diff --git a/.github/workflows/zh-tw-locale-screenshots.yml b/.github/workflows/zh-tw-locale-screenshots.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a1122f1ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/zh-tw-locale-screenshots.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+name: Traditional Chinese locale screenshots
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  screenshots:
+    runs-on: macos-15
+    timeout-minutes: 45
+    steps:
+      - name: Check out pull request
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 22.19.0
+          cache: npm
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+
+      - name: Capture locale screenshots
+        run: npm --workspace @maka/desktop run e2e -- e2e/zh-tw-locale-screenshots.spec.ts --workers=1
+
+      - name: Upload locale screenshots
+        if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: zh-tw-locale-screenshots
+          path: apps/desktop/test-results/**/zh-tw-locale/*.png
+          if-no-files-found: warn
diff --git a/apps/desktop/.storybook/preview.tsx b/apps/desktop/.storybook/preview.tsx
index f460a84495..52b022704d 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/.storybook/preview.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/.storybook/preview.tsx
@@ -38,7 +38,12 @@ const withMakaRoot: Decorator = (Story, context) => {
   // lines are ~1.8× the width of the Chinese copy, so a row that fits in zh
   // overflows, truncates, or clips in en. Stories were locked to `zh`, which
   // is exactly why those breakages only ever showed up in the shipped app.
-  const locale = context.globals.locale === 'en' ? 'en' : 'zh';
+  const locale =
+    context.globals.locale === 'en'
+      ? 'en'
+      : context.globals.locale === 'zh-TW'
+        ? 'zh-TW'
+        : 'zh-CN';
 
   root.classList.toggle('dark', colorScheme === 'dark');
   root.style.colorScheme = colorScheme;
@@ -96,7 +101,8 @@ const preview: Preview = {
       toolbar: {
         icon: 'globe',
         items: [
-          { title: '中文', value: 'zh' },
+          { title: '简体中文', value: 'zh-CN' },
+          { title: '繁體中文', value: 'zh-TW' },
           { title: 'English', value: 'en' },
         ],
       },
@@ -114,7 +120,7 @@ const preview: Preview = {
   },
   initialGlobals: {
     colorScheme: 'light',
-    locale: 'zh',
+    locale: 'zh-CN',
     palette: 'default',
   },
   parameters: {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/e2e/accessibility-coverage.spec.ts b/apps/desktop/e2e/accessibility-coverage.spec.ts
index fe4e97fe80..146a18297b 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/e2e/accessibility-coverage.spec.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/e2e/accessibility-coverage.spec.ts
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ test('every settings page exposes named actionable controls', async ({ window: p
   const sectionLabels = (await navigation.getByRole('button').allTextContents())
     .map((label) => label.trim().replace(/\s*Beta$/, ''))
     .filter((label) => label.length > 0 && label !== '返回应用');
-  const expectedSectionLabels = groupedNav('zh')
+  const expectedSectionLabels = groupedNav('zh-CN')
     .flatMap(({ items }) => items)
     .filter(({ enabled }) => enabled)
     .map(({ label }) => label);
diff --git a/apps/desktop/e2e/fixtures.ts b/apps/desktop/e2e/fixtures.ts
index 1684647b1b..fbc6de9ed4 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/e2e/fixtures.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/e2e/fixtures.ts
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ async function seedE2eConnection(userDataDir: string): Promise<void> {
   }
 }
 
-async function seedE2eLocale(userDataDir: string, locale: 'zh' | 'en'): Promise<void> {
+async function seedE2eLocale(userDataDir: string, locale: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en'): Promise<void> {
   const workspaceRoot = path.join(userDataDir, 'workspaces', 'default');
   await createSettingsStore(workspaceRoot).update({
     personalization: { uiLocale: locale },
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ async function withE2eWindow(
     seed: boolean;
     readinessSelector: string;
     e2eFixtureScenario?: string;
-    locale?: 'zh' | 'en';
+    locale?: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en';
     /** Opt this window back into animated scrolling; see `scroll-motion-policy`. */
     scrollMotion?: 'auto' | 'smooth';
     /** #1312: force app:info's platform so the window boots natively into that platform's `data-os` cascade. */
@@ -445,13 +445,13 @@ export const test = base.extend<{
 }>({
   // Seeded: a pre-staged connection clears onboarding so the composer is ready.
   window: async ({}, use) => {
-    await withE2eWindow({ seed: true, readinessSelector: COMPOSER_INPUT, locale: 'zh' }, use);
+    await withE2eWindow({ seed: true, readinessSelector: COMPOSER_INPUT, locale: 'zh-CN' }, use);
   },
   onboardingWindow: async ({}, use) => {
     await withE2eWindow({
       seed: false,
       readinessSelector: '[data-maka-contract="onboarding-card"]',
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       showWindow: true,
     }, use);
   },
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ export const test = base.extend<{
       {
         seed: true,
         readinessSelector: COMPOSER_INPUT,
-        locale: 'zh',
+        locale: 'zh-CN',
         gitReviewExtraFiles: 0,
       },
       async (page, context) => {
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ export const test = base.extend<{
     await withE2eWindow({
       seed: true,
       readinessSelector: COMPOSER_INPUT,
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       invocableSkills: true,
     }, use);
   },
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ export const test = base.extend<{
     await withE2eWindow({
       seed: true,
       readinessSelector: COMPOSER_INPUT,
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       newTaskProject: true,
       showWindow: true,
     }, use);
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ export const test = base.extend<{
       seed: false,
       readinessSelector: '[data-maka-contract="search-modal"][open]',
       e2eFixtureScenario: 'sidebar-search-modal-open',
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       showWindow: true,
     }, use);
   },
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ export const test = base.extend<{
       {
         seed: true,
         readinessSelector: COMPOSER_INPUT,
-        locale: 'zh',
+        locale: 'zh-CN',
         parentRemovalSessions: true,
       },
       use,
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ export const test = base.extend<{
       seed: false,
       readinessSelector: '.settingsSurface',
       e2eFixtureScenario: 'settings-models',
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       showWindow: true,
     }, use);
   },
diff --git a/apps/desktop/e2e/request-header-row-contract.spec.ts b/apps/desktop/e2e/request-header-row-contract.spec.ts
index 743afe201d..2ff42e67fd 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/e2e/request-header-row-contract.spec.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/e2e/request-header-row-contract.spec.ts
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ import { getProviderSettingsCopy } from '../src/renderer/locales/settings-provid
  * surfaces as they first render, and this editor is three clicks deep.
  */
 
-const copy = getProviderSettingsCopy('zh').detail;
+const copy = getProviderSettingsCopy('zh-CN').detail;
 
 test('the request header remove button centres on its field', async ({
   requestHeaderRowWindow: page,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/e2e/zh-tw-locale-screenshots.spec.ts b/apps/desktop/e2e/zh-tw-locale-screenshots.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f3c9ddcf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/e2e/zh-tw-locale-screenshots.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import { mkdir } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { test, expect } from './fixtures';
+
+test('captures General Settings in Simplified and Traditional Chinese', async ({
+  window: page,
+}, testInfo) => {
+  const outputDirectory = path.join(testInfo.outputDir, 'zh-tw-locale');
+  await mkdir(outputDirectory, { recursive: true });
+
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: '设置', exact: true }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByRole('main', { name: '设置内容' })).toBeVisible();
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: '通用', exact: true }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByText('界面语言', { exact: true }).first()).toBeVisible();
+  await page.screenshot({ path: path.join(outputDirectory, 'settings-zh-CN.png'), fullPage: true });
+  await page.keyboard.press('Escape');
+
+  await page.evaluate(async () => {
+    await window.maka.settings.update({ personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh-TW' } });
+  });
+  await page.reload();
+  await page.waitForSelector('.maka-composer-editor');
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: '設定', exact: true }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByRole('main', { name: '設定內容' })).toBeVisible();
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: '通用', exact: true }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByText('介面語言', { exact: true }).first()).toBeVisible();
+  await page.screenshot({ path: path.join(outputDirectory, 'settings-zh-TW.png'), fullPage: true });
+});
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/active-execution-boundary-read-model.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/active-execution-boundary-read-model.test.ts
index f00a507cd6..7c914a5af1 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/active-execution-boundary-read-model.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/active-execution-boundary-read-model.test.ts
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ describe('Boundary decisions notify the read model', () => {
   function handlersWithRecorder() {
     const boundaryChanges: string[] = [];
     const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-a' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef: { current: {} },
       refreshMessages: async () => true,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/agent-graph-panel-copy.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/agent-graph-panel-copy.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ef254444c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/agent-graph-panel-copy.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { getAgentGraphPanelCopy } from '../../renderer/agent-graph-panel.js';
+
+test('Traditional Chinese Agent Graph copy does not use Simplified fallbacks', () => {
+  const copy = getAgentGraphPanelCopy('zh-TW');
+  assert.equal(copy.loading, '正在讀取 Graph 狀態…');
+  assert.equal(copy.openSession, '開啟子任務');
+  assert.equal(copy.currentEpoch, '目前');
+  assert.equal(copy.status('active'), '執行中');
+});
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/app-shell-session-settings-actions.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/app-shell-session-settings-actions.test.ts
index 3b980403cf..6327d284e1 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/app-shell-session-settings-actions.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/app-shell-session-settings-actions.test.ts
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ function createHarness(options: {
   });
 
   const actions = createAppShellSessionSettingsActions({
-    uiLocale: 'zh',
+    uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
     activeIdRef,
     connections: options.connections ?? ([{ slug: 'e2e', name: 'E2E' }] as LlmConnection[]),
     messages: options.messages ?? [],
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/computer-use-status-item-locale.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/computer-use-status-item-locale.test.ts
index cf3912e50e..3b2827c882 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/computer-use-status-item-locale.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/computer-use-status-item-locale.test.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ test('rebuilds an active Computer Use menu when its resolved locale changes', ()
   assert.deepEqual(menus.at(-1)?.map((row) => row.label), ['Stop Using Safari']);
 
   locale.observe(mergeSettings(createDefaultSettings(), {
-    personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh' },
+    personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh-CN' },
   }));
   assert.deepEqual(menus.at(-1)?.map((row) => row.label), ['停止操作 Safari']);
 
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/config-transfer-service.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/config-transfer-service.test.ts
index a904296104..8d5f8098a6 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/config-transfer-service.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/config-transfer-service.test.ts
@@ -100,6 +100,27 @@ describe('config-transfer-service', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(writtenMemory, ['# imported memory']);
   });
 
+  it('canonicalizes a legacy zh preference before the imported settings reach observers', async () => {
+    const { deps, updatedSettings } = makeDeps();
+    const bundle = {
+      schemaVersion: 1,
+      exportedAt: '',
+      appVersion: '0.1.0',
+      includedData: ['settings'] as const,
+      data: {
+        settings: {
+          personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh', displayName: 'Maka user' },
+        },
+      },
+    };
+
+    await applyConfigImport(bundle as any, 'skip', deps);
+
+    assert.deepEqual(updatedSettings, [
+      { personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh-CN', displayName: 'Maka user' } },
+    ]);
+  });
+
   it('restores the selection a backup states instead of re-enabling its default', async () => {
     // A backup can hold a connection whose default model the user had disabled.
     // `save()` cannot tell a stated selection from one a sync echoed back, so it
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/desktop-locale-authority.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/desktop-locale-authority.test.ts
index 1b6ae08f01..77b6e4965a 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/desktop-locale-authority.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/desktop-locale-authority.test.ts
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ import { createDesktopLocaleAuthority } from '../desktop-locale-authority.js';
 
 test('resolves explicit preferences and observes a mid-session settings change', async () => {
   let settings = mergeSettings(createDefaultSettings(), {
-    personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh' },
+    personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh-CN' },
   });
   const authority = createDesktopLocaleAuthority({
     readSettings: async () => settings,
     preferredSystemLanguages: () => ['en-US'],
   });
 
-  assert.equal(await authority.resolve(), 'zh');
-  assert.equal(authority.current(), 'zh');
+  assert.equal(await authority.resolve(), 'zh-CN');
+  assert.equal(authority.current(), 'zh-CN');
   settings = mergeSettings(settings, { personalization: { uiLocale: 'en' } });
   authority.observe(settings);
   assert.equal(authority.current(), 'en');
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ test('publishes only resolved-locale changes and allows listeners to detach', ()
     personalization: { uiLocale: 'en' },
   }));
   authority.observe(mergeSettings(createDefaultSettings(), {
-    personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh' },
+    personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh-CN' },
   }));
   unsubscribe();
   authority.observe(mergeSettings(createDefaultSettings(), {
     personalization: { uiLocale: 'en' },
   }));
 
-  assert.deepEqual(observed, ['zh']);
+  assert.deepEqual(observed, ['zh-CN']);
 });
 
 test('keeps automatic preference live against the current system fallback', async () => {
@@ -68,8 +68,10 @@ test('keeps automatic preference live against the current system fallback', asyn
   });
 
   assert.equal(await authority.resolve(), 'en');
+  languages = ['zh-TW'];
+  assert.equal(authority.current(), 'zh-TW');
   languages = ['zh-CN'];
-  assert.equal(authority.current(), 'zh');
+  assert.equal(authority.current(), 'zh-CN');
 });
 
 test('does not let a stale read replace a newer observed preference', async () => {
@@ -86,13 +88,13 @@ test('does not let a stale read replace a newer observed preference', async () =
 
   const read = authority.resolve();
   authority.observe(mergeSettings(createDefaultSettings(), {
-    personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh' },
+    personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh-CN' },
   }));
   release(createDefaultSettings());
 
-  assert.equal(await read, 'zh');
-  assert.equal(authority.current(), 'zh');
-  assert.deepEqual(observed, ['zh']);
+  assert.equal(await read, 'zh-CN');
+  assert.equal(authority.current(), 'zh-CN');
+  assert.deepEqual(observed, ['zh-CN']);
 });
 
 test('falls back to its current projection when settings cannot be read', async () => {
@@ -100,5 +102,20 @@ test('falls back to its current projection when settings cannot be read', async
     readSettings: async () => { throw new Error('unreadable'); },
     preferredSystemLanguages: () => ['zh-CN'],
   });
-  assert.equal(await authority.resolve(), 'zh');
+  assert.equal(await authority.resolve(), 'zh-CN');
+});
+
+test('never projects the legacy zh preference into native copy lookups', async () => {
+  const legacy = mergeSettings(createDefaultSettings(), {
+    personalization: { uiLocale: 'zh-CN' },
+  });
+  (legacy.personalization as { uiLocale: string }).uiLocale = 'zh';
+  const authority = createDesktopLocaleAuthority({
+    readSettings: async () => legacy,
+    preferredSystemLanguages: () => ['en-US'],
+  });
+
+  assert.equal(authority.observe(legacy), 'zh-CN');
+  assert.equal(authority.current(), 'zh-CN');
+  assert.equal(await authority.resolve(), 'zh-CN');
 });
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/desktop-native-copy.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/desktop-native-copy.test.ts
index f5678fc671..821ecb27e7 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/desktop-native-copy.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/desktop-native-copy.test.ts
@@ -25,11 +25,12 @@ import {
 import { projectPickerTitle } from '../project-picker-copy.js';
 
 test('localizes native picker and client settings confirmation copy', () => {
-  assert.equal(projectPickerTitle('zh'), '添加项目');
+  assert.equal(projectPickerTitle('zh-CN'), '添加项目');
+  assert.equal(projectPickerTitle('zh-TW'), '新增專案');
   assert.deepEqual(
     clientSettingsConfirmation(
       [{ key: 'keepSystemAwake', current: false, next: true }],
-      'zh',
+      'zh-CN',
     ),
     {
       message: '允许 Maka 更新此客户端的设置吗？',
@@ -37,4 +38,15 @@ test('localizes native picker and client settings confirmation copy', () => {
       buttons: ['应用更改', '取消'],
     },
   );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    clientSettingsConfirmation(
+      [{ key: 'theme', current: 'light', next: 'dark' }],
+      'zh-TW',
+    ),
+    {
+      message: '允許 Maka 更新此用戶端的設定嗎？',
+      detail: '主題: light → dark',
+      buttons: ['套用變更', '取消'],
+    },
+  );
 });
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/e2e-fixture-locale.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/e2e-fixture-locale.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cec94f10f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/e2e-fixture-locale.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { resolveE2eFixture } from '../e2e-fixture.js';
+
+test('preserves both canonical Chinese locale fixture flags', () => {
+  for (const locale of ['zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'en'] as const) {
+    const fixture = resolveE2eFixture(
+      'settings-general',
+      false,
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+      locale,
+    );
+    assert.equal(fixture?.locale, locale);
+  }
+});
+
+test('normalizes locale fixture flag casing without widening the contract', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveE2eFixture('settings-general', false, undefined, undefined, 'ZH-tw')?.locale,
+    'zh-TW',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveE2eFixture('settings-general', false, undefined, undefined, 'zh-Hant')?.locale,
+    null,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/goal-arm-outcome.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/goal-arm-outcome.test.ts
index 09a2b13c11..da86114d6d 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/goal-arm-outcome.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/goal-arm-outcome.test.ts
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ test('successful Goal arming closes while every reconciliation result locks the
 });
 
 test('Goal reconciliation copy explains authoritative state in Chinese and English', () => {
-  const zh = getShellCopy('zh').goalDialog;
+  const zh = getShellCopy('zh-CN').goalDialog;
   assert.match(
     zh.reconciledMatching('所有测试通过', zh.statusLabels.active),
     /所有测试通过.*进行中.*无法确认.*提交/,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/health-center-copy.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/health-center-copy.test.ts
index e8f7a6aa5f..6ab57b2855 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/health-center-copy.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/health-center-copy.test.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import { getHealthCenterCopy } from '../../renderer/locales/settings-health-copy
 
 test('labels blocker counts as global across filtered health views', () => {
   assert.equal(
-    getHealthCenterCopy('zh').blockers.send(1, 6),
+    getHealthCenterCopy('zh-CN').blockers.send(1, 6),
     '全部健康信号中，1/6 条会阻塞发送',
   );
   assert.equal(
@@ -31,3 +31,23 @@ test('labels blocker counts as global across filtered health views', () => {
     'Across all health signals, 1 of 6 blocks sending',
   );
 });
+
+test('Traditional Chinese health copy localizes structured signal text', () => {
+  const copy = getHealthCenterCopy('zh-TW');
+  const signal = {
+    id: 'connection:test',
+    label: '測試 运行态',
+    scope: 'llm_connection' as const,
+    layer: 'validation' as const,
+    status: 'ok' as const,
+    source: 'connection_test' as const,
+    checkedAt: 1,
+    message: '凭据与端点验证已通过。',
+    detail: '这是连接验证结果，不代表发送、流式输出或中断通路已经运行通过。',
+    blocksSend: false,
+  };
+  assert.equal(copy.layers.configuration.label, '設定');
+  assert.equal(copy.signalLabel(signal), '測試 執行狀態');
+  assert.equal(copy.signalMessage(signal), '憑證與端點驗證已通過。');
+  assert.match(copy.signalDetail(signal) ?? '', /串流輸出/);
+});
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/import-tasks-settings-page.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/import-tasks-settings-page.test.ts
index 6b4cb62aeb..6c928b9fa6 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/import-tasks-settings-page.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/import-tasks-settings-page.test.ts
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ describe('ImportTasksSettingsPage durable import state', () => {
 
   it('renders durable repeat-import state in Chinese', async () => {
     const harness = await renderPage({
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       catalog: catalog(
         externalSession({
           importState: {
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ async function renderPage(options: {
     | { ok: false; reason: 'commit_outcome_unknown' }
     | Promise<{ ok: false; reason: 'commit_outcome_unknown' }>;
   onOpenImported?: (sessionId: string) => void;
-  locale?: 'en' | 'zh';
+  locale?: 'en' | 'zh-CN';
 }): Promise<{
   container: HTMLElement;
   root: Root;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/message-queue-ui-state.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/message-queue-ui-state.test.ts
index d9db2f1602..f25da0c9bd 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/message-queue-ui-state.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/message-queue-ui-state.test.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ test('queue_update events drive the independent desktop queue projection', () =>
   const transientMessages: unknown[] = [];
   const removedTransientMessageIds: string[] = [];
   const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-    uiLocale: 'zh',
+    uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
     activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
     liveTurnBySessionRef: controller.liveTurnBySessionRef,
     refreshMessages: async () => true,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/notifications-policy.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/notifications-policy.test.ts
index fde041c2b9..a20d0c1300 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/notifications-policy.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/notifications-policy.test.ts
@@ -48,38 +48,43 @@ it('recognizes terminal kinds and keeps distinct localized fallback copy', () =>
     assert.equal(isRunNotificationKind(value), false);
   }
 
-  const completed = runNotificationCopy('completed', 'zh');
-  const errored = runNotificationCopy('errored', 'zh');
+  const completed = runNotificationCopy('completed', 'zh-CN');
+  const errored = runNotificationCopy('errored', 'zh-CN');
   assert.ok(completed.title && completed.body);
   assert.ok(errored.title && errored.body);
   assert.notEqual(completed.title, errored.title);
+
+  assert.deepEqual(runNotificationCopy('completed', 'zh-TW'), {
+    title: '回答已產生',
+    body: 'Maka 已完成本次回答，按一下以檢視。',
+  });
 });
 
 it('sanitizes renderer content, caps it, and falls back per field', () => {
   const clean = resolveNotificationContent(
     { kind: 'completed', title: '  会话  A  ', body: 'line one\n\nline two\tindented' },
-    'zh',
+    'zh-CN',
   );
   assert.deepEqual(clean, { title: '会话 A', body: 'line one line two indented' });
 
-  const completedFallback = runNotificationCopy('completed', 'zh');
+  const completedFallback = runNotificationCopy('completed', 'zh-CN');
   for (const value of ['', '   ', undefined, null, 42, {}]) {
     assert.deepEqual(
-      resolveNotificationContent({ kind: 'completed', title: value, body: value }, 'zh'),
+      resolveNotificationContent({ kind: 'completed', title: value, body: value }, 'zh-CN'),
       completedFallback,
     );
   }
 
   const capped = resolveNotificationContent(
     { kind: 'completed', title: 'S', body: 'x'.repeat(500) },
-    'zh',
+    'zh-CN',
   );
   assert.equal(capped.body.length, 160);
   assert.ok(capped.body.endsWith('…'));
 
-  const erroredFallback = runNotificationCopy('errored', 'zh');
+  const erroredFallback = runNotificationCopy('errored', 'zh-CN');
   assert.deepEqual(
-    resolveNotificationContent({ kind: 'errored', title: '出错的会话', body: '' }, 'zh'),
+    resolveNotificationContent({ kind: 'errored', title: '出错的会话', body: '' }, 'zh-CN'),
     { title: '出错的会话', body: erroredFallback.body },
   );
 });
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/permission-center-copy.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/permission-center-copy.test.ts
index 6333051056..318b15a877 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/permission-center-copy.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/permission-center-copy.test.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ import { test } from 'node:test';
 import { getPermissionCenterCopy } from '../../renderer/locales/permission-center-copy.js';
 
 test('presents a granted OS permission as a verified success', () => {
-  assert.equal(getPermissionCenterCopy('zh').osStates.granted.tone, 'success');
+  assert.equal(getPermissionCenterCopy('zh-CN').osStates.granted.tone, 'success');
   assert.equal(getPermissionCenterCopy('en').osStates.granted.tone, 'success');
 });
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/plan-mode-copy.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/plan-mode-copy.test.ts
index fbe73bb661..af8cc19329 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/plan-mode-copy.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/plan-mode-copy.test.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import { test } from 'node:test';
 import { getPlanModeCopy } from '../../renderer/locales/plan-mode-copy.js';
 
 test('localizes Plan Mode chrome and abandon confirmation without rewriting plan content', () => {
-  const zh = getPlanModeCopy('zh');
+  const zh = getPlanModeCopy('zh-CN');
   const en = getPlanModeCopy('en');
 
   assert.equal(zh.proposal.statuses.approved, '已批准');
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/provider-connection-status.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/provider-connection-status.test.ts
index a0429cb72f..f6d1e41658 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/provider-connection-status.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/provider-connection-status.test.ts
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ test('a retired connection reads as broken rather than repairable', () => {
   // Nothing else in the list marks this row, so without a status the only
   // signal that it has to go is on the detail page the user has no reason to
   // open.
-  assert.deepEqual(connectionChipStatus(retired, 'zh'), {
+  assert.deepEqual(connectionChipStatus(retired, 'zh-CN'), {
     label: '已停用 · 请删除',
     tone: 'error',
   });
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ test('retirement outranks every repairable state', () => {
     { enabled: false },
   ]) {
     assert.deepEqual(
-      connectionChipStatus({ ...retired, ...overrides }, 'zh'),
+      connectionChipStatus({ ...retired, ...overrides }, 'zh-CN'),
       { label: '已停用 · 请删除', tone: 'error' },
       `retirement must win over ${JSON.stringify(overrides)}`,
     );
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ test('retirement outranks every repairable state', () => {
 });
 
 test('a live connection keeps its existing statuses', () => {
-  assert.equal(connectionChipStatus(connection({ lastTestStatus: 'verified' }), 'zh'), null);
-  assert.deepEqual(connectionChipStatus(connection({ lastTestStatus: 'needs_reauth' }), 'zh'), {
+  assert.equal(connectionChipStatus(connection({ lastTestStatus: 'verified' }), 'zh-CN'), null);
+  assert.deepEqual(connectionChipStatus(connection({ lastTestStatus: 'needs_reauth' }), 'zh-CN'), {
     label: '需要重新登录',
     tone: 'attention',
   });
-  assert.deepEqual(connectionChipStatus(connection({ enabled: false }), 'zh'), {
+  assert.deepEqual(connectionChipStatus(connection({ enabled: false }), 'zh-CN'), {
     label: '暂不可用',
     tone: 'neutral',
   });
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-boot-copy.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-boot-copy.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22aa914054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-boot-copy.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { getStartupRecoveryCopy } from '../runtime-host-boot-copy.js';
+
+test('startup recovery copy preserves Traditional Chinese', () => {
+  const copy = getStartupRecoveryCopy('zh-TW');
+  assert.equal(copy.storageRoot.title, 'Maka 工作區需要修復');
+  assert.match(copy.storageRoot.detail('C:\\Maka'), /磁碟識別碼/);
+  assert.equal(copy.runtimeHost.title, '預設 Runtime Host 無法連線');
+  assert.match(copy.runtimeHost.detail('失敗'), /設定中處理/);
+});
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-quit-copy.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-quit-copy.test.ts
index bf1aab2f04..defbaa8e27 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-quit-copy.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-quit-copy.test.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ const failure = new DesktopLocalHostRetirementError(
   { cause: new Error('writer release timed out') },
 );
 
-for (const locale of ['en', 'zh'] as const) {
+for (const locale of ['en', 'zh-CN'] as const) {
   test(`quit failure copy exposes actionable Host facts in ${locale}`, () => {
     const dialog = buildRuntimeHostQuitFailureDialog(failure, locale);
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ for (const locale of ['en', 'zh'] as const) {
 
 test('manual recovery copy names a cross-platform process-management concept', () => {
   const english = buildRuntimeHostQuitFailureDialog(failure, 'en').detail ?? '';
-  const chinese = buildRuntimeHostQuitFailureDialog(failure, 'zh').detail ?? '';
+  const chinese = buildRuntimeHostQuitFailureDialog(failure, 'zh-CN').detail ?? '';
 
   assert.match(english, /operating system's process-management tool/);
   assert.match(chinese, /操作系统的进程管理工具/);
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-upgrade-dialog.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-upgrade-dialog.test.ts
index 3f515e2c9b..6342e65dea 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-upgrade-dialog.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/runtime-host-upgrade-dialog.test.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const conflict = {
 
 test('localizes upgrade activity without changing decision indexes', () => {
   const en = buildRuntimeHostUpgradeDialogOptions(conflict, true, 'en');
-  const zh = buildRuntimeHostUpgradeDialogOptions(conflict, true, 'zh');
+  const zh = buildRuntimeHostUpgradeDialogOptions(conflict, true, 'zh-CN');
   assert.deepEqual(en.buttons, ['Restart Runtime Host', 'Wait', 'Cancel Startup']);
   assert.deepEqual(zh.buttons, ['重启 Runtime Host', '等待', '取消启动']);
   assert.equal(en.defaultId, 1);
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/session-status-presentation.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/session-status-presentation.test.ts
index 0107b6ebc8..3e317b8423 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/session-status-presentation.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/session-status-presentation.test.ts
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ const outputFreeFailure = {
 
 describe('failed turn recovery presentation', () => {
   it('presents persisted provider server errors as provider failures', () => {
-    assert.equal(describeTurnErrorClass('server_error', 'zh'), '模型服务返回错误');
+    assert.equal(describeTurnErrorClass('server_error', 'zh-CN'), '模型服务返回错误');
     assert.equal(describeTurnErrorClass('server_error', 'en'), 'Model service error');
   });
 
   it('does not recommend a byte-identical retry after context overflow', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(
-      deriveFailedTurnRecovery({ ...outputFreeFailure, errorClass: 'context_overflow' }, 'zh'),
+      deriveFailedTurnRecovery({ ...outputFreeFailure, errorClass: 'context_overflow' }, 'zh-CN'),
       { action: 'continue', label: '上下文仍超出限制，请减少附件或开启新任务' },
     );
     assert.deepEqual(
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/settings-preferences-copy.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/settings-preferences-copy.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0c5a05203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/settings-preferences-copy.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { getSettingsPreferencesCopy } from '../../renderer/locales/settings-preferences-copy.js';
+import { getMcpCatalog } from '../../renderer/mcp-catalog.js';
+import { providerDisplay } from '../../renderer/settings/provider-display-copy.js';
+import { getBotSettingsCopy } from '../../renderer/locales/settings-bot-copy.js';
+
+test('language selector offers every preference with locale-appropriate labels', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(getSettingsPreferencesCopy('zh-CN').personalization.localeOptions, [
+    ['auto', '跟随系统'],
+    ['zh-CN', '简体中文'],
+    ['zh-TW', '繁體中文'],
+    ['en', 'English'],
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(getSettingsPreferencesCopy('zh-TW').personalization.localeOptions, [
+    ['auto', '自動（跟隨系統）'],
+    ['zh-CN', '简体中文'],
+    ['zh-TW', '繁體中文'],
+    ['en', 'English'],
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(getSettingsPreferencesCopy('en').personalization.localeOptions, [
+    ['auto', 'Follow system'],
+    ['zh-CN', 'Simplified Chinese'],
+    ['zh-TW', 'Traditional Chinese'],
+    ['en', 'English'],
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('Traditional Chinese settings copy uses Taiwan terminology', () => {
+  const copy = getSettingsPreferencesCopy('zh-TW');
+  assert.equal(copy.sections.network, '網路');
+  assert.equal(copy.appearance.paletteLabels.default, '預設');
+  assert.equal(copy.appearance.appIconImport, '匯入圖示…');
+  assert.equal(copy.about.clipboardUnavailable, '剪貼簿不可用或被系統拒絕。');
+});
+
+test('Traditional Chinese MCP catalog does not fall back to Simplified Chinese', () => {
+  const catalog = getMcpCatalog('zh-TW');
+  assert.equal(catalog.find((entry) => entry.id === 'filesystem')?.name, '本機檔案');
+  assert.equal(catalog.find((entry) => entry.id === 'google-calendar')?.name, 'Google 日曆');
+  assert.equal(catalog.find((entry) => entry.id === 'playwright')?.category, '設計與開發');
+});
+
+test('Traditional Chinese provider cards use Taiwan connection terminology', () => {
+  assert.equal(providerDisplay('deepseek', 'zh-TW').description, 'DeepSeek 官方 API 連線');
+  assert.match(providerDisplay('github-copilot', 'zh-TW').description, /訂閱連線/);
+});
+
+test('Traditional Chinese bot settings use Taiwan integration terminology', () => {
+  const copy = getBotSettingsCopy('zh-TW');
+  assert.match(copy.providers.wecom.help, /串接/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(copy.providers.wecom.help, /接入/);
+  assert.match(copy.overview.more, /串接更多/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(copy.overview.more, /渠道|訪問|匹配/);
+});
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/streaming-handoff.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/streaming-handoff.test.ts
index 53fb370497..691ab9a5eb 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/streaming-handoff.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/streaming-handoff.test.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import {
 function renderWithLocale(child: ReactNode): string {
   return renderToStaticMarkup(
     createElement(LocaleProvider, {
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       children: createElement(ChatSurfaceLayout, { composer: null, children: child }),
     }),
   );
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ describe('single live-turn handoff', () => {
       liveTurnBySessionRef.current = liveTurns.get();
     };
     const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef,
       refreshMessages: async (sessionId, options) => {
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ describe('single live-turn handoff', () => {
     const frames: Array<() => void> = [];
     let publications = 0;
     const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef,
       refreshMessages: async () => true,
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ describe('single live-turn handoff', () => {
     const frames: Array<() => void> = [];
     let publications = 0;
     const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef,
       refreshMessages: async () => true,
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ describe('single live-turn handoff', () => {
     const displayBatch = createAppShellSessionDisplayBatch();
     let publications = 0;
     const deps = {
-      uiLocale: 'zh' as const,
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN' as const,
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef,
       refreshMessages: async () => true,
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ describe('single live-turn handoff', () => {
       ref.current = liveTurns.get();
     };
     const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef: ref,
       refreshMessages: async () => true,
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ describe('single live-turn handoff', () => {
       resolveRefresh = resolve;
     });
     const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef: ref,
       refreshMessages: async () => refresh,
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ describe('single live-turn handoff', () => {
       | { sessionId: string; turnId: string; eventId: string }
       | undefined;
     const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef: ref,
       refreshMessages: async () => false,
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ describe('single live-turn handoff', () => {
     const ref = { current: liveTurns.get() };
     const interactions = createStateSetter<InteractionQueues>({});
     const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef: ref,
       refreshMessages: async () => true,
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ describe('single live-turn handoff', () => {
       resolveRefresh = resolve;
     });
     const handlers = createAppShellSessionEventHandlers({
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       activeIdRef: { current: 'session-1' },
       liveTurnBySessionRef: ref,
       refreshMessages: async () => refresh,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/subscription-result-message.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/subscription-result-message.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14dd03b785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/subscription-result-message.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { subscriptionResultMessage } from '../../renderer/settings/subscription-result-message.js';
+
+test('Traditional Chinese subscription errors reject raw Simplified backend copy', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    subscriptionResultMessage('GitHub Copilot 登录已过期。', '請重新登入。', 'zh-TW'),
+    '請重新登入。',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    subscriptionResultMessage('network unreachable', '請重新登入。', 'zh-TW'),
+    '網路錯誤',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/task-readiness-notice.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/task-readiness-notice.test.ts
index 43d1f59cd9..5b5444c6be 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/task-readiness-notice.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/task-readiness-notice.test.ts
@@ -63,11 +63,25 @@ test('confirmed repair and unavailable states block, while loading uncertainty d
 
 test('model blockers stay owned by existing connection recovery surfaces', () => {
   assert.equal(
-    deriveTaskReadinessNotice(snapshot('repair_required', 'model_target'), 'zh'),
+    deriveTaskReadinessNotice(snapshot('repair_required', 'model_target'), 'zh-CN'),
     undefined,
   );
 });
 
