slice(&cmd_bytes[..copy_len]);
+                        self.cursor = copy_len;
+                        self.line_len = copy_len;
+                        #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+                        let prompt = format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
+                        #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+                        let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
+                        clear_line_and_redraw(&mut self.stdout, &prompt, prev_cmd, self.cursor);
+                    }
+                    self.input_state = InputState::Normal;
+                }
+                b'B' => {
+                    // DOWN arrow - next command
+                    match self.history.next_command() {
+                        Some(next_cmd) => {
+                            let next_cmd: &String = next_cmd;
+                            // clear current buffer
+                            self.buf[..self.line_len].fill(0);
+
+                            let cmd_bytes: &[u8] = next_cmd.as_bytes();
+                            let copy_len = cmd_bytes.len().min(MAX_LINE_LEN - 1);
+                            self.buf[..copy_len].copy_from_slice(&cmd_bytes[..copy_len]);
+                            self.cursor = copy_len;
+                            self.line_len = copy_len;
+
+                            #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+                            let prompt = format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
+                            #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+                            let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
+                            clear_line_and_redraw(&mut self.stdout, &prompt, next_cmd, self.cursor);
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            // clear current line
+                            self.buf[..self.line_len].fill(0);
+                            self.cursor = 0;
+                            self.line_len = 0;
+                            #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+                            let prompt = format!("axvisor:{}$ ", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
+                            #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+                            let prompt = "axvisor:$ ".to_string();
+                            clear_line_and_redraw(&mut self.stdout, &prompt, "", self.cursor);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    self.input_state = InputState::Normal;
+                }
+                b'C' => {
+                    // RIGHT arrow - move cursor right
+                    if self.cursor < self.line_len {
+                        self.cursor += 1;
+                        self.stdout.write_all(b"\x1b[C").ok();
+                        self.stdout.flush().ok();
+                    }
+                    self.input_state = InputState::Normal;
+                }
+                b'D' => {
+                    // LEFT arrow - move cursor left
+                    if self.cursor > 0 {
+                        self.cursor -= 1;
+                        self.stdout.write_all(b"\x1b[D").ok();
+                        self.stdout.flush().ok();
+                    }
+                    self.input_state = InputState::Normal;
+                }
+                b'3' => {
+                    // check if this is Delete key sequence (ESC[3~)
+                    // need to read next character to confirm
+                    self.input_state = InputState::Normal;
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    // ignore other escape sequences
+                    self.input_state = InputState::Normal;
+                }
+            },
+        }
+
+        command_executed
+    }
+
+    /// Run the shell as a blocking loop (original behavior)
+    pub fn run(&mut self) {
+        self.init();
+        loop {
+            self.process_char();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Shell {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Initialize the console shell with blocking behavior (backward compatible).
+pub fn console_init() {
+    let mut shell = Shell::new();
+    shell.run();
+}
+
+/// Non-blocking initialization that returns a Shell instance.
+/// This allows the caller to control when to process input.
+pub fn console_init_non_blocking() -> Shell {
+    Shell::new()
+}
diff --git a/kernel/src/task.rs b/kernel/src/task.rs
index 2e06d8ba..653e29c8 100644
--- a/kernel/src/task.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/task.rs
@@ -1,45 +1,9 @@
-use alloc::sync::{Arc, Weak};
-use std::os::arceos::modules::axtask::{TaskExt, TaskInner};
-
-use crate::vmm::{VCpuRef, VM, VMRef};
+use std::os::arceos::modules::axtask::TaskExt;
 
 /// Task extended data for the hypervisor.
-pub struct VCpuTask {
-    /// The VM (Weak reference to avoid keeping VM alive).
-    pub vm: Weak<VM>,
-    /// The virtual CPU.
-    pub vcpu: VCpuRef,
-}
-
-impl VCpuTask {
-    /// Create a new [`HvTask`].
-    pub fn new(vm: &VMRef, vcpu: VCpuRef) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            vm: Arc::downgrade(vm),
-            vcpu,
-        }
-    }
+pub struct VCpuTask {}
 
-    /// Get a strong reference to the VM if it's still alive.
-    /// Returns None if the VM has been dropped.
-    pub fn vm(&self) -> VMRef {
-        self.vm.upgrade().expect("VM has been dropped")
-    }
-}
+impl VCpuTask {}
 
 #[extern_trait::extern_trait]
 unsafe impl TaskExt for VCpuTask {}
-
-pub trait AsVCpuTask {
-    fn as_vcpu_task(&self) -> &VCpuTask;
-}
-
-impl AsVCpuTask for TaskInner {
-    fn as_vcpu_task(&self) -> &VCpuTask {
-        unsafe {
-            self.task_ext()
-                .expect("Not a VCpuTask")
-                .downcast_ref::<VCpuTask>()
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/config.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/config.rs
index 99994387..fb565f57 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/config.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vmm/config.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,75 @@
-use axaddrspace::GuestPhysAddr;
-use axerrno::AxResult;
+use alloc::string::ToString;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use axvm::{
-    VMMemoryRegion,
-    config::{AxVMConfig, AxVMCrateConfig, VmMemMappingType},
+    AxVMConfig, CpuId,
+    config::{AxVMCrateConfig, CpuNumType, MemoryKind},
 };
-use core::alloc::Layout;
 
-use crate::vmm::{VM, images::ImageLoader, vm_list::push_vm};
+pub fn get_guest_prelude_vmconfig() -> anyhow::Result<Vec<AxVMCrateConfig>> {
+    let mut vm_configs = Vec::new();
+    // First try to get configs from filesystem if fs feature is enabled
+    let mut gvm_raw_configs = config::filesystem_vm_configs();
 
-#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-use crate::vmm::fdt::*;
+    // If no filesystem configs found, fallback to static configs
+    if gvm_raw_configs.is_empty() {
+        let static_configs = config::static_vm_configs();
+        if static_configs.is_empty() {
+            info!("Static VM configs are empty.");
+            info!("Now axvisor will entry the shell...");
+        } else {
+            info!("Using static VM configs.");
+        }
 
-use alloc::sync::Arc;
+        gvm_raw_configs.extend(static_configs.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));
+    }
+    for raw in gvm_raw_configs {
+        let vm_config: AxVMCrateConfig = toml::from_str(&raw)?;
+        vm_configs.push(vm_config);
+    }
+
+    Ok(vm_configs)
+}
+
+pub fn build_vmconfig(cfg: AxVMCrateConfig) -> anyhow::Result<AxVMConfig> {
+    let mut cpu_num = CpuNumType::Alloc(1);
+    if let Some(num) = cfg.base.cpu_num {
+        cpu_num = CpuNumType::Alloc(num);
+    }
+    if let Some(ref ids) = cfg.base.cpu_ids {
+        cpu_num = CpuNumType::Fixed(ids.iter().map(|&id| CpuId::new(id)).collect());
+    }
+
+    let image_config = super::images::load_images(&cfg)?;
+
+    let mut memory_regions = vec![];
+
+    for region in &cfg.kernel.memory_regions {
+        let mem_region = match region.map_type {
+            axvmconfig::VmMemMappingType::MapAlloc => MemoryKind::Vmem {
+                gpa: region.gpa.into(),
+                size: region.size,
+            },
+            axvmconfig::VmMemMappingType::MapIdentical => {
+                MemoryKind::Identical { size: region.size }
+            }
+            axvmconfig::VmMemMappingType::MapReserved => MemoryKind::Reserved {
+                hpa: region.gpa.into(),
+                size: region.size,
+            },
+        };
+
+        memory_regions.push(mem_region);
+    }
+
+    Ok(AxVMConfig {
+        id: cfg.base.id,
+        name: cfg.base.name,
+        cpu_num,
+        image_config,
+        memory_regions,
+        interrupt_mode: cfg.devices.interrupt_mode,
+    })
+}
 
 #[allow(clippy::module_inception, dead_code)]
 pub mod config {
@@ -37,11 +95,11 @@ pub mod config {
 
         let entries = match fs::read_dir(config_dir) {
             Ok(entries) => {
-                info!("Find dir: {}", config_dir);
+                info!("Find dir: {config_dir}");
                 entries
             }
             Err(_e) => {
-                info!("NOT find dir: {} in filesystem", config_dir);
+                info!("NOT find dir: {config_dir} in filesystem");
                 return configs;
             }
         };
@@ -50,7 +108,7 @@ pub mod config {
             let path = entry.path();
             // Check if the file has a .toml extension
             let path_str = path.as_str();
-            debug!("Considering file: {}", path_str);
+            debug!("Considering file: {path_str}");
             if path_str.ends_with(".toml") {
                 let toml_file = fs::File::open(path_str).expect("Failed to open file");
                 let file_size = toml_file
@@ -58,10 +116,10 @@ pub mod config {
                     .expect("Failed to get file metadata")
                     .len() as usize;
 
-                info!("File {} size: {}", path_str, file_size);
+                info!("File {path_str} size: {file_size}");
 
                 if file_size == 0 {
-                    warn!("File {} is empty", path_str);
+                    warn!("File {path_str} is empty");
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -84,18 +142,16 @@ pub mod config {
                         {
                             configs.push(content);
                             info!(
-                                "TOML config: {} is valid, start the virtual machine directly now. ",
-                                path_str
+                                "TOML config: {path_str} is valid, start the virtual machine directly now. "
                             );
                         } else {
                             warn!(
-                                "File {} does not appear to contain valid VM config structure",
-                                path_str
+                                "File {path_str} does not appear to contain valid VM config structure"
                             );
                         }
                     }
                     Err(e) => {
-                        error!("Failed to read file {}: {:?}", path_str, e);
+                        error!("Failed to read file {path_str}: {e:?}");
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -112,146 +168,3 @@ pub mod config {
 