+test('Traditional Chinese readiness notices use Taiwan terminology', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(deriveTaskReadinessNotice(snapshot('unavailable', 'runtime'), 'zh-TW'), {
+    tone: 'destructive',
+    title: 'Maka 執行服務暫時無法使用。',
+    description: '任務尚未送出。重新檢查執行服務後再試。',
+    actionLabel: '重新檢查',
+    action: 'retry',
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    deriveTaskReadinessNotice(snapshot('repair_required', 'workspace'), 'zh-TW')?.actionLabel,
+    '選擇工作區',
+  );
+});
+
 function snapshot(
   state: TaskSubmissionReadinessSnapshot['state'],
   id: 'runtime' | 'model_target' | 'workspace',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/ui-locale-update-gate.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/ui-locale-update-gate.test.ts
index 87ff3c2f8f..edb1b7acfd 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/ui-locale-update-gate.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/ui-locale-update-gate.test.ts
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ describe('UI locale settings update gate', () => {
     const savedLocales: string[] = [];
 
     assert.equal(gate.commit(firstLocaleTicket, 'en', (next) => savedLocales.push(next)), false);
-    assert.equal(gate.commit(latestLocaleTicket, 'zh', (next) => savedLocales.push(next)), true);
-    assert.deepEqual(savedLocales, ['zh']);
+    assert.equal(gate.commit(latestLocaleTicket, 'zh-CN', (next) => savedLocales.push(next)), true);
+    assert.deepEqual(savedLocales, ['zh-CN']);
   });
 
   it('delivers the persisted auto preference without resolving it locally', () => {
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('UI locale settings update gate', () => {
 
     assert.equal(gate.commit(saveTicket, 'en', (next) => applied.push(next)), true);
     assert.equal(
-      gate.commitHydration(hydration, 'zh', (next) => applied.push(next)),
+      gate.commitHydration(hydration, 'zh-CN', (next) => applied.push(next)),
       false,
     );
     assert.deepEqual(applied, ['en']);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe('UI locale settings update gate', () => {
     const applied: string[] = [];
 
     assert.equal(
-      gate.commitHydration(hydration, 'zh', (next) => applied.push(next)),
+      gate.commitHydration(hydration, 'zh-CN', (next) => applied.push(next)),
       false,
     );
     assert.equal(gate.commit(saveTicket, 'en', (next) => applied.push(next)), true);
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ describe('UI locale settings update gate', () => {
       true,
     );
     assert.equal(
-      appShellGate.commit(firstSurfaceTicket, 'zh', (next) => applied.push(next)),
+      appShellGate.commit(firstSurfaceTicket, 'zh-CN', (next) => applied.push(next)),
       false,
     );
     assert.deepEqual(applied, ['en']);
@@ -116,10 +116,10 @@ describe('UI locale settings update gate', () => {
 
     gate.cancel(failedSaveTicket);
     assert.equal(
-      gate.commitHydration(blockedHydration, 'zh', (next) => applied.push(next)),
+      gate.commitHydration(blockedHydration, 'zh-CN', (next) => applied.push(next)),
       true,
     );
-    assert.deepEqual(applied, ['zh']);
+    assert.deepEqual(applied, ['zh-CN']);
   });
 
   it('applies the latest blocked hydration when an intervening locale save fails', () => {
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ describe('UI locale settings update gate', () => {
     const applied: string[] = [];
 
     assert.equal(
-      gate.commitHydration(hydration, 'zh', (next) => applied.push(next)),
+      gate.commitHydration(hydration, 'zh-CN', (next) => applied.push(next)),
       false,
     );
     assert.deepEqual(applied, []);
 
     gate.cancel(failedSaveTicket);
-    assert.deepEqual(applied, ['zh']);
+    assert.deepEqual(applied, ['zh-CN']);
   });
 
   it('accepts an older pending save after the newer save fails', () => {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/use-onboarding-snapshot.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/use-onboarding-snapshot.test.ts
index 16a9822e9c..eb6c5c3227 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/use-onboarding-snapshot.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/__tests__/use-onboarding-snapshot.test.ts
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ describe('createOnboardingSnapshotPoller', () => {
         onSnapshot: (s) => events.push({ type: 'snap', payload: s }),
         onError: (m) => events.push({ type: 'err', payload: m }),
       },
-      () => 'zh',
+      () => 'zh-CN',
     );
     await poller.pull();
     assert.deepEqual(events, [{ type: 'err', payload: '鉴权失败' }]);
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ describe('createOnboardingSnapshotPoller', () => {
           /* not expected */
         },
       },
-      () => 'zh',
+      () => 'zh-CN',
     );
     // Fire two overlapping pulls.
     const pull1 = poller.pull();
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ describe('createOnboardingSnapshotPoller', () => {
         onSnapshot: (s) => snaps.push(s),
         onError: (m) => errs.push(m),
       },
-      () => 'zh',
+      () => 'zh-CN',
     );
     const pull1 = poller.pull();
     const pull2 = poller.pull();
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ describe('createOnboardingSnapshotPoller', () => {
         onSnapshot: (s) => events.push({ type: 'snap', payload: s }),
         onError: (m) => events.push({ type: 'err', payload: m }),
       },
-      () => 'zh',
+      () => 'zh-CN',
     );
 
     const pull = poller.pull();
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ describe('createOnboardingSnapshotPoller', () => {
         onSnapshot: (s) => events.push({ type: 'snap', payload: s }),
         onError: (m) => events.push({ type: 'err', payload: m }),
       },
-      () => 'zh',
+      () => 'zh-CN',
     );
 
     const pull = poller.pull();
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ describe('createOnboardingSnapshotPoller', () => {
         onSnapshot: (s) => events.push({ type: 'snap', payload: s }),
         onError: (m) => events.push({ type: 'err', payload: m }),
       },
-      () => 'zh',
+      () => 'zh-CN',
     );
 
     poller.dispose();
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/client-settings-confirmation-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/client-settings-confirmation-copy.ts
index 4bec4fd2b9..422e9aef92 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/client-settings-confirmation-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/client-settings-confirmation-copy.ts
@@ -24,30 +24,38 @@ export function clientSettingsConfirmation(
   changes: readonly ClientSettingsChange[],
   locale: UiLocale,
 ): { message: string; detail: string; buttons: [string, string] } {
-  const zh = locale === 'zh';
-  const labels: Record<ClientSettingsChange['key'], readonly [string, string]> = {
-    theme: ['Theme', '主题'],
-    palette: ['Palette', '配色'],
-    uiLocale: ['UI language', '界面语言'],
-    runComplete: ['Run-complete notifications', '回答完成通知'],
-    keepSystemAwake: ['Keep system awake', '保持系统唤醒'],
+  const labels: Record<ClientSettingsChange['key'], readonly [string, string, string]> = {
+    theme: ['Theme', '主题', '主題'],
+    palette: ['Palette', '配色', '色彩配置'],
+    uiLocale: ['UI language', '界面语言', '介面語言'],
+    runComplete: ['Run-complete notifications', '回答完成通知', '回答完成通知'],
+    keepSystemAwake: ['Keep system awake', '保持系统唤醒', '保持系統喚醒'],
   };
+  const localeIndex = locale === 'en' ? 0 : locale === 'zh-CN' ? 1 : 2;
   const value = (input: string | boolean | undefined): string => {
-    if (!zh) return String(input);
-    if (input === true) return '开启';
-    if (input === false) return '关闭';
+    if (locale === 'en') return String(input);
+    if (input === true) return locale === 'zh-CN' ? '开启' : '開啟';
+    if (input === false) return locale === 'zh-CN' ? '关闭' : '關閉';
     return String(input);
   };
   return {
-    message: zh
-      ? '允许 Maka 更新此客户端的设置吗？'
-      : "Allow Maka to update this client's settings?",
+    message:
+      locale === 'en'
+        ? "Allow Maka to update this client's settings?"
+        : locale === 'zh-CN'
+          ? '允许 Maka 更新此客户端的设置吗？'
+          : '允許 Maka 更新此用戶端的設定嗎？',
     detail: changes
       .map(
         (change) =>
-          `${labels[change.key][zh ? 1 : 0]}: ${value(change.current)} → ${value(change.next)}`,
+          `${labels[change.key][localeIndex]}: ${value(change.current)} → ${value(change.next)}`,
       )
       .join('\n'),
-    buttons: zh ? ['应用更改', '取消'] : ['Apply changes', 'Cancel'],
+    buttons:
+      locale === 'en'
+        ? ['Apply changes', 'Cancel']
+        : locale === 'zh-CN'
+          ? ['应用更改', '取消']
+          : ['套用變更', '取消'],
   };
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/computer-use/status-item.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/computer-use/status-item.ts
index 0506a4d5a9..1dba08cb10 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/computer-use/status-item.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/computer-use/status-item.ts
@@ -132,11 +132,16 @@ interface StatusItemCopy {
 }
 
 const COPY: UiCatalog<StatusItemCopy> = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     stopUsing: (appName) => `停止操作 ${appName}`,
     stopUnnamed: '停止 Computer Use',
     empty: '没有正在进行的任务',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    stopUsing: (appName) => `停止操作 ${appName}`,
+    stopUnnamed: '停止 Computer Use',
+    empty: '沒有正在進行的任務',
+  },
   en: {
     stopUsing: (appName) => `Stop Using ${appName}`,
     stopUnnamed: 'Stop Computer Use',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/config-transfer-service.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/config-transfer-service.ts
index a66cc53701..326ddc1d60 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/config-transfer-service.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/config-transfer-service.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { AppSettings, UpdateAppSettingsInput } from '@maka/core/settings';
+import { normalizeUiLocalePreference } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 import {
   reconcileConnectionAfterEnabledModelsChange,
   type LlmConnection,
@@ -101,7 +102,21 @@ export async function applyConfigImport(
   }
 
   if (bundle.data.settings && typeof bundle.data.settings === 'object') {
-    await deps.settingsStore.update(bundle.data.settings as unknown as UpdateAppSettingsInput);
+    const patch = bundle.data.settings as unknown as UpdateAppSettingsInput;
+    const importedPersonalization = patch.personalization as
+      | (NonNullable<UpdateAppSettingsInput['personalization']> & { uiLocale?: unknown })
+      | undefined;
+    await deps.settingsStore.update(
+      importedPersonalization && Object.hasOwn(importedPersonalization, 'uiLocale')
+        ? {
+            ...patch,
+            personalization: {
+              ...importedPersonalization,
+              uiLocale: normalizeUiLocalePreference(importedPersonalization.uiLocale),
+            },
+          }
+        : patch,
+    );
     result.settings = { applied: true };
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/desktop-locale-authority.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/desktop-locale-authority.ts
index 8690d2ce73..2e2f423b55 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/desktop-locale-authority.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/desktop-locale-authority.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import {
+  normalizeUiLocalePreference,
   resolveSystemUiLocale,
   resolveUiLocale,
   type UiLocale,
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ export function createDesktopLocaleAuthority(input: {
   };
   const observe = (settings: LocaleSettings): UiLocale => {
     observation += 1;
-    preference = settings.personalization.uiLocale;
+    preference = normalizeUiLocalePreference(settings.personalization.uiLocale);
     return publish();
   };
   return Object.freeze({
@@ -79,7 +80,9 @@ export function createDesktopLocaleAuthority(input: {
       const request = ++observation;
       try {
         const settings = await input.readSettings();
-        if (request === observation) preference = settings.personalization.uiLocale;
+        if (request === observation) {
+          preference = normalizeUiLocalePreference(settings.personalization.uiLocale);
+        }
       } catch {
         // Locale presentation must not block startup or an unrelated native action.
       }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/e2e-fixture.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/e2e-fixture.ts
index b8643cab17..af617d1c6f 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/e2e-fixture.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/e2e-fixture.ts
@@ -124,7 +124,9 @@ function parseThemeFlag(raw: string | undefined): 'light' | 'dark' | 'auto' | nu
 
 function parseLocaleFlag(raw: string | undefined): UiLocale | null {
   const normalized = raw?.trim().toLowerCase();
-  return normalized === 'zh' || normalized === 'en' ? normalized : null;
+  if (normalized === 'zh-cn') return 'zh-CN';
+  if (normalized === 'zh-tw') return 'zh-TW';
+  return normalized === 'en' ? 'en' : null;
 }
 
 function parseTimezoneFlag(raw: string | undefined): string | null {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/native-diagnostic-dialog.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/native-diagnostic-dialog.ts
index d7d2fb4677..de8b16917e 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/native-diagnostic-dialog.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/native-diagnostic-dialog.ts
@@ -156,12 +156,18 @@ const DIALOG_COPY = {
     copied: 'Diagnostics copied. You can paste them into an issue report.',
     copyFailed: 'Could not copy diagnostics.',
   },
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     copy: '复制诊断信息',
     copyAgain: '再次复制',
     copied: '诊断信息已复制，可直接粘贴到问题报告中。',
     copyFailed: '无法复制诊断信息。',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    copy: '複製診斷資訊',
+    copyAgain: '再次複製',
+    copied: '診斷資訊已複製，可直接貼上到問題報告中。',
+    copyFailed: '無法複製診斷資訊。',
+  },
 } as const;
 
 const FATAL_STARTUP_COPY = {
@@ -171,12 +177,18 @@ const FATAL_STARTUP_COPY = {
     unknownError: 'An unknown startup error occurred.',
     exit: 'Exit',
   },
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     title: 'Maka 启动失败',
     message: 'Maka 无法完成启动。',
     unknownError: '启动时发生未知错误。',
     exit: '退出',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    title: 'Maka 啟動失敗',
+    message: 'Maka 無法完成啟動。',
+    unknownError: '啟動時發生未知錯誤。',
+    exit: '退出',
+  },
 } as const;
 
 const MAIN_RENDERER_GONE_COPY = {
@@ -187,11 +199,18 @@ const MAIN_RENDERER_GONE_COPY = {
     relaunch: 'Relaunch',
     exit: 'Exit',
   },
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     title: 'Maka 需要恢复',
     message: 'Maka 界面意外停止运行。',
     detail: '重新启动 Maka 以继续，或退出后稍后再打开。',
     relaunch: '重新启动',
     exit: '退出',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    title: 'Maka 需要恢復',
+    message: 'Maka 介面意外停止執行。',
+    detail: '重新啟動 Maka 以繼續，或退出後稍後再開啟。',
+    relaunch: '重新啟動',
+    exit: '退出',
+  },
 } as const;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/notifications-policy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/notifications-policy.ts
index efd72ba96b..8795aa00d9 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/notifications-policy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/notifications-policy.ts
@@ -86,6 +86,11 @@ export function runNotificationCopy(
       ? { title: 'Conversation error', body: 'This response did not finish. Click to view details.' }
       : { title: 'Response ready', body: 'Maka finished this response. Click to view it.' };
   }
+  if (locale === 'zh-TW') {
+    return kind === 'errored'
+      ? { title: '任務發生錯誤', body: '本次回答未能完成，按一下以檢視詳細資料。' }
+      : { title: '回答已產生', body: 'Maka 已完成本次回答，按一下以檢視。' };
+  }
   if (kind === 'errored') {
     return { title: '任务出错', body: '本轮回答未能完成，点击查看详情。' };
   }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/permission-overlay/permission-overlay-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/permission-overlay/permission-overlay-copy.ts
index afb7814138..5311ff0469 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/permission-overlay/permission-overlay-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/permission-overlay/permission-overlay-copy.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export interface PermissionOverlayCopy {
 type Catalog = UiCatalog<Record<DragGrantPermissionId, PermissionOverlayCopy>>;
 
 const COPY: Catalog = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     accessibility: {
       headline: (appName) => `把 ${appName} 拖到上面的列表里，即可开启「辅助功能」`,
       fallback: '也可以在系统设置里点 + 号，从「应用程序」中选择本 App。',
@@ -69,6 +69,25 @@ const COPY: Catalog = {
       noBundle: '当前不是以 .app 方式运行，无法拖拽。请在系统设置里手动添加。',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    accessibility: {
+      headline: (appName) => `把 ${appName} 拖到上面的列表裡，即可開啟「輔助功能」`,
+      fallback: '也可以在系統設定裡點 + 號，從「應用程式」中選擇本 App。',
+      granted: '輔助功能已開啟',
+      dismiss: '關閉',
+      dragHint: '拖我',
+      noBundle: '目前不是以 .app 方式執行，無法拖拽。請在系統設定裡手動新增。',
+    },
+    screen_recording: {
+      headline: (appName) => `把 ${appName} 拖到上面的列表裡，即可開啟「螢幕錄製」`,
+      fallback: '也可以在系統設定裡點 + 號，從「應用程式」中選擇本 App。',
+      granted: '螢幕錄製已開啟',
+      dismiss: '關閉',
+      dragHint: '拖我',
+      restartHint: '若仍顯示未授權，需要重啟 App —— macOS 會快取上一次的拒絕結果。',
+      noBundle: '目前不是以 .app 方式執行，無法拖拽。請在系統設定裡手動新增。',
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     accessibility: {
       headline: (appName) => `Drag ${appName} into the list above to allow Accessibility`,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/project-picker-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/project-picker-copy.ts
index 80e2a347be..45a2598914 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/project-picker-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/project-picker-copy.ts
@@ -20,5 +20,7 @@
 import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 
 export function projectPickerTitle(locale: UiLocale): string {
-  return locale === 'zh' ? '添加项目' : 'Add project';
+  if (locale === 'zh-CN') return '添加项目';
+  if (locale === 'zh-TW') return '新增專案';
+  return 'Add project';
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-boot-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-boot-copy.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb1489d8c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-boot-copy.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { UiCatalog, UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
+
+interface StartupRecoveryCopy {
+  storageRoot: {
+    title: string;
+    message: string;
+    detail(workspaceRoot: string): string;
+    buttons: [string, string];
+  };
+  runtimeHost: {
+    title: string;
+    message(profileName: string): string;
+    detail(message: string): string;
+    buttons: [string, string, string];
+  };
+}
+
+const STARTUP_RECOVERY_COPY = {
+  'zh-CN': {
+    storageRoot: {
+      title: 'Maka 工作区需要修复',
+      message: 'Maka 无法验证这个工作区。',
+      detail: (workspaceRoot) =>
+        `系统中的磁盘标识可能发生了变化。仅当这是本机原来的 Maka 工作区、而不是复制出的工作区时，才选择修复。\n\n${workspaceRoot}`,
+      buttons: ['修复工作区', '退出'],
+    },
+    runtimeHost: {
+      title: '默认 Runtime Host 无法连接',
+      message: (profileName) => `无法连接 ${profileName}`,
+      detail: (message) =>
+        `${message}\n\n你可以重试、改用 Local 作为默认 Host，或保持当前选择并稍后在设置中处理。`,
+      buttons: ['重试', '改用 Local', '保持离线'],
+    },
+  },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    storageRoot: {
+      title: 'Maka 工作區需要修復',
+      message: 'Maka 無法驗證這個工作區。',
+      detail: (workspaceRoot) =>
+        `系統中的磁碟識別碼可能已變更。只有當這是本機原本的 Maka 工作區，而不是複製的工作區時，才選擇修復。\n\n${workspaceRoot}`,
+      buttons: ['修復工作區', '離開'],
+    },
+    runtimeHost: {
+      title: '預設 Runtime Host 無法連線',
+      message: (profileName) => `無法連線 ${profileName}`,
+      detail: (message) =>
+        `${message}\n\n你可以重試、改用 Local 作為預設 Host，或保留目前選擇並稍後在設定中處理。`,
+      buttons: ['重試', '改用 Local', '保持離線'],
+    },
+  },
+  en: {
+    storageRoot: {
+      title: 'Maka workspace needs repair',
+      message: 'Maka cannot verify this workspace.',
+      detail: (workspaceRoot) =>
+        `The disk identity may have changed. Repair only if this is the original Maka workspace on this computer, not a copied workspace.\n\n${workspaceRoot}`,
+      buttons: ['Repair Workspace', 'Exit'],
+    },
+    runtimeHost: {
+      title: 'Default Runtime Host is unavailable',
+      message: (profileName) => `Could not connect to ${profileName}`,
+      detail: (message) =>
+        `${message}\n\nRetry, use Local as the default Host, or keep the current selection and resolve it later in Settings.`,
+      buttons: ['Retry', 'Use Local', 'Keep Offline'],
+    },
+  },
+} satisfies UiCatalog<StartupRecoveryCopy>;
+
+export function getStartupRecoveryCopy(locale: UiLocale): StartupRecoveryCopy {
+  return STARTUP_RECOVERY_COPY[locale];
+}
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-boot.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-boot.ts
index bd0c692f66..e2087a0a13 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-boot.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-boot.ts
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ import {
   showMainRendererProcessGoneDialog,
   showMessageBoxWithDiagnostics,
 } from "./native-diagnostic-dialog.js";
+import { getStartupRecoveryCopy } from "./runtime-host-boot-copy.js";
 import {
   resolveDesktopSessionWorkspace,
 } from "./new-session-project.js";
@@ -1636,26 +1637,20 @@ async function confirmDesktopStorageRootRepair(
   console.log(
     "[storage-root] root-identity conflict; parking at repair dialog",
   );
-  const isChinese =
-    resolveSystemUiLocale(app.getPreferredSystemLanguages()) === "zh";
+  const locale = resolveSystemUiLocale(app.getPreferredSystemLanguages());
+  const copy = getStartupRecoveryCopy(locale).storageRoot;
   const { response } = await showStartupDiagnosticDialog(
     {
       type: "warning",
-      title: isChinese ? "Maka 工作区需要修复" : "Maka workspace needs repair",
-      message: isChinese
-        ? "Maka 无法验证这个工作区。"
-        : "Maka cannot verify this workspace.",
-      detail: isChinese
-        ? `系统中的磁盘标识可能发生了变化。仅当这是本机原来的 Maka 工作区、而不是复制出的工作区时，才选择修复。\n\n${workspaceRoot}`
-        : `The disk identity may have changed. Repair only if this is the original Maka workspace on this computer, not a copied workspace.\n\n${workspaceRoot}`,
-      buttons: isChinese
-        ? ["修复工作区", "退出"]
-        : ["Repair Workspace", "Exit"],
+      title: copy.title,
+      message: copy.message,
+      detail: copy.detail(workspaceRoot),
+      buttons: copy.buttons,
       defaultId: 1,
       cancelId: 1,
       noLink: true,
     },
-    isChinese ? "zh" : "en",
+    locale,
   );
   return response === 0;
 }
@@ -1664,28 +1659,20 @@ async function promptForDefaultRuntimeHostRecovery(input: {
   readonly profileName: string;
   readonly error: Error;
 }): Promise<"retry" | "use_local" | "keep_offline"> {
-  const isChinese =
-    resolveSystemUiLocale(app.getPreferredSystemLanguages()) === "zh";
+  const locale = await desktopLocale.resolve();
+  const copy = getStartupRecoveryCopy(locale).runtimeHost;
   const { response } = await showStartupDiagnosticDialog(
     {
       type: "warning",
-      title: isChinese
-        ? "默认 Runtime Host 无法连接"
-        : "Default Runtime Host is unavailable",
-      message: isChinese
-        ? `无法连接 ${input.profileName}`
-        : `Could not connect to ${input.profileName}`,
-      detail: isChinese
-        ? `${input.error.message}\n\n你可以重试、改用 Local 作为默认 Host，或保持当前选择并稍后在设置中处理。`
-        : `${input.error.message}\n\nRetry, use Local as the default Host, or keep the current selection and resolve it later in Settings.`,
-      buttons: isChinese
-        ? ["重试", "改用 Local", "保持离线"]
-        : ["Retry", "Use Local", "Keep Offline"],
+      title: copy.title,
+      message: copy.message(input.profileName),
+      detail: copy.detail(input.error.message),
+      buttons: copy.buttons,
       defaultId: 0,
       cancelId: 2,
       noLink: true,
     },
-    isChinese ? "zh" : "en",
+    locale,
   );
   return response === 0 ? "retry" : response === 1 ? "use_local" : "keep_offline";
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-quit-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-quit-copy.ts
index f9bfff703d..2a99ca822a 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-quit-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-quit-copy.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ const COPY = {
     cause: 'Cause',
     button: 'OK',
   },
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     title: '无法安全退出 Maka',
     message: '本地 Runtime Host 未能安全停止，Maka 仍在运行。',
     detail: '退出已取消。请重试；如果问题持续存在，请查看诊断信息。',
@@ -72,4 +72,13 @@ const COPY = {
     cause: '原因',
     button: '好',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    title: '無法安全退出 Maka',
+    message: '本地 Runtime Host 未能安全停止，Maka 仍在執行。',
+    detail: '退出已取消。請重試；如果問題持續存在，請檢視診斷資訊。',
+    process: (pid: number) => `Runtime Host 程序 PID：${pid}`,
+    manual: '如果重試仍然失敗，請先確認沒有需要保留的執行，再透過作業系統的程序管理工具停止該 PID。',
+    cause: '原因',
+    button: '好',
+  },
 } as const;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-upgrade-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-upgrade-copy.ts
index 4a4a46c99a..de291e76bc 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-upgrade-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/runtime-host-upgrade-copy.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ const UPGRADE_COPY = {
       other: 'Other background activity',
     },
   },
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     title: '旧版 Runtime Host 正在运行',
     message: '另一个 Runtime Host 进程仍占用此工作区。',
     restart: '重启 Runtime Host',
@@ -127,4 +127,22 @@ const UPGRADE_COPY = {
       resource: 'Runtime 资源', graph: 'Agent Graph', other: '其他后台活动',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    title: '舊版 Runtime Host 正在執行',
+    message: '另一個 Runtime Host 程序仍佔用此工作區。',
+    restart: '重啟 Runtime Host',
+    wait: '等待',
+    cancel: '取消啟動',
+    uptime: (n: number) => `已執行約 ${n} 分鐘`,
+    connections: (n: number) => `仍有 ${n} 個其他客戶端連線`,
+    operations: (n: number) => `有 ${n} 個操作正在執行`,
+    unknownActivity: '此 Host 版本無法報告後臺活動。',
+    restartWarning: '重啟會保留持久化狀態，但可能中斷正在進行的外部工作。',
+    exitOwner: '請退出目前佔用此 Host 的程序，以便安全替換。',
+    waitExplanation: '若選擇等待，目前 Host 退出後 Maka 將自動繼續。',
+    activity: {
+      goal: '目標', scheduledTask: '計劃任務', dailyReview: '每日回顧', execution: '活動執行',
+      resource: 'Runtime 資源', graph: 'Agent Graph', other: '其他後臺活動',
+    },
+  },
 } as const;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/agent-graph-panel.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/agent-graph-panel.tsx
index 32e8a38810..48a3bbcda6 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/agent-graph-panel.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/agent-graph-panel.tsx
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ type GraphPanelCopy = {
 };
 
 export function getAgentGraphPanelCopy(locale: UiLocale): GraphPanelCopy {
-  if (locale === 'zh') {
+  if (locale === 'zh-CN') {
     return {
       title: 'Agent Graph',
       loading: '正在读取 Graph 状态…',
@@ -125,6 +125,54 @@ export function getAgentGraphPanelCopy(locale: UiLocale): GraphPanelCopy {
       wait: waitReasonZh,
     };
   }
+  if (locale === 'zh-TW') {
+    return {
+      title: 'Agent Graph',
+      loading: '正在讀取 Graph 狀態…',
+      retry: '重試',
+      collapse: '收起 Agent Graph',
+      expand: '展開 Agent Graph',
+      dismiss: '關閉 Agent Graph',
+      stop: '停止 Graph',
+      stopping: '停止中…',
+      stopFailed: '停止 Graph 失敗，請重試。',
+      loadFailed: 'Graph 狀態重新整理失敗。',
+      openSession: '開啟子任務',
+      operators: 'Operators',
+      selectedResults: '已選取結果',
+      epoch: 'Graph 執行輪次',
+      currentEpoch: '目前',
+      historicalEpoch: '歷史記錄（唯讀）',
+      cappedEpochs: (count) => `僅顯示最近 ${count} 次執行`,
+      noOperators: '等待主 Agent 建立 operator…',
+      hiddenOperators: (count) => `另有 ${count} 個 operator`,
+      progress: (settled, total, hasOmitted) =>
+        hasOmitted ? `可見項目中 ${settled}/${total} 已結束` : `${settled}/${total} 已結束`,
+      status: (status) =>
+        ({
+          empty: '等待排程',
+          active: '執行中',
+          closing: '收尾中',
+          waiting: '等待中',
+          stopped: '已停止',
+          failed: '失敗',
+          completed: '已完成',
+        })[status],
+      operatorStatus: (status) =>
+        ({
+          not_started: '尚未啟動',
+          waiting: '等待',
+          runnable: '可執行',
+          running: '執行中',
+          blocked: '受阻',
+          completed: '完成',
+          failed: '失敗',
+          aborted: '已中止',
+          cancelled: '已取消',
+        })[status],
+      wait: waitReasonZhTw,
+    };
+  }
   return {
     title: 'Agent Graph',
     loading: 'Loading graph state…',
@@ -566,3 +614,15 @@ function waitReasonZh(operator: AgentGraphClientOperator): string | undefined {
   }
   return `等待 ${wait.operatorId} 结束`;
 }
+
+function waitReasonZhTw(operator: AgentGraphClientOperator): string | undefined {
+  const wait = firstWait(operator);
+  if (!wait) return undefined;
+  if (wait.kind === 'input_route') {
+    return `等待 ${wait.upstreamOperatorIds.join('、')} 的輸入`;
+  }
+  if (wait.kind === 'activation_missing') {
+    return `等待 ${wait.operatorId} 啟用`;
+  }
+  return `等待 ${wait.operatorId} 結束`;
+}
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-command-actions.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-command-actions.ts
index bb42b79a18..9179b01425 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-command-actions.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-command-actions.ts
@@ -299,7 +299,16 @@ export function buildAppShellCommandList(
           window.maka.memory.openFile(host),
         );
         if (!result.ok) {
-          toastApi.error(copy.memoryOpenFailedTitle, result.message, undefined, diagnosticTarget);
+          toastApi.error(
+            copy.memoryOpenFailedTitle,
+            commandPaletteActionErrorMessage(
+              new Error(result.message),
+              copy.memoryOpenFallback,
+              options.uiLocale,
+            ),
+            undefined,
+            diagnosticTarget,
+          );
         }
       } catch (err) {
         toastApi.error(
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-copy.ts
index 2f15529095..8e5d7c82fb 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-copy.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 import type { ConnectionTestResult } from '@maka/core/llm-connections';
 import type { TextFileImportPreflightFailureReason } from '@maka/core/text-file-import';
 import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { getShellCopy } from './locales/shell-copy.js';
 
 const SESSION_READ_MESSAGES_ERROR_MARKER = 'MAKA_SESSION_READ_MESSAGES_ERROR:';
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ export function messageRefreshErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale): st
 function sessionMessageErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback: string, locale: UiLocale): string {
   const raw = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
   const markerIndex = raw.indexOf(SESSION_READ_MESSAGES_ERROR_MARKER);
-  if (markerIndex < 0 || locale === 'en') return localizedErrorMessage(error, fallback, locale);
+  if (markerIndex < 0 || locale !== 'zh-CN') return localizedErrorMessage(error, fallback, locale);
   const marked = raw.slice(markerIndex + SESSION_READ_MESSAGES_ERROR_MARKER.length).trim();
   return marked.split(/\r?\n/, 1)[0]?.trim() || fallback;
 }
 
 function localizedErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback: string, locale: UiLocale): string {
-  return locale === 'zh' ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, fallback) : generalizedErrorMessage(error, fallback);
+  return generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, fallback, locale);
 }
 
 export function commandPaletteActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback: string, locale: UiLocale): string {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-effects.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-effects.ts
index 20c83217a8..3c1099ac2a 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-effects.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell-effects.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import type { SessionEvent } from '@maka/core/events';
 import type { SessionEventStreamSnapshot } from '@maka/core/session-event-health';
 import type { ThemePalette, ThemePreference } from '@maka/core/settings';
 import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
-import { generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { sessionExpectsEventStream } from '@maka/core/session-event-health';
 import { type ShellRunUpdate } from '@maka/core/events';
 import type { LiveTurnProjection, NavSelection } from '@maka/ui';
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell.tsx
index 7a8fc2e9db..4af5d16602 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/app-shell.tsx
@@ -2856,7 +2856,7 @@ function AppShellContent({
                     {workHubEnabled && navSelection.section === 'sessions' && activeId ? (
                       <Button
                         className="workhub-return"
-                        label={uiLocale === 'zh' ? '返回 WorkHub' : 'Return to WorkHub'}
+                        label={uiLocale !== 'en' ? '返回 WorkHub' : 'Return to WorkHub'}
                         variant="secondary"
                         size="sm"
                         onClick={openWorkHub}
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/attachment-preflight.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/attachment-preflight.ts
index 0af114c7a9..b88cfd6ba0 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/attachment-preflight.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/attachment-preflight.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ type PreflightItem = {
  * File blobs are sized by the browser File object; approval-token attachments
  * are sized by the pending size stamped at pick time (main re-stats).
  */
-export function preflightAttachmentItems(items: readonly PreflightItem[], locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): void {
+export function preflightAttachmentItems(items: readonly PreflightItem[], locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): void {
   const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(locale).attachments;
   if (items.length > MAX_ATTACHMENT_COUNT) throw new Error(copy.tooMany);
   const seen = new Set<string>();
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/conversation-markdown.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/conversation-markdown.ts
index 526f41d701..0c808af68a 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/conversation-markdown.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/conversation-markdown.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ import { getShellRemainingCopy } from './locales/shell-remaining-copy.js';
  *   export that the user is going to paste somewhere public.
  * - **user text** left untouched (the user typed it, they own it).
  */
-export function renderConversationMarkdown(sessionName: string, messages: StoredMessage[], locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function renderConversationMarkdown(sessionName: string, messages: StoredMessage[], locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   const copy = getShellRemainingCopy(locale).conversationExport;
   const lines: string[] = [];
   lines.push(`# ${sessionName}`);
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/daily-review-actions.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/daily-review-actions.ts
index 02bdc38119..ae3f20f764 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/daily-review-actions.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/daily-review-actions.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import type { DailyReviewArchive } from '@maka/core/daily-review';
 import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 import { dailyReviewArchiveId } from '@maka/core/daily-review';
 
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 
 export function dailyReviewExportDefaultName(
   input: Pick<DailyReviewArchive, 'day' | 'range'>,
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ export function dailyReviewExportDefaultName(
 }
 
 export function dailyReviewActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback: string, locale: UiLocale): string {
-  return locale === 'zh' ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, fallback) : generalizedErrorMessage(error, fallback);
+  return generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, fallback, locale);
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/derive-turn-lineage-badges.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/derive-turn-lineage-badges.ts
index f6aa1d8373..5dd2c5791b 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/derive-turn-lineage-badges.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/derive-turn-lineage-badges.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export interface TurnLineageBadgeInput {
 }
 
 export function deriveTurnLineageBadges(input: TurnLineageBadgeInput): TurnLineageBadge[] {
-  const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(input.locale ?? 'zh').lineage;
+  const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(input.locale ?? 'zh-CN').lineage;
   const badges: TurnLineageBadge[] = [];
 
   const forwardFrom = input.regeneratedFromTurnId ?? input.retriedFromTurnId;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/session-navigation/model/session-project-grouping.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/session-navigation/model/session-project-grouping.ts
index 8fa85cf5a6..9499e88782 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/session-navigation/model/session-project-grouping.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/session-navigation/model/session-project-grouping.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const UNGROUPED_KEY = '__ungrouped__';
 export function deriveProjectGroups(
   sessions: ReadonlyArray<SessionSummary>,
   projects: ReadonlyArray<ProjectRecord>,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): SessionHistoryGroup[] {
   const sessionsByProject = new Map<string, SessionSummary[]>();
   const canonicalProjectIds = new Map<string, string>();
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/artifacts/artifact-pane.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/artifacts/artifact-pane.tsx
index c81f06ce6e..89566fe11c 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/artifacts/artifact-pane.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/artifacts/artifact-pane.tsx
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ import {
 import type { ArtifactDescriptor, ArtifactKind } from '@maka/core/artifacts';
 import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 import { formatRelativeTimestamp } from '@maka/core/relative-time';
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese, redactSecrets } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale, redactSecrets } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import {
   Badge,
   Banner,
@@ -631,11 +631,9 @@ function saveArtifactFailureCopy(reason: string, copy: ArtifactCopy): string {
 function artifactActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale, copy: ArtifactCopy): string {
   const raw = redactSecrets(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error ?? '')).trim();
   if (!raw) return copy.pane.actionFailed;
-  const classified = locale === 'zh'
-    ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(new Error(raw), '')
-    : generalizedErrorMessage(new Error(raw), '');
+  const classified = generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(new Error(raw), '', locale);
   if (classified) return classified;
-  return locale === 'zh' && /[\u4e00-\u9fff]/.test(raw) ? raw : copy.pane.actionFailed;
+  return locale === 'zh-CN' && /[\u4e00-\u9fff]/.test(raw) ? raw : copy.pane.actionFailed;
 }
 
 function KindIcon(props: { kind: ArtifactKind }) {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/inspector/use-session-trace.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/inspector/use-session-trace.ts
index 8e257a9aa4..5eae3eaf86 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/inspector/use-session-trace.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/inspector/use-session-trace.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { type UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 import {
   mergeSessionTraces,
@@ -142,9 +142,7 @@ export function useSessionTrace(
                   loading: false,
                   loadingEarlier: false,
                   error:
-                    copy.locale === 'zh'
-                      ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, copy.loadFailed)
-                      : generalizedErrorMessage(error, copy.loadFailed),
+                    generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, copy.loadFailed, copy.locale),
                 }
               : current,
           );
@@ -199,9 +197,7 @@ export function useSessionTrace(
                   loading: false,
                   loadingEarlier: false,
                   error:
-                    copy.locale === 'zh'
-                      ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, copy.loadFailed)
-                      : generalizedErrorMessage(error, copy.loadFailed),
+                    generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, copy.loadFailed, copy.locale),
                 }
               : current,
           );
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/review/session-review-panel.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/review/session-review-panel.tsx
index 3f6884d0c0..a31b9f34cf 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/review/session-review-panel.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/review/session-review-panel.tsx
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import { Section } from '@astryxdesign/core/Section';
 import { Skeleton } from '@astryxdesign/core/Skeleton';
 import { Text } from '@astryxdesign/core/Text';
 import { redactSecrets as displayRedactSecrets } from '@maka/core/display-redaction';
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { type GitReviewReadResult } from '@maka/core/git-review';
 import { DiffCodePreview, useUiLocale } from '@maka/ui';
 import { ICON_SIZE, GitBranch } from '@maka/ui/icons';
@@ -76,9 +76,7 @@ export function SessionReviewPanel(props: {
     } catch (nextError) {
       if (revision === revisionRef.current) {
         setError(
-          locale === 'zh'
-            ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(nextError, copy.loadFailed)
-            : generalizedErrorMessage(nextError, copy.loadFailed),
+          generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(nextError, copy.loadFailed, locale),
         );
       }
     } finally {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/tasks/use-session-tasks.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/tasks/use-session-tasks.ts
index 853a04a424..86f349ac14 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/tasks/use-session-tasks.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/tasks/use-session-tasks.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { type Task } from '@maka/core/task-ledger';
 import { useUiLocale } from '@maka/ui';
 import { getShellRemainingCopy } from '../../../../locales/shell-remaining-copy.js';
@@ -61,9 +61,7 @@ export function useSessionTasks(sessionId: string | undefined): SessionTaskSnaps
           sessionId: targetSessionId,
           tasks: current.sessionId === targetSessionId ? current.tasks : [],
           loading: false,
-          error: locale === 'zh'
-            ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, copy.loadFailed)
-            : generalizedErrorMessage(error, copy.loadFailed),
+          error: generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, copy.loadFailed, locale),
         }));
       },
     );
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/terminal/session-terminal-panel.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/terminal/session-terminal-panel.tsx
index e8ba38eb84..96c947af79 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/terminal/session-terminal-panel.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/features/workbar/tools/terminal/session-terminal-panel.tsx
@@ -20,10 +20,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Banner } from '@astryxdesign/core/Banner';
 import { EmptyState } from '@astryxdesign/core/EmptyState';
-import {
-  generalizedErrorMessage,
-  generalizedErrorMessageChinese,
-} from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { useUiLocale } from '@maka/ui';
 import { ICON_SIZE, Terminal as TerminalIcon } from '@maka/ui/icons';
 import { FitAddon } from '@xterm/addon-fit';
@@ -147,9 +144,7 @@ export function SessionTerminalPanel(props: {
         .catch((nextError) => {
           if (disposed || !hydration.isCurrent(epoch)) return;
           setError(
-            locale === 'zh'
-              ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(nextError, copy.loadFailed)
-              : generalizedErrorMessage(nextError, copy.loadFailed),
+            generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(nextError, copy.loadFailed, locale),
           );
         });
     };
@@ -168,9 +163,7 @@ export function SessionTerminalPanel(props: {
         .catch((nextError) => {
           if (disposed) return;
           setError(
-            locale === 'zh'
-              ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(nextError, copy.writeFailed)
-              : generalizedErrorMessage(nextError, copy.writeFailed),
+            generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(nextError, copy.writeFailed, locale),
           );
         });
     });
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/artifact-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/artifact-copy.ts
index 97dc2ec0fa..ad73b11379 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/artifact-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/artifact-copy.ts
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ export type ArtifactCopy = {
 };
 
 const ARTIFACT_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     pane: {
       refreshFailed: '刷新生成文件失败', openFailed: '无法在 Finder 中打开生成文件', copyFailed: '复制失败',
       readTextFailed: '无法读取生成文件文本内容。', copied: '已复制生成文件文本', saved: '已另存生成文件', saveFailed: '另存失败',
@@ -128,6 +128,42 @@ const ARTIFACT_COPY = {
       unsupported: '暂不支持的预览', name: '名称', unnamed: '(未命名)', type: '类型', size: '大小', openInFinder: '在 Finder 中打开', loadingImage: '加载图片预览…',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    pane: {
+      refreshFailed: '重新整理生成檔案失敗', openFailed: '無法在 Finder 中開啟生成檔案', copyFailed: '複製失敗',
+      readTextFailed: '無法讀取生成檔案文本內容。', copied: '已複製生成檔案文本', saved: '已另存生成檔案', saveFailed: '另存失敗',
+      fallbackName: '生成檔案', deleteTitle: (name) => `刪除 "${name}"`, deleteDescription: '軟刪除：在記錄中標記為已刪除，檔案保留 6 小時可恢復。',
+      delete: '刪除', deleteReadOnly: '刪除（只讀檔案）', cancel: '取消', deleted: (name) => `已刪除 ${name}`, deleteFailed: (name) => `刪除 ${name} 失敗`, panelAria: '生成檔案預覽面板',
+      listLoadFailed: '生成檔案列表載入失敗', retrying: '重試中…', retry: '重試', listAria: '生成檔案列表', deletedBadge: '已刪除',
+      previewNamed: (name) => `預覽 ${name}`, empty: '暫無生成檔案', emptyHint: '助手生成檔案後會顯示在這裡。',
+      back: '返回生成檔案列表', moreActions: (name) => `${name} 的更多操作`,
+      openInFinder: '在 Finder 中開啟', saveAs: '另存為', copy: '複製',
+      saveFailures: { not_found: '生成檔案不存在。', not_allowed: '生成檔案路徑檢查未透過。', deleted: '生成檔案已刪除，不能另存。', write_failed: '目標位置無法寫入。', default: '無法儲存生成檔案。' },
+      actionFailed: '生成檔案操作失敗，請稍後重試。',
+    },
+    preview: {
+      loadingFile: '載入檔案預覽…', loadingDiff: '載入 diff 預覽…', loadingHtml: '載入 HTML 預覽…',
+      externalLinks: (count) => `此預覽中已停用外部連結 · ${count} 個連結`, frameTitle: (name) => `生成檔案預覽 · ${name}`,
+      loadingPdf: '載入 PDF 預覽…', pdfFallback: '如果瀏覽器沒有內建 PDF 渲染，請透過更多選單「在 Finder 中開啟」檢視。',
+      rendered: '預覽', source: '原始碼', previewLimited: (limit) => `僅顯示前 ${limit}；可透過更多選單開啟或另存完整檔案。`,
+      renderLimited: (limit, lines) => `為保證流暢，富文本預覽僅展開前 ${limit}、最多 ${lines} 行；完整原始碼仍可檢視。`,
+      highlightLimited: (limit, lines) => `為保證流暢，僅高亮前 ${limit}、最多 ${lines} 行，其餘內容以純文本顯示。`,
+      diffLinesLimited: (count) => `為保證流暢，另有 ${count} 行未在預覽中展開。`,
+      readFailed: { title: '無法讀取生成檔案', description: '路徑可能已被外部刪除。請透過更多選單「在 Finder 中開啟」檢查檔案位置。' },
+      notAllowed: { title: '無法讀取生成檔案', description: '路徑檢查未透過，檔案已不在允許預覽的生成檔案目錄內。' },
+      tooLarge: (bytes) => ({ title: '檔案超出預覽大小', description: `${bytes} 位元組超過文本預覽閾值，請透過更多選單開啟或另存完整內容。` }),
+      deleted: { title: '此生成檔案已刪除', description: '預覽已停止。如需檢視原檔案請使用「在 Finder 中開啟」。' },
+      unsupportedMime: { title: '不支援的檔案型別', description: '該生成檔案的 MIME 型別不在內聯預覽允許列表中。請使用工具欄「在 Finder 中開啟」或「另存為」。' },
+    },
+    registry: {
+      kindDisallowed: { title: '目前預覽暫不支援該型別', description: '此類生成檔案不能在面板內直接預覽。請使用「在 Finder 中開啟」檢視。' },
+      mimeDisallowed: { title: '格式暫不支援預覽', description: '已識別到檔案的 MIME 型別，但目前預覽只支援 PNG / JPEG / GIF / WebP / AVIF。' },
+      unknownType: { title: '無法識別檔案型別', description: '檔案沒有 MIME 後設資料，副檔名也未符合。請透過「在 Finder 中開啟」檢視。' },
+      oversize: { title: '檔案過大，暫不預覽', description: '為避免在記憶體中載入大體積圖片，超過 2 MB 的檔案不在此處展開預覽。' },
+      readFailed: { title: '載入預覽失敗', description: '無法讀取檔案內容（可能已被刪除、移動或權限不足）。請透過「在 Finder 中開啟」檢查檔案。' },
+      unsupported: '暫不支援的預覽', name: '名稱', unnamed: '(未命名)', type: '型別', size: '大小', openInFinder: '在 Finder 中開啟', loadingImage: '載入圖片預覽…',
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     pane: {
       refreshFailed: 'Failed to refresh generated files', openFailed: 'Could not show generated file in Finder', copyFailed: 'Copy failed',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/browser-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/browser-copy.ts
index 237ffe6544..f2e7a82dc5 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/browser-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/browser-copy.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export type BrowserCopy = {
 };
 
 const BROWSER_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     unsupportedScheme: '嵌入式浏览器只支持打开 HTTP/HTTPS 网页地址。',
     invalidUrl: '这个地址无法识别，请检查网址后重试。',
     openFailed: '无法打开地址',
@@ -69,6 +69,30 @@ const BROWSER_COPY = {
     title: '嵌入式浏览器',
     description: '输入网址打开页面，或让助手帮你导航并操作。',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    unsupportedScheme: '嵌入式瀏覽器只支援開啟 HTTP/HTTPS 網頁地址。',
+    invalidUrl: '這個地址無法識別，請檢查網址後重試。',
+    openFailed: '無法開啟地址',
+    navigationFailed: '瀏覽器導航失敗',
+    navigationFailedDetail: '頁面暫時無法開啟，請稍後重試。',
+    panelAria: '嵌入式瀏覽器',
+    panelAriaWithTitle: (title) => `嵌入式瀏覽器：${title}`,
+    insecure: '這個站點用 HTTP 傳輸，連線未加密。',
+    backAria: '瀏覽器後退',
+    back: '後退',
+    forwardAria: '瀏覽器前進',
+    forward: '前進',
+    stopAria: '停止載入頁面',
+    refreshAria: '重新整理頁面',
+    stop: '停止',
+    refresh: '重新整理',
+    addressAria: '瀏覽器地址',
+    addressPlaceholder: '輸入網址並回車',
+    closeAria: '關閉瀏覽器頁面',
+    close: '關閉頁面',
+    title: '嵌入式瀏覽器',
+    description: '輸入網址開啟頁面，或讓助手幫你導航並操作。',
+  },
   en: {
     unsupportedScheme: 'The embedded browser only supports HTTP and HTTPS addresses.',
     invalidUrl: 'This address is not valid. Check it and try again.',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/conversation-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/conversation-copy.ts
index 14fe0721d6..65c0ea96c8 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/conversation-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/conversation-copy.ts
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ function enDetail(parts: readonly string[]): string {
 }
 
 const COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     actions: { stopFailedTitle: '停止失败', stopFailedFallback: '任务操作失败，请稍后重试。', refreshSessionsFailedTitle: '刷新任务列表失败', refreshSessionsFailedFallback: '刷新任务列表失败，请稍后重试。', conversationErrorTitle: '任务出错', conversationErrorFallback: '任务运行失败，请稍后重试。', regenerateStartedTitle: '已发起重新生成', regenerateStartedDescription: '正在生成新的一轮回答', branchCreatedTitle: '已创建分支', branchCreatedDescription: (name) => `新任务 ${name}`, revisionStartedTitle: '已创建修改版草稿', revisionStartedDescription: '原任务仍会保留；修改后发送将在新版本中继续', revisionReadyTitle: '可以修改并重发了', revisionReadyDescription: '已回到该消息之前；编辑后发送即可', revisionUnavailableTitle: '暂时无法编辑这条消息', revisionAttachmentsUnsupported: '包含附件的历史消息暂不支持编辑并重发，请复制文字后新建消息。', revisionTransformedTextUnsupported: '通过显式技能发送的历史消息暂不支持编辑并重发，请复制文字后重新选择技能。', revisionDraftAttachmentConflict: 'Composer 中已有待发送附件，请先发送或移除附件，再编辑历史消息。', revisionCommandUnsupported: '修改消息时不能执行 /compact、/side 或编排命令，请取消修改后再试。', revisionAlreadyActive: '已有一条消息正在修改，请先发送或取消当前修改。', revisionCancelLabel: '取消', revisionBannerTitle: '正在修改已发送消息', revisionBannerDetail: '· 发送后创建新版本', revisionUnchanged: '内容没有变化。如需重新回答，请使用“重新生成”。', operationFailedTitle: '操作失败', operationFailedFallback: '任务操作失败，请稍后重试。', attachmentFailedTitle: '添加附件失败', tryAgain: '请稍后重试。', modelReboundTitle: '已切换到可用模型', modelReboundDescription: (modelId) => `原任务使用的连接已不可用${modelId ? ` · ${modelId}` : ''}`, messageReadFailedTitle: '读取任务失败', returnLatest: '返回最新消息', scrollMainToBottom: '滚动主对话到底部' },
     attachments: { tooMany: '附件数量超过 8 个', tooLarge: '附件大小超过 50MB', duplicate: '附件来源重复，请勿重复添加同一文件。' },
     model: {
@@ -638,6 +638,231 @@ const COPY = {
     },
     turnError: { unknown: '未知错误', contextOverflow: '上下文窗口已超出限制', timeout: '请求超时', auth: '鉴权失败', providerBilling: '模型服务计费受限', providerCapacity: '模型服务暂时满载，请稍后重试或切换模型', rateLimit: '触发模型速率限制', network: '网络错误', provider: '模型服务返回错误', stepCap: '达到工具步骤上限', tool: '工具调用失败', permission: '等待权限确认', restarted: '本地应用重启，上一轮没有完成', sandboxBoundaryClosed: '本地应用重启，等待确认的「允许访问工作区以外的内容」请求已按拒绝关闭', recovery: { safeResume: '检查当前状态后，可尝试安全恢复', stepCap: '任务可能尚未完成，可以继续', toolError: '先检查工具结果，再决定是否重试', connection: '先检查模型连接或登录状态', partial: '已保留部分输出，可从这里继续', toolRecord: '工具记录已保留，重试前先看结果', retry: '没有执行工具，可直接重试', capacity: '模型服务暂时满载，请等待几分钟或切换模型后重试', contextOverflow: '上下文仍超出限制，请减少附件或开启新任务', sandboxBoundaryClosed: '访问范围没有放开，重试本轮后可重新决定' } },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    actions: { stopFailedTitle: '停止失敗', stopFailedFallback: '任務操作失敗，請稍後重試。', refreshSessionsFailedTitle: '重新整理任務列表失敗', refreshSessionsFailedFallback: '重新整理任務列表失敗，請稍後重試。', conversationErrorTitle: '任務出錯', conversationErrorFallback: '任務執行失敗，請稍後重試。', regenerateStartedTitle: '已發起重新生成', regenerateStartedDescription: '正在生成新的一輪迴答', branchCreatedTitle: '已建立分支', branchCreatedDescription: (name) => `新任務 ${name}`, revisionStartedTitle: '已建立修改版草稿', revisionStartedDescription: '原任務仍會保留；修改後傳送將在新版本中繼續', revisionReadyTitle: '可以修改並重發了', revisionReadyDescription: '已回到該訊息之前；編輯後傳送即可', revisionUnavailableTitle: '暫時無法編輯這條訊息', revisionAttachmentsUnsupported: '包含附件的歷史訊息暫不支援編輯並重發，請複製文字後建立訊息。', revisionTransformedTextUnsupported: '透過顯式技能傳送的歷史訊息暫不支援編輯並重發，請複製文字後重新選擇技能。', revisionDraftAttachmentConflict: 'Composer 中已有待發送附件，請先發送或移除附件，再編輯歷史訊息。', revisionCommandUnsupported: '修改訊息時不能執行 /compact、/side 或編排命令，請取消修改後再試。', revisionAlreadyActive: '已有一條訊息正在修改，請先發送或取消目前修改。', revisionCancelLabel: '取消', revisionBannerTitle: '正在修改已傳送訊息', revisionBannerDetail: '· 傳送後建立新版本', revisionUnchanged: '內容沒有變化。如需重新回答，請使用“重新生成”。', operationFailedTitle: '操作失敗', operationFailedFallback: '任務操作失敗，請稍後重試。', attachmentFailedTitle: '新增附件失敗', tryAgain: '請稍後重試。', modelReboundTitle: '已切換到可用模型', modelReboundDescription: (modelId) => `原任務使用的連線已不可用${modelId ? ` · ${modelId}` : ''}`, messageReadFailedTitle: '讀取任務失敗', returnLatest: '返回最新訊息', scrollMainToBottom: '滾動主對話到底部' },
+    attachments: { tooMany: '附件數量超過 8 個', tooLarge: '附件大小超過 50MB', duplicate: '附件來源重複，請勿重複新增同一檔案。' },
+    model: {
+      fakeBackendLabel: '本地模擬連線',
+      setupTitle: '等待設定真實模型',
+      connectionMissingTitle: '連線已刪除',
+      configurationFallback: '模型連線暫時無法用於傳送，請到 設定 · 模型 檢查後重試。',
+      configurationReason: {
+        missing_default_connection: '等待設定預設模型。請到 設定 · 模型 新增一個可用模型連線後再發送。',
+        connection_missing: '該任務依賴的模型連線已刪除，請到 設定 · 模型 重新選擇或重建連線。',
+        connection_disabled: '目前模型連線已停用。請到 設定 · 模型 啟用或選擇其他預設模型。',
+        missing_api_key: '目前模型連線還沒有可用憑據。請到 設定 · 模型 補齊 API key 或重新登入後再發送。',
+        missing_model: '目前模型連線還沒有可用模型。請到 設定 · 模型 選擇預設模型後再發送。',
+        empty_model_list: '目前模型連線沒有啟用模型。請到 設定 · 模型 新增或啟用模型後再發送。',
+        model_not_enabled: '目前任務選擇的模型未啟用。請到 設定 · 模型 重新選擇可用模型後再發送。',
+        model_not_chat_capable: '目前任務選擇的模型不能用於聊天。請到 設定 · 模型 重新選擇支援聊天的模型後再發送。',
+        fake_backend: '目前任務來自舊的本地模擬連線。請到 設定 · 模型 新增真實模型後建立任務。',
+        provider_retired: '目前任務繫結的連線，其登入方式已從 Maka 移除，無法用於傳送。請到 設定 · 模型 改用其他連線後建立任務。',
+      },
+    },
+    footer: { labels: { regenerate: '重新生成', branch: '分支', copy: '複製', info: '詳情' }, pending: '正在處理…', regenerateRunning: '目前回答仍在進行中，結束後再重新生成', regenerateAgain: '已重新生成過，再次點選將建立新的並行回答', regenerate: '讓模型重新生成本輪迴答', branchRunning: '目前回答仍在進行中，結束後再分支', branchAborted: '從中斷前的上下文分支出新任務', branch: '基於此回答的上下文分支出新任務', copy: '複製回答到剪貼簿', copyEmpty: '此回答尚無可複製的內容' },
+    lineage: { regeneratedFrom: '重新生成自舊回答', regeneratedFromTooltip: '這是重新生成的並行回答，點選檢視被保留的舊回答', regeneratedTo: '已重新生成 → 新回答', regeneratedToTooltip: '點選跳轉到重新生成的新回答' },
+    workbar: {
+      ariaLabel: '任務工作欄',
+      sectionsAriaLabel: '任務工作欄標籤',
+      review: '變更',
+      terminal: '終端',
+      terminalNumbered: (index) => `終端 ${index}`,
+      tasks: '待辦',
+      workBoard: '工作看板',
+      browser: '瀏覽器',
+      files: '生成檔案',
+      inspector: '追蹤',
+      sideChat: '側邊對話',
+      sideChatNumbered: (index) => `側邊對話 ${index}`,
+      openTab: '開啟工作欄標籤',
+      openTools: '開啟工具',
+      closeTab: (label) => `關閉${label}`,
+      tabMenu: (label) => `${label}標籤選單`,
+      moveLeft: '向左移動',
+      moveRight: '向右移動',
+      moveToRight: '移動到右側面板',
+      moveToBottom: '移動到底部面板',
+      pinTab: '固定標籤',
+      pinTabHint: '預覽標籤，雙擊或在內容中操作即可固定',
+      close: '關閉',
+      closeOthers: '關閉其他標籤',
+      closeToRight: '關閉右側標籤',
+      launcher: {
+        review: '檢視目前 Git 工作區變化',
+        terminal: '檢視目前任務的終端執行和即時輸出',
+        tasks: '檢視和維護這個任務的待辦臺賬',
+        workBoard: '記錄和管理暫緩事項',
+        browser: '開啟內建瀏覽器並保留目前頁面',
+        files: '瀏覽目前任務生成的檔案',
+        inspector: '檢查任務呼叫、工具與耗時記錄',
+        sideChat: '在不打斷主任務的情況下追問和只讀探索',
+      },
+    },
+    workBoardPanel: {
+      inbox: 'Inbox',
+      project: '目前專案',
+      noProject: '未選擇專案',
+      createPlaceholder: '記錄稍後處理的事項…',
+      create: '新增',
+      empty: '暫無暫緩事項',
+      loading: '正在載入工作看板…',
+      loadMore: '載入更多',
+      retry: '重試',
+      loadFailed: '工作看板載入失敗',
+      actionFailed: '操作失敗',
+      complete: '完成',
+      reopen: '重開',
+      rename: '改名',
+      renameSave: '儲存',
+      moveToInbox: '移到 Inbox',
+      moveToProject: '移到專案',
+      archive: '歸檔',
+      unarchive: '恢復',
+      delete: '刪除',
+      archived: '已歸檔',
+    },
+    reviewPanel: {
+      ariaLabel: 'Git 變更',
+      empty: '目前 Git 工作區沒有變化',
+      emptyHelp: '提交、暫存或修改檔案後，變化會顯示在這裡。',
+      notGitRepository: '目前任務目錄不是 Git 倉庫',
+      workspaceUnavailable: '目前任務目錄已不可用',
+      unbornRepository: 'Git 倉庫還沒有可比較的提交',
+      gitFailed: '無法讀取 Git 工作區變化',
+      invalidBaseBranch: '選擇的比較分支已不可用',
+      truncated: '變化過多，僅顯示前一部分檔案',
+      showMore: (remaining) => `再顯示 ${Math.min(20, remaining)} 個檔案`,
+      hiddenLines: (count) => `另有 ${count} 行未顯示`,
+      changedFiles: (count) => `${count} 個檔案有變更`,
+      addedLines: (count) => `新增 ${count} 行`,
+      deletedLines: (count) => `刪除 ${count} 行`,
+      added: (count) => `新增 ${count}`,
+      deleted: (count) => `刪除 ${count}`,
+      loadFailed: '無法讀取 Git 變化',
+      retry: '重試',
+    },
+    terminalPanel: {
+      ariaLabel: '任務終端',
+      empty: '目前任務還沒有終端執行',
+      emptyHelp: '任務啟動終端後會顯示在這裡。',
+      loadFailed: '無法讀取終端執行',
+      retry: '重試',
+      refresh: '重新整理終端',
+      readOnly: '顯示代理和你在目前任務中啟動的終端執行',
+      runCount: (count) => `${count} 個終端執行`,
+      newTerminal: '建立終端',
+      commandPlaceholder: '輸入命令並回車',
+      commandLabel: '終端命令',
+      runCommand: '執行命令',
+      stopTerminal: '停止目前終端',
+      startFailed: '無法啟動終端',
+      writeFailed: '無法傳送終端輸入',
+      stopFailed: '無法停止終端',
+    },
+    inspector: {
+      ariaLabel: '任務追蹤',
+      copyPricingKey: '複製定價鍵',
+      pricingKeyCopied: '已複製定價鍵',
+      unpricedPricingKey: '未計價的定價鍵',
+      copyFailed: '複製失敗',
+      copyFailedDetail: '剪貼簿不可用或被系統拒絕。',
+      loadFailed: '追蹤讀取失敗',
+      retry: '重試',
+      empty: '這個任務還沒有可追蹤的活動',
+      emptyHelp: '任務尚無活動記錄。',
+      costUnavailable: '費用未知',
+      costEstimateHelp: '基於已記錄用量和定價估算；缺失或未定價的呼叫可能未計入。',
+      loadEarlier: '載入更早記錄',
+      loadingEarlier: '正在載入…',
+      loadingTrace: '正在讀取時間線…',
+      loadingSummary: '正在估算完整會話用量…',
+      summaryUnavailable: '完整會話用量暫時無法估算。',
+      totals: {
+        cost: '估算成本',
+      },
+      coveragePartial: (parts) => `部分呼叫未能完整顯示，下面的數字只少不多${zhDetail(parts)}`,
+      coverageAbsent: (parts) => `這個後端不記錄每次呼叫的明細${zhDetail(parts)}`,
+      unreadable: (count) => `${count} 條記錄讀不出來`,
+      oversizedRuns: (count) => `${count} 條執行記錄過大，無法線上顯示`,
+      turnsMissing: (count) => `${count} 輪沒有呼叫記錄`,
+      turnsShort: (count) => `${count} 輪的呼叫記錄不全`,
+      stepKind: { permission: '權限', compaction: '上下文壓縮', error: '錯誤' },
+      callKind: (kind) => ZH_CALL_KIND[kind as keyof CallKindCopy] ?? kind,
+      permissionDecision: (decision) => ZH_PERMISSION_DECISION[decision] ?? decision,
+      recoveredAs: (disposition) => `已恢復：${ZH_RECOVERED[disposition] ?? disposition}`,
+      retries: (count) => `重試 ${count} 次`,
+      turnFailure: (code) => ZH_TURN_FAILURE[code] ?? '本輪失敗',
+      turnLabel: (startedAt) => `輪次 · ${startedAt}`,
+      overview: {
+        context: '上下文視窗',
+        segment: {
+          cacheRead: '快取命中',
+          fresh: '快取未命中',
+          used: '已佔用',
+          free: '剩餘',
+        },
+        cacheHit: '快取命中率',
+        timelineTab: '時間軸',
+        composition: {
+          title: '構成估算',
+          basis: '按請求位元組估算，非模型報告的 token',
+          part: {
+            system_instructions: '系統提示',
+            tool_definitions: '工具定義',
+            messages: '對話記錄',
+            other: '其他引數',
+          },
+          tools: '按工具',
+          remainingTools: (count) => `其餘 ${count} 個工具`,
+          unlabelled: '未命名的工具',
+          unrecorded: '這次呼叫沒有留下構成記錄',
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    quoteCompanion: {
+      defaultName: '側邊對話',
+      namePrefix: '側聊：',
+      preparing: '正在建立側邊對話…',
+      permissionStreaming: '側邊對話執行中暫時不能更改權限',
+      scrollToBottom: '滾動側邊對話到底部',
+      closeConfirmation: {
+        title: (count) => count > 1 ? `關閉 ${count} 個側邊對話？` : '關閉側邊對話？',
+        description: (count) =>
+          count > 1
+            ? `這 ${count} 個臨時側邊對話會被永久刪除，之後無法恢復。`
+            : '這個臨時側邊對話會被永久刪除，之後無法恢復。',
+        dontAskAgain: '以後不再詢問',
+        cancel: '取消',
+        confirm: '關閉側邊對話',
+      },
+      errors: {
+        forkSetupFailed: '無法建立側邊對話，請稍後重試。',
+        forkSourceBusy: '主對話或子任務仍在執行，請等待完成後重試。',
+        forkUnsupported: '目前對話上下文暫不支援建立側邊對話。',
+        sendRejected: '追問未能開始，請稍後重試。',
+        sendFailed: '追問失敗，請稍後重試。',
+        settlementFailed: '執行已結束，但訊息載入失敗。請重試或重新開啟側邊對話。',
+        respondFailed: '響應失敗，請稍後重試。',
+      },
+    },
+    health: {
+      blocked: {
+        fake_backend: { label: '任務已過期 · 請先設定真實模型', tooltip: () => '原任務使用舊的本地模擬連線，需要先到 設定 · 模型 新增並啟用一個真實模型才能傳送。' },
+        provider_retired: { label: '登入方式已停用', tooltip: (name) => `任務繫結的連線 "${name}" 使用的登入方式已從 Maka 移除，傳送會失敗。請到 設定 · 模型 改用其他連線。` },
+        missing_default_connection: { label: '未設定可用模型', tooltip: () => '目前任務沒有可用的模型連線，傳送會失敗。請到 設定 · 模型 新增並啟用一個模型。' },
+        connection_missing: { label: '連線已刪除', tooltip: () => '此任務依賴的模型連線已被刪除，傳送會失敗。請到 設定 · 模型 檢查連線設定。' },
+        connection_disabled: { label: '連線已停用', tooltip: (name) => `任務繫結的連線 "${name}" 已停用，傳送會失敗。請到 設定 · 模型 啟用它或選擇其他連線。` },
+        missing_api_key: { label: '連線缺少金鑰', tooltip: (name) => `連線 "${name}" 未填寫 API key 或未完成登入，傳送會失敗。請到 設定 · 模型 補齊憑據。` },
+        missing_model: { label: '連線未選擇模型', tooltip: (name) => `連線 "${name}" 沒有預設模型，傳送會失敗。請到 設定 · 模型 選擇一個模型。` },
+        empty_model_list: { label: '連線沒有啟用模型', tooltip: (name) => `連線 "${name}" 沒有啟用任何模型，傳送會失敗。請到 設定 · 模型 先新增模型。` },
+        model_not_enabled: { label: '任務模型未啟用', tooltip: (name, model) => `模型 "${model}" 不在連線 "${name}" 的啟用列表中，傳送會失敗。請到 設定 · 模型 重新選擇。` },
+        model_not_chat_capable: { label: '任務模型不支援聊天', tooltip: (name, model) => `模型 "${model}" 不能用於聊天，傳送會失敗。請到 設定 · 模型 選擇支援聊天的模型。` },
+      },
+      reauth: { label: '上次連線測試鑑權失敗', tooltip: '最近一次連線測試返回鑑權失敗（401 / 403），金鑰可能已過期或被吊銷。這不會攔截髮送，但若傳送失敗請到 設定 · 模型 重新登入。' },
+      testError: { label: '上次連線測試失敗', tooltip: '最近一次連線測試因網路 / 超時 / 5xx 失敗。這不會攔截髮送，但若問題持續請到 設定 · 模型 檢查 Base URL / 代理。' },
+    },
+    turnError: { unknown: '未知錯誤', contextOverflow: '上下文視窗已超出限制', timeout: '請求超時', auth: '鑑權失敗', providerBilling: '模型服務計費受限', providerCapacity: '模型服務暫時滿載，請稍後重試或切換模型', rateLimit: '觸發模型速率限制', network: '網路錯誤', provider: '模型服務返回錯誤', stepCap: '達到工具步驟上限', tool: '工具呼叫失敗', permission: '等待權限確認', restarted: '本地應用重啟，上一輪沒有完成', sandboxBoundaryClosed: '本地應用重啟，等待確認的「允許存取工作區以外的內容」請求已按拒絕關閉', recovery: { safeResume: '檢查目前狀態後，可嘗試安全恢復', stepCap: '任務可能尚未完成，可以繼續', toolError: '先檢查工具結果，再決定是否重試', connection: '先檢查模型連線或登入狀態', partial: '已保留部分輸出，可從這裡繼續', toolRecord: '工具記錄已保留，重試前先看結果', retry: '沒有執行工具，可直接重試', capacity: '模型服務暫時滿載，請等待幾分鐘或切換模型後重試', contextOverflow: '上下文仍超出限制，請減少附件或開啟新任務', sandboxBoundaryClosed: '存取範圍沒有放開，重試本輪後可重新決定' } },
+  },
   en: {
     actions: { stopFailedTitle: 'Failed to stop', stopFailedFallback: 'The task action failed. Try again later.', refreshSessionsFailedTitle: 'Failed to refresh tasks', refreshSessionsFailedFallback: 'The task list could not be refreshed. Try again later.', conversationErrorTitle: 'Task error', conversationErrorFallback: 'The task run failed. Try again later.', regenerateStartedTitle: 'Regeneration started', regenerateStartedDescription: 'Generating a new response', branchCreatedTitle: 'Branch created', branchCreatedDescription: (name) => `New task: ${name}`, revisionStartedTitle: 'Edit draft ready', revisionStartedDescription: 'The original task is kept; sending creates a new version', revisionReadyTitle: 'Ready to edit and resend', revisionReadyDescription: 'Rewound to before that message; edit and send when ready', revisionUnavailableTitle: 'This message cannot be edited yet', revisionAttachmentsUnsupported: 'Edit & resend does not yet support historical attachments. Copy the text into a new message instead.', revisionTransformedTextUnsupported: 'Edit & resend does not yet support messages sent with an explicit skill. Copy the text and select the skill again instead.', revisionDraftAttachmentConflict: 'The composer already has pending attachments. Send or remove them before editing a sent message.', revisionCommandUnsupported: 'You cannot run /compact, /side, or orchestration commands while editing a sent message. Cancel the edit first.', revisionAlreadyActive: 'Another message is already being edited. Send or cancel that edit first.', revisionCancelLabel: 'Cancel', revisionBannerTitle: 'Editing sent message', revisionBannerDetail: '· New version on send', revisionUnchanged: 'Nothing changed. Use Regenerate if you only want a new answer.', operationFailedTitle: 'Action failed', operationFailedFallback: 'The task action failed. Try again later.', attachmentFailedTitle: 'Failed to add attachment', tryAgain: 'Try again later.', modelReboundTitle: 'Switched to an available model', modelReboundDescription: (modelId) => `The previous connection is unavailable${modelId ? ` · ${modelId}` : ''}`, messageReadFailedTitle: 'Failed to load task', returnLatest: 'Return to latest', scrollMainToBottom: 'Scroll main conversation to bottom' },
     attachments: { tooMany: 'You can attach at most 8 files', tooLarge: 'Attachments must be 50 MB or smaller', duplicate: 'This attachment was already added.' },
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/external-session-import-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/external-session-import-copy.ts
index f617144909..57066f87cd 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/external-session-import-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/external-session-import-copy.ts
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ type ExternalSessionImportCopy = {
 };
 