     include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/vm_configs.rs"));
 }
-
-pub fn get_vm_dtb_arc(_vm_cfg: &AxVMConfig) -> Option<Arc<[u8]>> {
-    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-    {
-        let cache_lock = dtb_cache().lock();
-        if let Some(dtb) = cache_lock.get(&_vm_cfg.id()) {
-            return Some(Arc::from(dtb.as_slice()));
-        }
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-pub fn init_guest_vms() {
-    // Initialize the DTB cache in the fdt module
-    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-    {
-        init_dtb_cache();
-    }
-
-    // First try to get configs from filesystem if fs feature is enabled
-    let mut gvm_raw_configs = config::filesystem_vm_configs();
-
-    // If no filesystem configs found, fallback to static configs
-    if gvm_raw_configs.is_empty() {
-        let static_configs = config::static_vm_configs();
-        if static_configs.is_empty() {
-            info!("Static VM configs are empty.");
-            info!("Now axvisor will entry the shell...");
-        } else {
-            info!("Using static VM configs.");
-        }
-        // Convert static configs to String type
-        gvm_raw_configs.extend(static_configs.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()));
-    }
-
-    for raw_cfg_str in gvm_raw_configs {
-        debug!("Initializing guest VM with config: {:#?}", raw_cfg_str);
-        if let Err(e) = init_guest_vm(&raw_cfg_str) {
-            error!("Failed to initialize guest VM: {e:?}");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn init_guest_vm(raw_cfg: &str) -> AxResult<usize> {
-    let vm_create_config =
-        AxVMCrateConfig::from_toml(raw_cfg).expect("Failed to resolve VM config");
-
-    if let Some(linux) = super::images::get_image_header(&vm_create_config) {
-        debug!(
-            "VM[{}] Linux header: {:#x?}",
-            vm_create_config.base.id, linux
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-    let mut vm_config = AxVMConfig::from(vm_create_config.clone());
-
-    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "aarch64"))]
-    let vm_config = AxVMConfig::from(vm_create_config.clone());
-
-    // Handle FDT-related operations for aarch64
-    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-    handle_fdt_operations(&mut vm_config, &vm_create_config);
-
-    // info!("after parse_vm_interrupt, crate VM[{}] with config: {:#?}", vm_config.id(), vm_config);
-    info!("Creating VM[{}] {:?}", vm_config.id(), vm_config.name());
-
-    // Create VM.
-    let vm = VM::new(vm_config).expect("Failed to create VM");
-    let vm_id = vm.id();
-    push_vm(vm.clone());
-
-    vm_alloc_memorys(&vm_create_config, &vm);
-
-    let main_mem = vm
-        .memory_regions()
-        .first()
-        .cloned()
-        .expect("VM must have at least one memory region");
-
-    config_guest_address(&vm, &main_mem);
-
-    // Load corresponding images for VM.
-    info!("VM[{}] created success, loading images...", vm.id());
-
-    let mut loader = ImageLoader::new(main_mem, vm_create_config, vm.clone());
-    loader.load().expect("Failed to load VM images");
-
-    if let Err(e) = vm.init() {
-        panic!("VM[{}] setup failed: {:?}", vm.id(), e);
-    }
-
-    vm.set_vm_status(axvm::VMStatus::Loaded);
-
-    Ok(vm_id)
-}
-
-fn config_guest_address(vm: &VM, main_memory: &VMMemoryRegion) {
-    const MB: usize = 1024 * 1024;
-    vm.with_config(|config| {
-        if main_memory.is_identical() {
-            debug!(
-                "Adjusting kernel load address from {:#x} to {:#x}",
-                config.image_config.kernel_load_gpa, main_memory.gpa
-            );
-            let mut kernel_addr = main_memory.gpa;
-            if config.image_config.bios_load_gpa.is_some() {
-                kernel_addr += MB * 2; // leave 2MB for BIOS
-            }
-
-            config.image_config.kernel_load_gpa = kernel_addr;
-            config.cpu_config.bsp_entry = kernel_addr;
-            config.cpu_config.ap_entry = kernel_addr;
-        }
-    });
-}
-
-fn vm_alloc_memorys(vm_create_config: &AxVMCrateConfig, vm: &VM) {
-    const MB: usize = 1024 * 1024;
-    const ALIGN: usize = 2 * MB;
-
-    for memory in &vm_create_config.kernel.memory_regions {
-        match memory.map_type {
-            VmMemMappingType::MapAlloc => {
-                vm.alloc_memory_region(
-                    Layout::from_size_align(memory.size, ALIGN).unwrap(),
-                    Some(GuestPhysAddr::from(memory.gpa)),
-                )
-                .expect("Failed to allocate memory region for VM");
-            }
-            VmMemMappingType::MapIdentical => {
-                vm.alloc_memory_region(Layout::from_size_align(memory.size, ALIGN).unwrap(), None)
-                    .expect("Failed to allocate memory region for VM");
-            }
-            VmMemMappingType::MapReserved => {
-                info!("VM[{}] map same region: {:#x?}", vm.id(), memory);
-                let layout = Layout::from_size_align(memory.size, ALIGN).unwrap();
-                vm.map_reserved_memory_region(layout, Some(GuestPhysAddr::from(memory.gpa)))
-                    .expect("Failed to map memory region for VM");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/create.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/create.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c8b5c32..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/create.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,469 +0,0 @@
-use alloc::{
-    string::{String, ToString},
-    vec::Vec,
-};
-use core::ptr::NonNull;
-
-use axaddrspace::GuestPhysAddr;
-use axvm::{VMMemoryRegion, config::AxVMCrateConfig};
-use fdt_parser::{Fdt, Node};
-use memory_addr::MemoryAddr;
-use vm_fdt::{FdtWriter, FdtWriterNode};
-
-use crate::vmm::{VMRef, images::load_vm_image_from_memory};
-
-// use crate::vmm::fdt::print::{print_fdt, print_guest_fdt};
-/// Generate guest FDT and return DTB data
-///
-/// # Parameters
-/// * `fdt` - Source FDT data
-/// * `passthrough_device_names` - Passthrough device name list
-/// * `crate_config` - VM creation configuration
-///
-/// # Return Value
-/// Returns the generated DTB data
-pub fn crate_guest_fdt(
-    fdt: &Fdt,
-    passthrough_device_names: &[String],
-    crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig,
-) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let mut fdt_writer = FdtWriter::new().unwrap();
-    // Track the level of the previously processed node for level change handling
-    let mut previous_node_level = 0;
-    // Maintain a stack of FDT nodes to correctly start and end nodes
-    let mut node_stack: Vec<FdtWriterNode> = Vec::new();
-    let phys_cpu_ids = crate_config
-        .base
-        .phys_cpu_ids
-        .clone()
-        .expect("ERROR: phys_cpu_ids is None");
-
-    let all_nodes: Vec<Node> = fdt.all_nodes().collect();
-
-    for (index, node) in all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
-        let node_path = super::build_node_path(&all_nodes, index);
-        let node_action = determine_node_action(node, &node_path, passthrough_device_names);
-
-        match node_action {
-            NodeAction::RootNode => {
-                node_stack.push(fdt_writer.begin_node("").unwrap());
-            }
-            NodeAction::CpuNode => {
-                let need = need_cpu_node(&phys_cpu_ids, node, &node_path);
-                if need {
-                    handle_node_level_change(
-                        &mut fdt_writer,
-                        &mut node_stack,
-                        node.level,
-                        previous_node_level,
-                    );
-                    node_stack.push(fdt_writer.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
-                } else {
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            NodeAction::Skip => {
-                continue;
-            }
-            _ => {
-                trace!(
-                    "Found exact passthrough device node: {}, path: {}",
-                    node.name(),
-                    node_path
-                );
-                handle_node_level_change(
-                    &mut fdt_writer,
-                    &mut node_stack,
-                    node.level,
-                    previous_node_level,
-                );
-                node_stack.push(fdt_writer.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
-            }
-        }
-
-        previous_node_level = node.level;
-
-        // Copy all properties of the node
-        for prop in node.propertys() {
-            fdt_writer.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
-        }
-    }
-
-    // End all unclosed nodes
-    while let Some(node) = node_stack.pop() {
-        previous_node_level -= 1;
-        fdt_writer.end_node(node).unwrap();
-    }
-    assert_eq!(previous_node_level, 0);
-
-    fdt_writer.finish().unwrap()
-}
-
-/// Node processing action enumeration
-enum NodeAction {
-    /// Skip node, not included in guest FDT
-    Skip,
-    /// Root node
-    RootNode,
-    /// CPU node
-    CpuNode,
-    /// Include node as passthrough device node
-    IncludeAsPassthroughDevice,
-    /// Include node as child node of passthrough device
-    IncludeAsChildNode,
-    /// Include node as ancestor node of passthrough device
-    IncludeAsAncestorNode,
-}
-
-/// Determine node processing action
-fn determine_node_action(
-    node: &Node,
-    node_path: &str,
-    passthrough_device_names: &[String],
-) -> NodeAction {
-    if node.name() == "/" {
-        // Special handling for root node
-        NodeAction::RootNode
-    } else if node.name().starts_with("memory") {
-        // Skip memory nodes, will add them later
-        NodeAction::Skip
-    } else if node_path.starts_with("/cpus") {
-        NodeAction::CpuNode
-    } else if passthrough_device_names.contains(&node_path.to_string()) {
-        // Fully matched passthrough device node
-        NodeAction::IncludeAsPassthroughDevice
-    }
-    // Check if the node is a descendant of a passthrough device (by path inclusion and level validation)
-    else if is_descendant_of_passthrough_device(node_path, node.level, passthrough_device_names) {
-        NodeAction::IncludeAsChildNode
-    }
-    // Check if the node is an ancestor of a passthrough device (by path inclusion and level validation)
-    else if is_ancestor_of_passthrough_device(node_path, passthrough_device_names) {
-        NodeAction::IncludeAsAncestorNode
-    } else {
-        NodeAction::Skip
-    }
-}
-
-/// Determine if node is a descendant of passthrough device
-/// When node path contains a path from passthrough_device_names and is longer than it, it is its descendant node
-/// Also use node_level as validation condition
-fn is_descendant_of_passthrough_device(
-    node_path: &str,
-    node_level: usize,
-    passthrough_device_names: &[String],
-) -> bool {
-    for passthrough_path in passthrough_device_names {
-        // Check if the current node is a descendant of a passthrough device
-        if node_path.starts_with(passthrough_path) && node_path.len() > passthrough_path.len() {
-            // Ensure it is a true descendant path (separated by /)
-            if passthrough_path == "/" || node_path.chars().nth(passthrough_path.len()) == Some('/')
-            {
-                // Use level relationship for validation: the level of a descendant node should be higher than its parent
-                // Note: The level of the root node is 1, its direct child node level is 2, and so on
-                let expected_parent_level = passthrough_path.matches('/').count();
-                let current_node_level = node_level;
-
-                // If passthrough_path is the root node "/", then its child node level should be 2
-                // Otherwise, the child node level should be higher than the parent node level
-                if (passthrough_path == "/" && current_node_level >= 2)
-                    || (passthrough_path != "/" && current_node_level > expected_parent_level)
-                {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    false
-}
-
-/// Handle node level changes to ensure correct FDT structure
-fn handle_node_level_change(
-    fdt_writer: &mut FdtWriter,
-    node_stack: &mut Vec<FdtWriterNode>,
-    current_level: usize,
-    previous_level: usize,
-) {
-    if current_level <= previous_level {
-        for _ in current_level..=previous_level {
-            if let Some(end_node) = node_stack.pop() {
-                fdt_writer.end_node(end_node).unwrap();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Determine if node is an ancestor of passthrough device
-fn is_ancestor_of_passthrough_device(node_path: &str, passthrough_device_names: &[String]) -> bool {
-    for passthrough_path in passthrough_device_names {
-        // Check if the current node is an ancestor of a passthrough device
-        if passthrough_path.starts_with(node_path) && passthrough_path.len() > node_path.len() {
-            // Ensure it is a true ancestor path (separated by /)
-            let next_char = passthrough_path.chars().nth(node_path.len()).unwrap_or(' ');
-            if next_char == '/' || node_path == "/" {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    false
-}
-
-/// Determine if CPU node is needed
-fn need_cpu_node(phys_cpu_ids: &[usize], node: &Node, node_path: &str) -> bool {
-    let mut should_include_node = false;
-
-    if !node_path.starts_with("/cpus/cpu@") {
-        should_include_node = true;
-    } else if let Some(mut cpu_reg) = node.reg()
-        && let Some(reg_entry) = cpu_reg.next()
-    {
-        let cpu_address = reg_entry.address as usize;
-        debug!(
-            "Checking CPU node {} with address 0x{:x}",
-            node.name(),
-            cpu_address
-        );
-        // Check if this CPU address is in the configured phys_cpu_ids
-        if phys_cpu_ids.contains(&cpu_address) {
-            should_include_node = true;
-            debug!(
-                "CPU node {} with address 0x{:x} is in phys_cpu_ids, including in guest FDT",
-                node.name(),
-                cpu_address
-            );
-        } else {
-            debug!(
-                "CPU node {} with address 0x{:x} is NOT in phys_cpu_ids, skipping",
-                node.name(),
-                cpu_address
-            );
-        }
-    }
-    should_include_node
-}
-
-/// Add memory node
-fn add_memory_node(new_memory: &[VMMemoryRegion], new_fdt: &mut FdtWriter) {
-    let mut new_value: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
-    for mem in new_memory {
-        let gpa = mem.gpa.as_usize() as u64;
-        let size = mem.size() as u64;
-        new_value.push((gpa >> 32) as u32);
-        new_value.push((gpa & 0xFFFFFFFF) as u32);
-        new_value.push((size >> 32) as u32);
-        new_value.push((size & 0xFFFFFFFF) as u32);
-    }
-    info!("Adding memory node with value: 0x{new_value:x?}");
-    new_fdt
-        .property_array_u32("reg", new_value.as_ref())
-        .unwrap();
-    new_fdt.property_string("device_type", "memory").unwrap();
-}
-
-pub fn update_fdt(fdt_src: NonNull<u8>, dtb_size: usize, vm: VMRef) {
-    let mut new_fdt = FdtWriter::new().unwrap();
-    let mut previous_node_level = 0;
-    let mut node_stack: Vec<FdtWriterNode> = Vec::new();
-
-    let fdt_bytes = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(fdt_src.as_ptr(), dtb_size) };
-    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(fdt_bytes)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
-        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
-
-    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
-        if node.name() == "/" {
-            node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node("").unwrap());
-        } else if node.name().starts_with("memory") {
-            // Skip memory nodes, will add them later
-            continue;
-        } else {
-            handle_node_level_change(
-                &mut new_fdt,
-                &mut node_stack,
-                node.level,
-                previous_node_level,
-            );
-            // Start new node
-            node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
-        }
-
-        previous_node_level = node.level;
-
-        if node.name() == "chosen" {
-            for prop in node.propertys() {
-                if prop.name.starts_with("linux,initrd-") {
-                    info!(
-                        "Skipping property: {}, belonging to node: {}",
-                        prop.name,
-                        node.name()
-                    );
-                } else if prop.name == "bootargs" {
-                    let bootargs_str = prop.str();
-                    let modified_bootargs = bootargs_str.replace(" ro ", " rw ");
-
-                    if modified_bootargs != bootargs_str {
-                        info!(
-                            "Modifying bootargs: {} -> {}",
-                            bootargs_str, modified_bootargs
-                        );
-                    }
-
-                    new_fdt
-                        .property_string(prop.name, &modified_bootargs)
-                        .unwrap();
-                } else {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Find property: {}, belonging to node: {}",
-                        prop.name,
-                        node.name()
-                    );
-                    new_fdt.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            for prop in node.propertys() {
-                new_fdt.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // End all unclosed nodes, and add memory nodes at appropriate positions
-    while let Some(node) = node_stack.pop() {
-        previous_node_level -= 1;
-        new_fdt.end_node(node).unwrap();
-
-        // add memory node
-        if previous_node_level == 1 {
-            let memory_regions = vm.memory_regions();
-            debug!("Adding memory node with regions: {memory_regions:?}");
-            let memory_node = new_fdt.begin_node("memory").unwrap();
-            add_memory_node(&memory_regions, &mut new_fdt);
-            new_fdt.end_node(memory_node).unwrap();
-        }
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(previous_node_level, 0);
-
-    info!("Updating FDT memory successfully");
-
-    let new_fdt_bytes = new_fdt.finish().unwrap();
-
-    // crate::vmm::fdt::print::print_guest_fdt(new_fdt_bytes.as_slice());
-    let vm_clone = vm.clone();
-    let dest_addr = calculate_dtb_load_addr(vm, new_fdt_bytes.len());
-    info!(
-        "New FDT will be loaded at {:x}, size: 0x{:x}",
-        dest_addr,
-        new_fdt_bytes.len()
-    );
-    // Load the updated FDT into VM
-    load_vm_image_from_memory(&new_fdt_bytes, dest_addr, vm_clone)
-        .expect("Failed to load VM images");
-}
-
-fn calculate_dtb_load_addr(vm: VMRef, fdt_size: usize) -> GuestPhysAddr {
-    const MB: usize = 1024 * 1024;
-
-    // Get main memory from VM memory regions outside the closure
-    let main_memory = vm
-        .memory_regions()
-        .first()
-        .cloned()
-        .expect("VM must have at least one memory region");
-
-    vm.with_config(|config| {
-        let dtb_addr = if let Some(addr) = config.image_config.dtb_load_gpa
-            && !main_memory.is_identical()
-        {
-            // If dtb_load_gpa is already set, use the original value
-            addr
-        } else {
-            // If dtb_load_gpa is None, calculate based on memory size and FDT size
-            let main_memory_size = main_memory.size().min(512 * MB);
-            let addr = (main_memory.gpa + main_memory_size - fdt_size).align_down(2 * MB);
-            if fdt_size > main_memory_size {
-                error!("DTB size is larger than available memory");
-            }
-            addr
-        };
-        config.image_config.dtb_load_gpa = Some(dtb_addr);
-        dtb_addr
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn update_cpu_node(fdt: &Fdt, host_fdt: &Fdt, crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let mut new_fdt = FdtWriter::new().unwrap();
-    let mut previous_node_level = 0;
-    let mut node_stack: Vec<FdtWriterNode> = Vec::new();
-    let phys_cpu_ids = crate_config
-        .base
-        .phys_cpu_ids
-        .clone()
-        .expect("ERROR: phys_cpu_ids is None");
-
-    // Collect all nodes from both FDTs
-    let fdt_all_nodes: Vec<Node> = fdt.all_nodes().collect();
-    let host_fdt_all_nodes: Vec<Node> = host_fdt.all_nodes().collect();
-
-    for (index, node) in fdt_all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
-        let node_path = super::build_node_path(&fdt_all_nodes, index);
-
-        if node.name() == "/" {
-            node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node("").unwrap());
-        } else if node_path.starts_with("/cpus") {
-            // Skip CPU nodes from fdt, we'll process them from host_fdt later
-            continue;
-        } else {
-            // For all other nodes, include them from fdt as-is without filtering
-            handle_node_level_change(
-                &mut new_fdt,
-                &mut node_stack,
-                node.level,
-                previous_node_level,
-            );
-            node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
-        }
-
-        previous_node_level = node.level;
-
-        // Copy all properties of the node (for non-CPU nodes)
-        for prop in node.propertys() {
-            new_fdt.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Process all CPU nodes from host_fdt
-    for (index, node) in host_fdt_all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
-        let node_path = super::build_node_path(&host_fdt_all_nodes, index);
-
-        if node_path.starts_with("/cpus") {
-            // For CPU nodes, apply filtering based on host_fdt nodes
-            let need = need_cpu_node(&phys_cpu_ids, node, &node_path);
-            if need {
-                handle_node_level_change(
-                    &mut new_fdt,
-                    &mut node_stack,
-                    node.level,
-                    previous_node_level,
-                );
-                node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
-
-                // Copy properties from host CPU node
-                for prop in node.propertys() {
-                    new_fdt.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