 const COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     sourceLabel: '来源',
     sourceNames: { codex: 'Codex', 'claude-code': 'Claude Code' },
     includeArchived: '包含已归档的对话',
@@ -129,6 +129,53 @@ const COPY = {
     importOutcomeUnknownDescription: (names) =>
       `以下对话的导入结果无法确认：${names.map((name) => `「${name}」`).join('、')}。请先在任务列表中查找，已经出现的不要再次导入。`,
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    sourceLabel: '來源',
+    sourceNames: { codex: 'Codex', 'claude-code': 'Claude Code' },
+    includeArchived: '包含已歸檔的對話',
+    searchLabel: '搜尋',
+    searchHelp: '符合對話標題與專案路徑。留空顯示全部。',
+    searchPlaceholder: '標題或路徑的一部分',
+    searchEmpty: (term) => `沒有標題或路徑包含「${term}」的對話。`,
+    loading: '正在讀取外部對話…',
+    listAria: '可匯入的對話',
+    emptyTitle: '沒有可匯入的對話',
+    emptyDescription: '目前來源中沒有找到符合條件的根對話。',
+    unavailableTitle: '沒有檢測到支援的 Agent',
+    // The title already says nothing was detected, so this says what to do
+    // about it instead of saying it again. It names Codex because the renderer
+    // only ever learns which sources *were* detected — nothing but a copy
+    // string can tell someone with none what to go install. The second half is
+    // the promise that earns the permission to read another app's files.
+    unavailableDescription: '在本機使用過 Codex 後，它的對話會出現在這裡。Maka 只讀取這些檔案，不會修改。',
+    loadFailedTitle: '無法讀取外部對話',
+    loadFailedFallback: '外部對話目錄暫時無法讀取，請重試。',
+    retry: '重試',
+    archived: '已歸檔',
+    loadMore: '載入更多',
+    loadingMore: '正在載入…',
+    duplicateNote: '再次匯入同一個對話會建立一個獨立的任務。',
+    importedCount: (count) => `已匯入 ${count} 次`,
+    openLatestImportedTask: '開啟最近匯入的任務',
+    openLatestImportedTaskFor: (name) => `開啟「${name}」最近匯入的任務`,
+    import: '匯入',
+    importAgain: '再次匯入',
+    importTask: (name) => `匯入「${name}」`,
+    importTaskAgain: (name) => `再次匯入「${name}」`,
+    importing: '正在匯入…',
+    importingTask: (name) => `正在匯入「${name}」`,
+    importInProgressTitle: '正在匯入',
+    importInProgressDescription: (name) => `正在匯入「${name}」，完成後會直接開啟這個任務。`,
+    importFailedTitle: '匯入失敗',
+    importFailedFallback: '該對話無法轉換或儲存。請檢查來源後重試。',
+    importRecoveredTitle: '已確認匯入',
+    importRecoveredDescription: (name) => `「${name}」匯入的任務現已可用。`,
+    importNotRecordedTitle: '沒有發現新任務',
+    importNotRecordedDescription: '沒有記錄到新的任務，可以安全重試。',
+    importOutcomeUnknownTitle: '需要確認匯入結果',
+    importOutcomeUnknownDescription: (names) =>
+      `以下對話的匯入結果無法確認：${names.map((name) => `「${name}」`).join('、')}。請先在任務列表中查詢，已經出現的不要再次匯入。`,
+  },
   en: {
     sourceLabel: 'Source',
     sourceNames: { codex: 'Codex', 'claude-code': 'Claude Code' },
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/mcp-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/mcp-copy.ts
index 3d6c41275a..8eb2ad8aaf 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/mcp-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/mcp-copy.ts
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ export type McpCopy = {
 };
 
 const MCP_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     errors: {
       load: '载入 MCP 失败', install: (name) => `安装 ${name} 失败`, cancelInstall: (name) => `取消安装 ${name} 失败`, save: '保存 MCP 失败',
       import: '导入 MCP 失败', update: '更新 MCP 失败', test: 'MCP 测试失败', remove: '删除 MCP 失败', unavailableStatus: 'Server 没有返回可用状态。',
@@ -130,6 +130,65 @@ const MCP_COPY = {
       stdioProtocolHelp: '自动协商和“仅 2026-07-28”会先启动一个使用相同命令、参数、目录和环境的短期探测进程；探测结束后才启动实际连接。旧配置默认使用传统协议，只启动一个进程。',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    errors: {
+      load: '載入 MCP 失敗', install: (name) => `安裝 ${name} 失敗`, cancelInstall: (name) => `取消安裝 ${name} 失敗`, save: '儲存 MCP 失敗',
+      import: '匯入 MCP 失敗', update: '更新 MCP 失敗', test: 'MCP 測試失敗', remove: '刪除 MCP 失敗', unavailableStatus: 'Server 沒有返回可用狀態。',
+      mapLine: (line) => `第 ${line} 行應為 KEY=value`, importJson: 'MCP 設定必須是有效的 JSON', importObject: 'MCP JSON 必須是 object',
+      importVersion: (version) => `不支援 MCP 設定版本 ${version}，目前支援 version 1、2 和 3`, importServersObject: 'mcpServers 必須是 object',
+      importProtocolVersion: 'remote 的 protocol 需要 version 2 或 3；stdio 的 protocol 需要 version 3',
+    },
+    toast: {
+      templateInstalled: (name) => `${name} 模板已安裝`, templateInstalledDetail: '請在「已安裝」中完成憑據設定，再啟用連線。',
+      installed: (name) => `${name} 已安裝`, installedDetail: '發現的工具會從下一次 agent turn 開始生效。', installCancelled: (name) => `已取消安裝 ${name}`,
+      saved: 'MCP 已儲存', savedDetail: '新工具會從下一次 agent turn 開始生效。', imported: '已匯入 MCP',
+      importedDetail: (count) => `本次匯入 ${count} 個 server。`, connectionOk: 'MCP 連線正常',
+      toolLatency: (count, latencyMs) => `${count} 個工具 · ${latencyMs} ms`, connectionFailed: 'MCP 連線失敗', removed: 'MCP 已刪除',
+    },
+    remove: { title: (id) => `刪除 MCP「${id}」？`, description: '它提供的工具會從下一次 agent turn 中移除，設定無法自動恢復。', confirm: '刪除', cancel: '取消' },
+    page: {
+      actionsAria: 'MCP 操作', refreshing: '重新整理中…', refresh: '重新整理', add: '新增 MCP',
+      metaInstalled: (count) => `${count} 個已安裝`, metaErrors: (count) => `${count} 個連線異常`,
+      searchMatches: (count) => `${count} 個符合`,
+      workspaceAria: 'MCP 市場與已安裝項', toolbarAria: 'MCP 瀏覽操作', setupTitle: '把 Maka 連線到你的工作環境', setupDescription: '從精選模板開始，或新增任意 stdio、Streamable HTTP 與 SSE server。',
+      localStdio: '本地 stdio', categoriesAria: 'MCP 分類', market: '市場', installed: '已安裝',
+      searchPlaceholder: '搜尋 MCP…', searchAria: '搜尋 MCP', noMarket: '沒有找到符合的 MCP', noMarketDetail: (query) => `換一個關鍵詞，或清空「${query}」檢視全部模板。`,
+      clearSearch: '清空搜尋', loading: '正在讀取 MCP 設定…', noInstalled: '還沒有安裝 MCP', noInstalledDetail: '從市場選擇模板，或手動新增你自己的 server。',
+      browseMarket: '瀏覽市場', noInstalledMatch: '沒有符合的已安裝 MCP', noInstalledMatchDetail: (query) => `換一個關鍵詞，或清空「${query}」檢視全部已安裝項。`,
+    },
+    detail: {
+      label: '伺服器詳情', enabled: '啟用', transport: '傳輸方式', endpoint: '端點',
+      toolsLabel: '工具', statusLabel: '狀態', protocolLabel: 'MCP 協議',
+      negotiatedProtocol: (era, revision) => `${era === 'modern' ? '現代' : '傳統'} · ${revision}`,
+      inspectorOpened: (id) => `已開啟 ${id} 的詳情`,
+    },
+    card: {
+      macOnly: '僅 macOS', manage: '管理', cancellingAria: (name) => `正在取消安裝 ${name}`, cancelAria: (name) => `取消安裝 ${name}`, installAria: (name) => `安裝 ${name}`,
+      cancelling: '正在取消…', cancel: '取消安裝', install: '安裝',
+    },
+    row: {
+      testing: '測試中…', test: '測試', edit: '編輯',
+      delete: '刪除', tools: (count) => `${count} 個工具`,
+      disabled: '已停用', disconnected: '未連線', connecting: '連線中', connected: (count) => `${count} 個工具`, failed: '連線失敗',
+    },
+    editor: {
+      importTitle: '透過 JSON 匯入', editTitle: (id) => `編輯 ${id}`, addTitle: '新增 MCP', importSubtitle: '貼上 mcpServers 設定，同名 server 會被更新。',
+      manualSubtitle: '設定儲存在目前工作區的 mcp.json。', modeAria: 'MCP 新增方式', manual: '手動設定', pasteJson: '貼上 JSON', jsonConfig: 'JSON 設定',
+      jsonHelp: '支援完整 mcpServers 設定或直接的 server map。未在本次匯入中出現的已有 MCP 會保留。', cancel: '取消', importConnect: '匯入並連線',
+      transportAria: '連線方式', localStdio: '本地 stdio', remoteUrl: '遠端 URL',
+      serverId: '伺服器 ID', command: '命令',
+      commandPlaceholder: 'npx -y @modelcontextprotocol/server-filesystem /path/to/folder',
+      commandHelp: '完整命令列；含空格的引數用引號包裹，不經過 shell 解析。',
+      workingDirectory: '工作目錄', workingDirectoryPlaceholder: '可選，例如 /path/to/project',
+      environment: '環境變數', environmentHelp: '每行一個 KEY=value；按 MCP 要求填寫。', url: 'MCP URL', headers: 'HTTP 請求頭', headersHelp: '每行一個 Header=value。',
+      saveConnect: '儲存並連線',
+      required: '此欄位為必填項。', invalidUrl: '請輸入有效的 HTTP 或 HTTPS URL。', unbalancedQuote: '引號未閉合。',
+      transportLabel: '傳輸協議', transportAuto: '自動回退', transportStreamableHttp: 'Streamable HTTP', transportLegacySse: '舊版 SSE',
+      protocolLabel: '協議偏好', protocolLegacy: '傳統', protocolAuto: '自動協商', protocolModern: '僅 2026-07-28',
+      protocolHelp: '舊設定預設使用傳統協議；自動協商會根據 server 能力選擇協議。', sseProtocolHelp: '舊版 SSE 僅支援傳統協議。', expandAdvanced: '顯示進階設定', collapseAdvanced: '隱藏進階設定',
+      stdioProtocolHelp: '自動協商和“僅 2026-07-28”會先啟動一個使用相同命令、引數、目錄和環境的短期探測程序；探測結束後才啟動實際連線。舊設定預設使用傳統協議，只啟動一個程序。',
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     errors: {
       load: 'Failed to load MCP', install: (name) => `Failed to install ${name}`, cancelInstall: (name) => `Failed to cancel installation of ${name}`, save: 'Failed to save MCP',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/onboarding-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/onboarding-copy.ts
index e68a6243d4..f408b0ab3b 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/onboarding-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/onboarding-copy.ts
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export interface OnboardingCatalog {
 }
 
 const ONBOARDING_COPY_BY_LOCALE: UiCatalog<OnboardingCatalog> = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     hero: {
       needs_connection: {
         eyebrow: '欢迎使用 Maka',
@@ -100,6 +100,55 @@ const ONBOARDING_COPY_BY_LOCALE: UiCatalog<OnboardingCatalog> = {
     skip: '跳过引导',
     snapshotErrorFallback: '首次使用状态暂时不可用，请稍后重试。',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    hero: {
+      needs_connection: {
+        eyebrow: '歡迎使用 Maka',
+        title: '串接一個 AI，開始第一項任務。',
+        body: 'Maka 在本地執行，使用你自己的模型帳號或 API key。先選一個常用服務商。',
+        cta: { label: '瀏覽全部服務商' },
+      },
+      needs_connection_credentials: {
+        eyebrow: '繼續設定連線',
+        title: '補齊這個連線的憑據。',
+        body: '新增 API key 或完成帳號登入，Maka 才能呼叫模型。',
+        cta: { label: '設定連線憑據' },
+      },
+      needs_model: {
+        eyebrow: '繼續設定連線',
+        title: '為這個連線啟用一個可用模型。',
+        body: '啟用一個可用於對話的模型，新任務就可以開始了。',
+        cta: { label: '選擇可用模型' },
+      },
+      'blocked:all_connections_unhealthy': {
+        eyebrow: '連線需要處理',
+        title: '模型連線暫時不可用。',
+        body: '現有連線都沒有透過驗證。檢查憑據、登入狀態或網路後重新測試。',
+        cta: { label: '修復模型連線' },
+        tone: 'destructive',
+      },
+      'blocked:all_connections_retired': {
+        eyebrow: '連線需要處理',
+        title: '現有連線的登入方式已停用。',
+        body: '這些連線使用的登入方式已從 Maka 移除，無法再登入，也無法用於對話。新增一個新的模型連線即可繼續。',
+        cta: { label: '新增模型連線' },
+        tone: 'destructive',
+      },
+    },
+    needsConnection: {
+      pickLabel: '選擇常用服務商',
+      browseProviders: '瀏覽全部服務商',
+    },
+    refresh: {
+      connection: '重新檢測連線',
+      credentials: '重新檢測憑據',
+      model: '重新檢測模型',
+      blocked: '重新檢測連線',
+    },
+    connectionLabel: '連線',
+    skip: '跳過引導',
+    snapshotErrorFallback: '首次使用狀態暫時不可用，請稍後重試。',
+  },
   en: {
     hero: {
       needs_connection: {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/permission-center-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/permission-center-copy.ts
index 3a2e4713ea..91df593854 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/permission-center-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/permission-center-copy.ts
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ export type PermissionCenterCopy = {
 };
 
 const PERMISSION_CENTER_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     readiness: {
       not_configured: { label: '等待配置', detail: '需要先打开开关或补齐配置才能启用。', tone: 'neutral' },
       denied: { label: '系统拒绝', detail: '所需系统权限被拒绝或当前平台不支持。', tone: 'error' },
@@ -144,6 +144,53 @@ const PERMISSION_CENTER_COPY = {
     auditSection: '审计记录', noAudit: '暂无审计记录', auditAria: (label) => `${label}审计记录列表`,
     impact: '影响功能', opening: '打开中…', openSettings: '前往系统设置', requesting: '请求中…', request: '请求授权', dragGrant: '引导授权', dragGranting: '引导中…',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    readiness: {
+      not_configured: { label: '等待設定', detail: '需要先開啟開關或補齊設定才能啟用。', tone: 'neutral' },
+      denied: { label: '系統拒絕', detail: '所需系統權限被拒絕或目前平臺不支援。', tone: 'error' },
+      enabled: { label: '執行可用', detail: '目前快照標記為可用，具體層級見下方。', tone: 'success' },
+      degraded: { label: '部分可用', detail: '已有一部分能力可用，但仍有執行態、權限或子功能需要處理。', tone: 'attention' },
+      paused: { label: '已暫停', detail: '功能開關被顯式關閉，但設定仍保留。', tone: 'neutral' },
+    },
+    osPermissions: {
+      accessibility: { label: '輔助功能', purpose: 'Computer Use 需要它來讀取視窗焦點 / 模擬鍵盤滑鼠。', impact: 'Computer Use · 自動化鍵鼠操作' },
+      screen_recording: { label: '螢幕錄製', purpose: 'Computer Use 需要它來讀取視窗內容；未來螢幕活動錄製也會使用。', impact: 'Computer Use · 截圖上下文' },
+      notifications: { label: '通知', purpose: '權限申請、回顧完成等系統通知需要它。', impact: '權限申請提醒 · 每日回顧完成通知' },
+      automation: { label: '自動化（Apple Events）', purpose: 'Computer Use 控制其他 App 需要逐 target 授權。', impact: 'Computer Use · 跨 App 自動化' },
+    },
+    osStates: {
+      unsupported: { label: '目前平臺不支援', tone: 'neutral' }, unknown: { label: '無法讀取狀態', tone: 'neutral' },
+      not_determined: { label: '等待授權', tone: 'attention' }, denied: { label: '已拒絕', tone: 'error' }, granted: { label: '已授權', tone: 'success' },
+    },
+    loading: '正在載入權限快照', readFailed: '無法讀取權限快照', noData: '權限服務未返回資料。', readAgain: '重新讀取',
+    actionFailed: '權限操作失敗',
+    actionFailures: {
+      invalid_id: '內部錯誤：權限 id 無法識別。',
+      unsupported_platform: '目前作業系統不支援這個權限操作。',
+      unsupported_permission: '目前平臺沒有提供這個權限的直串接口。',
+      denied: '你沒有授予這項權限；可以前往系統設定重新開啟。',
+      already_open: '另一個權限引導仍在進行，請先完成或關閉它。',
+      open_settings_failed: '無法開啟系統設定，請手動前往「隱私與安全性」。',
+      failed: '權限操作未成功，請稍後重試。',
+    },
+    title: '權限與能力', subtitle: '檢視 Maka 需要的系統權限和目前授權狀態，直接從這裡前往「系統設定 → 隱私與安全性」完成授權或撤銷，不必自己翻選單。',
+    lastRead: '最近讀取：', detectAgain: '重新檢測', summaryAria: '按授權狀態篩選系統權限', summaryFilterAria: (label, count, selected) => selected ? `${label} ${count} 項，目前篩選；再次按下顯示全部` : `僅顯示${label}權限，共 ${count} 項`, granted: '已授權', pending: '等待授權', denied: '已拒絕', other: '未知 / 不支援',
+    osSection: '系統權限', osSectionHelp: 'Maka 讀到的 OS 級權限狀態。點選右側按鈕可以直接前往「系統設定 → 隱私與安全性」對應分割槽。', osListAria: '系統權限列表',
+    capabilitiesSection: '功能能力', capabilitiesHelp: '每個能力的就緒狀態由「功能開關 · 設定 · 系統權限 · 執行態探測」共同決定。',
+    capabilityListAria: '功能能力列表',
+    footnote: 'Maka 不會自動授予 Accessibility、Automation 或 Screen Recording。高風險自動化能力必須保持逐項審批、可審計、可撤銷。這裡只讀取系統權限與功能能力的目前快照，授權變更仍需在「系統設定 → 隱私與安全性」完成。',
+    layers: {
+      aria: (label) => `${label}能力狀態明細`, feature: '功能開關', configuration: '設定', approval: '操作審批', memory: '記憶寫入', runtime: '執行態探測',
+      featureStates: { enabled: '已開啟', partial: '部分可用', disabled: '已關閉', not_available: '未開放' },
+      configurationStates: { not_required: '不需要設定', missing: '等待補齊設定', present: '已填寫' },
+      approvalStates: { not_required: '不需要審批', required_per_action: '每次呼叫都需審批', required_scoped_lease: '按目標與動作類別授權', pending: '審批掛起', approved: '目前任務已批准', denied: '目前任務已拒絕' },
+      memoryStates: { not_applicable: '不涉及記憶寫入', disabled: '記憶寫入已關閉', draft_required: '需要先草擬 memory 協議', accepted: '記憶寫入已接受' },
+      runtimeStates: { not_available: '尚無執行態探測', not_run: '探測未執行', healthy: '探測透過', degraded: '探測降級' },
+    },
+    requiredPermissions: '所需系統權限', requiredPermissionsAria: (label) => `${label}所需系統權限列表`, guidance: '處理建議', guidanceAria: (label) => `${label}處理建議列表`,
+    auditSection: '審計記錄', noAudit: '暫無審計記錄', auditAria: (label) => `${label}審計記錄列表`,
+    impact: '影響功能', opening: '開啟中…', openSettings: '前往系統設定', requesting: '請求中…', request: '請求授權', dragGrant: '引導授權', dragGranting: '引導中…',
+  },
   en: {
     readiness: {
       not_configured: { label: 'Needs setup', detail: 'Enable the feature or complete its configuration first.', tone: 'neutral' },
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/plan-mode-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/plan-mode-copy.ts
index df164c8bee..29f000c729 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/plan-mode-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/plan-mode-copy.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export interface PlanModeCopy {
 }
 
 const COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     abandonConfirmation: {
       title: '放弃这个计划？',
       description: (title) => `“${title}”的执行记录会保留，但之后不能继续恢复。`,
@@ -69,6 +69,25 @@ const COPY = {
       stepStatuses: { pending: '未开始', in_progress: '正在执行', completed: '已完成', skipped: '已跳过' },
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    abandonConfirmation: {
+      title: '放棄這個計劃？',
+      description: (title) => `“${title}”的執行記錄會保留，但之後不能繼續恢復。`,
+      confirm: '放棄計劃',
+      cancel: '取消',
+    },
+    proposal: {
+      aria: '計劃方案', kicker: '計劃方案', revision: '修訂版', steps: '執行步驟',
+      risks: '風險', revise: '繼續修改', execute: '執行計劃',
+      statuses: { pending_approval: '等待確認', approved: '已批准', stale: '已過期' },
+    },
+    execution: {
+      aria: '計劃執行狀態', interrupted: '計劃已中斷', running: '正在執行計劃',
+      approvedPlan: '已批准計劃', stepCount: (completed, total) => `${completed}/${total} 步`,
+      resume: '恢復執行', abandon: '放棄計劃',
+      stepStatuses: { pending: '未開始', in_progress: '正在執行', completed: '已完成', skipped: '已跳過' },
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     abandonConfirmation: {
       title: 'Abandon this plan?',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-bot-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-bot-copy.ts
index 698aa1f4d9..b34d2fbca1 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-bot-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-bot-copy.ts
@@ -114,6 +114,92 @@ const zhCopy = {
     waiting: '等待扫码确认… 窗口会每 3 秒刷新登录状态。', retrying: '重试中…', retry: '重试', bridgeGenerating: 'bridge 正在生成二维码', bridgeGeneratingHint: '二维码就绪后会自动显示，也可以手动重新获取。', fetching: '获取中…', fetchAgain: '重新获取',
   },
 } as const;
+const zhTwCopy = {
+  providers: {
+    telegram: { label: 'Telegram', help: '透過 @BotFather 建立 Bot 並取得 Token' },
+    feishu: { label: '飛書', help: '在飛書開放平台建立應用並取得憑證' },
+    wecom: { label: '企業微信', help: '透過企業微信 AI 應用串接，使用 WebSocket 長連線' },
+    wechat: { label: '微信', help: '透過本機 wechat-bridge 串接個人微信，需 iOS / Android 微信 8.0.70+。' },
+    discord: { label: 'Discord', help: '在 Discord Developer Portal 建立 Bot' },
+    dingtalk: { label: '釘釘', help: '在釘釘開發者後臺建立機器人應用' },
+    qq: { label: 'QQ', help: '在 QQ 開放平台建立機器人並取得 AppID 和 AppSecret' },
+    slack: { label: 'Slack', help: '使用 Bot Token 與 App-Level Token 透過 Socket Mode 串接' },
+  } satisfies Record<BotProvider, { label: string; help: string }>,
+  readiness: {
+    unscaffolded: { label: '未開放', detail: '該平台目前不可作為遠端串接管道。', tone: 'neutral' },
+    scaffolded: { label: '待設定', detail: '等待補齊這個平台需要的憑證設定。', tone: 'neutral' },
+    configured: { label: '已設定', detail: '已填寫設定；等待完成憑證或執行狀態驗證。', tone: 'attention' },
+    credentials_valid: { label: '憑證有效', detail: '憑證探測透過；這不代表已能收發訊息。', tone: 'attention' },
+    operational: { label: '執行可用', detail: '最近一次真實執行探測成功。', tone: 'success' },
+    degraded: { label: '執行降級', detail: '之前可用，但最近執行狀態探測失敗。', tone: 'error' },
+  } satisfies Record<BotReadinessState, { label: string; detail: string; tone: StatusSemantic }>,
+  planned: { label: '未開放', detail: '該平台目前不會儲存為遠端串接管道或定時任務投遞目標。', tone: 'neutral' as const },
+  status: {
+    disabled: '開關關閉', noToken: '等待填寫 Bot Token', missingFeishuCredentials: '等待填寫飛書 App ID 或 App Secret',
+    feishuDomainRequired: '飛書憑證有效，等待填寫事件訂閱域名', feishuEventsNotConnected: '飛書憑證有效，等待事件回呼串接',
+    unavailable: '該平台目前不可作為遠端串接管道', stopped: '監聽已停止', detailsInLogs: '執行狀態詳情請見記錄',
+    polling: '長輪詢', gateway: '事件通道', webhook: 'Webhook', none: '無',
+  },
+  overview: {
+    loadFailed: '遠端串接狀態載入失敗', reload: '重新載入', active: '正在使用', sortHint: '按需要處理、最近活動排序',
+    empty: '還沒有正在使用的管道', emptyHelp: '從下方選擇一個訊息平台開始設定。', more: '串接更多管道', choose: '選擇平台開始設定',
+    listening: '監聽中', manageAria: (name: string, status: string) => `管理 ${name}，${status}`, connectAria: (name: string) => `串接 ${name}`,
+  },
+  page: {
+    saveFailed: (name: string) => `${name} 儲存失敗`, loadFailed: '載入遠端串接狀態失敗', refreshFailed: '重新整理遠端串接狀態失敗',
+    credentialVerified: (name: string) => `${name} 憑證已驗證`, credentialVerifiedDetail: '憑證檢查已透過。', credentialTestFailed: (name: string) => `${name} 憑證測試失敗`, credentialTestFailedDetail: '請檢查憑證和網路設定後重試。', testError: (name: string) => `${name} 測試出錯`,
+    listening: (name: string) => `${name} 已開始監聽`, notListening: (name: string) => `${name} 啟動後未進入監聽`, startFailed: (name: string) => `${name} 啟動失敗`,
+    disconnectTitle: '斷開微信登入？', disconnectDescription: '將清除本機儲存的掃碼登入憑證，之後需要重新掃碼才能繼續使用微信管道。',
+    disconnect: '斷開登入', cancel: '取消', disconnected: '微信登入已斷開', credentialsCleared: '本機關聯憑證已清除。',
+  },
+  detail: {
+    unavailableHint: '該平台未開放，暫不能啟用。', scanFirstHint: '先掃碼串接後才能啟用。', testFirstHint: '先測試並連線後才能啟用。',
+    back: '返回遠端串接', configDocs: '檢視設定文件', enableAria: (name: string) => `啟用${name}管道`, listening: '正在監聽新訊息', healthy: '連線正常，無需處理。',
+    actionsAria: (name: string) => `${name}管道操作`, quickBind: '快捷綁定', scanLogin: '掃碼登入', scanConnect: '掃碼串接', disconnecting: '斷開中…', disconnectWechat: '斷開微信登入', bridgeQr: '本機橋接二維碼',
+    testing: '測試中…', test: '測試連線', connecting: '連線中…', testAndConnect: '測試並連線', restarting: '重啟中…', restart: '重啟監聽',
+    runtimeAria: (name: string) => `${name}執行狀態`, identity: '身份', unknownIdentity: '未取得', connectionType: '通道型別', lastEvent: '最近事件', noneYet: '暫無', lastTest: '最近一次測試', neverTested: '從未測試',
+    statusRefreshFailed: '執行狀態重新整理失敗', latestFailure: '最近一次失敗', latestFailureDetail: '請檢查設定、網路和執行記錄後重試。', savedButNotConnected: '憑證已儲存，但連線尚未成功啟動。', setupMethod: '串接方式', connectionSettings: '連線設定', localCredentials: '憑證僅儲存在本機', autosave: '自動儲存',
+    setupAria: (name: string) => `${name}串接方式`, quickRecommended: '快捷串接（推薦）', manual: '手動設定', quickAria: (name: string) => `${name}快捷串接`,
+    quickWecomTitle: '掃碼建立並綁定機器人', quickTitle: '掃碼自動建立應用與機器人', quickWecomDetail: '企業管理員掃碼確認後，Maka 會儲存 Bot ID 與 Secret 並啟動長連線。',
+    quickQqTitle: '使用手機 QQ 掃碼建立並綁定機器人', quickQqDetail: '確認後，QQ 會安全返回 AppID 與 AppSecret，Maka 在本機儲存憑證並啟動 Gateway。',
+    telegramOfficialFlow: 'Telegram 官方目前僅支援透過 @BotFather 取得 Bot Token，不提供掃碼建立 Bot 並回傳 Token 的 API。',
+    quickDetail: '掃碼確認後，Maka 會在 main process 內儲存憑證並啟動訊息連線。', feishuRegionAria: '選擇飛書帳號區域', feishu: '飛書',
+    beginQuickBind: '開始快捷綁定', scanWith: (name: string) => `使用${name}掃碼串接`, planned: '這個平台目前只作為平台清單展示，不會進入可用管道，也不會儲存為定時任務投遞目標。',
+    credentialsSaved: (name: string) => `${name}憑證已儲存`, scanComplete: (name: string) => `${name}已完成掃碼串接`, savedAndConnected: '憑證已安全儲存並開始連線',
+    proxy: '代理地址', chinaRequired: '（國內網路必填）', authOnly: '（僅用於 Bot 鑑權）', telegramProxyAria: 'Telegram 代理地址',
+    telegramNotice: '請開啟網路的 TUN 模式後重啟應用，以便完成 Telegram Bot 設定', feishuCredentialId: '飛書憑證 ID', feishuSecret: '飛書 App Secret',
+    feishuDomain: '飛書域名', feishuOption: '飛書 (feishu.cn)', discordProxyAria: 'Discord 代理地址',
+    discordNotice: '國內網路存取 Discord：上方代理僅作用於 Bot 鑑權請求，訊息收發走 WebSocket 長連線需要系統級代理。請開啟網路的 TUN 模式後重啟應用。',
+    dingtalkId: '釘釘應用金鑰', dingtalkSecret: '釘釘 Client Secret', wecomBotPlaceholder: '企業微信 AI 應用 Bot ID', wecomBotAria: '企業微信 Bot ID',
+    wecomSecretPlaceholder: 'AI 應用 Secret', wecomSecretAria: '企業微信 Secret', qqId: 'QQ 應用編號',
+    allowedUsersLabel: (count: number, max: number) => `允許的使用者 ID（${count} / ${max}）`, allowedUsersPlaceholder: '每行一個使用者 ID，留空表示不限\n例如：123456789',
+    allowedUsersHelp: 'Telegram 使用者 ID 是 64 位整數；填入後只接收列表裡這些 ID 的來信，其它人發的訊息會被靜默忽略（不會回彈任何提示）。',
+    limitReached: '（已達到上限）', invalidUsers: (values: string) => `下列不是數字 ID，可能是使用者名稱之類的輸入，符合不到任何人：${values}`, moreInvalid: (count: number) => ` 等 ${count} 項`,
+  },
+  onboarding: {
+    providers: {
+      dingtalk: { title: '設定釘釘', ariaLabel: '設定釘釘掃碼串接', qrAlt: '設定釘釘二維碼', subtitle: '在釘釘中掃碼完成應用註冊', waiting: '請使用釘釘掃描二維碼並確認授權', scanned: '已掃碼，請在釘釘中完成確認' },
+      feishu: { title: '設定飛書', ariaLabel: '設定飛書掃碼串接', qrAlt: '設定飛書二維碼', subtitle: '使用飛書掃描二維碼，自動建立並設定機器人', waiting: '請使用飛書掃描二維碼並確認建立', scanned: '已掃碼，請在飛書中完成確認' },
+      wecom: { title: '設定企業微信', ariaLabel: '設定企業微信掃碼串接', qrAlt: '設定企業微信二維碼', subtitle: '快捷綁定會自動建立並連線企業微信機器人', waiting: '開啟企業微信，掃描二維碼完成機器人建立', scanned: '已掃碼，請在企業微信中完成確認' },
+      wechat: { title: '掃碼登入', ariaLabel: '微信掃碼登入', qrAlt: '微信掃碼登入二維碼', subtitle: '請使用微信掃描二維碼完成連線', waiting: '請使用微信掃描二維碼並在手機上確認', scanned: '已掃碼，請在微信中完成確認' },
+      qq: { title: '設定 QQ', ariaLabel: '設定 QQ 掃碼串接', qrAlt: '設定 QQ 二維碼', subtitle: '使用手機 QQ 掃碼建立並綁定機器人', waiting: '請使用手機 QQ 掃描二維碼並確認綁定', scanned: '已掃碼，請在 QQ 中完成確認' },
+    },
+    lark: { title: '設定 Lark', ariaLabel: '設定 Lark 掃碼串接', qrAlt: '設定 Lark 二維碼', subtitle: '使用 Lark 掃描二維碼，自動建立並設定機器人', waiting: '請使用 Lark 掃描二維碼並確認建立', scanned: '已掃碼，請在 Lark 中完成確認' },
+    connectedRefreshFailed: (message: string) => `連線已完成，但狀態重新整理失敗：${message}`, close: (title: string) => `關閉${title}`,
+    generatingAria: '正在生成二維碼', privacy: '憑證僅儲存在本機，不會傳給 renderer 或 Maka 雲端。', openBrowser: '無法掃碼？在瀏覽器中開啟',
+    done: '完成', regenerate: '重新生成', refreshQr: '重新整理二維碼', cancel: '取消', generating: '正在生成安全二維碼…', connecting: '授權完成，正在儲存憑證並啟動連線…',
+    connected: (name: string) => `${name} 已連線`, connectedWarning: '憑證已儲存，但連線尚未成功啟動。', expired: '二維碼已過期，請重新生成', denied: '授權已取消，請重新生成二維碼', cancelled: '掃碼串接已取消', failed: '掃碼串接失敗，請重試', preparing: '準備掃碼串接…',
+  },
+  wechat: {
+    token: '微信 Bot Token', tokenPlaceholder: '本機 wechat-bridge Bearer Token', collapseAdvanced: '收起進階設定', expandAdvanced: '進階設定（公眾號 / 本機 bridge 地址）',
+    bridgeAddress: '本機 bridge 地址', appId: '公眾號 App ID', appIdPlaceholder: '微信公眾號 App ID',
+    appSecret: '公眾號 App Secret', appSecretPlaceholder: '微信公眾號 App Secret',
+    advancedNotice: '本機 bridge 預設為 http://127.0.0.1:18400。公眾號 App ID / App Secret 僅用於公眾號訊息傳送，個人微信掃碼登入走本機 bridge。',
+    readQrFailed: '讀取本機 wechat-bridge 二維碼失敗，請確認 bridge 已啟動。', title: '微信掃碼登入', subtitle: '使用手機微信掃描二維碼，並在手機上確認登入本機 wechat-bridge。', close: '關閉微信掃碼登入',
+    generating: '正在生成二維碼…', loggedIn: '微信已登入，返回後可以測試連線或重啟監聽。', expired: '二維碼已過期', expiredHint: '重新整理二維碼後重新掃碼即可繼續登入。', refreshing: '重新整理中…', refresh: '重新整理二維碼', qrAlt: '微信掃碼登入二維碼',
+    waiting: '等待掃碼確認… 視窗會每 3 秒重新整理登入狀態。', retrying: '重試中…', retry: '重試', bridgeGenerating: 'bridge 正在生成二維碼', bridgeGeneratingHint: '二維碼就緒後會自動顯示，也可以手動重新取得。', fetching: '取得中…', fetchAgain: '重新取得',
+  },
+} as const;
 
 export type BotSettingsCopy = WidenCopy<typeof zhCopy>;
 
@@ -143,7 +229,11 @@ const enCopy: BotSettingsCopy = {
   wechat: { token: 'WeChat Bot Token', tokenPlaceholder: 'Local wechat-bridge Bearer Token', collapseAdvanced: 'Hide advanced settings', expandAdvanced: 'Advanced settings (Official Account / local bridge URL)', bridgeAddress: 'Local bridge URL', appId: 'Official Account App ID', appIdPlaceholder: 'WeChat Official Account App ID', appSecret: 'Official Account App Secret', appSecretPlaceholder: 'WeChat Official Account App Secret', advancedNotice: 'The local bridge defaults to http://127.0.0.1:18400. Official Account App ID and App Secret are used only for Official Account messaging; personal WeChat QR sign-in uses the local bridge.', readQrFailed: 'Could not read a QR code from the local wechat-bridge. Make sure the bridge is running.', title: 'WeChat QR sign-in', subtitle: 'Scan the QR code with WeChat and confirm signing in to the local wechat-bridge on your phone.', close: 'Close WeChat QR sign-in', generating: 'Generating QR code…', loggedIn: 'WeChat is signed in. Return to test the connection or restart the listener.', expired: 'QR code expired', expiredHint: 'Refresh the QR code and scan again to continue signing in.', refreshing: 'Refreshing…', refresh: 'Refresh QR code', qrAlt: 'WeChat sign-in QR code', waiting: 'Waiting for confirmation… Sign-in status refreshes every 3 seconds.', retrying: 'Retrying…', retry: 'Retry', bridgeGenerating: 'The bridge is generating a QR code', bridgeGeneratingHint: 'The QR code appears automatically once ready; you can also fetch it again.', fetching: 'Fetching…', fetchAgain: 'Fetch again' },
 };
 
-const BOT_SETTINGS_COPY = { zh: zhCopy, en: enCopy } satisfies UiCatalog<BotSettingsCopy>;
+const BOT_SETTINGS_COPY = {
+  'zh-CN': zhCopy,
+  'zh-TW': zhTwCopy,
+  en: enCopy,
+} satisfies UiCatalog<BotSettingsCopy>;
 
 export function getBotSettingsCopy(locale: UiLocale): BotSettingsCopy {
   return BOT_SETTINGS_COPY[locale];
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-daily-review-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-daily-review-copy.ts
index 0c015bd453..489ba80480 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-daily-review-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-daily-review-copy.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export type DailyReviewSettingsCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_DAILY_REVIEW_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     defaultModel: '跟随任务默认',
     saveFailed: '保存每日回顾设置失败',
     aria: '每日回顾',
@@ -59,6 +59,25 @@ const SETTINGS_DAILY_REVIEW_COPY = {
     model: '分析模型',
     modelHelp: '未指定时跟随当前任务的默认模型。',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    defaultModel: '跟隨任務預設',
+    saveFailed: '儲存每日回顧設定失敗',
+    aria: '每日回顧',
+    unavailable: '目前版本無法讀取每日回顧設定。',
+    loadFailed: (error) => `讀取每日回顧設定失敗：${error}`,
+    scheduleTitle: '定時分析',
+    scheduleDescription: '按本地時間自動分析前一個完整自然日的活動。',
+    enabled: '啟用定時分析',
+    enabledHelp: '每天生成一份昨日活動分析。',
+    executeTime: '執行時間',
+    executeTimeHelp: '使用 24 小時制的本地時間。',
+    executeTimePlaceholder: 'HH:mm',
+    executeTimeInvalid: '請輸入 24 小時制時間，例如 08:00。',
+    analysisTitle: '分析',
+    analysisDescription: '選擇用於生成固定結構報告的模型。',
+    model: '分析模型',
+    modelHelp: '未指定時跟隨目前任務的預設模型。',
+  },
   en: {
     defaultModel: 'Follow task default',
     saveFailed: 'Failed to save Daily Review settings',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-data-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-data-copy.ts
index 7f38a86812..9ad0c79a31 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-data-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-data-copy.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export type DataSettingsCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_DATA_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     categories: {
       connections: { label: '模型连接', detail: '供应商连接与默认模型（不含密钥）' },
       settings: { label: '应用设置', detail: '常规、搜索、机器人、代理等设置' },
@@ -67,6 +67,33 @@ const SETTINGS_DATA_COPY = {
     sensitiveWarning: '⚠️ 密钥将以明文写入导出文件。任何拿到该文件的人都能使用这些密钥，请妥善保管、不要分享。',
     conflictAria: '导入时同名连接的处理方式', skip: '跳过', overwrite: '覆盖', exportConfig: '导出配置…', importConfig: '导入配置…',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    categories: {
+      connections: { label: '模型連線', detail: '供應商連線與預設模型（不含金鑰）' },
+      settings: { label: '應用設定', detail: '常規、搜尋、機器人、代理等設定' },
+      memory: { label: '本地記憶', detail: '本機 MEMORY.md 的內容' },
+      credentials: { label: '憑據（API 金鑰、權杖）', detail: '模型金鑰與訂閱權杖等敏感資訊', sensitive: true },
+    },
+    importSummary: {
+      connections: (created, overwritten, skipped) => `連線 新增${created}·覆蓋${overwritten}·跳過${skipped}`,
+      settings: '設定已應用', credentials: (applied, skipped) => skipped > 0 ? `憑據 ${applied}（跳過 ${skipped}）` : `憑據 ${applied}`,
+      memory: '記憶已應用', empty: '檔案不含可匯入的內容',
+    },
+    loadFailed: '載入資料目錄失敗', openFailed: (label) => `無法開啟${label}`, pathCopied: '已複製工作區路徑', copyFailed: '複製失敗', copyFailedDetail: '剪貼簿不可用或被系統拒絕。',
+    historyCleared: '已清空輸入歷史', historyClearedDetail: '已傳送的提示詞記錄已從本機移除。', selectCategory: '請至少選擇一個類別',
+    exported: '已匯出設定', exportedDetail: (items) => `包含：${items.join('、')}`, exportFailed: '匯出失敗', noCategories: '未選擇任何類別', tryAgain: '請稍後重試',
+    imported: '已匯入設定', importFailed: '匯入失敗', invalidFile: '檔案無效或版本不受支援。',
+    rows: {
+      workspace: '工作區路徑', workspaceDetail: '任務、設定、憑據和技能檔案都存在這個目錄下。', loadValueFailed: '載入失敗', loading: '正在載入…',
+      history: '輸入歷史', historyDetail: '上箭頭 / 下箭頭調出的已傳送提示詞記錄，儲存在本機、重啟後仍在。清空後無法恢復。',
+    },
+    actionsAria: '工作區資料操作', opening: '開啟中…', openWorkspace: '開啟工作區資料夾', copying: '複製中…', copyPath: '複製路徑', clearing: '清空中…', clearHistory: '清空輸入歷史',
+    backupTitle: '備份與恢復', backupNotice: '本機資料儲存在工作區。需要備份時先退出 Maka，再複製整個目錄；恢復時替換同一路徑後重啟。模型連線憑據隨工作區恢復後需要重新測試；訂閱帳號權杖通常需要重新登入。',
+    pathLoadFailed: (error) => `無法載入工作區路徑：${error}`, configAria: '設定匯入匯出', configTitle: '設定匯入匯出',
+    configHelp: '勾選要匯出的內容，生成一個 JSON 備份檔案；換機或重灌時可再匯入。預設不含金鑰。', categoryAria: '選擇匯出內容',
+    sensitiveWarning: '⚠️ 金鑰將以明文寫入匯出檔案。任何拿到該檔案的人都能使用這些金鑰，請妥善保管、不要分享。',
+    conflictAria: '匯入時同名連線的處理方式', skip: '跳過', overwrite: '覆蓋', exportConfig: '匯出設定…', importConfig: '匯入設定…',
+  },
   en: {
     categories: {
       connections: { label: 'Model connections', detail: 'Provider connections and default models (without secrets)' },
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-health-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-health-copy.ts
index 6bb4aebbb9..f1b9ed34f0 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-health-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-health-copy.ts
@@ -75,6 +75,71 @@ const layersZh: HealthCenterCopy['layers'] = {
   storage: { label: '存储', description: '工作区文件、JSONL、SQLite 等本地存储健康度。' },
 };
 
+const layersZhTw: HealthCenterCopy['layers'] = {
+  configuration: { label: '設定', description: '設定頁中的必填項目是否完整。' },
+  validation: { label: '驗證', description: '憑證與端點的連線測試結果；驗證通過不代表傳送路徑可用。' },
+  permission: { label: '系統權限', description: '所需的 OS 與 TCC 權限是否已授權。' },
+  feature: { label: '功能狀態', description: '功能是否已明確啟用，以及目前是否可用。' },
+  action_approval: { label: '操作核准', description: '工具呼叫與高風險操作的核准原則狀態。' },
+  memory_acceptance: { label: '記憶寫入', description: '是否已接受記憶寫入約定，以及是否已啟用寫入。' },
+  runtime_probe: { label: '執行狀態探測', description: '最近一次實際傳送、串流或事件接收的探測結果。' },
+  storage: { label: '儲存空間', description: '工作區檔案、JSONL、SQLite 和其他本機儲存空間的健康狀態。' },
+};
+
+const healthMessageZhTw: Readonly<Record<string, string>> = {
+  '连接已关闭。': '連線已關閉。',
+  '等待选择默认模型。': '等待選擇預設模型。',
+  '凭据与端点验证已通过。': '憑證與端點驗證已通過。',
+  '连接需要重新修复认证。': '連線需要重新完成驗證。',
+  '上次连接验证失败。': '上次連線驗證失敗。',
+  '没有启用任何模型。': '尚未啟用任何模型。',
+  '不是工作区的默认模型来源。': '不是工作區的預設模型來源。',
+  '等待验证连接。': '等待驗證連線。',
+  '等待完成发送运行态探测。': '等待完成傳送執行狀態探測。',
+  '能力门禁已满足。': '能力門檻已滿足。',
+  '能力已关闭或暂停。': '能力已關閉或暫停。',
+  '等待补齐能力配置。': '等待完成能力設定。',
+  '能力被必要系统权限阻塞。': '能力受到必要系統權限阻擋。',
+  '能力运行态探测处于降级状态。': '能力執行狀態探測目前處於降級狀態。',
+  '最近一次发送已完成。': '最近一次傳送已完成。',
+  '最近一次发送已由用户停止。': '最近一次傳送已由使用者停止。',
+  '最近一次发送失败。': '最近一次傳送失敗。',
+};
+
+const healthDetailZhTw: Readonly<Record<string, string>> = {
+  '这是连接验证结果，不代表发送、流式输出或中断通路已经运行通过。': '這是連線驗證結果，不代表傳送、串流輸出或中斷路徑已實際執行成功。',
+  '在 设置 · 模型 的连接详情里启用至少一个模型后才能使用该连接。': '請在「設定・模型」的連線詳細資料中啟用至少一個模型，才能使用此連線。',
+  '在任务中显式选择该连接的模型即可正常使用;新对话的默认模型在 设置 · 通用 配置。': '在任務中明確選擇此連線的模型即可使用；新對話的預設模型可在「設定・一般」中設定。',
+  '凭据验证与真实发送、流式输出、中断通路是两层健康信号。': '憑證驗證與實際傳送、串流輸出、中斷路徑是兩層不同的健康訊號。',
+  '该能力当前已关闭。': '此能力目前已關閉。',
+  '等待填写平台凭据。': '等待填寫平台憑證。',
+  '仅 macOS 系统权限可探测。': '只能探測 macOS 系統權限。',
+  '系统未提供可直接读取的授权状态。': '系統未提供可直接讀取的授權狀態。',
+  '状态详情请见对应设置页。': '狀態詳細資料請參閱對應的設定頁。',
+};
+
+function healthSignalLabelZhTw(signal: HealthSignal): string {
+  return signal.label.endsWith(' 运行态')
+    ? `${signal.label.slice(0, -' 运行态'.length)} 執行狀態`
+    : signal.label;
+}
+
+function healthSignalMessageZhTw(signal: HealthSignal): string {
+  return healthMessageZhTw[signal.message]
+    ?? (/[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(signal.message) ? '健康狀態已更新。' : signal.message);
+}
+
+function healthSignalDetailZhTw(signal: HealthSignal): string | undefined {
+  if (!signal.detail) return undefined;
+  const runtimeDetail = /^模型=(.*?) · 延迟=(\d+)ms(?: · 错误类型=(.*))?$/u.exec(signal.detail);
+  if (runtimeDetail) {
+    const [, model, latency, errorClass] = runtimeDetail;
+    return `模型=${model} · 延遲=${latency}ms${errorClass ? ` · 錯誤類型=${errorClass}` : ''}`;
+  }
+  return healthDetailZhTw[signal.detail]
+    ?? (/[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(signal.detail) ? '詳細資料請參閱對應的設定頁。' : signal.detail);
+}
+
 const layersEn: HealthCenterCopy['layers'] = {
   configuration: { label: 'Configuration', description: 'Whether required settings are complete.' },
   validation: { label: 'Validation', description: 'Credential and endpoint connectivity results. A passing validation does not prove the send path works.' },
@@ -87,7 +152,7 @@ const layersEn: HealthCenterCopy['layers'] = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_HEALTH_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     loading: '正在加载健康快照', readFailed: '无法读取健康快照', noData: '健康服务未返回数据。', readAgain: '重新读取',
     title: '健康中心', subtitle: '各项能力当前的运行状况检查。',
     badge: '只读快照', lastRead: '最近一次读取：', refresh: '刷新', summaryAria: '按状态筛选健康信号', summaryFilterAria: (label, count, selected) => selected ? `${label} ${count} 项，当前筛选；再次按下显示全部` : `仅显示${label}健康信号，共 ${count} 项`,
@@ -106,6 +171,25 @@ const SETTINGS_HEALTH_COPY = {
     signalMessage: (signal) => signal.message,
     signalDetail: (signal) => signal.detail,
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    loading: '正在載入健康快照', readFailed: '無法讀取健康快照', noData: '健康服務未返回資料。', readAgain: '重新讀取',
+    title: '健康中心', subtitle: '各項能力目前的執行狀況檢查。',
+    badge: '只讀快照', lastRead: '最近一次讀取：', refresh: '重新整理', summaryAria: '按狀態篩選健康訊號', summaryFilterAria: (label, count, selected) => selected ? `${label} ${count} 項，目前篩選；再次按下顯示全部` : `僅顯示${label}健康訊號，共 ${count} 項`,
+    blockers: {
+      send: (count, totalCount) => `全部健康訊號中，${count}/${totalCount} 條會阻塞傳送`,
+      capability: (count, totalCount) => `全部健康訊號中，${count}/${totalCount} 條會阻塞能力`,
+    },
+    layerAria: (label) => `${label}健康訊號`, layerListAria: (label) => `${label}健康訊號列表`,
+    footnote: '本頁不直接執行測試、修復或權限變更；它只彙總目前已記錄的健康訊號。需要處理問題時，請進入對應設定頁或重新觸發相關功能。',
+    layers: layersZhTw,
+    statuses: { ok: { label: '正常', tone: 'neutral' }, info: { label: '提示', tone: 'neutral' }, warning: { label: '警告', tone: 'attention' }, error: { label: '錯誤', tone: 'error' }, unknown: { label: '未知', tone: 'neutral' } },
+    scopes: { app: '應用', llm_connection: 'LLM 連線', bot: '機器人', capability: '能力', storage: '儲存' },
+    sources: { connection_test: '連線測試', capability_snapshot: '能力快照', permission_snapshot: '權限快照', runtime_probe: '執行態探測', settings: '設定', storage: '本地儲存' },
+    source: '來源：', blocksSend: '阻塞傳送', blocksCapability: '阻塞能力',
+    signalLabel: healthSignalLabelZhTw,
+    signalMessage: healthSignalMessageZhTw,
+    signalDetail: healthSignalDetailZhTw,
+  },
   en: {
     loading: 'Loading health snapshot', readFailed: 'Could not read health snapshot', noData: 'The health service returned no data.', readAgain: 'Read again',
     title: 'Health center', subtitle: 'How each capability is currently doing.',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-memory-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-memory-copy.ts
index 3c8685a733..39dfd21856 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-memory-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-memory-copy.ts
@@ -82,14 +82,21 @@ const zhText = {
   localFile: '本地 MEMORY.md', localFileHelp: '透明 Markdown 文件，保存在当前本机工作区。这里的内容不会自动从聊天里抽取。', enableLocalFile: '启用本地 MEMORY.md', agentReadable: '模型上下文可读取', agentReadableHelp: '默认关闭。开启后，发送消息时会把本地记忆一并提供给模型；隐身模式下仍然不提供。', enableAgentRead: '允许模型上下文读取本地记忆', waitingFile: '等待创建 MEMORY.md', waitingBackup: '等待生成上一版备份', dirty: '有未保存修改', savedDraft: '草稿已保存', backupCandidates: '备份候选', backupCandidatesAria: '本地记忆备份候选列表', opening: '打开中…', open: '打开', restoring: '恢复中…', restore: '恢复', copying: '复制中…', copyReference: '复制引用', backupHelp: '上一版操作会使用最近的候选；这里只显示 metadata，不展示备份正文。', savedAt: '保存于 ', previewPaused: '草稿条目预览暂停', filterAria: '筛选本地记忆', filterPlaceholder: '筛选标题、内容、ID 或标签', clear: '清除', filterEmpty: '没有匹配的记忆条目', filterEmptyHelp: '筛选不会修改 MEMORY.md；清除筛选后会恢复显示全部条目。', activeMemories: '生效记忆', archivedMemories: '已归档记忆', waitingEntry: '等待添加记忆条目', waitingEntryHelp: '在任务里确认记忆，或点右上角「添加记忆」。', manualAddAria: '手动添加本地记忆', manualAdd: '手动添加记忆', manualAddHelp: '填写后立即写入本机 MEMORY.md。', title: '记忆标题', titlePlaceholder: '标题', tags: '记忆标签', tagsPlaceholder: '标签（逗号分隔，可选）', content: '记忆内容', contentPlaceholder: '内容', addDraft: '添加记忆', sensitiveDraft: '草稿含疑似敏感字段', sensitiveDraftHelp: '保存时会先遮蔽疑似 token、API key 或密码，再写入 MEMORY.md。', fileContent: 'MEMORY.md 内容', fileActionsAria: 'MEMORY.md 文件操作', saving: '保存中…', save: '保存', saved: '已保存', openFile: '打开 MEMORY.md', openFolder: '打开所在目录', loading: '载入中…', reload: '重新载入', openPrevious: '打开上一版', copyPath: '复制路径', copyPrevious: '复制上一版引用', resetting: '重置中…', resetBackup: '重置并备份', restorePrevious: '恢复上一版', archiveDraftNotice: '当前归档/恢复操作只更新草稿，保存后才会写入 MEMORY.md。', noMatchEntry: '无匹配条目。', noEntry: '暂无条目。', created: '创建 ', updated: '更新 ', archivedNoPrompt: '已归档，不会提供给模型', activePrompt: '生效条目，发送时会提供给模型', locateDraft: '定位草稿', promptPreview: '模型上下文预览', willInject: '发送时会提供', willNotInject: '当前不会提供', copyContext: '复制上下文', promptPreviewHelp: '这里是发送时会提供给模型的内容；已归档条目不在其中，疑似密钥会遮蔽。', safeModePreview: 'MEMORY.md 过大，当前不会生成模型上下文预览。', emptyPromptPreview: '没有生效记忆会提供给模型。', loadFailed: '载入本地记忆失败', reloaded: '已重新载入 MEMORY.md', reloadDiscarded: '未保存的草稿修改已丢弃。', toggleFailed: '更新本地记忆开关失败', agentReadFailed: '更新模型读取权限失败', saveBlocked: '保存被拦截', safeMode: 'MEMORY.md 内容过大，已进入安全模式。', savedRedacted: '已保存并遮蔽敏感字段', savedFile: '已保存 MEMORY.md', saveFailed: '保存 MEMORY.md 失败', resetDone: '已重置 MEMORY.md', resetDoneDetail: '上一版已保存为备份文件。', resetFailed: '重置 MEMORY.md 失败', noBackup: '没有可恢复备份', noBackupDetail: '保存或重置 MEMORY.md 后才会生成上一版备份。', restoreLatestTitle: '恢复上一版 MEMORY.md？', restoreCandidateTitle: '恢复这个 MEMORY.md 备份？', confirmRestore: '恢复', cancel: '取消', restoredLatest: '已恢复上一版 MEMORY.md', restoredCandidate: '已恢复 MEMORY.md 备份候选', restoredDetail: '恢复前的当前文件已保存为 restore.bak。', restoreFailed: '恢复失败', restoreLatestFailed: '恢复上一版失败', restoreCandidateFailed: '恢复备份失败', openFailed: '打开失败', openPreviousFailed: '打开上一版失败', pathCopied: '已复制路径', copyFailed: '复制失败', copyFailedDetail: '剪贴板不可用或被系统拒绝。', backupReferenceCopied: '已复制上一版引用', entryReferenceCopied: '已复制记忆引用', locateFailed: '无法定位记忆', locateFailedDetail: '当前草稿里找不到这条记忆；请先保存或刷新后重试。', emptyTitle: '标题不能为空', emptyTitleDetail: '给这条记忆起一个短标题。', emptyContent: '内容不能为空', emptyContentDetail: '写下要保留的偏好或事实。', draftOversize: '草稿过大', oversizeDetail: 'MEMORY.md 超出安全上限，请先删减旧内容。', addedDraft: '已添加记忆', addedDraftDetail: '已写入 MEMORY.md。', updateFailed: '无法更新记忆', invalidIdDetail: '这条记忆没有可识别 ID，已停止更新。', archivedDraft: '已在草稿中归档记忆', restoredDraft: '已在草稿中恢复记忆', updateBlocked: '更新被拦截', archived: '已归档记忆', restored: '已恢复记忆', archiveFailed: '归档记忆失败', entryRestoreFailed: '恢复记忆失败', promptCopied: '已复制模型上下文预览', promptCopiedDetail: '使用同一条 prompt 预览和遮蔽路径。', restoreDraftAction: '恢复到草稿', archiveDraftAction: '归档到草稿', restoreAction: '恢复', archiveAction: '归档',
 } satisfies Record<MemoryTextKey, string>;
 
+const zhTwText = {
+  localFile: '本地 MEMORY.md', localFileHelp: '透明 Markdown 檔案，儲存在目前本機工作區。這裡的內容不會自動從聊天裡抽取。', enableLocalFile: '啟用本地 MEMORY.md', agentReadable: '模型上下文可讀取', agentReadableHelp: '預設關閉。開啟後，傳送訊息時會把本地記憶一併提供給模型；隱身模式下仍然不提供。', enableAgentRead: '允許模型上下文讀取本地記憶', waitingFile: '等待建立 MEMORY.md', waitingBackup: '等待生成上一版備份', dirty: '有未儲存修改', savedDraft: '草稿已儲存', backupCandidates: '備份候選', backupCandidatesAria: '本地記憶備份候選列表', opening: '開啟中…', open: '開啟', restoring: '恢復中…', restore: '恢復', copying: '複製中…', copyReference: '複製引用', backupHelp: '上一版操作會使用最近的候選；這裡只顯示 metadata，不展示備份正文。', savedAt: '儲存於 ', previewPaused: '草稿條目預覽暫停', filterAria: '篩選本地記憶', filterPlaceholder: '篩選標題、內容、ID 或標籤', clear: '清除', filterEmpty: '沒有符合的記憶條目', filterEmptyHelp: '篩選不會修改 MEMORY.md；清除篩選後會恢復顯示全部條目。', activeMemories: '生效記憶', archivedMemories: '已歸檔記憶', waitingEntry: '等待新增記憶條目', waitingEntryHelp: '在任務裡確認記憶，或點右上角「新增記憶」。', manualAddAria: '手動新增本地記憶', manualAdd: '手動新增記憶', manualAddHelp: '填寫後立即寫入本機 MEMORY.md。', title: '記憶標題', titlePlaceholder: '標題', tags: '記憶標籤', tagsPlaceholder: '標籤（逗號分隔，可選）', content: '記憶內容', contentPlaceholder: '內容', addDraft: '新增記憶', sensitiveDraft: '草稿含疑似敏感欄位', sensitiveDraftHelp: '儲存時會先遮蔽疑似 token、API key 或密碼，再寫入 MEMORY.md。', fileContent: 'MEMORY.md 內容', fileActionsAria: 'MEMORY.md 檔案操作', saving: '儲存中…', save: '儲存', saved: '已儲存', openFile: '開啟 MEMORY.md', openFolder: '開啟所在目錄', loading: '載入中…', reload: '重新載入', openPrevious: '開啟上一版', copyPath: '複製路徑', copyPrevious: '複製上一版引用', resetting: '重置中…', resetBackup: '重置並備份', restorePrevious: '恢復上一版', archiveDraftNotice: '目前歸檔/恢復操作只更新草稿，儲存後才會寫入 MEMORY.md。', noMatchEntry: '無符合條目。', noEntry: '暫無條目。', created: '建立 ', updated: '更新 ', archivedNoPrompt: '已歸檔，不會提供給模型', activePrompt: '生效條目，傳送時會提供給模型', locateDraft: '定位草稿', promptPreview: '模型上下文預覽', willInject: '傳送時會提供', willNotInject: '目前不會提供', copyContext: '複製上下文', promptPreviewHelp: '這裡是傳送時會提供給模型的內容；已歸檔條目不在其中，疑似金鑰會遮蔽。', safeModePreview: 'MEMORY.md 過大，目前不會生成模型上下文預覽。', emptyPromptPreview: '沒有生效記憶會提供給模型。', loadFailed: '載入本地記憶失敗', reloaded: '已重新載入 MEMORY.md', reloadDiscarded: '未儲存的草稿修改已丟棄。', toggleFailed: '更新本地記憶開關失敗', agentReadFailed: '更新模型讀取權限失敗', saveBlocked: '儲存被攔截', safeMode: 'MEMORY.md 內容過大，已進入安全模式。', savedRedacted: '已儲存並遮蔽敏感欄位', savedFile: '已儲存 MEMORY.md', saveFailed: '儲存 MEMORY.md 失敗', resetDone: '已重置 MEMORY.md', resetDoneDetail: '上一版已儲存為備份檔案。', resetFailed: '重置 MEMORY.md 失敗', noBackup: '沒有可恢復備份', noBackupDetail: '儲存或重置 MEMORY.md 後才會生成上一版備份。', restoreLatestTitle: '恢復上一版 MEMORY.md？', restoreCandidateTitle: '恢復這個 MEMORY.md 備份？', confirmRestore: '恢復', cancel: '取消', restoredLatest: '已恢復上一版 MEMORY.md', restoredCandidate: '已恢復 MEMORY.md 備份候選', restoredDetail: '恢復前的目前檔案已儲存為 restore.bak。', restoreFailed: '恢復失敗', restoreLatestFailed: '恢復上一版失敗', restoreCandidateFailed: '恢復備份失敗', openFailed: '開啟失敗', openPreviousFailed: '開啟上一版失敗', pathCopied: '已複製路徑', copyFailed: '複製失敗', copyFailedDetail: '剪貼簿不可用或被系統拒絕。', backupReferenceCopied: '已複製上一版引用', entryReferenceCopied: '已複製記憶引用', locateFailed: '無法定位記憶', locateFailedDetail: '目前草稿裡找不到這條記憶；請先儲存或重新整理後重試。', emptyTitle: '標題不能為空', emptyTitleDetail: '給這條記憶起一個短標題。', emptyContent: '內容不能為空', emptyContentDetail: '寫下要保留的偏好或事實。', draftOversize: '草稿過大', oversizeDetail: 'MEMORY.md 超出安全上限，請先刪減舊內容。', addedDraft: '已新增記憶', addedDraftDetail: '已寫入 MEMORY.md。', updateFailed: '無法更新記憶', invalidIdDetail: '這條記憶沒有可識別 ID，已停止更新。', archivedDraft: '已在草稿中歸檔記憶', restoredDraft: '已在草稿中恢復記憶', updateBlocked: '更新被攔截', archived: '已歸檔記憶', restored: '已恢復記憶', archiveFailed: '歸檔記憶失敗', entryRestoreFailed: '恢復記憶失敗', promptCopied: '已複製模型上下文預覽', promptCopiedDetail: '使用同一條 prompt 預覽和遮蔽路徑。', restoreDraftAction: '恢復到草稿', archiveDraftAction: '歸檔到草稿', restoreAction: '恢復', archiveAction: '歸檔',
+} satisfies Record<MemoryTextKey, string>;
+
 const enText = {
   localFile: 'Local MEMORY.md', localFileHelp: 'A transparent Markdown file stored in the current local workspace. Content is never extracted from chats automatically.', enableLocalFile: 'Enable local MEMORY.md', agentReadable: 'Available to model context', agentReadableHelp: 'Off by default. When enabled, local memory is given to the model along with your message; incognito mode still withholds it.', enableAgentRead: 'Allow model context to read local memory', waitingFile: 'Waiting to create MEMORY.md', waitingBackup: 'Waiting to create a previous-version backup', dirty: 'Unsaved changes', savedDraft: 'Draft saved', backupCandidates: 'Backup candidates', backupCandidatesAria: 'Local memory backup candidates', opening: 'Opening…', open: 'Open', restoring: 'Restoring…', restore: 'Restore', copying: 'Copying…', copyReference: 'Copy reference', backupHelp: 'Previous-version actions use the latest candidate. Only metadata is shown here, never backup contents.', savedAt: 'Saved ', previewPaused: 'Draft entry preview paused', filterAria: 'Filter local memory', filterPlaceholder: 'Filter title, content, ID, or tags', clear: 'Clear', filterEmpty: 'No matching memory entries', filterEmptyHelp: 'Filtering does not modify MEMORY.md. Clear the filter to show all entries.', activeMemories: 'Active memories', archivedMemories: 'Archived memories', waitingEntry: 'Ready to add a memory entry', waitingEntryHelp: 'Confirm a memory in chat, or use "Add memory" above.', manualAddAria: 'Add local memory manually', manualAdd: 'Add memory manually', manualAddHelp: 'Written to the local MEMORY.md immediately.', title: 'Memory title', titlePlaceholder: 'Title', tags: 'Memory tags', tagsPlaceholder: 'Tags (comma-separated, optional)', content: 'Memory content', contentPlaceholder: 'Content', addDraft: 'Add memory', sensitiveDraft: 'Draft may contain sensitive fields', sensitiveDraftHelp: 'Suspected tokens, API keys, and passwords are redacted before MEMORY.md is written.', fileContent: 'MEMORY.md content', fileActionsAria: 'MEMORY.md file actions', saving: 'Saving…', save: 'Save', saved: 'Saved', openFile: 'Open MEMORY.md', openFolder: 'Open containing folder', loading: 'Loading…', reload: 'Reload', openPrevious: 'Open previous version', copyPath: 'Copy path', copyPrevious: 'Copy previous-version reference', resetting: 'Resetting…', resetBackup: 'Reset and back up', restorePrevious: 'Restore previous version', archiveDraftNotice: 'Archive and restore actions update only the draft until you save MEMORY.md.', noMatchEntry: 'No matching entries.', noEntry: 'No entries yet.', created: 'Created ', updated: 'Updated ', archivedNoPrompt: 'Archived; not given to the model', activePrompt: 'Active entry; given to the model when you send', locateDraft: 'Locate in draft', promptPreview: 'Model context preview', willInject: 'Included when sending', willNotInject: 'Not currently included', copyContext: 'Copy context', promptPreviewHelp: 'What will be given to the model when you send. Archived entries are excluded and suspected secrets are redacted.', safeModePreview: 'MEMORY.md is too large, so no model-context preview is generated.', emptyPromptPreview: 'No active memories will be given to the model.', loadFailed: 'Failed to load local memory', reloaded: 'MEMORY.md reloaded', reloadDiscarded: 'Unsaved draft changes were discarded.', toggleFailed: 'Failed to update local memory', agentReadFailed: 'Failed to update model read access', saveBlocked: 'Save blocked', safeMode: 'MEMORY.md is too large and entered safe mode.', savedRedacted: 'Saved with sensitive fields redacted', savedFile: 'MEMORY.md saved', saveFailed: 'Failed to save MEMORY.md', resetDone: 'MEMORY.md reset', resetDoneDetail: 'The previous version was saved as a backup.', resetFailed: 'Failed to reset MEMORY.md', noBackup: 'No backup available to restore', noBackupDetail: 'A previous-version backup is created after you save or reset MEMORY.md.', restoreLatestTitle: 'Restore the previous MEMORY.md version?', restoreCandidateTitle: 'Restore this MEMORY.md backup?', confirmRestore: 'Restore', cancel: 'Cancel', restoredLatest: 'Previous MEMORY.md version restored', restoredCandidate: 'MEMORY.md backup candidate restored', restoredDetail: 'The file from before the restore was saved as restore.bak.', restoreFailed: 'Restore failed', restoreLatestFailed: 'Failed to restore previous version', restoreCandidateFailed: 'Failed to restore backup', openFailed: 'Open failed', openPreviousFailed: 'Failed to open previous version', pathCopied: 'Path copied', copyFailed: 'Copy failed', copyFailedDetail: 'The clipboard is unavailable or access was denied by the system.', backupReferenceCopied: 'Previous-version reference copied', entryReferenceCopied: 'Memory reference copied', locateFailed: 'Could not locate memory', locateFailedDetail: 'This memory is not in the current draft. Save or reload, then try again.', emptyTitle: 'Title is required', emptyTitleDetail: 'Give this memory a short title.', emptyContent: 'Content is required', emptyContentDetail: 'Enter the preference or fact to retain.', draftOversize: 'Draft is too large', oversizeDetail: 'MEMORY.md exceeds the safety limit. Remove older content first.', addedDraft: 'Memory added', addedDraftDetail: 'Written to MEMORY.md.', updateFailed: 'Could not update memory', invalidIdDetail: 'This memory has no recognizable ID, so the update was stopped.', archivedDraft: 'Memory archived in draft', restoredDraft: 'Memory restored in draft', updateBlocked: 'Update blocked', archived: 'Memory archived', restored: 'Memory restored', archiveFailed: 'Failed to archive memory', entryRestoreFailed: 'Failed to restore memory', promptCopied: 'Model context preview copied', promptCopiedDetail: 'Uses the same prompt-preview and redaction path.', restoreDraftAction: 'Restore to draft', archiveDraftAction: 'Archive in draft', restoreAction: 'Restore', archiveAction: 'Archive',
 } satisfies Record<MemoryTextKey, string>;
 