-                }
-
-                previous_node_level = node.level;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // End all unclosed nodes
-    while let Some(node) = node_stack.pop() {
-        previous_node_level -= 1;
-        new_fdt.end_node(node).unwrap();
-    }
-    assert_eq!(previous_node_level, 0);
-
-    new_fdt.finish().unwrap()
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/device.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/device.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b5d9ece..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/device.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,508 +0,0 @@
-//! Device passthrough and dependency analysis for FDT processing.
-
-use alloc::{
-    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet},
-    string::{String, ToString},
-    vec::Vec,
-};
-use axvm::config::AxVMConfig;
-use fdt_parser::{Fdt, Node};
-
-/// Return the collection of all passthrough devices in the configuration file and newly added devices found
-pub fn find_all_passthrough_devices(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, fdt: &Fdt) -> Vec<String> {
-    let initial_device_count = vm_cfg.pass_through_devices().len();
-
-    // Pre-build node cache, store all nodes by path to improve lookup performance
-    let node_cache: BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node>> = build_optimized_node_cache(fdt);
-
-    // Get the list of configured device names
-    let initial_device_names: Vec<String> = vm_cfg
-        .pass_through_devices()
-        .iter()
-        .map(|dev| dev.name.clone())
-        .collect();
-
-    // Phase 1: Discover descendant nodes of all passthrough devices in the configuration file
-    // Build a set of configured devices, using BTreeSet to improve lookup efficiency
-    let mut configured_device_names: BTreeSet<String> =
-        initial_device_names.iter().cloned().collect();
-
-    // Used to store newly discovered related device names
-    let mut additional_device_names = Vec::new();
-
-    // Phase 1: Process initial devices and their descendant nodes
-    // Note: Directly use device paths instead of device names
-    for device_name in &initial_device_names {
-        // Get all descendant node paths for this device
-        let descendant_paths = get_descendant_nodes_by_path(&node_cache, device_name);
-        trace!(
-            "Found {} descendant paths for {}",
-            descendant_paths.len(),
-            device_name
-        );
-
-        for descendant_path in descendant_paths {
-            if !configured_device_names.contains(&descendant_path) {
-                trace!("Found descendant device: {descendant_path}");
-                configured_device_names.insert(descendant_path.clone());
-
-                additional_device_names.push(descendant_path.clone());
-            } else {
-                trace!("Device already exists: {descendant_path}");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    info!(
-        "Phase 1 completed: Found {} new descendant device names",
-        additional_device_names.len()
-    );
-
-    // Phase 2: Discover dependency nodes for all existing devices (including descendant devices)
-    let mut dependency_device_names = Vec::new();
-    // Use a work queue of device names, including initial devices and descendant device names
-    let mut devices_to_process: Vec<String> = configured_device_names.iter().cloned().collect();
-    let mut processed_devices: BTreeSet<String> = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    // Build phandle mapping table
-    let phandle_map = build_phandle_map(fdt);
-
-    // Use work queue to recursively find all dependent devices
-    while let Some(device_node_path) = devices_to_process.pop() {
-        // Avoid processing the same device repeatedly
-        if processed_devices.contains(&device_node_path) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        processed_devices.insert(device_node_path.clone());
-
-        trace!("Analyzing dependencies for device: {device_node_path}");
-
-        // Find direct dependencies of the current device
-        let dependencies = find_device_dependencies(&device_node_path, &phandle_map, &node_cache);
-        trace!(
-            "Found {} dependencies: {:?}",
-            dependencies.len(),
-            dependencies
-        );
-        for dep_node_name in dependencies {
-            // Check if dependency is already in configuration
-            if !configured_device_names.contains(&dep_node_name) {
-                trace!("Found new dependency device: {dep_node_name}");
-                dependency_device_names.push(dep_node_name.clone());
-
-                // Add dependency device name to work queue to further find its dependencies
-                devices_to_process.push(dep_node_name.clone());
-                configured_device_names.insert(dep_node_name.clone());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    info!(
-        "Phase 2 completed: Found {} new dependency device names",
-        dependency_device_names.len()
-    );
-
-    // Phase 3: Find all excluded devices and remove them from the list
-    // Convert Vec<Vec<String>> to Vec<String>
-    let excluded_device_path: Vec<String> = vm_cfg
-        .excluded_devices()
-        .iter()
-        .flatten()
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
-    let mut all_excludes_devices = excluded_device_path.clone();
-    let mut process_excludeds: BTreeSet<String> = excluded_device_path.iter().cloned().collect();
-
-    for device_path in &excluded_device_path {
-        // Get all descendant node paths for this device
-        let descendant_paths = get_descendant_nodes_by_path(&node_cache, device_path);
-        info!(
-            "Found {} descendant paths for {}",
-            descendant_paths.len(),
-            device_path
-        );
-
-        for descendant_path in descendant_paths {
-            if !process_excludeds.contains(&descendant_path) {
-                trace!("Found descendant device: {descendant_path}");
-                process_excludeds.insert(descendant_path.clone());
-
-                all_excludes_devices.push(descendant_path.clone());
-            } else {
-                trace!("Device already exists: {descendant_path}");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    info!("Found excluded devices: {all_excludes_devices:?}");
-
-    // Merge all device name lists
-    let mut all_device_names = initial_device_names.clone();
-    all_device_names.extend(additional_device_names);
-    all_device_names.extend(dependency_device_names);
-
-    // Remove excluded devices from the final list
-    if !all_excludes_devices.is_empty() {
-        info!(
-            "Removing {} excluded devices from the list",
-            all_excludes_devices.len()
-        );
-        let excluded_set: BTreeSet<String> = all_excludes_devices.into_iter().collect();
-
-        // Filter out excluded devices
-        all_device_names.retain(|device_name| {
-            let should_keep = !excluded_set.contains(device_name);
-            if !should_keep {
-                info!("Excluding device: {device_name}");
-            }
-            should_keep
-        });
-    }
-
-    // Phase 4: remove root node from the list
-    all_device_names.retain(|device_name| device_name != "/");
-
-    let final_device_count = all_device_names.len();
-    info!(
-        "Passthrough devices analysis completed. Total devices: {} (added: {})",
-        final_device_count,
-        final_device_count - initial_device_count
-    );
-
-    // Print final device list
-    for (i, device_name) in all_device_names.iter().enumerate() {
-        trace!("Final passthrough device[{i}]: {device_name}");
-    }
-
-    all_device_names
-}
-
-/// Build the full path of a node based on node level relationships
-/// Build the path by traversing all nodes and constructing paths based on level relationships to avoid path conflicts for nodes with the same name
-pub fn build_node_path(all_nodes: &[Node], target_index: usize) -> String {
-    let mut path_stack: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-
-    for node in all_nodes.iter().take(target_index + 1) {
-        let level = node.level;
-
-        if level == 1 {
-            path_stack.clear();
-            if node.name() != "/" {
-                path_stack.push(node.name().to_string());
-            }
-        } else {
-            while path_stack.len() >= level - 1 {
-                path_stack.pop();
-            }
-            path_stack.push(node.name().to_string());
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Build the full path of the current node
-    if path_stack.is_empty() || (path_stack.len() == 1 && path_stack[0] == "/") {
-        "/".to_string()
-    } else {
-        "/".to_string() + &path_stack.join("/")
-    }
-}
-
-/// Build a simplified node cache table, traverse all nodes once and group by full path
-/// Use level relationships to directly build paths, avoiding path conflicts for nodes with the same name
-pub fn build_optimized_node_cache<'a>(fdt: &'a Fdt) -> BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node<'a>>> {
-    let mut node_cache: BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node<'a>>> = BTreeMap::new();
-
-    let all_nodes: Vec<Node> = fdt.all_nodes().collect();
-
-    for (index, node) in all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
-        let node_path = build_node_path(&all_nodes, index);
-        if let Some(existing_nodes) = node_cache.get(&node_path)
-            && !existing_nodes.is_empty()
-        {
-            error!(
-                "Duplicate node path found: {} for node '{}' at level {}, existing node: '{}'",
-                node_path,
-                node.name(),
-                node.level,
-                existing_nodes[0].name()
-            );
-        }
-
-        trace!(
-            "Adding node to cache: {} (level: {}, index: {})",
-            node_path, node.level, index
-        );
-        node_cache.entry(node_path).or_default().push(node.clone());
-    }
-
-    debug!(
-        "Built simplified node cache with {} unique device paths",
-        node_cache.len()
-    );
-    node_cache
-}
-
-/// Build a mapping table from phandle to node information, optimized version using fdt-parser convenience methods
-/// Use full path instead of node name
-/// Use level relationships to directly build paths, avoiding path conflicts for nodes with the same name
-fn build_phandle_map(fdt: &Fdt) -> BTreeMap<u32, (String, BTreeMap<String, u32>)> {
-    let mut phandle_map = BTreeMap::new();
-
-    let all_nodes: Vec<Node> = fdt.all_nodes().collect();
-
-    for (index, node) in all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
-        let node_path = build_node_path(&all_nodes, index);
-
-        // Collect node properties
-        let mut phandle = None;
-        let mut cells_map = BTreeMap::new();
-        for prop in node.propertys() {
-            match prop.name {
-                "phandle" | "linux,phandle" => {
-                    phandle = Some(prop.u32());
-                }
-                "#address-cells"
-                | "#size-cells"
-                | "#clock-cells"
-                | "#reset-cells"
-                | "#gpio-cells"
-                | "#interrupt-cells"
-                | "#power-domain-cells"
-                | "#thermal-sensor-cells"
-                | "#phy-cells"
-                | "#dma-cells"
-                | "#sound-dai-cells"
-                | "#mbox-cells"
-                | "#pwm-cells"
-                | "#iommu-cells" => {
-                    cells_map.insert(prop.name.to_string(), prop.u32());
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            }
-        }
-
-        // If phandle is found, store it together with the node's full path
-        if let Some(ph) = phandle {
-            phandle_map.insert(ph, (node_path, cells_map));
-        }
-    }
-    phandle_map
-}
-
-/// Parse properties containing phandle references intelligently based on #*-cells properties
-/// Supports multiple formats:
-/// - Single phandle: <phandle>
-/// - phandle+specifier: <phandle specifier1 specifier2 ...>
-/// - Multiple phandle references: <phandle1 spec1 spec2 phandle2 spec1 spec2 ...>
-fn parse_phandle_property_with_cells(
-    prop_data: &[u8],
-    prop_name: &str,
-    phandle_map: &BTreeMap<u32, (String, BTreeMap<String, u32>)>,
-) -> Vec<(u32, Vec<u32>)> {
-    let mut results = Vec::new();
-
-    debug!(
-        "Parsing property '{}' with cells info, data length: {} bytes",
-        prop_name,
-        prop_data.len()
-    );
-
-    if prop_data.is_empty() || prop_data.len() % 4 != 0 {
-        warn!(
-            "Property '{}' data length ({} bytes) is invalid",
-            prop_name,
-            prop_data.len()
-        );
-        return results;
-    }
-
-    let u32_values: Vec<u32> = prop_data
-        .chunks(4)
-        .map(|chunk| u32::from_be_bytes([chunk[0], chunk[1], chunk[2], chunk[3]]))
-        .collect();
-
-    let mut i = 0;
-    while i < u32_values.len() {
-        let potential_phandle = u32_values[i];
-
-        // Check if it's a valid phandle
-        if let Some((device_name, cells_info)) = phandle_map.get(&potential_phandle) {
-            // Determine the number of cells required based on property name
-            let cells_count = get_cells_count_for_property(prop_name, cells_info);
-            trace!(
-                "Property '{prop_name}' requires {cells_count} cells for device '{device_name}'"
-            );
-
-            // Check if there's enough data
-            if i + cells_count < u32_values.len() {
-                let specifiers: Vec<u32> = u32_values[i + 1..=i + cells_count].to_vec();
-                debug!(
-                    "Parsed phandle reference: phandle={potential_phandle:#x}, specifiers={specifiers:?}"
-                );
-                results.push((potential_phandle, specifiers));
-                i += cells_count + 1; // Skip phandle and all specifiers
-            } else {
-                warn!(
-                    "Property:{} not enough data for phandle {:#x}, expected {} cells but only {} values remaining",
-                    prop_name,
-                    potential_phandle,
-                    cells_count,
-                    u32_values.len() - i - 1
-                );
-                break;
-            }
-        } else {
-            // If not a valid phandle, skip this value
-            i += 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    results
-}
-
-/// Determine the required number of cells based on property name and target node's cells information
-fn get_cells_count_for_property(prop_name: &str, cells_info: &BTreeMap<String, u32>) -> usize {
-    let cells_property = match prop_name {
-        "clocks" | "assigned-clocks" => "#clock-cells",
-        "resets" => "#reset-cells",
-        "power-domains" => "#power-domain-cells",
-        "phys" => "#phy-cells",
-        "interrupts" | "interrupts-extended" => "#interrupt-cells",
-        "gpios" => "#gpio-cells",
-        _ if prop_name.ends_with("-gpios") || prop_name.ends_with("-gpio") => "#gpio-cells",
-        "dmas" => "#dma-cells",
-        "thermal-sensors" => "#thermal-sensor-cells",
-        "sound-dai" => "#sound-dai-cells",
-        "mboxes" => "#mbox-cells",
-        "pwms" => "#pwm-cells",
-        _ => {
-            debug!("Unknown property '{prop_name}', defaulting to 0 cell");
-            return 0;
-        }
-    };
-
-    cells_info.get(cells_property).copied().unwrap_or(0) as usize
-}
-
-/// Generic phandle property parsing function
-/// Parse phandle references according to cells information with correct block size
-/// Support single phandle and multiple phandle+specifier formats
-/// Return full path instead of node name
-fn parse_phandle_property(
-    prop_data: &[u8],
-    prop_name: &str,
-    phandle_map: &BTreeMap<u32, (String, BTreeMap<String, u32>)>,
-) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut dependencies = Vec::new();
-
-    let phandle_refs = parse_phandle_property_with_cells(prop_data, prop_name, phandle_map);
-
-    for (phandle, specifiers) in phandle_refs {
-        if let Some((device_path, _cells_info)) = phandle_map.get(&phandle) {
-            let spec_info = if !specifiers.is_empty() {
-                format!(" (specifiers: {specifiers:?})")
-            } else {
-                String::new()
-            };
-            debug!(
-                "Found {prop_name} dependency: phandle={phandle:#x}, device={device_path}{spec_info}"
-            );
-            dependencies.push(device_path.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    dependencies
-}
-
-/// Device property classifier - used to identify properties that require special handling
-struct DevicePropertyClassifier;
-
-impl DevicePropertyClassifier {
-    /// Phandle properties that require special handling - includes all properties that need dependency resolution
-    const PHANDLE_PROPERTIES: &'static [&'static str] = &[
-        "clocks",
-        "power-domains",
-        "phys",
-        "resets",
-        "dmas",
-        "thermal-sensors",
-        "mboxes",
-        "assigned-clocks",
-        "interrupt-parent",
-        "phy-handle",
-        "msi-parent",
-        "memory-region",
-        "syscon",
-        "regmap",
-        "iommus",
-        "interconnects",
-        "nvmem-cells",
-        "sound-dai",
-        "pinctrl-0",
-        "pinctrl-1",
-        "pinctrl-2",
-        "pinctrl-3",
-        "pinctrl-4",
-    ];
-
-    /// Determine if it's a phandle property that requires handling
-    fn is_phandle_property(prop_name: &str) -> bool {
-        Self::PHANDLE_PROPERTIES.contains(&prop_name)
-            || prop_name.ends_with("-supply")
-            || prop_name == "gpios"
-            || prop_name.ends_with("-gpios")
-            || prop_name.ends_with("-gpio")
-            || (prop_name.contains("cells") && !prop_name.starts_with("#") && prop_name.len() >= 4)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Find device dependencies
-fn find_device_dependencies(
-    device_node_path: &str,
-    phandle_map: &BTreeMap<u32, (String, BTreeMap<String, u32>)>,
-    node_cache: &BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node>>, // Add node_cache parameter
-) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut dependencies = Vec::new();
-
-    // Directly find nodes from node_cache, avoiding traversing all nodes
-    if let Some(nodes) = node_cache.get(device_node_path) {
-        // Traverse all properties of nodes to find dependencies
-        for node in nodes {
-            for prop in node.propertys() {
-                // Determine if it's a phandle property that needs to be processed
-                if DevicePropertyClassifier::is_phandle_property(prop.name) {
-                    let mut prop_deps =
-                        parse_phandle_property(prop.raw_value(), prop.name, phandle_map);
-                    dependencies.append(&mut prop_deps);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    dependencies
-}
-
-/// Get all descendant nodes based on parent node path (including child nodes, grandchild nodes, etc.)
-/// Find all descendant nodes by looking up nodes with parent node path as prefix in node_cache
-fn get_descendant_nodes_by_path<'a>(
-    node_cache: &'a BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node<'a>>>,
-    parent_path: &str,
-) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut descendant_paths = Vec::new();
-
-    // Special handling if parent path is root path
-    let search_prefix = if parent_path == "/" {
-        "/".to_string()
-    } else {
-        parent_path.to_string() + "/"
-    };
-
-    // Traverse node_cache, find all nodes with parent path as prefix
-    for path in node_cache.keys() {
-        // Check if path has parent path as prefix (and is not the parent path itself)
-        if path.starts_with(&search_prefix) && path.len() > search_prefix.len() {
-            // This is a descendant node path, add to results
-            descendant_paths.push(path.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    descendant_paths
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/mod.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b76da293..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-//! FDT (Flattened Device Tree) processing module for AxVisor.
-//!
-//! This module provides functionality for parsing and processing device tree blobs,
-//! including CPU configuration, passthrough device detection, and FDT generation.
-
-mod create;
-mod device;
-mod parser;
-mod print;
-
-use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use axvm::config::{AxVMConfig, AxVMCrateConfig};
-use fdt_parser::Fdt;
-use lazyinit::LazyInit;
-use spin::Mutex;
-
-pub use parser::*;
-// pub use print::print_fdt;
-pub use create::*;
-pub use device::build_node_path;
-
-use crate::vmm::config::{config, get_vm_dtb_arc};
-
-// DTB cache for generated device trees
-static GENERATED_DTB_CACHE: LazyInit<Mutex<BTreeMap<usize, Vec<u8>>>> = LazyInit::new();
-
-/// Initialize the DTB cache
-pub fn init_dtb_cache() {
-    GENERATED_DTB_CACHE.init_once(Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new()));
-}
-
-/// Get reference to the DTB cache
-pub fn dtb_cache() -> &'static Mutex<BTreeMap<usize, Vec<u8>>> {
-    GENERATED_DTB_CACHE.get().unwrap()
-}
-
-/// Generate guest FDT cache the result
-/// # Return Value
-/// Returns the generated DTB data and stores it in the global cache
-pub fn crate_guest_fdt_with_cache(dtb_data: Vec<u8>, crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) {
-    // Store data in global cache
-    let mut cache_lock = dtb_cache().lock();
-    cache_lock.insert(crate_config.base.id, dtb_data);
-}
-
-/// Handle all FDT-related operations for aarch64 architecture
-pub fn handle_fdt_operations(vm_config: &mut AxVMConfig, vm_create_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) {
-    let host_fdt_bytes = get_host_fdt();
-    let host_fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(host_fdt_bytes)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
-        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
-    set_phys_cpu_sets(vm_config, &host_fdt, vm_create_config);
-
-    if let Some(provided_dtb) = get_developer_provided_dtb(vm_config, vm_create_config) {
-        info!("VM[{}] found DTB , parsing...", vm_config.id());
-        update_provided_fdt(&provided_dtb, host_fdt_bytes, vm_create_config);