 const SETTINGS_MEMORY_COPY = {
-  zh: makeCopy('zh-CN', zhText, {
+  'zh-CN': makeCopy('zh-CN', zhText, {
     origins: { manual: '手动记录', imported: '导入记录', extracted: '确认提取', unknown: '手写条目' }, entryStatuses: { draft: '草稿', review_required: '待确认', active: '生效', archived: '已归档', rejected: '已拒绝', unknown: '未识别' }, backupKinds: { reset: '重置前备份', restore: '恢复前备份', save: '保存前备份' }, memoryStatuses: { ok: '本地文件已就绪', disabled: '已关闭', safe_mode: '安全模式', incognito_blocked: '隐身禁用', error: '读取失败' }, promptBlocked: { disabled: '本地记忆已关闭。', incognito: '隐身模式下不会提供本地记忆。', safeMode: 'MEMORY.md 过大，当前不会提供。', agentRead: '模型上下文读取未开启。' }, backupOversize: '备份过大，无法预览条目', previewOversize: '草稿过大，条目预览已暂停；保存前请先删减 MEMORY.md 内容。', previewTruncationMarker: '[本地记忆已按长度截断]',
   }),
+  'zh-TW': makeCopy('zh-TW', zhTwText, {
+    origins: { manual: '手動記錄', imported: '匯入記錄', extracted: '確認提取', unknown: '手寫條目' }, entryStatuses: { draft: '草稿', review_required: '待確認', active: '生效', archived: '已歸檔', rejected: '已拒絕', unknown: '未識別' }, backupKinds: { reset: '重置前備份', restore: '恢復前備份', save: '儲存前備份' }, memoryStatuses: { ok: '本地檔案已就緒', disabled: '已關閉', safe_mode: '安全模式', incognito_blocked: '隱身停用', error: '讀取失敗' }, promptBlocked: { disabled: '本地記憶已關閉。', incognito: '隱身模式下不會提供本地記憶。', safeMode: 'MEMORY.md 過大，目前不會提供。', agentRead: '模型上下文讀取未開啟。' }, backupOversize: '備份過大，無法預覽條目', previewOversize: '草稿過大，條目預覽已暫停；儲存前請先刪減 MEMORY.md 內容。', previewTruncationMarker: '[本地記憶已按長度截斷]',
+  }),
   en: makeCopy('en-US', enText, {
     origins: { manual: 'Manual entry', imported: 'Imported entry', extracted: 'Confirmed extraction', unknown: 'Handwritten entry' }, entryStatuses: { draft: 'Draft', review_required: 'Needs review', active: 'Active', archived: 'Archived', rejected: 'Rejected', unknown: 'Unrecognized' }, backupKinds: { reset: 'Before reset', restore: 'Before restore', save: 'Before save' }, memoryStatuses: { ok: 'Local file ready', disabled: 'Off', safe_mode: 'Safe mode', incognito_blocked: 'Disabled in incognito', error: 'Read failed' }, promptBlocked: { disabled: 'Local memory is disabled.', incognito: 'Local memory is never added in incognito mode.', safeMode: 'MEMORY.md is too large and will not be added.', agentRead: 'Model context access is disabled.' }, backupOversize: 'Backup is too large to preview entries', previewOversize: 'The draft is too large, so entry preview is paused. Reduce MEMORY.md before saving.', previewTruncationMarker: '[Local memory truncated to the length limit]',
   }),
@@ -99,26 +106,28 @@ export function getMemorySettingsCopy(locale: UiLocale): MemorySettingsCopy { re
 