-    } else {
-        info!(
-            "VM[{}] DTB not found, generating based on the configuration file.",
-            vm_config.id()
-        );
-        setup_guest_fdt_from_vmm(host_fdt_bytes, vm_config, vm_create_config);
-    }
-
-    // Overlay VM config with the given DTB.
-    if let Some(dtb_arc) = get_vm_dtb_arc(vm_config) {
-        let dtb = dtb_arc.as_ref();
-        parse_passthrough_devices_address(vm_config, dtb);
-        parse_vm_interrupt(vm_config, dtb);
-    } else {
-        error!(
-            "VM[{}] DTB not found in memory, skipping...",
-            vm_config.id()
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn get_developer_provided_dtb(
-    vm_cfg: &AxVMConfig,
-    crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig,
-) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
-    match crate_config.kernel.image_location.as_deref() {
-        Some("memory") => {
-            let vm_imags = config::get_memory_images()
-                .iter()
-                .find(|&v| v.id == vm_cfg.id())?;
-
-            if let Some(dtb) = vm_imags.dtb {
-                info!("DTB file in memory, size: 0x{:x}", dtb.len());
-                return Some(dtb.to_vec());
-            }
-        }
-        #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-        Some("fs") => {
-            use axerrno::ax_err_type;
-            use std::io::{BufReader, Read};
-            if let Some(dtb_path) = &crate_config.kernel.dtb_path {
-                let (dtb_file, dtb_size) =
-                    crate::vmm::images::fs::open_image_file(dtb_path).unwrap();
-                info!("DTB file in fs, size: 0x{:x}", dtb_size);
-
-                let mut file = BufReader::new(dtb_file);
-                let mut dtb_buffer = vec![0; dtb_size];
-
-                file.read_exact(&mut dtb_buffer)
-                    .map_err(|err| {
-                        ax_err_type!(
-                            Io,
-                            format!("Failed in reading from file {}, err {:?}", dtb_path, err)
-                        )
-                    })
-                    .unwrap();
-                return Some(dtb_buffer);
-            }
-        }
-        _ => unimplemented!(
-            "Check your \"image_location\" in config.toml, \"memory\" and \"fs\" are supported,\n."
-        ),
-    }
-    None
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/parser.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/parser.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5eb81388..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/parser.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,397 +0,0 @@
-//! FDT parsing and processing functionality.
-
-use alloc::{string::ToString, vec::Vec};
-use axvm::config::{AxVMConfig, AxVMCrateConfig, PassThroughDeviceConfig};
-use fdt_parser::{Fdt, FdtHeader, PciRange, PciSpace};
-
-use crate::vmm::fdt::crate_guest_fdt_with_cache;
-use crate::vmm::fdt::create::update_cpu_node;
-
-pub fn get_host_fdt() -> &'static [u8] {
-    const FDT_VALID_MAGIC: u32 = 0xd00d_feed;
-    let bootarg: usize = std::os::arceos::modules::axhal::dtb::get_bootarg();
-    let header = unsafe {
-        core::slice::from_raw_parts(bootarg as *const u8, core::mem::size_of::<FdtHeader>())
-    };
-    let fdt_header = FdtHeader::from_bytes(header)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT header: {e:#?}"))
-        .unwrap();
-
-    if fdt_header.magic.get() != FDT_VALID_MAGIC {
-        error!(
-            "FDT magic is invalid, expected {:#x}, got {:#x}",
-            FDT_VALID_MAGIC,
-            fdt_header.magic.get()
-        );
-    }
-
-    unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(bootarg as *const u8, fdt_header.total_size()) }
-}
-
-pub fn setup_guest_fdt_from_vmm(
-    fdt_bytes: &[u8],
-    vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig,
-    crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig,
-) {
-    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(fdt_bytes)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
-        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
-
-    // Call the modified function and get the returned device name list
-    let passthrough_device_names = super::device::find_all_passthrough_devices(vm_cfg, &fdt);
-
-    let dtb_data = super::create::crate_guest_fdt(&fdt, &passthrough_device_names, crate_config);
-    crate_guest_fdt_with_cache(dtb_data, crate_config);
-}
-
-pub fn set_phys_cpu_sets(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, fdt: &Fdt, crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) {
-    // Find and parse CPU information from host DTB
-    let host_cpus: Vec<_> = fdt.find_nodes("/cpus/cpu").collect();
-    info!("Found {} host CPU nodes", &host_cpus.len());
-
-    let phys_cpu_ids = crate_config
-        .base
-        .phys_cpu_ids
-        .as_ref()
-        .expect("ERROR: phys_cpu_ids not found in config.toml");
-
-    // Collect all CPU node information into Vec to avoid using iterators multiple times
-    let cpu_nodes_info: Vec<_> = host_cpus
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|cpu_node| {
-            if let Some(mut cpu_reg) = cpu_node.reg() {
-                if let Some(r) = cpu_reg.next() {
-                    info!(
-                        "CPU node: {}, phys_cpu_id: 0x{:x}",
-                        cpu_node.name(),
-                        r.address
-                    );
-                    Some((cpu_node.name().to_string(), r.address as usize))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-    // Create mapping from phys_cpu_id to physical CPU index
-    // Collect all unique CPU addresses, maintaining the order of appearance in the device tree
-    let mut unique_cpu_addresses = Vec::new();
-    for (_, cpu_address) in &cpu_nodes_info {
-        if !unique_cpu_addresses.contains(cpu_address) {
-            unique_cpu_addresses.push(*cpu_address);
-        } else {
-            panic!("Duplicate CPU address found");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Assign index to each CPU address in the device tree and print detailed information
-    for (index, &cpu_address) in unique_cpu_addresses.iter().enumerate() {
-        // Find all CPU nodes using this address
-        for (cpu_name, node_address) in &cpu_nodes_info {
-            if *node_address == cpu_address {
-                debug!(
-                    "  CPU node: {cpu_name}, address: 0x{cpu_address:x}, assigned index: {index}"
-                );
-                break; // Print each address only once
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Calculate phys_cpu_sets based on phys_cpu_ids in vcpu_mappings
-    let mut new_phys_cpu_sets = Vec::new();
-    for phys_cpu_id in phys_cpu_ids {
-        // Find the index corresponding to phys_cpu_id in unique_cpu_addresses
-        if let Some(cpu_index) = unique_cpu_addresses
-            .iter()
-            .position(|&addr| addr == *phys_cpu_id)
-        {
-            let cpu_mask = 1usize << cpu_index; // Convert index to mask bit
-            new_phys_cpu_sets.push(cpu_mask);
-            debug!(
-                "vCPU {} with phys_cpu_id 0x{:x} mapped to CPU index {} (mask: 0x{:x})",
-                vm_cfg.id(),
-                phys_cpu_id,
-                cpu_index,
-                cpu_mask
-            );
-        } else {
-            error!(
-                "vCPU {} with phys_cpu_id 0x{:x} not found in device tree!",
-                vm_cfg.id(),
-                phys_cpu_id
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Update phys_cpu_sets in VM configuration (if VM configuration supports setting)
-    info!("Calculated phys_cpu_sets: {new_phys_cpu_sets:?}");
-
-    vm_cfg
-        .phys_cpu_ls_mut()
-        .set_guest_cpu_sets(new_phys_cpu_sets);
-
-    debug!(
-        "vcpu_mappings: {:?}",
-        vm_cfg.phys_cpu_ls_mut().get_vcpu_affinities_pcpu_ids()
-    );
-}
-
-/// Add address mapping configuration for a device
-fn add_device_address_config(
-    vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig,
-    node_name: &str,
-    base_address: usize,
-    size: usize,
-    index: usize,
-    prefix: Option<&str>,
-) {
-    // Only process devices with address information
-    if size == 0 {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Create a device configuration for each address segment
-    let device_name = if index == 0 {
-        match prefix {
-            Some(p) => format!("{node_name}-{p}"),
-            None => node_name.to_string(),
-        }
-    } else {
-        match prefix {
-            Some(p) => format!("{node_name}-{p}-region{index}"),
-            None => format!("{node_name}-region{index}"),
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Add new device configuration
-    let pt_dev = axvm::config::PassThroughDeviceConfig {
-        name: device_name,
-        base_gpa: base_address,
-        base_hpa: base_address,
-        length: size,
-        irq_id: 0,
-    };
-    vm_cfg.add_pass_through_device(pt_dev);
-}
-
-/// Add ranges property configuration for PCIe devices
-fn add_pci_ranges_config(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, node_name: &str, range: &PciRange, index: usize) {
-    let base_address = range.cpu_address as usize;
-    let size = range.size as usize;
-
-    // Only process devices with address information
-    if size == 0 {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Create a device configuration for each address segment
-    let prefix = match range.space {
-        PciSpace::Configuration => "config",
-        PciSpace::IO => "io",
-        PciSpace::Memory32 => "mem32",
-        PciSpace::Memory64 => "mem64",
-    };
-
-    let device_name = if index == 0 {
-        format!("{node_name}-{prefix}")
-    } else {
-        format!("{node_name}-{prefix}-region{index}")
-    };
-
-    // Add new device configuration
-    let pt_dev = axvm::config::PassThroughDeviceConfig {
-        name: device_name,
-        base_gpa: base_address,
-        base_hpa: base_address,
-        length: size,
-        irq_id: 0,
-    };
-    vm_cfg.add_pass_through_device(pt_dev);
-
-    trace!(
-        "Added PCIe passthrough device {}: base=0x{:x}, size=0x{:x}, space={:?}",
-        node_name, base_address, size, range.space
-    );
-}
-
-pub fn parse_passthrough_devices_address(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, dtb: &[u8]) {
-    let devices = vm_cfg.pass_through_devices().to_vec();
-    if !devices.is_empty() && devices[0].length != 0 {
-        for (index, device) in devices.iter().enumerate() {
-            add_device_address_config(
-                vm_cfg,
-                &device.name,
-                device.base_gpa,
-                device.length,
-                index,
-                None,
-            );
-        }
-    } else {
-        let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(dtb)
-            .expect("Failed to parse DTB image, perhaps the DTB is invalid or corrupted");
-
-        // Clear existing passthrough device configurations
-        vm_cfg.clear_pass_through_devices();
-
-        // Traverse all device tree nodes
-        for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
-            // Skip root node
-            if node.name() == "/" || node.name().starts_with("memory") {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            let node_name = node.name().to_string();
-
-            // Check if it's a PCIe device node
-            if node_name.starts_with("pcie@") || node_name.contains("pci") {
-                // Process PCIe device's ranges property
-                if let Some(pci) = node.clone().into_pci()
-                    && let Ok(ranges) = pci.ranges()
-                {
-                    for (index, range) in ranges.enumerate() {
-                        add_pci_ranges_config(vm_cfg, &node_name, &range, index);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // Process PCIe device's reg property (ECAM space)
-                if let Some(reg_iter) = node.reg() {
-                    for (index, reg) in reg_iter.enumerate() {
-                        let base_address = reg.address as usize;
-                        let size = reg.size.unwrap_or(0);
-
-                        add_device_address_config(
-                            vm_cfg,
-                            &node_name,
-                            base_address,
-                            size,
-                            index,
-                            Some("ecam"),
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                // Get device's reg property (process regular devices)
-                if let Some(reg_iter) = node.reg() {
-                    // Process all address segments of the device
-                    for (index, reg) in reg_iter.enumerate() {
-                        // Get device's address and size information
-                        let base_address = reg.address as usize;
-                        let size = reg.size.unwrap_or(0);
-
-                        add_device_address_config(
-                            vm_cfg,
-                            &node_name,
-                            base_address,
-                            size,
-                            index,
-                            None,
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        trace!(
-            "All passthrough devices: {:#x?}",
-            vm_cfg.pass_through_devices()
-        );
-        debug!(
-            "Finished parsing passthrough devices, total: {}",
-            vm_cfg.pass_through_devices().len()
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn parse_vm_interrupt(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, dtb: &[u8]) {
-    const GIC_PHANDLE: usize = 1;
-    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(dtb)
-        .expect("Failed to parse DTB image, perhaps the DTB is invalid or corrupted");
-
-    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
-        let name = node.name();
-
-        if name.starts_with("memory") {
-            continue;
-        }
-        // Skip the interrupt controller, as we will use vGIC
-        // TODO: filter with compatible property and parse its phandle from DT; maybe needs a second pass?
-        else if name.starts_with("interrupt-controller")
-            || name.starts_with("intc")
-            || name.starts_with("its")
-        {
-            info!("skipping node {name} to use vGIC");
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // Collect all GIC_SPI interrupts and add them to vGIC
-        if let Some(interrupts) = node.interrupts() {
-            // TODO: skip non-GIC interrupt
-            if let Some(parent) = node.interrupt_parent() {
-                trace!("node: {}, intr parent: {}", name, parent.node.name());
-                if let Some(phandle) = parent.node.phandle() {
-                    if phandle.as_usize() != GIC_PHANDLE {
-                        debug!(
-                            "node: {}, intr parent: {}, phandle: 0x{:x} is not GIC!",
-                            name,
-                            parent.node.name(),
-                            phandle.as_usize()
-                        );
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    warn!(
-                        "node: {}, intr parent: {} no phandle!",
-                        name,
-                        parent.node.name(),
-                    );
-                }
-            } else {
-                warn!("node: {name} no interrupt parent!");
-            }
-
-            for interrupt in interrupts {
-                // <GIC_SPI/GIC_PPI, IRQn, trigger_mode>
-                for (k, v) in interrupt.enumerate() {
-                    match k {
-                        0 => {
-                            if v == 0 {
-                                trace!("node: {name}, GIC_SPI");
-                            } else {
-                                debug!("node: {name}, intr type: {v}, not GIC_SPI, not supported!");
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        1 => {
-                            trace!("node: {name}, interrupt id: 0x{v:x}");
-                            vm_cfg.add_pass_through_spi(v);
-                        }
-                        2 => {
-                            trace!("node: {name}, interrupt mode: 0x{v:x}");
-                        }
-                        _ => {
-                            warn!("unknown interrupt property {k}:0x{v:x}")
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    vm_cfg.add_pass_through_device(PassThroughDeviceConfig {
-        name: "Fake Node".to_string(),
-        base_gpa: 0x0,
-        base_hpa: 0x0,
-        length: 0x20_0000,
-        irq_id: 0,
-    });
-}
-
-pub fn update_provided_fdt(provided_dtb: &[u8], host_dtb: &[u8], crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) {
-    let provided_fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(provided_dtb)
-        .expect("Failed to parse DTB image, perhaps the DTB is invalid or corrupted");
-    let host_fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(host_dtb)
-        .expect("Failed to parse DTB image, perhaps the DTB is invalid or corrupted");
-    let provided_dtb_data = update_cpu_node(&provided_fdt, &host_fdt, crate_config);
-    crate_guest_fdt_with_cache(provided_dtb_data, crate_config);
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/print.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/print.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 29f63f35..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/fdt/print.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-//! FDT parsing and processing functionality.
-
-use fdt_parser::{Fdt, FdtHeader};
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub fn print_fdt(fdt_addr: usize) {
-    const FDT_VALID_MAGIC: u32 = 0xd00d_feed;
-    let header = unsafe {
-        core::slice::from_raw_parts(fdt_addr as *const u8, core::mem::size_of::<FdtHeader>())
-    };
-    let fdt_header = FdtHeader::from_bytes(header)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT header: {e:#?}"))
-        .unwrap();
-
-    if fdt_header.magic.get() != FDT_VALID_MAGIC {
-        error!(
-            "FDT magic is invalid, expected {:#x}, got {:#x}",
-            FDT_VALID_MAGIC,
-            fdt_header.magic.get()
-        );
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let fdt_bytes =
-        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(fdt_addr as *const u8, fdt_header.total_size()) };
-
-    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(fdt_bytes)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
-        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
-
-    // Statistics of node count and level distribution
-    let mut node_count = 0;
-    let mut level_counts = alloc::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-    let mut max_level = 0;
-
-    info!("=== FDT Node Information Statistics ===");
-
-    // Traverse all nodes once for statistics (following optimization strategy)
-    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
-        node_count += 1;
-
-        // Count nodes by level
-        *level_counts.entry(node.level).or_insert(0) += 1;
-
-        // Record maximum level
-        if node.level > max_level {
-            max_level = node.level;
-        }
-
-        // Count property numbers
-        let node_properties_count = node.propertys().count();
-
-        trace!(
-            "Node[{}]: {} (Level: {}, Properties: {})",
-            node_count,
-            node.name(),
-            node.level,
-            node_properties_count
-        );
-
-        for prop in node.propertys() {
-            trace!(
-                "Properties: {}, Raw_value: {:x?}",
-                prop.name,
-                prop.raw_value()
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    info!("=== FDT Statistics Results ===");
-    info!("Total node count: {node_count}");
-    info!("FDT total size: {} bytes", fdt_header.total_size());
-    info!("Maximum level depth: {max_level}");
-
-    info!("Node distribution by level:");
-    for (level, count) in level_counts {
-        let percentage = (count as f32 / node_count as f32) * 100.0;
-        info!("  Level {level}: {count} nodes ({percentage:.1}%)");
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub fn print_guest_fdt(fdt_bytes: &[u8]) {
-    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(fdt_bytes)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
-        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
-    // Statistics of node count and level distribution
-    let mut node_count = 0;
-    let mut level_counts = alloc::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-    let mut max_level = 0;
-
-    info!("=== FDT Node Information Statistics ===");
-
-    // Traverse all nodes once for statistics (following optimization strategy)
-    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
-        node_count += 1;
-
-        // Count nodes by level
-        *level_counts.entry(node.level).or_insert(0) += 1;
-
-        // Record maximum level
-        if node.level > max_level {
-            max_level = node.level;
-        }
-
-        // Count property numbers
-        let node_properties_count = node.propertys().count();
-
-        info!(
-            "Node[{}]: {} (Level: {}, Properties: {})",
-            node_count,
-            node.name(),
-            node.level,
-            node_properties_count
-        );
-
-        for prop in node.propertys() {
-            info!(
-                "Properties: {}, Raw_value: {:x?}",
-                prop.name,
-                prop.raw_value()
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    info!("=== FDT Statistics Results ===");
-    info!("Total node count: {node_count}");
-    info!("Maximum level depth: {max_level}");
-
-    info!("Node distribution by level:");
-    for (level, count) in level_counts {
-        let percentage = (count as f32 / node_count as f32) * 100.0;
-        info!("  Level {level}: {count} nodes ({percentage:.1}%)");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/images/mod.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/images/mod.rs
index 23addd73..62b5f494 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/images/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vmm/images/mod.rs
@@ -1,309 +1,143 @@
-use axaddrspace::GuestPhysAddr;
-use axerrno::AxResult;
+use axvm::GuestPhysAddr;
 
-use axvm::VMMemoryRegion;
-use axvm::config::AxVMCrateConfig;
-use byte_unit::Byte;
+// use axvm::VMMemoryRegion;
+use axvm::config::{AxVMCrateConfig, VMImageConfig, VMImagesConfig};
+use axvmconfig::ImageLocation;
 
-use crate::hal::CacheOp;
-use crate::vmm::VMRef;
-use crate::vmm::config::{config, get_vm_dtb_arc};
+use crate::config::config::MemoryImage;
 
 mod linux;
 
-pub fn get_image_header(config: &AxVMCrateConfig) -> Option<linux::Header> {
-    match config.kernel.image_location.as_deref() {
-        Some("memory") => with_memory_image(config, linux::Header::parse),
-        #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-        Some("fs") => {
-            let read_size = linux::Header::hdr_size();
-            let data = fs::kernal_read(config, read_size).ok()?;
-            linux::Header::parse(&data)
-        }
-        _ => unimplemented!(
-            "Check your \"image_location\" in config.toml, \"memory\" and \"fs\" are supported,\n NOTE: \"fs\" feature should be enabled if you want to load images from filesystem. (APP_FEATURES=fs)"
-        ),
-    }
-}
-
-fn with_memory_image<F, R>(config: &AxVMCrateConfig, func: F) -> R
-where
-    F: FnOnce(&[u8]) -> R,
-{
-    let vm_imags = config::get_memory_images()
-        .iter()
-        .find(|&v| v.id == config.base.id)
-        .expect("VM images is missed, Perhaps add `VM_CONFIGS=PATH/CONFIGS/FILE` command.");
-
-    func(vm_imags.kernel)
-}
-
-pub struct ImageLoader {
-    main_memory: VMMemoryRegion,
-    vm: VMRef,
-    config: AxVMCrateConfig,
-    kernel_load_gpa: GuestPhysAddr,
-    bios_load_gpa: Option<GuestPhysAddr>,
-    dtb_load_gpa: Option<GuestPhysAddr>,
-    ramdisk_load_gpa: Option<GuestPhysAddr>,
-}
-
-impl ImageLoader {
-    pub fn new(main_memory: VMMemoryRegion, config: AxVMCrateConfig, vm: VMRef) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            main_memory,
-            vm,
-            config,
-            kernel_load_gpa: GuestPhysAddr::default(),
-            bios_load_gpa: None,
-            dtb_load_gpa: None,
-            ramdisk_load_gpa: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn load(&mut self) -> AxResult {
-        info!(
-            "Loading VM[{}] images into memory region: gpa={:#x}, hva={:#x}, size={:#}",
-            self.vm.id(),
-            self.main_memory.gpa,
-            self.main_memory.hva,
-            Byte::from(self.main_memory.size())
-        );
-
-        self.vm.with_config(|config| {
-            self.kernel_load_gpa = config.image_config.kernel_load_gpa;
-            self.dtb_load_gpa = config.image_config.dtb_load_gpa;
-            self.bios_load_gpa = config.image_config.bios_load_gpa;
-            self.ramdisk_load_gpa = config.image_config.ramdisk_load_gpa;
-        });
-
-        match self.config.kernel.image_location.as_deref() {
-            Some("memory") => self.load_vm_images_from_memory(),
+pub fn load_images(config: &AxVMCrateConfig) -> anyhow::Result<VMImagesConfig> {
+    match config.kernel.image_location {
+        None | Some(ImageLocation::Fs) => {
             #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
-            Some("fs") => fs::load_vm_images_from_filesystem(self),
-            _ => unimplemented!(
-                "Check your \"image_location\" in config.toml, \"memory\" and \"fs\" are supported,\n NOTE: \"fs\" feature should be enabled if you want to load images from filesystem. (APP_FEATURES=fs)"
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Load VM images from memory
-    /// into the guest VM's memory space based on the VM configuration.
-    fn load_vm_images_from_memory(&self) -> AxResult {
-        info!("Loading VM[{}] images from memory", self.config.base.id);
-
-        let vm_imags = config::get_memory_images()
-            .iter()
-            .find(|&v| v.id == self.config.base.id)
-            .expect("VM images is missed, Perhaps add `VM_CONFIGS=PATH/CONFIGS/FILE` command.");
-
-        load_vm_image_from_memory(vm_imags.kernel, self.kernel_load_gpa, self.vm.clone())
-            .expect("Failed to load VM images");
-        // Load DTB image
-        let vm_config = axvm::config::AxVMConfig::from(self.config.clone());
-
-        if let Some(dtb_arc) = get_vm_dtb_arc(&vm_config) {
-            let _dtb_slice: &[u8] = &dtb_arc;
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-            crate::vmm::fdt::update_fdt(
-                core::ptr::NonNull::new(_dtb_slice.as_ptr() as *mut u8).unwrap(),
-                _dtb_slice.len(),
-                self.vm.clone(),
-            );
-        } else {
-            info!("dtb_load_gpa not provided");
-        }
-
-        // Load BIOS image
-        if let Some(buffer) = vm_imags.bios {
-            load_vm_image_from_memory(buffer, self.bios_load_gpa.unwrap(), self.vm.clone())
-                .expect("Failed to load BIOS images");
+            {
+                fs::load_images_fs(config)
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+            {
+                Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "Filesystem feature is not enabled, cannot load images from fs"
+                ))
+            }
         }
-
-        // Load Ramdisk image
-        if let Some(buffer) = vm_imags.ramdisk {
-            load_vm_image_from_memory(buffer, self.ramdisk_load_gpa.unwrap(), self.vm.clone())
-                .expect("Failed to load Ramdisk images");
-        };
-
-        Ok(())
+        Some(ImageLocation::Memory) => load_images_mem(config),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn load_vm_image_from_memory(
-    image_buffer: &[u8],
-    load_addr: GuestPhysAddr,
-    vm: VMRef,
-) -> AxResult {
-    let mut buffer_pos = 0;
-
-    let image_size = image_buffer.len();
-
-    debug!(
-        "loading VM image from memory {:?} {}",
-        load_addr,
-        image_buffer.len()
-    );
-
-    let image_load_regions = vm.get_image_load_region(load_addr, image_size)?;
-
-    for region in image_load_regions {
-        let region_len = region.len();
-        let bytes_to_write = region_len.min(image_size - buffer_pos);
-
-        // copy data from memory
-        unsafe {
-            core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
-                image_buffer[buffer_pos..].as_ptr(),
-                region.as_mut_ptr().cast(),
-                bytes_to_write,
-            );
-        }
-
-        crate::hal::arch::cache::dcache_range(
-            CacheOp::Clean,
-            (region.as_ptr() as usize).into(),
-            region_len,
-        );
-
-        // Update the position of the buffer.
-        buffer_pos += bytes_to_write;
+fn load_images_mem(config: &AxVMCrateConfig) -> anyhow::Result<VMImagesConfig> {
+    let memory_image = memory_image(config);
+
+    // Load kernel image
+    let kernel = VMImageConfig {
+        gpa: config.kernel.kernel_load_addr.map(GuestPhysAddr::from),
+        data: memory_image.kernel.to_vec(),
+    };
+
+    let bios = memory_image.bios.map(|bios| VMImageConfig {
+        gpa: config.kernel.bios_load_addr.map(GuestPhysAddr::from),
+        data: bios.to_vec(),
+    });
+
+    let dtb = memory_image.dtb.map(|dtb| VMImageConfig {
+        gpa: config.kernel.dtb_load_addr.map(GuestPhysAddr::from),
+        data: dtb.to_vec(),
+    });
+
+    let ramdisk = memory_image.ramdisk.map(|ramdisk| VMImageConfig {
+        gpa: config.kernel.ramdisk_load_addr.map(GuestPhysAddr::from),
+        data: ramdisk.to_vec(),
+    });
+
+    Ok(VMImagesConfig {
+        kernel,
+        bios,
+        dtb,
+        ramdisk,
+    })
+}
 
-        // If the buffer is fully written, exit the loop.
-        if buffer_pos >= image_size {
-            debug!("copy size: {bytes_to_write}");
-            break;
+fn memory_image(config: &AxVMCrateConfig) -> &'static MemoryImage {
+    let images = super::config::config::get_memory_images();
+    for img in images.iter() {
+        if img.id == config.base.id {
+            return img;
         }
     }
-
-    Ok(())
+    panic!("Cannot find memory image for VM id {}", config.base.id);
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
 pub mod fs {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::hal::CacheOp;
-    use axerrno::{AxResult, ax_err, ax_err_type};
-    use std::{fs::File, vec::Vec};
-
-    pub fn kernal_read(config: &AxVMCrateConfig, read_size: usize) -> AxResult<Vec<u8>> {
-        use std::fs::File;
-        use std::io::Read;
-        let file_name = &config.kernel.kernel_path;
-
-        let mut file = File::open(file_name).map_err(|err| {
-            ax_err_type!(
-                NotFound,
-                format!(
-                    "Failed to open {}, err {:?}, please check your disk.img",
-                    file_name, err
-                )
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let mut buffer = vec![0u8; read_size];
-
-        file.read_exact(&mut buffer).map_err(|err| {
-            ax_err_type!(
-                NotFound,
-                format!(
-                    "Failed to read {}, err {:?}, please check your disk.img",
-                    file_name, err
-                )
-            )
-        })?;
+    use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+    pub fn load_images_fs(config: &AxVMCrateConfig) -> anyhow::Result<VMImagesConfig> {
+        // Load kernel image
+        let kernel = load_image_file(&config.kernel.kernel_path)?;
+        let kernel = VMImageConfig {
+            gpa: config.kernel.kernel_load_addr.map(GuestPhysAddr::from),
+            data: kernel,
+        };
 
-        Ok(buffer)
-    }
+        // Load BIOS image if configured
+        let bios = if let Some(bios_path) = &config.kernel.bios_path {
+            let bios_data = load_image_file(bios_path)?;
+            Some(VMImageConfig {
+                gpa: config.kernel.bios_load_addr.map(GuestPhysAddr::from),
+                data: bios_data,
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
 
-    /// Loads the VM image files from the filesystem
-    /// into the guest VM's memory space based on the VM configuration.
-    pub(crate) fn load_vm_images_from_filesystem(loader: &ImageLoader) -> AxResult {
-        info!("Loading VM images from filesystem");
-        // Load kernel image.
-        load_vm_image(
-            &loader.config.kernel.kernel_path,
-            loader.kernel_load_gpa,
-            loader.vm.clone(),
-        )?;
-        // Load BIOS image if needed.
-        if let Some(bios_path) = &loader.config.kernel.bios_path {
-            if let Some(bios_load_addr) = loader.bios_load_gpa {
-                load_vm_image(bios_path, bios_load_addr, loader.vm.clone())?;
-            } else {
-                return ax_err!(NotFound, "BIOS load addr is missed");
-            }
+        // Load DTB image if configured
+        let dtb = if let Some(dtb_path) = &config.kernel.dtb_path {
+            let dtb_data = load_image_file(dtb_path)?;
+            Some(VMImageConfig {
+                gpa: config.kernel.dtb_load_addr.map(GuestPhysAddr::from),
+                data: dtb_data,
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
         };
-        // Load Ramdisk image if needed.
-        if let Some(ramdisk_path) = &loader.config.kernel.ramdisk_path {
-            if let Some(ramdisk_load_addr) = loader.ramdisk_load_gpa {
-                load_vm_image(ramdisk_path, ramdisk_load_addr, loader.vm.clone())?;
-            } else {
-                return ax_err!(NotFound, "Ramdisk load addr is missed");
-            }
+
+        // Load ramdisk image if configured
+        let ramdisk = if let Some(ramdisk_path) = &config.kernel.ramdisk_path {
+            let ramdisk_data = load_image_file(ramdisk_path)?;
+            Some(VMImageConfig {
+                gpa: config.kernel.ramdisk_load_addr.map(GuestPhysAddr::from),
+                data: ramdisk_data,
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
         };
-        // Load DTB image if needed.
-        let vm_config = axvm::config::AxVMConfig::from(loader.config.clone());
-        if let Some(dtb_arc) = get_vm_dtb_arc(&vm_config) {
-            let _dtb_slice: &[u8] = &dtb_arc;
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-            crate::vmm::fdt::update_fdt(
-                core::ptr::NonNull::new(_dtb_slice.as_ptr() as *mut u8).unwrap(),
-                _dtb_slice.len(),
-                loader.vm.clone(),
-            );
-        }
 
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(VMImagesConfig {
+            kernel,
+            bios,
+            dtb,
+            ramdisk,
+        })
     }
 
-    fn load_vm_image(image_path: &str, image_load_gpa: GuestPhysAddr, vm: VMRef) -> AxResult {
-        use std::io::{BufReader, Read};
-        let (image_file, image_size) = open_image_file(image_path)?;
+    fn load_image_file(path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        use axstd::io::Read;
 
-        let image_load_regions = vm.get_image_load_region(image_load_gpa, image_size)?;
-        let mut file = BufReader::new(image_file);
+        let mut file = axstd::fs::File::open(path)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to open image file '{}': {}", path, e))?;
 
-        for buffer in image_load_regions {
-            file.read_exact(buffer).map_err(|err| {
-                ax_err_type!(
-                    Io,
-                    format!("Failed in reading from file {}, err {:?}", image_path, err)
-                )
-            })?;
+        let metadata = file
+            .metadata()
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to get metadata for '{}': {}", path, e))?;
 
-            crate::hal::arch::cache::dcache_range(
-                CacheOp::Clean,
-                (buffer.as_ptr() as usize).into(),
-                buffer.len(),
-            );
-        }
+        let file_size = metadata.len() as usize;
+        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(file_size);
 
-        Ok(())
-    }
+        file.read_to_end(&mut buffer)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to read image file '{}': {}", path, e))?;
 
-    pub fn open_image_file(file_name: &str) -> AxResult<(File, usize)> {
-        let file = File::open(file_name).map_err(|err| {
-            ax_err_type!(
-                NotFound,
-                format!(
-                    "Failed to open {}, err {:?}, please check your disk.img",
-                    file_name, err
-                )
-            )
-        })?;
-        let file_size = file
-            .metadata()
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                ax_err_type!(
-                    Io,
-                    format!(
-                        "Failed to get metadate of file {}, err {:?}",
-                        file_name, err
-                    )
-                )
-            })?
-            .size() as usize;
-        Ok((file, file_size))
+        Ok(buffer)
     }
 }
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/mod.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/mod.rs
index 5beecbce..1387ec36 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vmm/mod.rs
@@ -1,141 +1,41 @@
-mod hvc;
-mod ivc;
+// mod hvc;
+// mod ivc;
 
 pub mod config;
 pub mod images;
-pub mod timer;
-pub mod vcpus;
+// pub mod timer;
 pub mod vm_list;
 