 function makeCopy(intlLocale: string, text: Record<MemoryTextKey, string>, values: Pick<MemorySettingsCopy, 'origins' | 'entryStatuses' | 'backupKinds' | 'memoryStatuses' | 'promptBlocked' | 'backupOversize' | 'previewOversize' | 'previewTruncationMarker'>): MemorySettingsCopy {
   const plural = (count: number, one: string, many: string) => `${count} ${count === 1 ? one : many}`;
-  const isZh = intlLocale === 'zh-CN';
+  const isZh = intlLocale !== 'en-US';
+  const isZhTw = intlLocale === 'zh-TW';
+  const zh = (simplified: string, traditional: string) => isZhTw ? traditional : simplified;
   return {
     intlLocale, text, ...values,
-    countActive: (count, draft) => isZh ? `${draft ? '草稿 ' : ''}${count} 条生效` : `${draft ? 'Draft · ' : ''}${plural(count, 'active entry', 'active entries')}`,
-    countArchived: (count, draft) => isZh ? `${draft ? '草稿 ' : ''}${count} 条已归档` : `${draft ? 'Draft · ' : ''}${plural(count, 'archived entry', 'archived entries')}`,
-    saveSummary: (active, archived) => isZh ? `当前 ${active} 条生效${archived > 0 ? ` / ${archived} 条已归档` : ''}；已保留上一版备份。` : `${plural(active, 'active entry', 'active entries')}${archived > 0 ? ` / ${plural(archived, 'archived entry', 'archived entries')}` : ''}; the previous version was backed up.`,
-    backupSummary: (active, archived) => isZh ? `${active} 条生效${archived > 0 ? ` / ${archived} 条已归档` : ''}` : `${plural(active, 'active entry', 'active entries')}${archived > 0 ? ` / ${plural(archived, 'archived entry', 'archived entries')}` : ''}`,
-    countEntries: (count) => isZh ? `${count} 条记忆` : plural(count, 'memory', 'memories'),
-    countMatches: (filtered, total) => isZh ? `${filtered} / ${total} 条匹配` : `${filtered} / ${total} matching`,
-    listAria: (title) => isZh ? `${title}列表` : `${title} list`,
-    entryActionsAria: (title) => isZh ? `${title} 记忆操作` : `${title} memory actions`,
+    countActive: (count, draft) => isZh ? `${draft ? '草稿 ' : ''}${count} ${zh('条生效', '則生效')}` : `${draft ? 'Draft · ' : ''}${plural(count, 'active entry', 'active entries')}`,
+    countArchived: (count, draft) => isZh ? `${draft ? '草稿 ' : ''}${count} ${zh('条已归档', '則已歸檔')}` : `${draft ? 'Draft · ' : ''}${plural(count, 'archived entry', 'archived entries')}`,
+    saveSummary: (active, archived) => isZh ? `${zh('当前', '目前')} ${active} ${zh('条生效', '則生效')}${archived > 0 ? ` / ${archived} ${zh('条已归档', '則已歸檔')}` : ''}；${zh('已保留上一版备份。', '已保留上一版備份。')}` : `${plural(active, 'active entry', 'active entries')}${archived > 0 ? ` / ${plural(archived, 'archived entry', 'archived entries')}` : ''}; the previous version was backed up.`,
+    backupSummary: (active, archived) => isZh ? `${active} ${zh('条生效', '則生效')}${archived > 0 ? ` / ${archived} ${zh('条已归档', '則已歸檔')}` : ''}` : `${plural(active, 'active entry', 'active entries')}${archived > 0 ? ` / ${plural(archived, 'archived entry', 'archived entries')}` : ''}`,
+    countEntries: (count) => isZh ? `${count} ${zh('条记忆', '則記憶')}` : plural(count, 'memory', 'memories'),
+    countMatches: (filtered, total) => isZh ? `${filtered} / ${total} ${zh('条匹配', '則符合')}` : `${filtered} / ${total} matching`,
+    listAria: (title) => isZh ? `${title}${zh('列表', '清單')}` : `${title} list`,
+    entryActionsAria: (title) => isZh ? `${title} ${zh('记忆操作', '記憶操作')}` : `${title} memory actions`,
     entryActionAria: (action, identity) => isZh ? `${action}：${identity}` : `${action}: ${identity}`,
-    openBackupAria: (label) => isZh ? `打开备份候选 ${label}` : `Open backup candidate ${label}`, restoreBackupAria: (label) => isZh ? `恢复备份候选 ${label}` : `Restore backup candidate ${label}`, copyBackupAria: (label) => isZh ? `复制备份候选引用 ${label}` : `Copy backup candidate reference ${label}`,
-    draftStatusAria: (action) => isZh ? `${action}，保存前不会写入 MEMORY.md` : `${action}; MEMORY.md is not written until you save`,
-    restoreLatestDescription: (label) => isZh ? `会先备份当前 MEMORY.md，再用最近一次备份覆盖当前文件。将恢复：${label}` : `The current MEMORY.md will be backed up before the latest backup replaces it. Restore: ${label}`,
-    restoreCandidateDescription: (label) => isZh ? `会先备份当前 MEMORY.md，再用选中的备份覆盖当前文件。将恢复：${label}` : `The current MEMORY.md will be backed up before the selected backup replaces it. Restore: ${label}`,
-    redactedDetail: (summary) => isZh ? `写入前已替换疑似 token、API key 或密码；${summary}` : `Suspected tokens, API keys, or passwords were redacted before writing; ${summary}`,
-    openBackupFailed: (kind) => isZh ? `打开${kind}失败` : `Failed to open ${kind}`,
-    previewTruncated: (limit) => isZh ? `预览已按 ${limit} 字符上限截断` : `Preview truncated at the ${limit}-character limit`,
-    previewUsage: (length, limit) => isZh ? `预览 ${length} / ${limit} 字符` : `Preview ${length} / ${limit} characters`,
-    previewLimit: (limit) => isZh ? `prompt 上限 ${limit} 字符` : `Prompt limit: ${limit} characters`,
+    openBackupAria: (label) => isZh ? `${zh('打开备份候选', '開啟備份候選')} ${label}` : `Open backup candidate ${label}`, restoreBackupAria: (label) => isZh ? `${zh('恢复备份候选', '還原備份候選')} ${label}` : `Restore backup candidate ${label}`, copyBackupAria: (label) => isZh ? `${zh('复制备份候选引用', '複製備份候選引用')} ${label}` : `Copy backup candidate reference ${label}`,
+    draftStatusAria: (action) => isZh ? `${action}，${zh('保存前不会写入', '儲存前不會寫入')} MEMORY.md` : `${action}; MEMORY.md is not written until you save`,
+    restoreLatestDescription: (label) => isZh ? `${zh('会先备份当前 MEMORY.md，再用最近一次备份覆盖当前文件。将恢复', '會先備份目前的 MEMORY.md，再以最近一次備份覆蓋目前檔案。將還原')}：${label}` : `The current MEMORY.md will be backed up before the latest backup replaces it. Restore: ${label}`,
+    restoreCandidateDescription: (label) => isZh ? `${zh('会先备份当前 MEMORY.md，再用选中的备份覆盖当前文件。将恢复', '會先備份目前的 MEMORY.md，再以選取的備份覆蓋目前檔案。將還原')}：${label}` : `The current MEMORY.md will be backed up before the selected backup replaces it. Restore: ${label}`,
+    redactedDetail: (summary) => isZh ? `${zh('写入前已替换疑似', '寫入前已遮蔽疑似')} token、API key ${zh('或密码', '或密碼')}；${summary}` : `Suspected tokens, API keys, or passwords were redacted before writing; ${summary}`,
+    openBackupFailed: (kind) => isZh ? `${zh('打开', '開啟')}${kind}${zh('失败', '失敗')}` : `Failed to open ${kind}`,
+    previewTruncated: (limit) => isZh ? `${zh('预览已按', '預覽已依')} ${limit} ${zh('字符上限截断', '字元上限截斷')}` : `Preview truncated at the ${limit}-character limit`,
+    previewUsage: (length, limit) => isZh ? `${zh('预览', '預覽')} ${length} / ${limit} ${zh('字符', '字元')}` : `Preview ${length} / ${limit} characters`,
+    previewLimit: (limit) => isZh ? `prompt ${zh('上限', '上限')} ${limit} ${zh('字符', '字元')}` : `Prompt limit: ${limit} characters`,
   };
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-navigation-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-navigation-copy.ts
index 0bfb6ba761..a2d35bab09 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-navigation-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-navigation-copy.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export type SettingsNavigationCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_NAVIGATION_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     groups: {
       preferences: '偏好',
       capabilities: '能力',
@@ -53,6 +53,32 @@ const SETTINGS_NAVIGATION_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
       about: { label: '关于', description: '版本、运行环境与隐私承诺。' },
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    groups: {
+      preferences: '偏好',
+      capabilities: '能力',
+      activity: '活動',
+      system: '系統',
+    },
+    sections: {
+      general: { label: '通用', description: '顯示名稱與介面語言、隱私與通知、任務預設與網路代理。' },
+      appearance: { label: '外觀', description: '介面主題與調色盤。' },
+      projects: { label: '工作區', description: '管理 Runtime Host 連線，以及預設 Host 上的專案。' },
+      models: { label: '模型', description: '模型連線、API key 與 OAuth 訂閱管理。' },
+      subagents: { label: '子 Agent', description: '設定主 Agent 可以自動選擇的子 Agent、能力邊界與模型。' },
+      usage: { label: '使用統計', description: 'token、模型、工具使用走勢與配額追蹤。' },
+      'archived-tasks': { label: '已歸檔任務', description: '恢復或徹底刪除已歸檔的任務。' },
+      'import-tasks': { label: '匯入任務', description: '把本機其他 Agent 的對話記錄轉換成 Maka 任務。' },
+      memory: { label: '記憶', description: 'Maka 記住的內容，以及本地 MEMORY.md 檔案。' },
+      'daily-review': { label: '每日回顧', description: '每天分析本機任務，生成摘要、遺漏提醒和建議。' },
+      'bot-chat': { label: '遠端串接', description: '透過 Telegram、飛書、微信等平臺從其他裝置與 Maka 對話。' },
+      search: { label: '聯網搜尋', description: '聯網搜尋供應商（如 Tavily）憑據與隱私邊界。' },
+      data: { label: '資料', description: '本地工作區路徑、備份與恢復。' },
+      permissions: { label: '權限與能力', description: '系統權限授予狀態與 Maka 能力執行時檢查。' },
+      health: { label: '健康', description: '執行時連線、模型探針與本地健康狀態。' },
+      about: { label: '關於', description: '版本、執行環境與隱私承諾。' },
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     groups: {
       preferences: 'Preferences',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-preferences-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-preferences-copy.ts
index 86399bcba6..81d7fd5cbb 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-preferences-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-preferences-copy.ts
@@ -256,10 +256,10 @@ export type SettingsPreferencesCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_PREFERENCES_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     personalization: {
       saveFailed: '保存失败', displayName: '显示名称', displayNameHelp: 'Maka 在聊天里会以这个名字称呼你。留空就用默认的“你”。', displayNamePlaceholder: '例如：JK', displayNameUnset: '未设置，Maka 会称呼你“你”', displayNameChange: '更改', displayNameSet: '设置',
-      interfaceLanguage: '界面语言', interfaceLanguageHelp: '选择 Maka 界面的显示语言。切换后立即生效，重启后保持。', localeOptions: [['auto', '跟随系统'], ['zh', '中文'], ['en', 'English']],
+      interfaceLanguage: '界面语言', interfaceLanguageHelp: '选择 Maka 界面的显示语言。切换后立即生效，重启后保持。', localeOptions: [['auto', '跟随系统'], ['zh-CN', '简体中文'], ['zh-TW', '繁體中文'], ['en', 'English']],
       assistantTone: '助手语气偏好', assistantToneHelp: '最多 500 字，只影响回答的语气和风格。权限确认与安全规则不受影响；改动会自动保存。', assistantTonePlaceholder: '例如：技术严谨、偏简洁、不要 emoji。',
     },
     sections: {
@@ -343,9 +343,96 @@ const SETTINGS_PREFERENCES_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
     },
     password: { copyFailed: '复制失败', clipboardUnavailable: '剪贴板不可用或被系统拒绝。', copying: '复制中', copied: '已复制', copy: '复制', hide: '隐藏', show: '显示', value: '凭据值' },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    personalization: {
+      saveFailed: '儲存失敗', displayName: '顯示名稱', displayNameHelp: 'Maka 在聊天裡會以這個名字稱呼你。留空就用預設的“你”。', displayNamePlaceholder: '例如：JK', displayNameUnset: '未設定，Maka 會稱呼你“你”', displayNameChange: '更改', displayNameSet: '設定',
+      interfaceLanguage: '介面語言', interfaceLanguageHelp: '選擇 Maka 介面的顯示語言。切換後立即生效，重新啟動後仍會保留。', localeOptions: [['auto', '自動（跟隨系統）'], ['zh-CN', '简体中文'], ['zh-TW', '繁體中文'], ['en', 'English']],
+      assistantTone: '助手語氣偏好', assistantToneHelp: '最多 500 字，只影響回答的語氣和風格。權限確認與安全規則不受影響；改動會自動儲存。', assistantTonePlaceholder: '例如：技術嚴謹、偏簡潔、不要 emoji。',
+    },
+    sections: {
+      identity: '身份', identityHelp: 'Maka 如何稱呼你，以及介面語言和回答語氣。',
+      privacy: '隱私與通知', privacyHelp: '本地資料的讀寫範圍，以及桌面通知時機。',
+      chatDefaults: '任務預設', chatDefaultsHelp: '新任務的起始模型、權限模式與思考級別。',
+      shell: '命令列環境', shellHelp: '選擇 Runtime Host 執行 Bash 工具和終端命令時使用的 shell。',
+      network: '網路', networkHelp: 'AI 模型請求走的網路通道。',
+      theme: '主題', themeHelp: '介面跟隨系統，還是固定淺色或深色。',
+      palette: '調色盤', paletteHelp: '強調色與畫布色調；切換會立即生效並儲存在本地。',
+      appIcon: '應用圖示', appIconHelp: 'Dock、工作列和切換器裡顯示的 Maka 圖示；切換會立即生效。',
+      pets: '自訂寵物', petsHelp: '管理你自己匯入的 PetPack。Maka 不預裝、也不預設啟用任何寵物。',
+    },
+    appearance: {
+      saveFailed: '儲存外觀設定失敗', theme: '主題', palette: '調色盤',
+      themeOptions: { light: { label: '淺色', help: '始終使用淺色介面。' }, dark: { label: '深色', help: '始終使用深色介面。' }, auto: { label: '跟隨系統', help: '符合系統目前的淺色或深色偏好。' } },
+      paletteLabels: { default: '預設', onedark: 'One Dark', 'catppuccin-mocha': 'Catppuccin Mocha', 'tokyo-night': 'Tokyo Night', nord: 'Nord', coral: '珊瑚', azure: '湖藍', forest: '森林', dusk: '暮光', sand: '沙金', mono: '極簡灰' },
+      paletteHelp: { default: 'Maka 品牌藍強調色', onedark: '編輯器經典深色', 'catppuccin-mocha': '紫調柔和深色', 'tokyo-night': '深藍主題', nord: '北歐冷色', coral: '暖粉 / 珊瑚強調色', azure: '湖藍強調色，乾淨冷靜', forest: '深苔綠與暖蜂蜜強調色', dusk: '深紫羅蘭與冷調畫布', sand: '琥珀沙金與暖奶白', mono: '純灰階，無彩色干擾' },
+      paletteGroups: { editor: '編輯器主題', product: '產品色調' },
+      appIconLabels: { default: '經典', mono: '單色', 'sky': '原色天藍', 'cyan': '青藍', 'ice': '冰藍漸變', 'pale-inverted': '淡底深標', 'ink': '墨黑', 'paper': '紙白', 'graphite': '石墨', 'pencil-kraft': '鉛筆・牛皮紙', 'pencil-sky': '鉛筆・天藍', 'pencil-navy': '鉛筆・深藍', 'alpine': '晴空雪山', 'dusk': '黃昏', 'night': '夜山', 'midnight': '午夜藍', 'carbon': 'OLED 純黑', 'slate': '石板灰', 'obsidian': '黑曜石', 'neon-cyan': '霓虹青', 'matrix': '磷光綠', 'magenta': '洋紅', 'amber-crt': '琥珀 CRT', 'clay': '陶土', 'sage': '鼠尾草', 'dust': '灰粉', 'fog': '霧藍', 'sunset': '日落', 'amber': '琥珀', 'terracotta': '赤陶', 'ocean': '深海', 'moss': '苔原', 'desert': '沙漠', 'glacier': '冰河', 'gold': '鎏金', 'chrome': '鉻', 'mono-black': '單色・黑', 'mono-white': '單色・白', 'hazard': '黑黃', 'forest': '蒼綠' },
+      appIconHelp: { default: 'Maka 預設品牌圖示', mono: '灰階版本，Dock 裡更安靜', 'sky': '幾何 M 標，品牌藍', 'cyan': '偏青的藍', 'ice': '由淺到深的藍色漸變', 'pale-inverted': '淡藍底配深藍標', 'ink': '黑底白標，對比最強', 'paper': '白底黑標', 'graphite': '白底黑標，筆尖為灰', 'pencil-kraft': '鉛筆意象，牛皮紙底', 'pencil-sky': '鉛筆意象，天藍底', 'pencil-navy': '鉛筆意象，深藍底', 'alpine': '雪頂山峰，晴空底', 'dusk': '雪頂山峰，黃昏底', 'night': '雪頂山峰，夜色底', 'midnight': '深藍底搭配亮藍標誌，在深色 Dock 上仍保有清楚輪廓', 'carbon': '純黑背景，OLED 螢幕只顯示標誌', 'slate': '冷色石板灰底搭配淺灰標誌', 'obsidian': '紫黑漸層底搭配淡紫標誌', 'neon-cyan': '近黑底搭配霓虹青', 'matrix': '終端機螢幕的磷光綠', 'magenta': '深紫底搭配洋紅', 'amber-crt': '早期終端機的琥珀色', 'clay': '低飽和陶土色', 'sage': '低飽和灰綠色', 'dust': '低飽和灰粉色', 'fog': '低飽和灰藍色', 'sunset': '橘色到粉色的斜向漸層', 'amber': '琥珀底搭配深褐標誌', 'terracotta': '磚紅漸層', 'ocean': '深青綠漸層', 'moss': '深苔綠漸層', 'desert': '沙色漸層搭配深褐標誌', 'glacier': '極淺的冰河藍漸層', 'gold': '標誌帶有金色漸層', 'chrome': '標誌帶有銀色漸層', 'mono-black': '純白底黑色標誌，可單色列印', 'mono-white': '純黑底白色標誌', 'hazard': '黑底黃色標誌，是本組對比最高的款式', 'forest': '綠色背景上的雪頂山峰' },
+      appIconGroups: {
+        mascot: '擬人', blue: '藍色系', contrast: '黑白', pencil: '鉛筆', mountain: '高山',
+        dark: '深色', neon: '霓虹', muted: '柔和', warm: '暖色', nature: '自然', metal: '金屬', highContrast: '高對比',
+        custom: '自訂',
+      },
+      appIconSplitLabel: '淺色與深色模式使用不同圖示',
+      appIconSplitHelp: '關閉時，兩種外觀會共用同一個圖示。',
+      appIconTargets: { light: '淺色', dark: '深色' },
+      appIconCustom: '匯入的圖示',
+      appIconCustomHelp: '你自己匯入的圖片',
+      appIconImport: '匯入圖示…',
+      appIconImporting: '正在匯入…',
+      appIconImportHelp: '方形 PNG 最好；四周留約 10% 透明邊，Dock 裡才會和其它應用一樣大。',
+      appIconRemove: '刪除',
+      appIconImportError: '匯入圖示失敗',
+      appIconRemoveFailed: '刪除圖示失敗',
+      appIconSelectFailed: '切換圖示失敗',
+      appIconImportFailed: {
+        too_large: '檔案太大，換一張小一點的圖片',
+        too_many_pixels: '圖片尺寸太大，最多 4096×4096',
+        unsupported_format: '只支援 PNG 和 JPEG',
+        unreadable: '這個檔案讀不出影像',
+        too_small: '圖片太小，至少需要 128×128',
+        write_failed: '無法儲存匯入的圖示',
+      },
+      appIconUnavailable: '無法載入應用圖示',
+    },
+    pets: {
+      import: '匯入 PetPack', importing: '正在匯入…', loading: '正在載入自訂寵物…',
+      status: '桌面寵物', activePet: (name) => `目前使用：${name}`, disabled: '已關閉', disable: '關閉寵物', disabling: '正在關閉…',
+      empty: '還沒有匯入寵物', emptyHelp: '選擇一個包含 pet.json 和精靈圖的本地資料夾。',
+      selected: '正在使用', select: '使用', selecting: '正在切換…', remove: '刪除', removing: '正在刪除…',
+      removeTitle: (name) => `刪除“${name}”？`, removeDescription: '這會刪除 Maka 本地儲存的該寵物包，且無法撤銷。原始資料夾不會受影響。', confirmRemove: '刪除', cancel: '取消',
+      loadFailed: '無法載入自訂寵物', importFailed: '匯入寵物失敗', selectFailed: '切換寵物失敗', removeFailed: '刪除寵物失敗',
+      importErrors: { invalid_directory: '所選資料夾無效。', invalid_manifest: 'pet.json 不符合 maka.pet/v1 格式。', invalid_asset: '精靈圖缺失、無效或超出限制。', already_installed: '已經匯入了相同 ID 的寵物。', read_failed: '無法讀取所選資料夾。' },
+      selectErrors: { invalid_id: '寵物 ID 無效。', not_found: '該寵物已不在本地寵物庫中。', read_failed: '無法讀取寵物庫。', write_failed: '無法儲存寵物選擇。' },
+      removeErrors: { invalid_id: '寵物 ID 無效。', remove_failed: '無法刪除本機寵物包。' },
+    },
+    general: {
+      incognito: '隱身模式', incognitoHelp: '開啟後暫停本地記憶讀寫、聯網搜尋和定時任務觸發。', enableIncognito: '啟用隱身模式', incognitoFailed: '隱身模式切換失敗', notifications: '完成時傳送系統通知', notificationsHelp: '視窗不在前臺時，在回答完成或出錯後傳送桌面通知。', notificationsFailed: '通知設定切換失敗', workspaceInstructions: '遵循專案指令', workspaceInstructionsHelp: '自動讀取每個專案中已有的 AGENTS.md、CLAUDE.md 或 GEMINI.md；檔案仍由各自專案管理。', workspaceInstructionsFailed: '專案指令設定切換失敗', workHub: '啟用 WorkHub', workHubHelp: '在一個入口檢視已有工作，並將新輸入保守地送往普通任務。', workHubFailed: 'WorkHub 設定切換失敗', updateFailed: '設定未生效，請稍後重試。',
+      defaultModel: '預設模型', defaultModelHelp: '新任務預設使用的模型。', notSet: '未設定', saveDefaultModelFailed: '儲存預設模型失敗', defaultPermission: '預設權限模式', defaultPermissionHelp: '新任務預設使用的權限模式；可在任務內隨時切換。', saveDefaultPermissionFailed: '儲存預設權限模式失敗', defaultThinking: '預設思考級別', defaultThinkingHelp: '新任務的思考級別；目前模型不支援所選級別時用模型預設。', followModelDefault: '跟隨模型預設', saveDefaultThinkingFailed: '儲存預設思考級別失敗',
+      shellPreference: 'Bash 工具 shell', shellPreferenceHelp: '自動模式保持 Windows 的 PowerShell 優先規則；Git Bash 是僅對目前 Runtime Host 生效的顯式覆蓋。', shellAuto: '自動（推薦）', shellGitBash: 'Git Bash', shellExecutable: 'Git Bash 執行檔', shellExecutableHelp: '填寫 Runtime Host 所在 Windows 機器上 bash.exe 的絕對路徑。也支援該機器上的舊版 System32 WSL Bash；儲存時會驗證 GNU Bash。', saveShell: '儲存 shell 設定', savingShell: '正在儲存…', shellSaved: '已儲存', saveShellFailed: '儲存 shell 設定失敗', shellExecutableRejected: '目前 Runtime Host 無法把該路徑作為 GNU Bash 執行。請檢查 Host 是否為 Windows、路徑是否存在，並確認檔名為 bash.exe。',
+      proxy: '代理伺服器', proxyHelp: '為 AI 模型請求設定網路代理', enableProxy: '啟用代理伺服器', saveNetworkFailed: '儲存網路設定失敗', proxyProtocol: '代理協議', serverAddress: '伺服器地址', port: '埠', proxyAuth: '代理認證', proxyAuthHelp: '需要使用者名稱和密碼時開啟。', enableProxyAuth: '啟用代理認證', username: '使用者名稱', password: '密碼', bypassList: '代理白名單', bypassHelp: '這些域名將繞過代理直連，多個用逗號分隔。', autoBypass: (count) => `已自動新增 ${count} 個域名。代理僅作用於 AI 模型請求。`, testing: '測試中…', testCurrent: '測試目前設定', proxyReachable: '代理可達', proxyTestFailed: '代理測試失敗', proxyTestError: '代理測試出錯',
+    },
+    about: {
+      loadFailed: '載入關於資訊失敗', loading: '正在載入關於頁', unavailable: '無法載入關於資訊', copied: '已複製診斷資訊', pasteHint: '檢查內容後，可直接貼上到問題報告', copyFailed: '複製失敗', clipboardUnavailable: '剪貼簿不可用或被系統拒絕。', devBuild: '本地開發版', packagedBuild: '正式版', subtitle: '本地優先的 AI 助手 · 桌面端執行環境', privacyLabel: '隱私與安全', privacyTitle: '本地優先 · 隱私預設', privacyPoints: ['所有任務、設定、憑據和 Skill 指令檔案都保留在本機工作區。', '模型金鑰儲存在本機憑據檔案內；訂閱帳號權杖使用系統安全儲存。', 'Maka 不傳送使用遙測；只在你顯式啟用時與所選模型供應商通訊。', '高風險工具操作需要在任務內明示授權。', '每個任務都會在本機保留訊息、工具呼叫、權限決策與模式變更記錄。'], copying: '複製中…', copyDiagnostics: '複製診斷資訊', copyHelp: '複製版本、平臺、隱藏主目錄後的工作區路徑，以及近期脫敏的 Desktop 與 Runtime Host 記錄；僅寫入剪貼簿，不會自動上傳。', keyboardShortcuts: '鍵盤快捷鍵', keyboardShortcutsHelp: 'Maka 支援的全部快捷鍵一覽。', keyboardShortcutsOpen: '檢視', reportIssueLabel: '報告問題',
+      updatesTitle: '軟體更新',
+      checkForUpdates: '檢查更新',
+      checkingForUpdates: '檢查中…',
+      updateHelp: '後臺也會定期檢查；需要重啟安裝時側欄會提示。',
+      updateDevBuildHelp: '本地開發版不檢查 GitHub 釋出更新。請使用正式安裝包。',
+      updateIdle: '尚未檢查更新。',
+      updateNotAvailable: '已是最新版本。',
+      updateAvailable: (version) => `發現新版本 v${version}，正在準備下載…`,
+      updateDownloading: (version, percent) => `正在下載 v${version}（${percent}%）…`,
+      updateDownloaded: (version) => `v${version} 已下載，可在側欄選擇重啟安裝。`,
+      updateInstalling: (version) => `正在安裝 v${version}…`,
+      updateCheckFailed: '檢查更新失敗',
+      updateCheckFailedDetail: (message) => message,
+    },
+    password: { copyFailed: '複製失敗', clipboardUnavailable: '剪貼簿不可用或被系統拒絕。', copying: '複製中', copied: '已複製', copy: '複製', hide: '隱藏', show: '顯示', value: '憑據值' },
+  },
   en: {
     personalization: {
-      saveFailed: 'Could not save', displayName: 'Display name', displayNameHelp: 'Maka uses this name when addressing you. Leave it blank to use “you”.', displayNamePlaceholder: 'For example: JK', displayNameUnset: 'Not set — Maka will say “you”', displayNameChange: 'Change', displayNameSet: 'Set', interfaceLanguage: 'Interface language', interfaceLanguageHelp: 'Choose the language used by Maka. Changes apply immediately and persist after restart.', localeOptions: [['auto', 'Follow system'], ['zh', '中文'], ['en', 'English']], assistantTone: 'Assistant tone', assistantToneHelp: 'Up to 500 characters. This changes response style only; permission and safety rules still apply. Changes save automatically.', assistantTonePlaceholder: 'For example: technically rigorous, concise, and no emoji.',
+      saveFailed: 'Could not save', displayName: 'Display name', displayNameHelp: 'Maka uses this name when addressing you. Leave it blank to use “you”.', displayNamePlaceholder: 'For example: JK', displayNameUnset: 'Not set — Maka will say “you”', displayNameChange: 'Change', displayNameSet: 'Set', interfaceLanguage: 'Interface language', interfaceLanguageHelp: 'Choose the language used by Maka. Changes apply immediately and persist after restart.', localeOptions: [['auto', 'Follow system'], ['zh-CN', 'Simplified Chinese'], ['zh-TW', 'Traditional Chinese'], ['en', 'English']], assistantTone: 'Assistant tone', assistantToneHelp: 'Up to 500 characters. This changes response style only; permission and safety rules still apply. Changes save automatically.', assistantTonePlaceholder: 'For example: technically rigorous, concise, and no emoji.',
     },
     sections: {
       identity: 'Identity', identityHelp: 'How Maka addresses you, plus interface language and response tone.',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-projects-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-projects-copy.ts
index 64b22fc9c5..42ef09bdd3 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-projects-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-projects-copy.ts
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ export type SettingsProjectsCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_PROJECTS_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     runtimeHost: {
       title: 'Runtime Host',
       description: 'Local 与启用的远程 Host 会同时保持连接；任务仍由其所属 Host 处理。',
@@ -485,6 +485,242 @@ const SETTINGS_PROJECTS_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
     emptyBody: '添加一个项目目录后，新任务就能默认从它打开，侧边栏也会按项目归类任务。',
     moreActions: (projectName: string) => `更多操作：${projectName}`,
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    runtimeHost: {
+      title: 'Runtime Host',
+      description: 'Local 與啟用的遠端 Host 會同時保持連線；任務仍由其所屬 Host 處理。',
+      selected: '預設 Host',
+      selectedHelp: '新任務和未指定 Host 的設定使用預設 Host',
+      remoteTitle: '遠端 Host',
+      remoteDescription: '透過 SSH 自動設定一臺電腦，或手動連線已有 Runtime Host。',
+      addComputer: '新增電腦',
+      configureManually: '手動設定',
+      setupTitle: '新增遠端電腦',
+      setupDescription: '透過 SSH 安裝並連線 Runtime Host',
+      setupName: '顯示名稱（可選）',
+      setupSshPort: 'SSH 埠（可選）',
+      setupDirectoryRootsDescription: '留空時使用遠端 Home 資料夾。新增資料夾後，只能瀏覽這些位置以加入專案。',
+      setupConnect: '連線',
+      setupCancel: '取消',
+      setupRetry: '重試',
+      setupDone: '完成',
+      setupChooseProject: '選擇專案',
+      setupComplete: 'Runtime Host 已連線',
+      setupPhase: {
+        preparing_cli: '正在準備本地 CLI…',
+        connecting_ssh: '正在連線 SSH…',
+        checking_environment: '正在檢查遠端環境…',
+        installing_package: '正在安裝 Maka…',
+        installing_service: '正在啟動 Runtime Host…',
+        pairing_client: '正在配對這臺裝置…',
+        verifying_connection: '正在驗證憑據…',
+        connecting_host: '正在建立安全連線…',
+      },
+      add: '新增遠端 Host',
+      cancel: '取消',
+      name: '顯示名稱',
+      nameHelp: '僅用於在這臺裝置上識別該 Host',
+      transport: '連線方式',
+      transportHelp: '優先使用 TLS；內網中可透過 SSH tunnel 連線僅監聽本機的 Host',
+      tls: 'TLS',
+      ssh: 'SSH tunnel',
+      plaintext: '明文 WebSocket',
+      url: 'WSS 地址',
+      urlHelp: '遠端 Runtime Host 的 wss:// 地址',
+      plaintextUrl: 'WS 地址',
+      plaintextUrlHelp: '遠端 Runtime Host 的 ws:// 地址',
+      sshDestination: 'SSH 目標',
+      sshDestinationHelp: 'OpenSSH 可識別的 user@host 或 SSH config 別名',
+      sshPort: 'SSH 埠',
+      sshPortHelp: '可選；留空使用 OpenSSH 預設值或 SSH config',
+      remotePort: '遠端 Host 埠',
+      remotePortHelp: '遠端 Runtime Host 在 127.0.0.1 上監聽的 WebSocket 埠',
+      websocketPath: 'WebSocket 路徑',
+      websocketPathHelp: '通常為 /runtime-host',
+      plaintextAcknowledgement: '我瞭解明文連線的風險',
+      plaintextAcknowledgementHelp: '存取憑據和資料可能被同一網路中的第三方截獲',
+      plaintextWarning: '僅在可信且隔離的網路中使用；公網連線應使用 TLS 或 SSH tunnel',
+      sshTerminalTitle: '連線遠端 Runtime Host',
+      sshTerminalDescription: '按 OpenSSH 提示確認主機或輸入密碼。已有 SSH key 時通常無需操作。',
+      sshTerminalClosed: 'SSH 連線已結束',
+      sshTerminalClose: '關閉',
+      rootId: 'State Root ID',
+      rootIdHelp: '來自遠端 service 的 ready 輸出，用於確認連線的是預期 Host',
+      credential: '存取憑據',
+      credentialHelp: '在遠端機器使用 desktop-client preset 簽發',
+      saveAndEnable: '儲存並啟用',
+      defaultBadge: '預設',
+      defaultDisableHelp: '先選擇另一個預設 Host，才能停用此 Host',
+      unavailable: '無法連線',
+      manage: '管理',
+      managementTitle: (name: string) => `管理 ${name}`,
+      serviceStatus: '服務狀態',
+      serviceState: {
+        not_installed: '未安裝',
+        stopped: '已停止',
+        starting: '正在啟動',
+        running: '執行中',
+        failed: '啟動失敗',
+      },
+      experimentalBadge: '實驗性',
+      directPeer: 'Direct peer（實驗性）',
+      directPeerDescription: '建立獨立的實驗性 Direct profile。受限 NAT 或遭封鎖的 UDP 可能導致無法連線，且不會自動回退；請保留 SSH profile 以便手動復原。',
+      directPeerState: {
+        unsupported: '需要更新', not_configured: '未設定', disabled: '已停用', enabled: '已啟用', unavailable: '無法使用',
+      },
+      directPeerUnavailable: '無法讀取 Direct peer 狀態',
+      directPeerUpgradeRequired: '請先更新遠端 Runtime Host，再管理 Direct peer。',
+      directPeerClientUnavailable: '目前 Desktop 建置不包含 Direct peer 支援。',
+      directPeerDisableProfileFirst: '請先在 Runtime Host 清單中停用 Direct peer。',
+      directPeerId: 'Peer ID', directPeerRoutes: '可用路徑',
+      directPeerCoordinationRelays: '連線協調節點（可選）',
+      directPeerCoordinationRelaysPlaceholder: '多個位址請以逗號分隔',
+      directPeerEnable: '啟用並新增', directPeerDisable: '停用', directPeerAddProfile: '新增至 Desktop',
+      directPeerActionFailed: 'Direct peer 操作失敗',
+      installedVersion: '版本',
+      operatingSystem: '系統',
+      processId: '程序 ID',
+      lastExitCode: '上次退出碼',
+      stateRoot: 'State Root',
+      directoryRoots: '可用目錄',
+      directoryRootsDescription: '遠端用戶端只能從這些資料夾瀏覽並新增專案。移除資料夾不會刪除已新增的專案。',
+      directoryRootsUnavailable: '更新或修復此 Host 後，即可在 Desktop 管理這些資料夾。',
+      directoryRootsChanged: '這些資料夾已在其他位置變更',
+      directoryRootsChangedDescription: '你的編輯內容仍會保留。請先載入目前設定，再繼續編輯。',
+      reloadDirectoryRoots: '載入目前設定',
+      noDirectoryRoots: '未設定額外目錄',
+      directoryRootLabel: '標籤',
+      directoryRootPath: '遠端絕對路徑',
+      addDirectoryRoot: '新增資料夾',
+      removeDirectoryRoot: '移除',
+      saveDirectoryRoots: '套用資料夾',
+      directoryRootsActiveTasks: '此 Host 仍有執行中的任務',
+      directoryRootsActiveTasksDescription: '套用資料夾需要安全地重新啟動遠端服務。只有在明確確認後，才會中斷這些任務。',
+      configureDirectoriesInterrupt: '中斷任務並套用',
+      refresh: '重新整理',
+      startService: '啟動',
+      restartService: '重啟',
+      repairService: '修復',
+      updateService: '安裝配套版本',
+      updatePolicy: '更新策略',
+      updatePolicyDescription: '選擇這個 Host 跟隨的 Maka 版本',
+      updatePolicyManual: '手動',
+      updatePolicyAutomatic: '自動',
+      updatePolicyOptions: {
+        manual: '手動更新',
+        fixed: '固定版本',
+        latest: 'Latest 穩定頻道',
+        next: 'Next 預覽頻道',
+      },
+      updatePolicyFixedVersion: '版本',
+      updatePolicySave: '儲存策略',
+      updatePolicyCheckNow: '立即檢查',
+      updatePolicyUnavailable: '無法讀取自動更新策略',
+      updateSchedulerUnavailable: '此 Runtime Host 尚不支援自動更新',
+      updateSchedulerUnavailableBody: '請先更新或修復服務，再啟用固定版本或釋出頻道',
+      updateSchedulerUnsupported: '不支援',
+      updateSchedulerInactive: '未執行',
+      updateSchedulerInactiveBody: '更新排程器未在執行，請啟動或修復服務後再啟用自動更新',
+      updateSchedulerNeedsRepair: '需要修復',
+      updateSchedulerNeedsRepairBody: '更新排程器未在執行，請修復服務後再啟用自動更新',
+      updatePolicyDisabled: '自動更新已關閉',
+      updatePolicyActiveTasks: 'Runtime Host 正在執行任務，本次更新已推遲',
+      updatePolicyNotNewer: (version: string) => `Maka ${version} 不高於目前版本`,
+      updatePolicyManualAction: (version: string) => `Maka ${version} 需要手動更新`,
+      updatePolicyManualReason: {
+        current_compatibility_unknown: '無法確認目前版本的儲存相容性',
+        target_compatibility_unknown: '無法確認目標版本的儲存相容性',
+        compatibility_mismatch: '目標版本需要手動處理儲存相容性',
+      },
+      updatePhase: {
+        preparing_cli: '正在準備本地 CLI…',
+        checking: '正在檢查版本…',
+        staging: '正在準備新版本…',
+        retiring: '正在安全停止目前 Runtime Host…',
+        replacing: '正在啟動並驗證新版本…',
+      },
+      updateBlockedTitle: 'Runtime Host 可能仍在執行任務',
+      updateBlockedBody: '無法確認目前 Host 可以安全停止。繼續更新會中斷目前執行，但會保留可恢復的任務狀態和無法確認的外部效果。',
+      updateInterrupt: '中斷任務並更新',
+      updateComplete: (from: string, to: string) => `Runtime Host 已從 ${from} 更新到 ${to}`,
+      updateRepaired: (version: string) => `Runtime Host ${version} 已恢復執行`,
+      updateAlreadyCurrent: (version: string) => `Runtime Host 已是 ${version}`,
+      showLogs: '檢視記錄',
+      noLogs: '沒有服務記錄',
+      uninstallService: '解除安裝服務',
+      uninstallConfirmTitle: '解除安裝遠端 Runtime Host？',
+      uninstallConfirmBody: '這會停止並移除 Maka 管理的服務與程式，但保留 State Root、專案和任務資料。目前 Desktop Profile 不會被刪除。',
+      uninstallConfirm: '解除安裝服務',
+      uninstallRetained: (path: string) => `服務已解除安裝，資料保留在 ${path}`,
+      managementActionFailed: '無法管理 Runtime Host 服務',
+      managementReconnectFailed: '變更已套用，但 Desktop 無法重新連線',
+      manageAccess: '管理存取權限',
+      accessTitle: '存取權限',
+      noAccessCredentials: '沒有存取憑據',
+      currentDesktop: '目前 Desktop',
+      accessKind: {
+        owner: '客戶端存取',
+        capabilityProvider: 'Capability Provider',
+      },
+      accessPending: '等待確認',
+      accessCreated: (date: string) => `建立於 ${date}`,
+      rotateCredential: '輪換憑據',
+      rotateCredentialConfirmTitle: '輪換目前 Desktop 的憑據？',
+      rotateCredentialConfirmBody: '輪換會重新連線這個 Runtime Host，並可能中斷正在進行的工作。請先完成或暫停活躍任務。',
+      rotateCredentialConfirm: '繼續輪換',
+      enableBeforeRotate: '請先啟用這個 Runtime Host，再輪換目前 Desktop 的憑據。',
+      startBeforeChangingAccess: '請先啟動 Runtime Host 服務，再修改存取權限。',
+      revokeCredential: '撤銷',
+      revokeCredentialConfirm: (name: string) => `撤銷 ${name} 的存取權限？`,
+      revokeCredentialConfirmBody: '使用此憑據的客戶端會立即斷開連線，並可能中斷正在進行的工作。',
+      accessActionFailed: '無法管理存取權限',
+      back: '返回',
+      remove: '移除',
+      empty: '還沒有遠端 Host',
+      loadFailed: '無法讀取 Runtime Host profiles',
+      selectFailed: '無法更新 Runtime Host',
+      saveFailed: '無法儲存 Runtime Host profile',
+      removeFailed: '無法移除 Runtime Host profile',
+      pairingRecoveryTitle: '有未完成的配對',
+      pairingRecoveryDescription: '遠端 Host 恢復連線後，可在此繼續完成配對。',
+      resolvePairingRecovery: '重試配對',
+      resolvePairingRecoveryFailed: '無法處理配對恢復',
+      moreActions: (name: string) => `更多操作：${name}`,
+    },
+    section: '工作區',
+    // Says all three layers of the rule in one sentence, because a help line
+    // that only mentions the default would leave the user guessing what
+    // happens before they set one.
+    sectionHelp: '新任務預設開啟此專案；未設定時沿用上次使用的專案。任何任務都能在輸入框旁臨時切換。',
+    addProject: '新增專案',
+    defaultBadge: '預設',
+    setDefault: '設為預設',
+    setDefaultTitle: '新任務預設開啟這個專案',
+    setDefaultDisabledTitle: '目錄不可用，無法設為預設',
+    setDefaultFailed: '設定預設專案失敗',
+    rename: '重新命名',
+    renameLabel: '專案名稱',
+    renameFailed: '重新命名失敗',
+    openFolder: '開啟專案資料夾',
+    // Says which of the two things went wrong, because the fix differs: a
+    // missing folder is the user's to restore, a refusal to open is not.
+    openFolderFailed: '打不開這個目錄，它可能已被移動或刪除',
+    save: '儲存',
+    cancel: '取消',
+    clearDefault: '取消預設',
+    remove: '從 Maka 移除',
+    removeConfirmTitle: '從 Maka 移除這個專案？',
+    // The one thing a user actually fears here, stated first and plainly.
+    removeConfirmBody: '僅從 Maka 的專案列表移除，磁碟上的檔案不受影響。該專案下已有的任務會移到"未歸屬"分組，不會被刪除。',
+    removeConfirm: '移除',
+    removeCancel: '取消',
+    actionFailed: '操作失敗',
+    unavailable: '目錄不可用',
+    defaultUnavailable: '原來的預設專案已不可用，新任務暫時沿用上次使用的專案。',
+    emptyTitle: '還沒有專案',
+    emptyBody: '新增一個專案目錄後，新任務就能預設從它開啟，側邊欄也會按專案歸類任務。',
+    moreActions: (projectName: string) => `更多操作：${projectName}`,
+  },
   en: {
     runtimeHost: {
       title: 'Runtime Host',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-provider-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-provider-copy.ts
index 20a7c71ce0..d734c4c80b 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-provider-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-provider-copy.ts
@@ -52,6 +52,31 @@ const zhCapabilitiesCopy = {
   fastAuto: '自动',
   fastEnabled: 'Fast',
 };
+
+const zhTwCapabilitiesCopy = {
+  capabilities: '能力',
+  thinkingEffort: '思考檔位（reasoning_effort）',
+  thinkingEffortHelp: '勾選需要的思考強度檔位，不勾選即為不宣告。',
+  thinkingUndeclared: '未宣告',
+  thinkingSelectedCount: (count: number) => `已選擇 ${count} 個`,
+  thinkingBulk: '批次設定思考檔位',
+  thinkingBulkHelp: '勾選寫入下方全部已啟用模型，取消勾選則從全部模型移除；其餘檔位不受影響。',
+  thinkingBulkTrigger: '應用到全部模型',
+  thinkingBulkCoverage: (declared: number, total: number) =>
+    declared === 0 ? '全部未宣告' : `${declared}/${total} 個模型`,
+  visionInput: '視覺輸入（vision）',
+  visionInputHelp: '「自動」跟隨內建後設資料；「啟用/停用」是顯式宣告，覆蓋自動判斷。',
+  visionAuto: '自動',
+  visionEnabledOption: '啟用',
+  visionDisabledOption: '停用',
+  contextWindow: '上下文視窗（tokens）',
+  contextWindowHelp: '聲明後壓縮與預算按此值計算；留空跟隨內建後設資料。',
+  saveCapabilities: '儲存能力宣告',
+  fastMode: 'Fast 模式',
+  fastModeHelp: '使用 OpenAI 的 fast service tier；留空跟隨服務商預設值。',
+  fastAuto: '自動',
+  fastEnabled: 'Fast',
+};
 const enCapabilitiesCopy = {
   capabilities: 'Capabilities',
   thinkingEffort: 'Thinking levels (reasoning_effort)',
@@ -226,6 +251,154 @@ const zhCopy = {
     storageFailed: (name: string) => `${name} 本地凭据读取失败，请重新登录。`, providerUnavailable: (name: string) => `${name} 已登录，但当前 provider 状态不可用。`,
   },
 } as const;
+const zhTwCopy = {
+  detail: {
+    delete: '刪除', cancel: '取消', deleteUnused: '不再需要，刪除連線',
+    deleteFailed: '刪除模型連線失敗', credentialReadFailed: '讀取模型憑據狀態失敗', refreshFailed: '重新整理模型連線失敗',
+    saveFailed: '儲存模型連線失敗', saveModelsFailed: '儲存啟用模型失敗',
+    modelKey: '模型金鑰', pasteModelKey: '貼上模型金鑰', getModelKey: '取得模型金鑰', saving: '儲存中…',
+    advancedRequest: '高階請求設定', advancedRequestHelp: '為這個連線的 HTTP 請求新增請求頭和額外 JSON 請求體。請求頭值作為憑據儲存在本機。',
+    requestHeaders: '自訂請求頭', headerName: '請求頭名稱', headerValue: '請求頭值', retainedHeaderValue: '保留已儲存的值', addHeader: '新增請求頭', removeHeader: '移除', noRequestHeaders: '未設定自訂請求頭。',
+    extraRequestBody: '額外請求體（JSON）', extraRequestBodyHelp: '僅新增頂層欄位；若與 Maka 生成的欄位重名，請求會明確失敗。', requestCustomizationInvalid: '請求設定無效', requestHeadersInvalidDetail: '請檢查請求頭名稱和值。', requestBodyInvalidDetail: '請輸入符合要求的 JSON 物件。', saveAdvancedRequest: '儲存高階請求設定', configuredHeaders: (count: number) => `${count} 個請求頭`, noAdvancedRequest: '未設定',
+    oauthLoggedIn: 'OAuth 已登入', oauthLoading: 'OAuth 狀態讀取中', oauthUnknown: 'OAuth 狀態未知', oauthWaiting: '等待 OAuth 登入',
+    oauthLoggedInDetail: '該模型連線使用主程序儲存的 OAuth access token；若請求提示需要重新登入，請到帳號連線重新授權。',
+    oauthLoadingDetail: '正在讀取本機 OAuth 登入狀態，讀取完成前不會把未知狀態顯示成未登入。',
+    oauthUnknownDetail: '暫時無法讀取本機 OAuth 登入狀態；請重新整理頁面或重新開啟設定。',
+    oauthWaitingDetail: '請到帳號連線完成登入；登入成功後會自動出現在模型連線裡。',
+    oauthRetired: '此登入方式已停用',
+    oauthRetiredDetail:
+      '這條連線使用的登入方式已從 Maka 移除，無法再登入，也無法用於對話。改用 Anthropic API Key 連線即可繼續使用 Claude 模型；刪除這條連線會一併清除本機儲存的登入憑據。',
+    credentialLoadingDetail: '正在讀取模型憑據狀態，讀取完成前暫不測試連線或重新整理模型。',
+    credentialUnknownDetail: '模型憑據狀態暫時沒重新整理成功，已避免把未知狀態顯示成未登入或未設定。',
+    testConnection: '測試連線',
+    updateModels: '更新模型目錄', endpoint: '服務地址',
+    connectionName: '名稱',
+    connectionNamePlaceholder: '給這個連線起個名字',
+    addModel: '新增模型',
+    addModelConfirm: '新增',
+    addModelIdField: '模型 ID',
+    addModelIdFieldHelp: '需與服務商完全一致，區分大小寫。',
+    addModelIdPlaceholder: 'deepseek-v4-pro-beta',
+    addModelIdRequired: '請填寫模型 ID。',
+    addModelIdDuplicate: '該模型已在列表中。',
+    addModelContextWindow: '上下文視窗',
+    addModelContextWindowHelp: '服務商模型頁給出的最大 token 數。缺少它 Maka 只能按 32k 處理，長對話會被提前截斷。',
+    addModelContextWindowRequired: '請填寫上下文視窗。',
+    credentials: '連線', dangerZone: '刪除連線', deleteRowHelp: '此操作不可撤銷。',
+    credentialsHelp: '金鑰只儲存在本機。',
+    credentialsHelpAccount: '登入權杖只儲存在本機。',
+    modelManagementHelp: '這些模型會出現在任務的模型選擇器裡。',
+    ...zhTwCapabilitiesCopy,
+    capabilitiesHelp: '宣告每個已啟用模型的思考檔位、視覺與上下文視窗；儲存後生效。',
+    // Row affordances (settings-sidebar 的 InfoRow / ExpandableRow 語言)：一行
+    // 只報狀態，改的時候才展開成輸入框。
+    change: '更換', set: '設定', edit: '編輯', save: '儲存',
+    endpointManaged: '由帳號登入或服務商管理',
+    endpointMissing: '尚未設定服務地址',
+    endpointModelOverridesNote: '部分模型會透過其他服務端點發送請求',
+    endpointCredentialsMasked: '已儲存的地址內嵌憑據,編輯時預設隱藏',
+    modelManagement: '模型',
+    disconnectAndDelete: '退出帳號並刪除',
+    copilotImportFailed: '匯入 GitHub Copilot 登入失敗', copilotLoggedIn: 'GitHub Copilot 已登入', copilotWaiting: '等待相容 GitHub 憑據',
+    copilotLoggedInDetail: '若帳號或組織策略變化，可重新匯入相容憑據。', copilotWaitingDetail: '設定具有 Copilot Requests 權限的憑據後從本機安全匯入。',
+    reimport: '重新匯入', importCredential: '匯入相容憑據', login: '登入', loggingIn: '登入中…', relogin: '重新登入',
+    oauthReloginDetail: '若請求提示需要重新登入，點這裡重新走一遍授權。',
+    oauthStartDetail: '點下方按鈕開啟瀏覽器完成登入，授權成功後會自動重新整理這裡的狀態。',
+    enabledModels: '啟用的模型',
+    searchModels: '搜尋模型', selectAllModels: '全部啟用',
+    noModels: '暫無可選模型，請先更新模型目錄。',
+    keySet: '已設定', statusLoading: '正在讀取狀態', credentialUnknown: '憑據狀態未知', keyMissing: '尚未設定金鑰',
+    keyTroubleshooting: '模型金鑰 / 服務地址 / 代理設定', endpointTroubleshooting: '本地服務 / 服務地址 / 代理設定', oauthTroubleshooting: 'OAuth 登入 / 代理設定',
+    unknownDescription: (provider: string) => `該連線使用的 provider「${provider}」在目前版本未註冊。設定和憑據會保留，切回支援它的版本即可繼續使用。`,
+    deleteProviderTitle: (name: string) => `刪除供應商 ${name}？`,
+    deleteConnectionTitle: (name: string) => `刪除模型連線 ${name}？`,
+    deleteUnknownDescription: '刪除後，支援該 provider 的其他版本也無法恢復這條連線及其憑據。',
+    deleteDescription: (isDefault: boolean, disconnectsAccount: boolean) => [
+      disconnectsAccount
+        ? '這會退出本機帳號、刪除 OAuth 憑據和模型連線；重新整理後不會自動重建立立。'
+        : '這會刪除模型連線及其本機憑據；如需再次使用，需要重新新增。',
+      isDefault
+        ? '它目前是預設連線；刪除後預設模型會變成未設定，已有任務可能需要重新選擇模型。'
+        : '',
+    ].filter(Boolean).join(' '),
+    connectionSuccess: (name: string) => `連線成功 · ${name}`, connectionFailed: (name: string) => `連線失敗 · ${name}`,
+    connectionTestError: (name: string) => `連線測試出錯 · ${name}`, modelsFetched: (count: number, name: string) => `已拉取 ${count} 個模型 · ${name}`,
+    modelsFetchFailed: (name: string) => `拉取模型失敗 · ${name}`,
+    modelsFetchFailedDetail: (message: string, troubleshooting: string) => `${message} · 目前繼續顯示靜態列表，請確認 ${troubleshooting} 後重試。`,
+    authTroubleshooting: (value: string) => `鑑權失敗，請確認 ${value} 後重試。`, recheckTroubleshooting: (value: string) => `檢查 ${value} 後重試。`,
+    modelKeyAria: (name: string) => `${name} 模型金鑰`,
+  },
+  shared: {
+    actionFallback: '模型連線服務暫時不可用，請稍後重試。', rateLimit: '目前帳號或模型服務觸發速率限制，請稍後重試。',
+    timeout: '請求超時，請檢查網路或代理後重試。', unavailable: '模型服務暫時不可用，請稍後重試。',
+    network: '網路錯誤，請檢查服務地址或代理設定後重試。', statusUnavailable: '連線測試狀態暫時無法顯示，請重新測試。',
+    categories: { oauth: 'OAuth', domestic: '國內', overseas: '海外', local: '本地', custom: 'Custom' },
+    connectionStatuses: { retired: '已停用 · 請刪除', reauth: '需要重新登入', disabledFailed: '暫不可用 · 上次連線失敗', disabled: '暫不可用', failed: '上次連線失敗' },
+    lastTest: {
+      '连接已验证': '連線已驗證', '鉴权失败': '鑑權失敗', '请求超时': '請求超時', '网络错误': '網路錯誤', '模型服务返回错误': '模型服務返回錯誤', '连接测试失败': '連線測試失敗',
+      'connection verified': '連線已驗證', 'authentication failed': '鑑權失敗', 'request timed out': '請求超時', 'network error': '網路錯誤', 'provider returned an error': '模型服務返回錯誤', 'connection test failed': '連線測試失敗',
+      'claude oauth 未登录。': 'Claude OAuth 未登入。', 'claude oauth 本地凭据读取失败。': 'Claude OAuth 本地憑據讀取失敗。', 'claude oauth 需要重新登录。': 'Claude OAuth 需要重新登入。', 'claude oauth 已登录。': 'Claude OAuth 已登入。', 'claude oauth 已退出登录。': 'Claude OAuth 已退出登入。',
+      'codex oauth 未登录。': 'Codex OAuth 未登入。', 'codex oauth 本地凭据读取失败。': 'Codex OAuth 本地憑據讀取失敗。', 'codex oauth 需要重新登录。': 'Codex OAuth 需要重新登入。', 'codex oauth 已登录。': 'Codex OAuth 已登入。', 'codex oauth 已退出登录。': 'Codex OAuth 已退出登入。',
+      '当前账号无可用 codex 模型。': '目前帳號無可用 Codex 模型。', 'codex 模型列表获取失败。': 'Codex 模型列表取得失敗。',
+      'github copilot 需要重新导入 github cli 登录。': 'GitHub Copilot 需要重新匯入 GitHub CLI 登入。', 'github copilot 无法读取当前账号可用模型，请重新验证登录。': 'GitHub Copilot 無法讀取目前帳號可用模型，請重新驗證登入。', 'github copilot 登录已导入。': 'GitHub Copilot 登入已匯入。', 'github copilot 连接未能保存，请重新导入登录。': 'GitHub Copilot 連線未能儲存，請重新匯入登入。', 'github copilot 已移除本地登录。': 'GitHub Copilot 已移除本地登入。',
+    },
+  },
+  panel: {
+    tabs: { all: '全部', recommended: '推薦', accounts: '帳號', plans: '模型計劃', api: 'API', aggregators: '聚合服務', local: '本地' },
+    loadFailed: '載入模型連線失敗', loadingAria: '正在載入模型供應商', connections: '模型連線',
+    retry: '點選重試。', empty: '還沒有模型連線',
+    emptyHelp: '從下方選擇一種連線方式開始。', default: '預設', setDefault: '設為預設', setDefaultTitle: '讓新任務預設使用這個連線', setDefaultPending: '設定中…', setDefaultFailed: '設為預設失敗', addHelp: '選擇帳號登入、模型計劃、API、聚合服務或本地執行時。',
+    categoriesAria: '模型供應商分類', searchPlaceholder: '搜尋服務商', searchAria: '搜尋模型服務商', noMatch: '沒有符合的服務商', clearSearch: '清除搜尋',
+    createSubtitle: '完成必要設定後，連線會出現在模型頁上方。', connection: '模型連線',
+    count: (value: number) => `· ${value}`, connectTitle: (name: string) => `連線 ${name}`,
+    chipAria: (name: string, provider: string, isDefault: boolean, status?: string) => `模型連線：${name}，供應商：${provider}${isDefault ? '，預設連線' : ''}${status ? `，${status}` : ''}`,
+    addConnection: '新增連線', category: '分類', backToList: '返回模型連線', backToCatalog: '返回服務商列表',
+  },
+  catalog: {
+    unavailable: '未開放',
+    cardAria: (name: string, description: string) => `新增模型供應商：${name}，${description}`,
+  },
+  add: {
+    invalidSlug: '連線標識格式不正確', duplicateSlug: '連線標識已存在', cloudflareAccount: '請填寫 Cloudflare Account ID', endpointRequired: '這個供應商需要填寫服務地址',
+    accountLogin: '請到帳號連線完成登入；登入成功後會自動建立模型連線。',
+    apiKeyPlaceholder: '輸入或貼上 API Key', cancel: '取消', accountTitle: '使用帳號連線登入',
+    advancedRequest: '高階請求設定', expandAdvancedRequest: '展開高階請求設定', collapseAdvancedRequest: '收起高階請求設定',
+    requestHeaders: '自訂請求頭', headerName: '請求頭名稱', headerValue: '請求頭值', retainedHeaderValue: '保留已儲存的值', addHeader: '新增請求頭', removeHeader: '移除', noRequestHeaders: '未設定自訂請求頭。',
+    extraRequestBody: '額外請求體（JSON）', extraRequestBodyHelp: '僅新增頂層欄位；與 Maka 生成欄位重名時會明確失敗。請求頭值將作為憑據儲存在本機。', requestCustomizationInvalid: '請檢查高階請求設定。',
+    accountDetail: '不要在這裡手動新增；請回到模型連線頁的帳號連線完成登入，Maka 會自動建立並重新整理模型連線。',
+    slug: '連線標識', name: '顯示名稱',
+    accountIdPlaceholder: '填寫帳號 ID',
+    saving: '儲存中…', save: '儲存供應商', keyRequired: (name: string) => `請填寫 ${name} API Key`,
+    apiKeyLabel: 'API Key', accountIdLabel: 'Cloudflare Account ID', endpointLabel: '服務地址',
+    defaultModel: '預設模型', defaultModelPlaceholder: '留空即可，儲存後自動拉取', defaultModelHelp: '儲存後 Maka 會向該端點拉取模型目錄。只有當端點不提供目錄時，才需要在這裡手填一個模型 ID。',
+    ...zhTwCapabilitiesCopy,
+  },
+  oauthFlow: {
+    refreshFailed: '重新整理登入狀態失敗', accountActionFailed: (name: string) => `${name} 帳號操作失敗`, loginFailedRetry: '登入失敗，請稍後重試。',
+    retry: '請稍後再試。', startFailed: '無法開始登入', startFailedRetry: '無法開始登入，請稍後再試。', openFailed: '無法開啟瀏覽器',
+    openFailedRetry: '無法開啟瀏覽器，請稍後重試。', loginSuccess: '登入成功', bound: (name: string) => `${name} 已繫結本機。`,
+    incomplete: '登入未完成', incompleteRetry: '登入未完成，請重新開啟瀏覽器授權。', loginFailed: '登入失敗',
+    logoutDescription: '將刪除本機儲存的訂閱憑據，之後需要重新登入才能繼續使用這些 OAuth 模型。', logout: '退出登入', cancel: '取消',
+    loggedOut: '已退出登入', credentialsCleared: '本地憑據已清除。', logoutFailed: '退出失敗', logoutFailedRetry: '退出登入失敗，請稍後重試。',
+    reverifyFailedRetry: '重新驗證失敗，請稍後重試。', serviceUnavailable: '登入服務暫時不可用，請檢查網路後重試。',
+    logoutTitle: (name: string) => `退出 ${name} 登入？`,
+  },
+  oauthSection: {
+    signedIn: '已登入', codexDescription: 'ChatGPT Plus / Pro 訂閱帳號登入。', xaiDescription: 'SuperGrok / X Premium 帳號登入。',
+    copilotDescription: '匯入相容 GitHub 憑據連線 Copilot 訂閱。', serviceUnavailable: '登入服務暫時不可用，請檢查網路後重試。',
+    aria: 'OAuth 登入',
+    staleState: 'OAuth 登入狀態暫時沒重新整理成功，已保留上一次狀態。',
+    codexDetail: '點選下方按鈕開啟裝置授權頁，並在頁面中輸入這裡顯示的登入碼。', xaiDetail: '點選下方按鈕開啟瀏覽器登入，授權完成後會自動回寫。', deviceCode: '登入碼：',
+    openingBrowser: '開啟瀏覽器…', logout: '退出登入', loggingOut: '退出中…',
+    copilotSubtitle: '匯入相容的 GitHub 登入；token 不會暴露給渲染程序。', copilotImported: '已匯入 GitHub Copilot 訂閱帳號。',
+    copilotSetup: '請設定具有 Copilot Requests 權限的 fine-grained PAT；普通 gh auth login 可能不包含該權限。', importing: '匯入中…',
+    reimport: '重新匯入', importCredential: '匯入相容憑據', verifying: '驗證中…', reverify: '重新驗證', removing: '移除中…', removeLocal: '移除本地登入',
+    loadingAccount: '正在載入帳號狀態…', authorizing: '請在彈出的瀏覽器視窗完成登入。', refreshing: '正在重新整理存取權杖…', refreshTokenFailed: '權杖重新整理失敗，請重新登入。',
+    cardAria: (name: string, status: string | undefined, description: string) => `開啟 OAuth 登入：${name}${status ? `，狀態：${status}` : ''}，${description.replace(/[。.!！？?]+$/u, '')}`,
+    connectTitle: (name: string) => `連線 ${name}`, login: (name: string) => `登入 ${name}`, signedOut: (name: string) => `${name} 尚未登入。`,
+    storageFailed: (name: string) => `${name} 本地憑據讀取失敗，請重新登入。`, providerUnavailable: (name: string) => `${name} 已登入，但目前 provider 狀態不可用。`,
+  },
+} as const;
 
 export type ProviderSettingsCopy = WidenCopy<typeof zhCopy>;
 