-#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-pub mod fdt;
-
-use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
-use std::os::arceos::{
-    api::task::{self, AxWaitQueueHandle},
-    modules::axtask,
-};
-
-use axerrno::{AxResult, ax_err_type};
-
-use crate::{
-    hal::{AxVCpuHalImpl, AxVMHalImpl},
-    task::AsVCpuTask,
-};
-pub use timer::init_percpu as init_timer_percpu;
-
-/// The instantiated VM type.
-pub type VM = axvm::AxVM<AxVMHalImpl, AxVCpuHalImpl>;
-/// The instantiated VM ref type (by `Arc`).
-pub type VMRef = axvm::AxVMRef<AxVMHalImpl, AxVCpuHalImpl>;
-/// The instantiated VCpu ref type (by `Arc`).
-pub type VCpuRef = axvm::AxVCpuRef<AxVCpuHalImpl>;
-
-static VMM: AxWaitQueueHandle = AxWaitQueueHandle::new();
-
-/// The number of running VMs. This is used to determine when to exit the VMM.
-static RUNNING_VM_COUNT: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+use axvm::{AxVMConfig, VmId};
 
 /// Initialize the VMM.
 ///
 /// This function creates the VM structures and sets up the primary VCpu for each VM.
 pub fn init() {
     info!("Initializing VMM...");
-    // Initialize guest VM according to config file.
-    config::init_guest_vms();
-
-    // Setup vcpus, spawn axtask for primary VCpu.
-    info!("Setting up vcpus...");
-    for vm in vm_list::get_vm_list() {
-        vcpus::setup_vm_primary_vcpu(vm);
-    }
+    axvm::enable_viretualization().unwrap();
 }
 
-/// Start the VMM.
-pub fn start() {
-    info!("VMM starting, booting VMs...");
-    for vm in vm_list::get_vm_list() {
-        match vm.boot() {
-            Ok(_) => {
-                vcpus::notify_primary_vcpu(vm.id());
-                RUNNING_VM_COUNT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
-                info!("VM[{}] boot success", vm.id())
-            }
-            Err(err) => warn!("VM[{}] boot failed, error {:?}", vm.id(), err),
-        }
+pub fn start_preconfigured_vms() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    // Initialize guest VM according to config file.
+    for config in config::get_guest_prelude_vmconfig()? {
+        let vm_config = config::build_vmconfig(config)?;
+        start_vm(vm_config)?;
     }
-
-    // Do not exit until all VMs are stopped.
-    task::ax_wait_queue_wait_until(
-        &VMM,
-        || {
-            let vm_count = RUNNING_VM_COUNT.load(Ordering::Acquire);
-            info!("a VM exited, current running VM count: {vm_count}");
-            vm_count == 0
-        },
-        None,
-    );
+    Ok(())
 }
 
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-pub use vcpus::with_vcpu_task;
-
-/// Run a closure with the specified VM.
-pub fn with_vm<T>(vm_id: usize, f: impl FnOnce(VMRef) -> T) -> Option<T> {
-    let vm = vm_list::get_vm_by_id(vm_id)?;
-    Some(f(vm))
+pub fn start_vm(config: AxVMConfig) -> anyhow::Result<VmId> {
+    debug!("Starting guest VM `{}`", config.name());
+    let vm = axvm::Vm::new(config)?;
+    let vm = vm_list::push_vm(vm);
+    vm.boot()?;
+    Ok(vm.id())
 }
 
-/// Run a closure with the specified VM and vCPU.
-pub fn with_vm_and_vcpu<T>(
-    vm_id: usize,
-    vcpu_id: usize,
-    f: impl FnOnce(VMRef, VCpuRef) -> T,
-) -> Option<T> {
-    let vm = vm_list::get_vm_by_id(vm_id)?;
-    let vcpu = vm.vcpu(vcpu_id)?;
-
-    Some(f(vm, vcpu))
-}
-
-/// Run a closure with the specified VM and vCPU, with the guarantee that the closure will be
-/// executed on the physical CPU where the vCPU is running, waiting, or queueing.
-///
-/// TODO: It seems necessary to disable scheduling when running the closure.
-pub fn with_vm_and_vcpu_on_pcpu(
-    vm_id: usize,
-    vcpu_id: usize,
-    f: impl FnOnce(VMRef, VCpuRef) + 'static,
-) -> AxResult {
-    // Disables preemption and IRQs to prevent the current task from being preempted or re-scheduled.
-    let guard = kernel_guard::NoPreemptIrqSave::new();
-
-    let current_vm = axtask::current().as_vcpu_task().vm().id();
-    let current_vcpu = axtask::current().as_vcpu_task().vcpu.id();
-
-    // The target vCPU is the current task, execute the closure directly.
-    if current_vm == vm_id && current_vcpu == vcpu_id {
-        with_vm_and_vcpu(vm_id, vcpu_id, f).unwrap(); // unwrap is safe here
-        return Ok(());
+pub fn wait_for_all_vms_exit() {
+    let ls = vm_list::get_vm_list();
+    for vm in ls.iter() {
+        vm.wait().unwrap();
     }
-
-    // The target vCPU is not the current task, send an IPI to the target physical CPU.
-    drop(guard);
-
-    let _pcpu_id = vcpus::with_vcpu_task(vm_id, vcpu_id, |task| task.cpu_id())
-        .ok_or_else(|| ax_err_type!(NotFound))?;
-
-    unimplemented!();
-    // use std::os::arceos::modules::axipi;
-    // Ok(axipi::send_ipi_event_to_one(pcpu_id as usize, move || {
-    // with_vm_and_vcpu_on_pcpu(vm_id, vcpu_id, f);
-    // }))
-}
-
-pub fn add_running_vm_count(count: usize) {
-    RUNNING_VM_COUNT.fetch_add(count, Ordering::Release);
-}
-
-pub fn sub_running_vm_count(count: usize) {
-    RUNNING_VM_COUNT.fetch_sub(count, Ordering::Release);
 }
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/timer.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/timer.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 00a6ff9d..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/timer.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-use core::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
-use core::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-
-use std::os::arceos::modules::axhal;
-
-use alloc::boxed::Box;
-use kspin::SpinNoIrq;
-use lazyinit::LazyInit;
-use timer_list::{TimeValue, TimerEvent, TimerList};
-
-static TOKEN: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
-// const PERIODIC_INTERVAL_NANOS: u64 = axhal::time::NANOS_PER_SEC / axconfig::TICKS_PER_SEC as u64;
-
-/// Represents a timer event in the virtual machine monitor (VMM).
-///
-/// This struct holds a unique token for the timer and a callback function
-/// that will be executed when the timer expires.
-pub struct VmmTimerEvent {
-    // Unique identifier for the timer event
-    token: usize,
-    // Callback function to be executed when the timer expires
-    timer_callback: Box<dyn FnOnce(TimeValue) + Send + 'static>,
-}
-
-impl VmmTimerEvent {
-    fn new<F>(token: usize, f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: FnOnce(TimeValue) + Send + 'static,
-    {
-        Self {
-            token,
-            timer_callback: Box::new(f),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl TimerEvent for VmmTimerEvent {
-    fn callback(self, now: TimeValue) {
-        (self.timer_callback)(now)
-    }
-}
-
-#[percpu::def_percpu]
-static TIMER_LIST: LazyInit<SpinNoIrq<TimerList<VmmTimerEvent>>> = LazyInit::new();
-
-/// Registers a new timer that will execute at the specified deadline
-///
-/// # Arguments
-/// - `deadline`: The absolute time in nanoseconds when the timer should trigger
-/// - `handler`: The callback function to execute when the timer expires
-///
-/// # Returns
-/// A unique token that can be used to cancel this timer later
-pub fn register_timer<F>(deadline: u64, handler: F) -> usize
-where
-    F: FnOnce(TimeValue) + Send + 'static,
-{
-    trace!("Registering timer...");
-    trace!(
-        "deadline is {:#?} = {:#?}",
-        deadline,
-        TimeValue::from_nanos(deadline)
-    );
-    let timer_list = unsafe { TIMER_LIST.current_ref_mut_raw() };
-    let mut timers = timer_list.lock();
-    let token = TOKEN.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
-    let event = VmmTimerEvent::new(token, handler);
-    timers.set(TimeValue::from_nanos(deadline), event);
-    token
-}
-
-/// Cancels a timer with the specified token.
-///
-/// # Parameters
-/// - `token`: The unique token of the timer to cancel.
-pub fn cancel_timer(token: usize) {
-    let timer_list = unsafe { TIMER_LIST.current_ref_mut_raw() };
-    let mut timers = timer_list.lock();
-    timers.cancel(|event| event.token == token);
-}
-
-/// Check and process any pending timer events
-pub fn check_events() {
-    // info!("Checking timer events...");
-    // info!("now is {:#?}", axhal::time::wall_time());
-    let timer_list = unsafe { TIMER_LIST.current_ref_mut_raw() };
-    loop {
-        let now = axhal::time::wall_time();
-        let event = timer_list.lock().expire_one(now);
-        if let Some((_deadline, event)) = event {
-            trace!("pick one {_deadline:#?} to handle!!!");
-            event.callback(now);
-        } else {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// /// Schedule the next timer event based on the periodic interval
-// pub fn scheduler_next_event() {
-//     trace!("Scheduling next event...");
-//     let now_ns = axhal::time::monotonic_time_nanos();
-//     let deadline = now_ns + PERIODIC_INTERVAL_NANOS;
-//     debug!("PHY deadline {} !!!", deadline);
-//     axhal::time::set_oneshot_timer(deadline);
-// }
-
-/// Initialize the hypervisor timer system
-pub fn init_percpu() {
-    info!("Initing HV Timer...");
-    let timer_list = unsafe { TIMER_LIST.current_ref_mut_raw() };
-    timer_list.init_once(SpinNoIrq::new(TimerList::new()));
-}
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/vcpus.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/vcpus.rs
index 22cb47fe..666d029a 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/vcpus.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vmm/vcpus.rs
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ pub(crate) fn notify_all_vcpus(vm_id: usize) {
 ///
 /// This should be called after all VCpu threads have exited to avoid resource leaks.
 /// It will join all VCpu tasks to ensure they are fully cleaned up.
-pub(crate) fn cleanup_vm_vcpus(vm_id: usize) {
+pub fn cleanup_vm_vcpus(vm_id: usize) {
     if let Some(vm_vcpus) = VM_VCPU_TASK_WAIT_QUEUE.remove(&vm_id) {
         let task_count = vm_vcpus.vcpu_task_list.len();
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/vmm/vm_list.rs b/kernel/src/vmm/vm_list.rs
index 7c6dd419..33f39ff1 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vmm/vm_list.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vmm/vm_list.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-
+use alloc::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
 use spin::Mutex;
 
-use crate::vmm::VMRef;
+pub type VMRef = Arc<axvm::Vm>;
 
 /// Represents a list of VMs,
 /// stored in a BTreeMap where the key is the VM ID and the value is a reference to the VM.
@@ -71,8 +69,10 @@ static GLOBAL_VM_LIST: Mutex<VMList> = Mutex::new(VMList::new());
 /// # Arguments
 ///
 /// * `vm` - A reference to the VM instance.
-pub fn push_vm(vm: VMRef) {
-    GLOBAL_VM_LIST.lock().push_vm(vm.id(), vm)
+pub fn push_vm(vm: axvm::Vm) -> VMRef {
+    let vm = Arc::new(vm);
+    GLOBAL_VM_LIST.lock().push_vm(vm.id().into(), vm.clone());
+    vm
 }
 
 /// Removes a VM from the global VM list by its ID.
diff --git a/modules/arm_vcpu b/modules/arm_vcpu
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..5b7e40db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/arm_vcpu
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 5b7e40dbf67d760e202114ba9431e81c2b45f9e7
diff --git a/modules/arm_vgic b/modules/arm_vgic
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..de8b70bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/arm_vgic
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit de8b70bffba107f7d2e10fd540450f0ff25115a9
diff --git a/modules/axaddrspace b/modules/axaddrspace
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..21ab84bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axaddrspace
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 21ab84bc1ba194641879182d4efac2535dff32d4
diff --git a/modules/axalloc/Cargo.toml b/modules/axalloc/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28d5990a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axalloc/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[package]
+name = "axalloc"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors = ["Yuekai Jia <equation618@gmail.com>"]
+description = "Axvisor global memory allocator"
+license.workspace = true
+repository = "https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos/tree/main/modules/axalloc"
+
+[features]
+default = []
+tracking = ["dep:percpu", "dep:axbacktrace", "buddy-slab-allocator/tracking"]
+
+[dependencies]
+buddy-slab-allocator = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/buddy-slab-allocator.git", branch = "main", features = ["log"] }
+axbacktrace = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+axerrno.workspace = true
+kspin.workspace = true
+kernel_guard.workspace = true
+log.workspace = true
+memory_addr.workspace = true
+percpu = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+strum = { version = "0.27.2", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/modules/axalloc/src/lib.rs b/modules/axalloc/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98382196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axalloc/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+//! The Axvisor memory allocator.
+
+#![no_std]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate log;
+extern crate alloc;
+
+use core::{
+    alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout},
+    fmt,
+    ptr::NonNull,
+};
+
+use buddy_slab_allocator::{AllocResult, PageAllocator};
+use kspin::SpinNoIrq;
+use strum::{IntoStaticStr, VariantArray};
+
+pub use buddy_slab_allocator::AddrTranslator;
+
+// Page size can be configured from here
+const PAGE_SIZE: usize = 0x1000;
+
+mod page;
+pub use page::GlobalPage;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "tracking")]
+mod tracking;
+#[cfg(feature = "tracking")]
+pub use tracking::*;
+
+/// Kinds of memory usage for tracking.
+#[repr(u8)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, VariantArray, IntoStaticStr)]
+pub enum UsageKind {
+    /// Heap allocations made by kernel Rust code.
+    RustHeap,
+    /// Virtual memory, usually used for user space.
+    VirtMem,
+    /// Page cache for file systems.
+    PageCache,
+    /// Page tables.
+    PageTable,
+    /// DMA memory.
+    Dma,
+    /// Memory used by [`GlobalPage`].
+    Global,
+}
+
+/// Statistics of memory usages.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Usages([usize; UsageKind::VARIANTS.len()]);
+
+impl Usages {
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self([0; UsageKind::VARIANTS.len()])
+    }
+
+    fn alloc(&mut self, kind: UsageKind, size: usize) {
+        self.0[kind as usize] += size;
+    }
+
+    fn dealloc(&mut self, kind: UsageKind, size: usize) {
+        self.0[kind as usize] -= size;
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Usages {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut d = f.debug_struct("UsageStats");
+        for &kind in UsageKind::VARIANTS {
+            d.field(kind.into(), &self.0[kind as usize]);
+        }
+        d.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// The global allocator used by ArceOS.
+///
+/// This is an adapter around the allocator::GlobalAllocator that provides
+/// compatibility with the original axalloc API.
+pub struct GlobalAllocator {
+    inner: SpinNoIrq<buddy_slab_allocator::GlobalAllocator<PAGE_SIZE>>,
+    usages: SpinNoIrq<Usages>,
+}
+
+impl Default for GlobalAllocator {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl GlobalAllocator {
+    /// Creates an empty [`GlobalAllocator`].
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: SpinNoIrq::new(buddy_slab_allocator::GlobalAllocator::<PAGE_SIZE>::new()),
+            usages: SpinNoIrq::new(Usages::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Configure the address translator used by the underlying allocator so
+    /// that it can reason about physical address ranges (e.g. low-memory
+    /// regions below 4GiB).
+    pub fn set_addr_translator(
+        &self,
+        translator: &'static dyn buddy_slab_allocator::AddrTranslator,
+    ) {
+        self.inner.lock().set_addr_translator(translator);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the name of the allocator.
+    pub const fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "buddy-slab-allocator"
+    }
+
+    /// Initializes the allocator with the given region.
+    pub fn init(&self, start_vaddr: usize, size: usize) {
+        info!(
+            "Initialize global memory allocator, start_vaddr: {}, size: {}",
+            start_vaddr, size
+        );
+        if let Err(e) = self.inner.lock().init(start_vaddr, size) {
+            panic!("Failed to initialize allocator: {:?}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add the given region to the allocator.
+    pub fn add_memory(&self, start_vaddr: usize, size: usize) -> AllocResult {
+        info!(
+            "Add memory region, start_vaddr: {}, size: {}",
+            start_vaddr, size
+        );
+        self.inner.lock().add_memory(start_vaddr, size)
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate arbitrary number of bytes. Returns the left bound of the
+    /// allocated region.
+    pub fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> AllocResult<NonNull<u8>> {
+        let result = self.inner.lock().alloc(layout);
+        if let Ok(_ptr) = result {
+            self.usages.lock().alloc(UsageKind::RustHeap, layout.size());
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Gives back the allocated region to the byte allocator.
+    pub fn dealloc(&self, pos: NonNull<u8>, layout: Layout) {
+        self.usages
+            .lock()
+            .dealloc(UsageKind::RustHeap, layout.size());
+        self.inner.lock().dealloc(pos, layout);
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates contiguous pages.
+    pub fn alloc_pages(
+        &self,
+        num_pages: usize,
+        alignment: usize,
+        kind: UsageKind,
+    ) -> AllocResult<usize> {
+        let result = self.inner.lock().alloc_pages(num_pages, alignment);
+        if let Ok(_addr) = result {
+            let size = num_pages * PAGE_SIZE;
+            self.usages.lock().alloc(kind, size);
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates contiguous low-memory pages (physical address < 4GiB).
+    pub fn alloc_dma32_pages(
+        &self,
+        num_pages: usize,
+        alignment: usize,
+        kind: UsageKind,
+    ) -> AllocResult<usize> {
+        let result = self.inner.lock().alloc_dma32_pages(num_pages, alignment);
+        if let Ok(_addr) = result {
+            let size = num_pages * PAGE_SIZE;
+            self.usages.lock().alloc(kind, size);
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates contiguous pages starting from the given address.
+    pub fn alloc_pages_at(
+        &self,
+        start: usize,
+        num_pages: usize,
+        alignment: usize,
+        kind: UsageKind,
+    ) -> AllocResult<usize> {
+        let result = self
+            .inner
+            .lock()
+            .alloc_pages_at(start, num_pages, alignment);
+        if let Ok(_addr) = result {
+            let size = num_pages * PAGE_SIZE;
+            self.usages.lock().alloc(kind, size);
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Gives back the allocated pages starts from `pos` to the page allocator.
+    pub fn dealloc_pages(&self, pos: usize, num_pages: usize, kind: UsageKind) {
+        let size = num_pages * PAGE_SIZE;
+        self.usages.lock().dealloc(kind, size);
+        self.inner.lock().dealloc_pages(pos, num_pages);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of allocated bytes in the byte allocator.
+    #[cfg(feature = "tracking")]
+    pub fn used_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        let stats = self.inner.lock().get_stats();
+        stats.heap_bytes + stats.slab_bytes
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of available bytes in the byte allocator.
+    #[cfg(feature = "tracking")]
+    pub fn available_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        // The new allocator doesn't have this exact method, so we approximate
+        let stats = self.inner.lock().get_stats();
+        stats.free_pages * PAGE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of allocated pages in the page allocator.
+    #[cfg(feature = "tracking")]
+    pub fn used_pages(&self) -> usize {
+        let stats = self.inner.lock().get_stats();
+        stats.used_pages
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of available pages in the page allocator.
+    #[cfg(feature = "tracking")]
+    pub fn available_pages(&self) -> usize {
+        let stats = self.inner.lock().get_stats();
+        stats.free_pages
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of allocated bytes in the byte allocator.
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "tracking"))]
+    pub fn used_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        0
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of available bytes in the byte allocator.
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "tracking"))]
+    pub fn available_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        0
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of allocated pages in the page allocator.
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "tracking"))]
+    pub fn used_pages(&self) -> usize {
+        0
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of available pages in the page allocator.
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "tracking"))]
+    pub fn available_pages(&self) -> usize {
+        0
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the usage statistics of the allocator.
+    pub fn usages(&self) -> Usages {
+        *self.usages.lock()
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for GlobalAllocator {
+    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        let inner = move || {
+            if let Ok(ptr) = GlobalAllocator::alloc(self, layout) {
+                ptr.as_ptr()
+            } else {
+                alloc::alloc::handle_alloc_error(layout)
+            }
+        };
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "tracking")]
+        {
+            tracking::with_state(|state| match state {
+                None => inner(),
+                Some(state) => {
+                    let ptr = inner();
+                    let generation = state.generation;
+                    state.generation += 1;
+                    state.map.insert(
+                        ptr as usize,
+                        tracking::AllocationInfo {
+                            layout,
+                            backtrace: axbacktrace::Backtrace::capture(),
+                            generation,
+                        },
+                    );
+                    ptr
+                }
+            })
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "tracking"))]
+        inner()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
+        let ptr = NonNull::new(ptr).expect("dealloc null ptr");
+        let inner = || GlobalAllocator::dealloc(self, ptr, layout);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "tracking")]
+        tracking::with_state(|state| match state {
+            None => inner(),
+            Some(state) => {
+                let address = ptr.as_ptr() as usize;
+                state.map.remove(&address);
+                inner()
+            }
+        });
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "tracking"))]
+        inner();
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(all(target_os = "none", not(test)), global_allocator)]
+static GLOBAL_ALLOCATOR: GlobalAllocator = GlobalAllocator::new();
+
+/// Returns the reference to the global allocator.
+pub fn global_allocator() -> &'static GlobalAllocator {
+    &GLOBAL_ALLOCATOR
+}
+
+/// Initializes the global allocator with the given memory region.
+///
+/// Note that the memory region bounds are just numbers, and the allocator
+/// does not actually access the region. Users should ensure that the region
+/// is valid and not being used by others, so that the allocated memory is also
+/// valid.
+///
+/// This function should be called only once, and before any allocation.
+pub fn global_init(start_vaddr: usize, size: usize) {
+    GLOBAL_ALLOCATOR.init(start_vaddr, size);
+    info!("global allocator initialized");
+}
+
+struct FnAddrTranslator {
+    func: fn(memory_addr::VirtAddr) -> memory_addr::PhysAddr,
+}
+
+impl buddy_slab_allocator::AddrTranslator for FnAddrTranslator {
+    fn virt_to_phys(&self, va: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+        Some((self.func)(memory_addr::VirtAddr::from(va)).as_usize())
+    }
+}
+
+static mut GLOBAL_ADDR_TRANSLATOR: FnAddrTranslator = FnAddrTranslator {
+    func: |_| memory_addr::PhysAddr::from(0usize),
+};
+
+pub fn configure_addr_translator(func: fn(memory_addr::VirtAddr) -> memory_addr::PhysAddr) {
+    unsafe {
+        GLOBAL_ADDR_TRANSLATOR.func = func;
+        let translator: &'static FnAddrTranslator = &*(&raw const GLOBAL_ADDR_TRANSLATOR);
+        GLOBAL_ALLOCATOR.set_addr_translator(translator);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Add the given memory region to the global allocator.
+
+/// Users should ensure that the region is valid and not being used by others,
+/// so that the allocated memory is also valid.
+///
+/// It's similar to [`global_init`], but can be called multiple times.
+pub fn global_add_memory(start_vaddr: usize, size: usize) -> AllocResult {
+    debug!(
+        "add a memory region to global allocator: [{:#x}, {:#x})",
+        start_vaddr,
+        start_vaddr + size
+    );
+    GLOBAL_ALLOCATOR.add_memory(start_vaddr, size)
+}
diff --git a/modules/axalloc/src/page.rs b/modules/axalloc/src/page.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50b90eec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axalloc/src/page.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use axerrno::AxResult;
+use memory_addr::{PhysAddr, VirtAddr};
+
+use crate::{PAGE_SIZE, UsageKind, global_allocator};
+
+/// A RAII wrapper of contiguous 4K-sized pages.
+///
+/// It will automatically deallocate the pages when dropped.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GlobalPage {
+    start_vaddr: VirtAddr,
+    num_pages: usize,
+}
+
+impl GlobalPage {
+    /// Allocate one 4K-sized page.
+    pub fn alloc() -> AxResult<Self> {
+        let vaddr = global_allocator()
+            .alloc_pages(1, PAGE_SIZE, UsageKind::Global)
+            .map_err(|_| axerrno::AxError::from(axerrno::AxErrorKind::NoMemory))?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            start_vaddr: vaddr.into(),
+            num_pages: 1,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate one 4K-sized page and fill with zero.
+    pub fn alloc_zero() -> AxResult<Self> {
+        let mut p = Self::alloc()?;
+        p.zero();
+        Ok(p)
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate contiguous 4K-sized pages.
+    pub fn alloc_contiguous(num_pages: usize, alignment: usize) -> AxResult<Self> {
+        let vaddr = global_allocator()
+            .alloc_pages(num_pages, alignment, UsageKind::Global)
+            .map_err(|_| axerrno::AxError::from(axerrno::AxErrorKind::NoMemory))?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            start_vaddr: vaddr.into(),
+            num_pages,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get the start virtual address of this page.
+    pub fn start_vaddr(&self) -> VirtAddr {
+        self.start_vaddr
+    }
+
+    /// Get the start physical address of this page.
+    pub fn start_paddr<F>(&self, virt_to_phys: F) -> PhysAddr
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(VirtAddr) -> PhysAddr,
+    {
+        virt_to_phys(self.start_vaddr)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total size (in bytes) of these page(s).
+    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_pages * PAGE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Convert to a raw pointer.
+    pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const u8 {
+        self.start_vaddr.as_ptr()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert to a mutable raw pointer.
+    pub fn as_mut_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut u8 {
+        self.start_vaddr.as_mut_ptr()
+    }
+
+    /// Fill `self` with `byte`.
+    pub fn fill(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+        unsafe { core::ptr::write_bytes(self.as_mut_ptr(), byte, self.size()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Fill `self` with zero.
+    pub fn zero(&mut self) {
+        self.fill(0)
+    }
+
+    /// Forms a slice that can read data.
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(self.as_ptr(), self.size()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Forms a mutable slice that can write data.
+    pub fn as_slice_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
+        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.as_mut_ptr(), self.size()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for GlobalPage {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        global_allocator().dealloc_pages(
+            self.start_vaddr.into(),
+            self.num_pages,
+            UsageKind::Global,
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/modules/axalloc/src/tracking.rs b/modules/axalloc/src/tracking.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77ab7091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axalloc/src/tracking.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+use alloc::collections::btree_map::BTreeMap;
+use core::{
+    alloc::Layout,
+    ops::Range,
+    sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+};
+
+use axbacktrace::Backtrace;
+use kspin::SpinNoIrq;
+
+pub(crate) static TRACKING_ENABLED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
+#[percpu::def_percpu]
+pub(crate) static IN_GLOBAL_ALLOCATOR: bool = false;
+
+/// Metadata for each allocation made by the global allocator.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AllocationInfo {
+    /// Layout of the allocation.
+    pub layout: Layout,
+    /// Backtrace at the time of allocation.
+    pub backtrace: Backtrace,
+    /// Generation at which the allocation was made.
+    pub generation: u64,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct GlobalState {
+    // FIXME: don't know why using HashMap causes crash
+    pub map: BTreeMap<usize, AllocationInfo>,
+    pub generation: u64,
+}
+
+static STATE: SpinNoIrq<GlobalState> = SpinNoIrq::new(GlobalState {
+    map: BTreeMap::new(),
+    generation: 0,
+});
+
+/// Enables allocation tracking.
+pub fn enable_tracking() {
+    TRACKING_ENABLED.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+}
+
+/// Disables allocation tracking.
+pub fn disable_tracking() {
+    TRACKING_ENABLED.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
+}
+
+/// Returns whether allocation tracking is enabled.
+pub fn tracking_enabled() -> bool {
+    TRACKING_ENABLED.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn with_state<R>(f: impl FnOnce(Option<&mut GlobalState>) -> R) -> R {
+    IN_GLOBAL_ALLOCATOR.with_current(|in_global| {
+        if *in_global || !tracking_enabled() {
+            f(None)
+        } else {
+            *in_global = true;
+            let mut state = STATE.lock();
+            let result = f(Some(&mut state));
+            *in_global = false;
+            result
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// Returns the current generation of the global allocator.
+///
+/// The generation is incremented every time a new allocation is made. It
+/// can be utilized to track the changes in the allocation state over time.
+///
+/// See [`allocations_in`].
+pub fn current_generation() -> u64 {
+    STATE.lock().generation
+}
+
+/// Visits all allocations made by the global allocator within the given
+/// generation range.
+pub fn allocations_in(range: Range<u64>, visitor: impl FnMut(&AllocationInfo)) {
+    with_state(|state| {
+        state
+            .unwrap()
+            .map
+            .values()
+            .filter(move |info| range.contains(&info.generation))
+            .for_each(visitor)
+    });
+}
diff --git a/modules/axconfig/Cargo.toml b/modules/axconfig/Cargo.toml
index 4157cbe8..f9b62db7 100644
--- a/modules/axconfig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/modules/axconfig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "axconfig"
-version.workspace = true
+version = "0.1.0"
 edition.workspace = true
 authors = ["Yuekai Jia <equation618@gmail.com>"]
 description = "Platform-specific constants and parameters for ArceOS"
diff --git a/modules/axdevice b/modules/axdevice
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..0f78e270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axdevice
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 0f78e270cfe5fa47d888a1cad3cbb1e3cc15014e
diff --git a/modules/axdevice_base b/modules/axdevice_base
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..a831babc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axdevice_base
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit a831babcd400240bf9496135ff7f241b2ee4d656
diff --git a/modules/axfs/src/fs/fatfs.rs b/modules/axfs/src/fs/fatfs.rs
index da0b6f11..b62d25cb 100644
--- a/modules/axfs/src/fs/fatfs.rs
+++ b/modules/axfs/src/fs/fatfs.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use core::cell::OnceCell;
 
 use axfs_vfs::{VfsDirEntry, VfsError, VfsNodePerm, VfsResult};
 use axfs_vfs::{VfsNodeAttr, VfsNodeOps, VfsNodeRef, VfsNodeType, VfsOps};
-use spin::Mutex;
 use fatfs::{Dir, File, LossyOemCpConverter, NullTimeProvider, Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
+use spin::Mutex;
 
 use crate::dev::{Disk, Partition};
 
diff --git a/modules/axruntime/Cargo.toml b/modules/axruntime/Cargo.toml
index c89c419e..b876148c 100644
--- a/modules/axruntime/Cargo.toml
+++ b/modules/axruntime/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 name = "axruntime"
 repository = "https://github.com/arceos-org/arceos/tree/main/modules/axruntime"
-version.workspace = true
+version = "0.1.0"
 
 [features]
 default = []
@@ -42,9 +42,11 @@ axtask = {workspace = true, optional = true}
 
 log = "0.4"
 
+memory_addr = "0.4"
 crate_interface = "0.1"
 ctor_bare = "0.2"
-percpu = {version = "0.2", optional = true}
+percpu = { workspace = true, optional = true}
+percpu_macros = { workspace = true}
 cfg-if = "1.0"
 
 chrono = {version = "0.4.38", default-features = false}
@@ -53,5 +55,5 @@ chrono = {version = "0.4.38", default-features = false}
 axplat-x86-qemu-q35 = {workspace = true}
 
 [target.'cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")'.dependencies]
-axplat-aarch64-dyn = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axplat-aarch64-dyn.git", tag = "v0.4.0", features = ["irq", "smp", "hv"]}
+axplat-aarch64-dyn.workspace = true
 somehal = "0.4"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/modules/axruntime/src/lib.rs b/modules/axruntime/src/lib.rs
index 2586dfad..445a0950 100644
--- a/modules/axruntime/src/lib.rs
+++ b/modules/axruntime/src/lib.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const LOGO: &str = r#"
 d88P     888 888      "Y8888P  "Y8888   "Y88888P"   "Y8888P"
 "#;
 
-unsafe extern {
+unsafe extern "C" {
     /// Application's entry point.
     fn main();
 }
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ pub fn rust_main(cpu_id: usize, arg: usize) -> ! {
     axhal::init_later(cpu_id, arg);
 
     #[cfg(feature = "multitask")]
-    axtask::init_scheduler();
+    axtask::init_scheduler_with_cpu_num(cpu_count());
 
     #[cfg(any(feature = "fs", feature = "net", feature = "display"))]
     {
@@ -226,11 +226,14 @@ pub fn rust_main(cpu_id: usize, arg: usize) -> ! {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 fn init_allocator() {
-    use axhal::mem::{MemRegionFlags, memory_regions, phys_to_virt};
+    use axhal::mem::{MemRegionFlags, VirtAddr, memory_regions, phys_to_virt, virt_to_phys};
+    use memory_addr::MemoryAddr;
 
     info!("Initialize global memory allocator...");
     info!("  use {} allocator.", axalloc::global_allocator().name());
 
+    axalloc::configure_addr_translator(virt_to_phys);
+    
     let mut max_region_size = 0;
     let mut max_region_paddr = 0.into();
     let mut use_next_free = false;
@@ -250,7 +253,10 @@ fn init_allocator() {
     }
     for r in memory_regions() {
         if r.flags.contains(MemRegionFlags::FREE) && r.paddr == max_region_paddr {
-            axalloc::global_init(phys_to_virt(r.paddr).as_usize(), r.size);
+            let end = r.paddr + r.size;
+            let start = r.paddr.align_up(0x8000usize);
+            let size = end - start;
+            axalloc::global_init(phys_to_virt(start).as_usize(), size);
             break;
         }
     }
diff --git a/modules/axvcpu b/modules/axvcpu
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..9f3fa73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvcpu
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 9f3fa73dbd7e2078f6d9109b43f022370cb80b35
diff --git a/modules/axvisor_api b/modules/axvisor_api
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..4cfc508f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvisor_api
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 4cfc508f0fe22e6c284182a64d788236d3e7eea9
diff --git a/modules/axvm b/modules/axvm
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..87972cfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvm
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 87972cfbcd56ec9c9bac08a8f3b0f4cfb2d2e2af
diff --git a/modules/axvm-types/Cargo.toml b/modules/axvm-types/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a79cc820
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvm-types/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "axvm-types"
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+version = "0.1.0"
+
+[dependencies]
+memory_addr = "0.4"
+bitflags = "2.9"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/modules/axvm-types/src/addr.rs b/modules/axvm-types/src/addr.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82a7ed2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvm-types/src/addr.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use memory_addr::{AddrRange, PhysAddr, VirtAddr, def_usize_addr, def_usize_addr_formatter};
+
+/// Host virtual address.
+pub type HostVirtAddr = VirtAddr;
+/// Host physical address.
+pub type HostPhysAddr = PhysAddr;
+
+def_usize_addr! {
+    /// Guest virtual address.
+    pub type GuestVirtAddr;
+    /// Guest physical address.
+    pub type GuestPhysAddr;
+}
+
+def_usize_addr_formatter! {
+    GuestVirtAddr = "GVA:{}";
+    GuestPhysAddr = "GPA:{}";
+}
+
+/// Guest virtual address range.
+pub type GuestVirtAddrRange = AddrRange<GuestVirtAddr>;
+/// Guest physical address range.
+pub type GuestPhysAddrRange = AddrRange<GuestPhysAddr>;
diff --git a/modules/axvm-types/src/device/device_addr.rs b/modules/axvm-types/src/device/device_addr.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4698ed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvm-types/src/device/device_addr.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+use core::fmt::LowerHex;
+
+use memory_addr::AddrRange;
+
+use crate::addr::GuestPhysAddr;
+
+use super::{Port, SysRegAddr};
+
+/// An address-like type that can be used to access devices.
+pub trait DeviceAddr: Copy + Eq + Ord + core::fmt::Debug {}
+
+/// A range of device addresses. It may be contiguous or not.
+pub trait DeviceAddrRange {
+    /// The address type of the range.
+    type Addr: DeviceAddr;
+
+    /// Returns whether the address range contains the given address.
+    fn contains(&self, addr: Self::Addr) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl DeviceAddr for GuestPhysAddr {}
+
+impl DeviceAddrRange for AddrRange<GuestPhysAddr> {
+    type Addr = GuestPhysAddr;
+
+    fn contains(&self, addr: Self::Addr) -> bool {
+        Self::contains(*self, addr)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DeviceAddr for SysRegAddr {}
+
+/// A inclusive range of system register addresses.
+///
+/// Unlike [`AddrRange`], this type is inclusive on both ends.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct SysRegAddrRange {
+    /// The start address of the range.
+    pub start: SysRegAddr,
+    /// The end address of the range.
+    pub end: SysRegAddr,
+}
+
+impl SysRegAddrRange {
+    /// Creates a new [`SysRegAddrRange`] instance.
+    pub fn new(start: SysRegAddr, end: SysRegAddr) -> Self {
+        Self { start, end }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DeviceAddrRange for SysRegAddrRange {
+    type Addr = SysRegAddr;
+
+    fn contains(&self, addr: Self::Addr) -> bool {
+        addr.0 >= self.start.0 && addr.0 <= self.end.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl LowerHex for SysRegAddrRange {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{:#x}..={:#x}", self.start.0, self.end.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DeviceAddr for Port {}
+
+/// A inclusive range of port numbers.
+///
+/// Unlike [`AddrRange`], this type is inclusive on both ends.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct PortRange {
+    /// The start port number of the range.
+    pub start: Port,
+    /// The end port number of the range.
+    pub end: Port,
+}
+
+impl PortRange {
+    /// Creates a new [`PortRange`] instance.
+    pub fn new(start: Port, end: Port) -> Self {
+        Self { start, end }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DeviceAddrRange for PortRange {
+    type Addr = Port;
+
+    fn contains(&self, addr: Self::Addr) -> bool {
+        addr.0 >= self.start.0 && addr.0 <= self.end.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl LowerHex for PortRange {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{:#x}..={:#x}", self.start.0, self.end.0)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/modules/axvm-types/src/device/mod.rs b/modules/axvm-types/src/device/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36c96e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvm-types/src/device/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//! Definitions about device accessing.
+
+use core::fmt::{Debug, LowerHex, UpperHex};
+
+mod device_addr;
+
+pub use device_addr::*;
+
+/// The width of an access.
+///
+/// Note that the term "word" here refers to 16-bit data, as in the x86 architecture.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub enum AccessWidth {
+    /// 8-bit access.
+    Byte,
+    /// 16-bit access.
+    Word,
+    /// 32-bit access.
+    Dword,
+    /// 64-bit access.
+    Qword,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<usize> for AccessWidth {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    fn try_from(value: usize) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            1 => Ok(Self::Byte),
+            2 => Ok(Self::Word),
+            4 => Ok(Self::Dword),
+            8 => Ok(Self::Qword),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<AccessWidth> for usize {
+    fn from(width: AccessWidth) -> usize {
+        match width {
+            AccessWidth::Byte => 1,
+            AccessWidth::Word => 2,
+            AccessWidth::Dword => 4,
+            AccessWidth::Qword => 8,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AccessWidth {
+    /// Returns the size of the access in bytes.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        (*self).into()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the range of bits that the access covers.
+    pub fn bits_range(&self) -> core::ops::Range<usize> {
+        match self {
+            AccessWidth::Byte => 0..8,
+            AccessWidth::Word => 0..16,
+            AccessWidth::Dword => 0..32,
+            AccessWidth::Qword => 0..64,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The port number of an I/O operation.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct Port(pub u16);
+
+impl Port {
+    /// Creates a new `Port` instance.
+    pub fn new(port: u16) -> Self {
+        Self(port)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the port number.
+    pub fn number(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl LowerHex for Port {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Port({:#x})", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl UpperHex for Port {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Port({:#X})", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Port {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Port({})", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A system register address.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct SysRegAddr(pub usize); // u32 seems to be enough, but we use usize for generality.
+
+impl SysRegAddr {
+    /// Creates a new `SysRegAddr` instance.
+    pub const fn new(addr: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(addr)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the address.
+    pub const fn addr(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl LowerHex for SysRegAddr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "SysRegAddr({:#x})", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl UpperHex for SysRegAddr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "SysRegAddr({:#X})", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for SysRegAddr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "SysRegAddr({})", self.0)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/modules/axvm-types/src/lib.rs b/modules/axvm-types/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..773e10c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvm-types/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#![no_std]
+
+pub mod addr;
+pub mod device;
+pub mod mem;
diff --git a/modules/axvm-types/src/mem.rs b/modules/axvm-types/src/mem.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..059f3914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvm-types/src/mem.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+bitflags::bitflags! {
+    /// Generic page table entry flags that indicate the corresponding mapped
+    /// memory region permissions and attributes.
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct MappingFlags: usize {
+        /// The memory is readable.
+        const READ          = 1 << 0;
+        /// The memory is writable.
+        const WRITE         = 1 << 1;
+        /// The memory is executable.
+        const EXECUTE       = 1 << 2;
+        /// The memory is user accessible.
+        const USER          = 1 << 3;
+        /// The memory is device memory.
+        const DEVICE        = 1 << 4;
+        /// The memory is uncached.
+        const UNCACHED      = 1 << 5;
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Debug for MappingFlags {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        core::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/modules/axvmconfig b/modules/axvmconfig
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..2ec04bf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/axvmconfig
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 2ec04bf1f3d6096af789e461dbf5be737a865432
diff --git a/modules/x86_vcpu b/modules/x86_vcpu
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..809d7205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/x86_vcpu
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 809d7205fd8a9296b608c4b2f251069029000e02
diff --git a/modules/x86_vlapic b/modules/x86_vlapic
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..199e1dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/x86_vlapic
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 199e1dd128e56fe6e42905845874053c8c427c29
diff --git a/platform/axplat-aarch64-dyn b/platform/axplat-aarch64-dyn
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..36deb395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/platform/axplat-aarch64-dyn
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 36deb3954fb8c8aeff56a3f47c8dd65f9f5ea69c
diff --git a/platform/x86-qemu-q35/src/lib.rs b/platform/x86-qemu-q35/src/lib.rs
index 92136980..18a7a5d4 100644
--- a/platform/x86-qemu-q35/src/lib.rs
+++ b/platform/x86-qemu-q35/src/lib.rs
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ fn current_cpu_id() -> usize {
     }
 }
 
-unsafe extern fn rust_entry(magic: usize, mbi: usize) {
+unsafe extern "C" fn rust_entry(magic: usize, mbi: usize) {
     if magic == self::boot::MULTIBOOT_BOOTLOADER_MAGIC {
         axplat::call_main(current_cpu_id(), mbi);
     }
 }
 
-unsafe extern fn rust_entry_secondary(_magic: usize) {
+unsafe extern "C" fn rust_entry_secondary(_magic: usize) {
     #[cfg(feature = "smp")]
     if _magic == self::boot::MULTIBOOT_BOOTLOADER_MAGIC {
         axplat::call_secondary_main(current_cpu_id());
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ unsafe extern fn rust_entry_secondary(_magic: usize) {
 }
 
 pub fn cpu_count() -> usize {
-    unsafe extern {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         static SMP: usize;
     }
 
diff --git a/platform/x86-qemu-q35/src/mp.rs b/platform/x86-qemu-q35/src/mp.rs
index 14e8e671..b5935310 100644
--- a/platform/x86-qemu-q35/src/mp.rs
+++ b/platform/x86-qemu-q35/src/mp.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ core::arch::global_asm!(
 );
 
 unsafe fn setup_startup_page(stack_top: PhysAddr) {
-    unsafe extern {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         fn ap_entry32();
         fn ap_start();
         fn ap_end();
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ unsafe fn setup_startup_page(stack_top: PhysAddr) {
         core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
             ap_start as *const u64,
             start_page_ptr,
-            (ap_end as usize - ap_start as usize) / 8,
+            (ap_end as *const () as usize - ap_start as *const () as usize) / 8,
         );
     }
     start_page[U64_PER_PAGE - 2] = stack_top.as_usize() as u64; // stack_top
-    start_page[U64_PER_PAGE - 1] = ap_entry32 as usize as _; // entry
+    start_page[U64_PER_PAGE - 1] = ap_entry32 as *const () as usize as _; // entry
 }
 
 /// Starts the given secondary CPU with its boot stack.
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
index 4d58874b..e551fb71 100644
--- a/rust-toolchain.toml
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [toolchain]
 profile = "minimal"
-channel = "nightly-2025-12-12"
+channel = "nightly"
 components = ["rust-src", "llvm-tools", "rustfmt", "clippy"]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-none", "riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf", "aarch64-unknown-none-softfloat"]
diff --git a/xtask/Cargo.toml b/xtask/Cargo.toml
index 17d89782..40f15c58 100644
--- a/xtask/Cargo.toml
+++ b/xtask/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ serde_json = "1"
 sha2 = "0.10"
 tokio = {version = "1", features = ["full"]}
 toml.workspace = true
-
 axvmconfig = {workspace = true, features = ["std"]}
 tar = "0.4"
 flate2 = "1.0"
diff --git a/xtask/src/cargo.rs b/xtask/src/cargo.rs
index 0fe676f3..a821bdf5 100644
--- a/xtask/src/cargo.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/cargo.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use ostool::build::CargoRunnerKind;
+use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
 use crate::ctx::Context;
 
diff --git a/xtask/src/devspace.rs b/xtask/src/devspace.rs
index 0bcaae63..684ad497 100644
--- a/xtask/src/devspace.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/devspace.rs
@@ -14,12 +14,17 @@ const PATCH_END_MARKER: &str = "# <<< devspace patches <<<";
 const CRATES_IO_SOURCE_KEY: &str = "crates-io";
 
 const DEVSPACE_REPOS: &[&str] = &[
+    "axvm",
+    "axvcpu",
+    "axdevice",
     "arm_vcpu",
     "arm_vgic",
     "axaddrspace",
     "axdevice_base",
+    "axvisor_api",
     "x86_vcpu",
     "x86_vlapic",
+    "axvmconfig",
 ];
 
 const DEVSPACE_REPO_OVERRIDES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[(
diff --git a/xtask/src/image.rs b/xtask/src/image.rs
index dcde79bf..c54e2eb2 100644
--- a/xtask/src/image.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/image.rs
@@ -46,25 +46,25 @@ pub struct ImageArgs {
 pub enum ImageCommands {
     /// List all available images
     Ls,
-    
+
     /// Download the specified image and automatically extract it
     Download {
         /// Name of the image to download
         image_name: String,
-        
+
         /// Output directory for the downloaded image
         #[arg(short, long)]
         output_dir: Option<String>,
-        
+
         /// Do not extract after download
         #[arg(long, help = "Do not extract after download")]
         no_extract: bool,
     },
-    
+
     /// Remove the specified image from temp directory
     Rm {
         /// Name of the image to remove
-        image_name: String
+        image_name: String,
     },
 }
 
@@ -433,12 +433,16 @@ async fn image_download(image_name: &str, output_dir: Option<String>, extract: b
         Ok(false) => {
             // Remove the invalid downloaded file
             let _ = fs::remove_file(&output_path);
-            return Err(anyhow!("Download completed but file SHA256 verification failed"));
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "Download completed but file SHA256 verification failed"
+            ));
         }
         Err(e) => {
             // Remove the potentially corrupted downloaded file
             let _ = fs::remove_file(&output_path);
-            return Err(anyhow!("Download completed but error verifying downloaded file: {e}"));
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "Download completed but error verifying downloaded file: {e}"
+            ));
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/xtask/src/main.rs b/xtask/src/main.rs
index 68390dc7..f5fdb5ef 100644
--- a/xtask/src/main.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/main.rs
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ struct QemuArgs {
     /// Path to custom build configuration file (TOML format)
     #[arg(long)]
     build_config: Option<PathBuf>,
-    
+
     /// Path to custom QEMU configuration file
     #[arg(long)]
     qemu_config: Option<PathBuf>,
-    
+
     /// Comma-separated list of VM configuration files
     #[arg(long)]
     vmconfigs: Vec<String>,
@@ -73,23 +73,23 @@ struct ClippyArgs {
     /// Only check specific packages (comma separated)
     #[arg(long)]
     packages: Option<String>,
-    
+
     /// Only check specific targets (comma separated)
     #[arg(long)]
     targets: Option<String>,
-    
+
     /// Continue on error instead of exiting immediately
     #[arg(long)]
     continue_on_error: bool,
-    
+
     /// Dry run - show what would be checked without running clippy
     #[arg(long)]
     dry_run: bool,
-    
+
     /// Automatically fix clippy warnings where possible
     #[arg(long)]
     fix: bool,
-    
+
     /// Allow fixing when the working directory is dirty (has uncommitted changes)
     #[arg(long)]
     allow_dirty: bool,
@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ struct UbootArgs {
     /// Path to custom build configuration file (TOML format)
     #[arg(long)]
     build_config: Option<PathBuf>,
-    
+
     /// Path to custom U-Boot configuration file
     #[arg(long)]
     uboot_config: Option<PathBuf>,
-    
+
     /// Comma-separated list of VM configuration files
     #[arg(long)]
     vmconfigs: Vec<String>,
diff --git a/xtask/src/menuconfig.rs b/xtask/src/menuconfig.rs
index 199b440f..0460dc47 100644
--- a/xtask/src/menuconfig.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/menuconfig.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ impl Context {
 
         let config_path = self.ctx.paths.workspace.join(".build.toml");
         if config_path.exists() {
-            println!("\nCurrent .build.toml configuration file: {}", config_path.display());
+            println!(
+                "\nCurrent .build.toml configuration file: {}",
+                config_path.display()
+            );
         } else {
             println!("\nNo .build.toml configuration file found, will use default configuration");
         }