@@ -377,7 +550,11 @@ const enCopy: ProviderSettingsCopy = {
   },
 };
 
-const PROVIDER_SETTINGS_COPY = { zh: zhCopy, en: enCopy } satisfies UiCatalog<ProviderSettingsCopy>;
+const PROVIDER_SETTINGS_COPY = {
+  'zh-CN': zhCopy,
+  'zh-TW': zhTwCopy,
+  en: enCopy,
+} satisfies UiCatalog<ProviderSettingsCopy>;
 
 export function getProviderSettingsCopy(locale: UiLocale): ProviderSettingsCopy {
   return PROVIDER_SETTINGS_COPY[locale];
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-shared-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-shared-copy.ts
index 834619160d..be0661f009 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-shared-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-shared-copy.ts
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export type SettingsSharedCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_SHARED_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     modalLabel: '设置',
     contentLabel: '设置内容',
     sidebarLabel: '设置侧栏',
@@ -112,6 +112,48 @@ const SETTINGS_SHARED_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
       reference: '参考',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    modalLabel: '設定',
+    contentLabel: '設定內容',
+    sidebarLabel: '設定側欄',
+    navigationLabel: '設定分組',
+    backToApp: '返回應用',
+    close: '關閉',
+    loading: '正在載入設定',
+    retry: '重試',
+    save: '儲存',
+    cancel: '取消',
+    copy: '複製',
+    copied: '已複製',
+    failed: '失敗',
+    settingsLoadFailed: '載入設定失敗',
+    usageLoadFailed: '載入使用統計失敗',
+    runtimeHost: 'Runtime Host',
+    runtimeHostUnavailable: '這個 Runtime Host 目前不可用。請選擇其他 Host，或在“專案”中重試連線。',
+    unknownError: '出現錯誤，請稍後重試。',
+    unavailablePage: '該設定頁已納入 Maka 設定樹，會隨對應 runtime 能力一起工作。',
+    showDetails: '展開詳情',
+    hideDetails: '收起詳情',
+    ready: '就緒',
+    groups: {
+      memorySources: '記憶',
+      memorySourcesHelp: 'Maka 會在任務中記住你確認過的資訊，用於之後的回答。',
+      memoryDocument: '記憶檔案與備份',
+      memoryDocumentHelp: '記憶儲存在本機 MEMORY.md 裡；這裡可以直接編輯原文或恢復備份。',
+      memoryEntries: '已記住的內容',
+      memoryEntriesHelp: '可以篩選、手動新增，或把不再需要的條目歸檔。',
+      searchProvider: '搜尋服務商',
+      searchProviderHelp: '聯網搜尋使用的服務商與憑據。',
+      searchBehavior: '搜尋行為',
+      searchBehaviorHelp: '什麼時候發起搜尋，以及每次取回多少結果。',
+      dataLocation: '資料位置',
+      dataLocationHelp: '任務、設定、使用統計與憑據都以檔案形式存放在本機的這個位置。',
+      reviewSchedule: '回顧計劃',
+      reviewScheduleHelp: '每日回顧的生成時間與使用的模型。',
+      buildInfo: '版本資訊',
+      reference: '參考',
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     modalLabel: 'Settings',
     contentLabel: 'Settings content',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-subagents-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-subagents-copy.ts
index 6241da520e..a77ccfae23 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-subagents-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-subagents-copy.ts
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ export type SubagentSettingsCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_SUBAGENTS_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     section: {
       title: '已批准的子 Agent',
       count: (total) => `共 ${total} 个配置`,
@@ -182,6 +182,88 @@ const SETTINGS_SUBAGENTS_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
       max: '最大',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    section: {
+      title: '已批准的子 Agent',
+      count: (total) => `共 ${total} 個設定`,
+      add: '新增子 Agent',
+      emptyTitle: '還沒有子 Agent 設定',
+      emptyDescription: '新增一個設定後，主 Agent 就能把合適的任務交給獨立模型處理。',
+    },
+    row: {
+      enabled: '啟用',
+      configure: (name) => `設定“${name}”`,
+      fallbackDescription: '尚未填寫適用場景',
+    },
+    status: {
+      missingConnection: '連線不存在',
+      providerRetired: '登入方式已移除 · 請改用其他連線',
+      connectionDisabled: '連線已停用',
+      modelDisabled: '模型未啟用',
+    },
+    editor: {
+      backToList: '返回子 Agent 列表',
+      createSubtitle: '建立一個可由主 Agent 自動選擇的模型設定。',
+      editSubtitle: '修改適用場景、能力邊界和模型路由。',
+      groupPurpose: '用途',
+      groupPurposeHelp: '主 Agent 主要根據這裡的名稱和適用場景挑選設定。',
+      groupRoute: '能力與模型',
+      groupRouteHelp: '固定這個子 Agent 能做什麼，以及它執行在哪個模型上。',
+      dangerZone: '刪除子 Agent',
+      dangerZoneHelp: '此操作不可撤銷。',
+      delete: '刪除',
+      enabled: '啟用',
+      enabledDescription: '關閉後設定仍會保留，但主 Agent 暫時不會選擇它。',
+      name: '顯示名稱',
+      namePlaceholder: '快速程式碼閱讀',
+      id: 'subagent_id',
+      idDescription: '建立後保持不變，主 Agent 和歷史任務會用它識別此設定。',
+      idPlaceholder: 'fast-reader',
+      description: '適用場景',
+      descriptionPlaceholder: '適合快速、低成本地閱讀大型倉庫',
+      profile: '能力 Profile',
+      connection: '模型連線',
+      model: '模型',
+      thinking: '思考級別',
+      defaultThinking: '跟隨模型預設',
+      implementationWarning: '實現程式碼 Profile 可以寫檔案和執行命令，並會在隔離 worktree 中執行。',
+      noConnection: '請先在“模型”頁啟用一個模型連線。',
+      noModel: '所選連線沒有已啟用的模型。',
+      requiredName: '請輸入顯示名稱。',
+      invalidId: (max) => `只能使用字母、數字、點、下劃線、冒號和連字元，最多 ${max} 個字元。`,
+      duplicateId: '這個 subagent_id 已經存在。',
+      invalidConnection: '請選擇一個已啟用的模型連線。',
+      invalidModel: '請選擇一個已啟用的模型。',
+      cancel: '取消',
+      create: '建立',
+      save: '儲存',
+      saving: '儲存中…',
+    },
+    remove: {
+      title: (name) => `刪除“${name}”？`,
+      description: '主 Agent 將不再看到這個設定。已建立的子任務不會被刪除。',
+      confirm: '刪除',
+      cancel: '取消',
+    },
+    toast: {
+      saveFailed: '儲存子 Agent 設定失敗',
+      rejected: '設定沒有被儲存。請確認名稱長度和設定數量都在上限之內。',
+    },
+    profiles: {
+      local_read: { label: '程式碼閱讀', description: '只讀存取目前工作區，適合搜尋、理解和總結程式碼。' },
+      web_research: { label: '網路研究', description: '只使用聯網搜尋，適合查詢外部資料和最新資訊。' },
+      implementation: { label: '實現程式碼', description: '可以讀寫檔案並執行命令，在隔離 worktree 中完成改動。' },
+    },
+    thinking: {
+      off: '關閉',
+      minimal: '最少',
+      low: '低',
+      medium: '中',
+      high: '高',
+      xhigh: '超高',
+      max: '最大',
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     section: {
       title: 'Approved subagents',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-tasks-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-tasks-copy.ts
index cc7ac4e296..aee4df293a 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-tasks-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-tasks-copy.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ export type SettingsTasksCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_TASKS_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     listAria: '已归档任务',
     noProject: '无项目',
     deletedParent: '原父任务已删除',
@@ -81,6 +81,31 @@ const SETTINGS_TASKS_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
     emptyTitle: '没有已归档的任务',
     emptyBody: '在侧栏里归档一个任务后，可以在这里恢复或彻底删除它。',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    listAria: '已歸檔任務',
+    noProject: '無專案',
+    deletedParent: '原父任務已刪除',
+    searchLabel: '搜尋已歸檔任務',
+    purgeAll: '清空全部',
+    purgeMatches: (count: number) => `刪除這 ${count} 條`,
+    purgeAllConfirmTitle: (count: number) => `清空全部 ${count} 條已歸檔任務？`,
+    purgeMatchesConfirmTitle: (count: number) => `刪除搜尋到的 ${count} 條任務？`,
+    purgeConfirmBody: '這些任務及其全部訊息會被永久刪除，無法撤銷。',
+    purgeConfirmAction: '永久刪除',
+    purgedToast: (count: number) => `已刪除 ${count} 條任務`,
+    purgeKeptRestored: (count: number) => `另有 ${count} 條在此期間被恢復，已保留。`,
+    purgeFailedTitle: '刪除任務失敗',
+    purgeFailedBody: (count: number) => `${count} 條仍在，請重試。`,
+    purgeUnverified: '任務已刪除，但無法讀取列表確認結果。請重新開啟本頁檢視。',
+    noMatchTitle: '沒有符合的任務',
+    noMatchBody: '換個關鍵詞試試。',
+    moreActions: (name: string) => `「${name}」的更多操作`,
+    restore: '恢復',
+    restoreTask: (name: string) => `恢復「${name}」`,
+    delete: '徹底刪除',
+    emptyTitle: '沒有已歸檔的任務',
+    emptyBody: '在側欄裡歸檔一個任務後，可以在這裡恢復或徹底刪除它。',
+  },
   en: {
     listAria: 'Archived tasks',
     noProject: 'No project',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-test-result-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-test-result-copy.ts
index 66d8a316f0..a476cbb698 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-test-result-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-test-result-copy.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ type SettingsTestResultCopy = {
 };
 
 const COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     proxy: {
       reachable: (endpoint, location) =>
         ["代理配置有效", endpoint, location].filter(Boolean).join(" · "),
@@ -67,6 +67,30 @@ const COPY = {
       connectionFailed: "请检查凭据和网络设置后重试。",
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    proxy: {
+      reachable: (endpoint, location) =>
+        ["代理設定有效", endpoint, location].filter(Boolean).join(" · "),
+      disabled: "請先啟用代理伺服器，再進行測試。",
+      configurationMissing: "請填寫代理伺服器地址和埠後再測試。",
+      timeout: "代理測試超時，請檢查代理服務是否可達。",
+      httpError: (status) =>
+        status === undefined
+          ? "代理測試返回了錯誤響應，請檢查代理服務或測試地址。"
+          : `代理測試返回 HTTP ${status}，請檢查代理服務或測試地址。`,
+      unreachable: "代理不可達，請檢查伺服器地址、埠和認證資訊。",
+    },
+    bot: {
+      credentialsValid: (username) =>
+        username
+          ? `憑據檢查已透過 · ${username}。這不代表訊息收發服務已啟動。`
+          : "憑據檢查已透過。這不代表訊息收發服務已啟動。",
+      tokenMissing: "請填寫 Bot Token 後再測試。",
+      tokenInvalid: "Bot Token 無效，請檢查後重試。",
+      appCredentialsMissing: "請填寫 App ID 和 App Secret 後再測試。",
+      connectionFailed: "請檢查憑據和網路設定後重試。",
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     proxy: {
       reachable: (endpoint, location) =>
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-usage-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-usage-copy.ts
index f5160b4e2c..75cf3752ad 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-usage-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-usage-copy.ts
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export type UsageSettingsCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_USAGE_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     saveFailed: '保存使用统计设置失败', toolbarAria: '使用统计范围与刷新', rangeAria: '使用统计时间范围', ranges: ['24h', '7天', '30天', '全部'],
     refreshingAria: '正在刷新使用统计', refreshAria: '刷新使用统计', summaryAria: '使用统计汇总指标', totalRequests: '模型调用', totalCost: '总费用', costHelp: '以模型供应商最终结算为准',
     totalTokens: '总 Token', tokenDetail: (input, output) => `输入 ${input} / 输出 ${output}`, cacheTokens: '缓存 Token',
@@ -59,6 +59,28 @@ const SETTINGS_USAGE_COPY = {
       pricingEmptyBody: '未配置定价覆盖时，费用按内置模型定价表结算；在此可为特定模型登记自定义价格。',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    saveFailed: '儲存使用統計設定失敗', toolbarAria: '使用統計範圍與重新整理', rangeAria: '使用統計時間範圍', ranges: ['24h', '7天', '30天', '全部'],
+    refreshingAria: '正在重新整理使用統計', refreshAria: '重新整理使用統計', summaryAria: '使用統計彙總指標', totalRequests: '總請求', totalCost: '總費用', costHelp: '以模型供應商最終結算為準',
+    totalTokens: '總 Token', tokenDetail: (input, output) => `輸入 ${input} / 輸出 ${output}`, cacheTokens: '快取 Token',
+    cacheDetail: (miss, read, creation) => `新 ${miss} / 命中 ${read} / 建立 ${creation}`, viewAria: '使用統計檢視', tabs: ['請求記錄', '供應商統計', '模型統計', '工具統計', '定價設定'],
+    filtersAria: '請求記錄篩選', filterPlaceholder: '按模型或工具篩選…', filterAria: '按模型或工具篩選請求記錄', statusAria: '請求狀態篩選',
+    statuses: ['全部狀態', '成功', '錯誤', '已中止'], details: '詳情記錄', detailsAria: '顯示使用統計詳情記錄', recordCount: (count) => `共 ${count} 條記錄`, clearFilters: '清除篩選',
+    summaryOnly: '目前僅顯示彙總指標。開啟詳情記錄後，可以檢視逐條模型請求和工具呼叫，按模型、工具或狀態篩選，並用於排查費用與失敗請求。',
+    costUnavailable: '費用未知', incompleteTitle: '統計可能不完整',
+    incompleteBody: '部分記錄可能無法讀取、尚未納入統計或超出顯示上限，實際用量可能高於此處顯示。',
+    showDetails: '顯示明細', filteredEmpty: '沒有符合篩選條件的請求記錄', filteredEmptyHelp: '調整或清除篩選條件後可檢視全部請求記錄。', requestEmpty: '暫無請求記錄',
+    tables: {
+      providersAria: '使用統計供應商統計表', modelsAria: '使用統計模型統計表', toolsAria: '使用統計工具統計表', pricingAria: '使用統計定價設定表', requestsAria: '使用統計請求記錄表',
+      providerHeaders: ['供應商', '請求', 'Token', '費用'], modelHeaders: ['模型', '請求', 'Token', '費用'], toolHeaders: ['工具', '呼叫', '成功', '錯誤', '平均耗時'],
+      pricingHeaders: ['供應商', '模型', '輸入 / 1M', '輸出 / 1M'], requestHeaders: ['時間', '型別', '物件', '任務', 'Token', '費用', '延遲', '狀態'],
+      noPricing: '暫無定價覆蓋設定', modelKind: '模型', toolKind: '工具', unknown: '未知', openSession: (label) => `開啟 ${label}`, untitledSession: '未命名會話', success: '成功', error: '錯誤', aborted: '已中止',
+      providerEmptyTitle: '暫無供應商用量', providerEmptyBody: '完成一次模型請求後，這裡會按供應商聚合請求數、Token 與費用。',
+      modelEmptyTitle: '暫無模型用量', modelEmptyBody: '完成一次模型請求後，這裡會按模型聚合請求數、Token 與費用。',
+      toolEmptyTitle: '暫無工具呼叫', toolEmptyBody: '智慧體呼叫工具後，這裡會按工具聚合呼叫次數、成功、錯誤與平均耗時。',
+      pricingEmptyBody: '未設定定價覆蓋時，費用按內建模型定價表結算；在此可為特定模型登記自訂價格。',
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     saveFailed: 'Failed to save usage settings', toolbarAria: 'Usage range and refresh', rangeAria: 'Usage time range', ranges: ['24h', '7 days', '30 days', 'All'],
     refreshingAria: 'Refreshing usage', refreshAria: 'Refresh usage', summaryAria: 'Usage summary metrics', totalRequests: 'Model calls', totalCost: 'Total cost', costHelp: 'Final billing is determined by the model provider',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-web-search-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-web-search-copy.ts
index 9f42cbfcc7..0cd8730aff 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-web-search-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/settings-web-search-copy.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ export type WebSearchSettingsCopy = {
 };
 
 const SETTINGS_WEB_SEARCH_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     saveFailed: '保存联网搜索设置失败', saveStatusFailed: '保存联网搜索状态失败', keySaved: '已保存 Tavily 密钥', keySavedDetail: '可点击「测试」做一次真实请求验证。',
     credentialsCleared: '已清空 Tavily 凭据', credentialsClearedDetail: '联网搜索已自动关闭。', credentialValid: 'Tavily 凭据可用', resultCount: (count) => `返回 ${count} 条结果。`,
     testFailed: '联网搜索测试失败', testError: '联网搜索测试出错', enabled: '启用联网搜索', enabledHelp: '启用后，Maka 可以在需要最新外部信息时调用所选搜索来源。',
@@ -55,6 +55,23 @@ const SETTINGS_WEB_SEARCH_COPY = {
     sources: { model: '来源：当前模型连接', envWithSaved: '来源：环境变量（已保存密钥备用）', env: '来源：环境变量', saved: '来源：本机已保存密钥', none: '来源：未配置' },
     errors: { invalid_query: '请输入有效的搜索内容。', incognito_active: '无痕模式下无法使用联网搜索。', not_configured: '所选搜索来源尚未配置完成。', invalid_credentials: '搜索来源拒绝了当前凭据，请更新后重试。', rate_limited: '搜索请求过于频繁，请稍后重试。', network_error: '网络请求失败，请检查网络后重试。', timeout: '搜索请求超时，请重试。', unsupported_provider: '当前模型不支持服务端搜索，或 Maka 尚未实现它的协议；可改用 Tavily。', experimental_disabled: '联网搜索实验功能当前已关闭。' },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    saveFailed: '儲存聯網搜尋設定失敗', saveStatusFailed: '儲存聯網搜尋狀態失敗', keySaved: '已儲存 Tavily 金鑰', keySavedDetail: '可點選「測試」做一次真實請求驗證。',
+    credentialsCleared: '已清空 Tavily 憑據', credentialsClearedDetail: '聯網搜尋已自動關閉。', credentialValid: 'Tavily 憑據可用', resultCount: (count) => `返回 ${count} 條結果。`,
+    testFailed: '聯網搜尋測試失敗', testError: '聯網搜尋測試出錯', enabled: '啟用聯網搜尋', enabledHelp: '啟用後，Maka 可以在需要最新外部資訊時呼叫所選搜尋來源。',
+    provider: '搜尋來源', providerHelp: '優先複用目前模型的服務端搜尋；不支援時可顯式改用 Tavily。', providerModel: '目前模型', providerTavily: 'Tavily',
+    modelCredential: '主模型原生搜尋', modelCredentialHelp: 'Maka 會在每個任務回合開始時，根據目前連線與精確模型決定是否把原生 web_search 注入同一次模型請求。不儲存第二份搜尋金鑰，也不會從設定頁另發一次模型呼叫。',
+    statusAria: '聯網搜尋憑據狀態', lastTest: '最近測試 ', enabledAria: '啟用聯網搜尋', key: 'Tavily 金鑰',
+    envKeyHelp: '目前使用環境變數 TAVILY_API_KEY / MAKA_TAVILY_API_KEY；如需改用儲存的金鑰，請移除環境變數後重啟。', savedKeyHelp: '金鑰只儲存在本機。申請地址：',
+    envPlaceholder: '由環境變數提供', storedPlaceholder: '已儲存（輸入新金鑰可替換）', keyPlaceholder: 'tvly-xxxxxxxx', keyAria: 'Tavily 金鑰',
+    actions: '憑據操作', actionsHelp: '儲存後可以測試一次真實請求；清空憑據會同步關閉聯網搜尋。', saving: '儲存中…', saveKey: '儲存金鑰', testing: '測試中…', testKey: '測試憑據', clearing: '清空中…', clearKey: '清空金鑰',
+    testSearch: '測試搜尋', testSearchHelp: '發一條真實查詢，確認所選聯網搜尋來源是否設定可用。結果只顯示在這裡，不寫入任務。', queryPlaceholder: '例如：本週 AI 產品釋出動態',
+    searching: '搜尋中…', search: '搜尋', queryFailed: (error) => `查詢失敗：${error}`, noResults: '沒有結果。', resultsAria: '聯網搜尋真實查詢結果',
+    disabledReasons: { noKey: '先設定所選搜尋來源', disabled: '先啟用聯網搜尋', noQuery: '輸入查詢後再搜尋' },
+    statuses: { valid: '已驗證', invalid_credentials: '金鑰無效', rate_limited: '服務限流', timeout: '測試超時', network_error: '網路異常', not_configured: '等待設定', untested: '未測試', validEnabled: '已驗證 · 已啟用', validDisabled: '已驗證 · 未啟用', unknownEnabled: '未測試 · 已啟用', modelEnabled: '已啟用 · 按任務模型判定', modelDisabled: '目前模型來源 · 未啟用' },
+    sources: { model: '來源：目前模型連線', envWithSaved: '來源：環境變數（已儲存金鑰備用）', env: '來源：環境變數', saved: '來源：本機已儲存金鑰', none: '來源：未設定' },
+    errors: { invalid_query: '請輸入有效的搜尋內容。', incognito_active: '無痕模式下無法使用聯網搜尋。', not_configured: '所選搜尋來源尚未設定完成。', invalid_credentials: '搜尋來源拒絕了目前憑據，請更新後重試。', rate_limited: '搜尋請求過於頻繁，請稍後重試。', network_error: '網路請求失敗，請檢查網路後重試。', timeout: '搜尋請求超時，請重試。', unsupported_provider: '目前模型不支援服務端搜尋，或 Maka 尚未實現它的協議；可改用 Tavily。', experimental_disabled: '聯網搜尋實驗功能目前已關閉。' },
+  },
   en: {
     saveFailed: 'Failed to save web search settings', saveStatusFailed: 'Failed to save web search status', keySaved: 'Tavily key saved', keySavedDetail: 'Select Test credentials to verify it with a real request.',
     credentialsCleared: 'Tavily credentials cleared', credentialsClearedDetail: 'Web search was disabled automatically.', credentialValid: 'Tavily credentials work', resultCount: (count) => `Returned ${count} ${count === 1 ? 'result' : 'results'}.`,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/shell-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/shell-copy.ts
index a858a39464..fa62ab0472 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/shell-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/shell-copy.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
  * under the License.
  */
 
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 
 import { type UiCatalog, type UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ const EN_SETTINGS_SECTIONS: Record<SettingsSection, string> = {
 };
 
 const SHELL_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     navigation: { settings: '设置' },
     actions: { retry: '重试' },
     paths: {
@@ -1269,6 +1269,528 @@ const SHELL_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
       resizeWorkbar: '调整任务工作栏宽度',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    navigation: { settings: '設定' },
+    actions: { retry: '重試' },
+    paths: {
+      workspace: '工作區資料夾',
+      project: '專案目錄',
+      skills: 'Skills 資料夾',
+    },
+    errors: {
+      messageRead: '任務內容暫時無法讀取，請稍後重試。',
+      messageRefresh: '任務內容暫時無法重新整理，請稍後重試。',
+      openPath: (path: string) => `無法開啟${path}，請稍後重試。`,
+      workspaceUnavailableTitle: '工作目錄不可用',
+      workspaceUnavailableDescription: '工作目錄不存在或無法存取。請選擇有效目錄建立新任務。',
+    },
+    chatActions: {
+      newConversation: '建立任務',
+      sendFailedTitle: '傳送失敗',
+      sendFailedFallback: '訊息暫時無法傳送，請稍後重試。',
+      skillInvocationBlockedTitle: 'Skill 呼叫失敗，訊息未傳送',
+      skillInvocationBlockedDescription: (items) => `${items.join('、')}。請調整選擇後重試。`,
+      skillInvocationFailedTitle: '部分 Skill 未能呼叫',
+      skillInvocationFailedDescription: (items) => `${items.join('、')}。其餘 Skill 已正常呼叫。`,
+      skillInvocationFailureReason: {
+        invalid_name: '名稱無效',
+        not_found: '未找到',
+        disabled: '已停用',
+        host_incompatible: '目前環境缺少依賴',
+        resolution_failed: '解析失敗',
+        too_many_requests: 'Skill 呼叫請求超過 50 個上限',
+      },
+      responseFailedTitle: '響應失敗',
+      responseFailedFallback: '任務操作失敗，請稍後重試。',
+      refreshFailedTitle: '重新整理任務失敗',
+      sessionStartFailedTitle: '開始任務失敗',
+      sessionStartFailedFallback: '任務暫時無法開始，請稍後重試。',
+    },
+    projectActions: {
+      currentProject: '目前專案',
+      readPathFailedTitle: '讀取專案路徑失敗',
+      readPathFailedFallback: '專案路徑暫時無法讀取，請稍後重試。',
+      selectDirectoryFailedTitle: '選擇工作目錄失敗',
+      selectedPathUnreadable: '所選路徑不存在或不可讀。',
+      directorySwitchedTitle: '已切換工作目錄',
+      projectUpdateFailedTitle: '專案操作失敗',
+      projectUpdateFailedFallback: '暫時無法更新專案，請稍後重試。',
+      catalogUnavailable: 'Runtime Host 暫時不可用',
+      retryCatalog: '重試載入',
+      remoteDirectoryTitle: (host: string) => `在 ${host} 上新增專案`,
+      remoteDirectoryBreadcrumbs: '目前資料夾',
+      remoteDirectoryHome: '主目錄',
+      remoteDirectoryEmpty: '此資料夾中沒有子資料夾',
+      remoteDirectorySelect: '新增此資料夾',
+      remoteDirectoryCancel: '取消',
+      remoteDirectoryRetry: '重試',
+      remoteDirectoryLoading: '正在讀取資料夾…',
+      remoteDirectoryShowHidden: '顯示隱藏目錄',
+      remoteDirectoryHideHidden: '不顯示隱藏目錄',
+      runtimeHostReadiness: {
+        connecting: '連線中',
+        reconnecting: '正在重連',
+        unavailable: '不可用',
+      },
+      openFailedTitle: (path: string) => `無法開啟${path}`,
+      openPathLabels: {
+        workspace: '工作區目錄',
+        skills: 'Skills 目錄',
+        memory: '記憶目錄',
+        project: '專案目錄',
+      },
+      openPathFailures: {
+        'unknown-key': '未知的工作區目錄。',
+        'not-allowed': '路徑不在允許開啟的工作區範圍內。',
+        missing: '目錄不存在。',
+        'not-a-directory': '目標不是目錄。',
+        'open-failed': '系統沒有開啟該目錄。',
+        unknown: '無法開啟目錄。',
+      },
+    },
+    commandActions: {
+      connectionVerified: (name: string) => `連線已驗證 · ${name}`,
+      connectionLatency: (latency: number | string, model?: string) =>
+        `延遲 ${latency} ms${model ? ` · ${model}` : ''}`,
+      connectionTestFailed: (name: string) => `連線測試失敗 · ${name}`,
+      testErrorTitle: '測試出錯',
+      connectionUnavailable: '連線測試暫時不可用，請稍後重試。',
+      connectionFailures: {
+        rateLimit: '目前帳號或模型服務觸發速率限制，請稍後重試。',
+        timeout: '請求超時，請檢查網路或代理後重試。',
+        auth: '鑑權失敗，請檢查模型金鑰、訂閱帳號登入或憑據設定後重試。',
+        network: '網路錯誤，請檢查網路或代理後重試。',
+        provider: '模型服務返回錯誤，請稍後重試。',
+        unknown: '連線測試失敗，請稍後重試。',
+      },
+      setDefaultSuccess: (name: string) => `已設為預設 · ${name}`,
+      setDefaultFailedTitle: '切換預設失敗',
+      setDefaultFallback: '預設模型暫時無法切換，請稍後重試。',
+      newConversation: '建立任務',
+      conversationCopiedTitle: '已複製任務為 Markdown',
+      lineCount: (lines: number) => `${lines} 行 · 可貼上到 Notion / Obsidian / GitHub`,
+      copyFailedTitle: '複製失敗',
+      clipboardUnavailable: '剪貼簿不可用',
+      conversationSavedTitle: '已儲存目前任務',
+      saveSummary: (lines: number, fileName: string) => `${lines} 行 · 儲存為 ${fileName}`,
+      saveFailedTitle: '儲存失敗',
+      invalidExport: '匯出內容無效',
+      writeFailed: '無法寫入選擇的位置',
+      exportFallback: '匯出目前任務失敗，請稍後重試。',
+      memoryOpenFailedTitle: '無法開啟 MEMORY.md',
+      openFailedTitle: '開啟失敗',
+      memoryOpenFallback: '無法開啟 MEMORY.md，請稍後重試。',
+      today: '今天',
+      reviewCopiedTitle: '已複製今日回顧為 Markdown',
+      reviewSummary: (sessions: number, requests: number) => `${sessions} 個任務 · ${requests} 個請求`,
+      reviewCopyFallback: '今日回顧暫時不可用，或剪貼簿被系統拒絕。',
+      reviewPastedTitle: '已追加今日回顧到輸入框',
+      reviewCopied: (label: string) => `已複製${label}回顧`,
+      reviewPasted: (label: string) => `已追加${label}回顧到輸入框`,
+      reviewSaved: (label: string) => `已儲存${label}回顧`,
+      reviewSaveFallback: '儲存每日回顧失敗，請稍後重試。',
+      pasteFailedTitle: '貼上失敗',
+      reviewUnavailable: '今日回顧暫時不可用，請稍後重試。',
+      diagnosticsCopiedTitle: '已複製診斷資訊',
+      diagnosticsCopiedDescription: '檢查內容後，可直接貼上到問題報告',
+      clipboardDenied: '剪貼簿不可用或被系統拒絕',
+      networkPassedTitle: '網路代理測試透過',
+      networkFailedTitle: '網路代理測試失敗',
+      genericTestFailedTitle: '測試失敗',
+      networkTestFallback: '網路代理測試暫時不可用，請稍後重試。',
+    },
+    sessionRowActions: {
+      actionFallback: '任務操作失敗，請稍後重試。',
+      flagFailedTitle: '標記任務失敗',
+      unflagFailedTitle: '取消標記失敗',
+      archiveFailedTitle: '歸檔任務失敗',
+      unarchiveFailedTitle: '恢復任務失敗',
+      renameFailedTitle: '重新命名任務失敗',
+      deleteFailedTitle: '刪除任務失敗',
+      currentConversation: '目前任務',
+      deleteTitle: (name: string) => `刪除 "${name}"`,
+      deleteDescription: '任務和全部訊息會從磁碟上永久移除。該操作不可撤銷。',
+      deleteLabel: '刪除',
+      cancelLabel: '取消',
+      deletedTitle: (name: string) => `已刪除 ${name}`,
+      deleteRestoredTitle: (name: string) => `${name} 已被恢復，未刪除`,
+    },
+    skillActions: {
+      refreshSkillsFailedTitle: '重新整理技能失敗',
+      refreshSkillsFallback: '重新整理技能失敗，請稍後重試。',
+      refreshSourcesFailedTitle: '重新整理來源庫失敗',
+      refreshSourcesFallback: '重新整理來源庫失敗，請稍後重試。',
+      refreshBundledFailedTitle: '重新整理內建技能失敗',
+      refreshBundledFallback: '重新整理內建技能失敗，請稍後重試。',
+      installBundledFailedTitle: '無法安裝內建 Skill',
+      installBundledFallback: '無法安裝內建 Skill，請稍後重試。',
+      installedBundledTitle: '已安裝內建 Skill',
+      installedDescription: (id: string) => `${id}/SKILL.md 已放到目前工作區。`,
+      importSourceFailedTitle: '無法匯入 Skill 來源',
+      importSourceFallback: '無法匯入 Skill 來源，請稍後重試。',
+      importedSourceTitle: '已匯入 Skill 來源',
+      installFailedTitle: '無法安裝 Skill',
+      installFallback: '無法安裝 Skill，請稍後重試。',
+      installedTitle: '已安裝 Skill',
+      previewFailedTitle: '無法預覽 Skill 更新',
+      previewFallback: '無法預覽 Skill 更新，請稍後重試。',
+      updateFailedTitle: '無法更新 Skill',
+      updateFallback: '無法更新 Skill，請稍後重試。',
+      updatedTitle: '已更新 Skill',
+      forceUpdatedTitle: '已覆蓋更新 Skill',
+      updatedDescription: (id: string) => `${id}/SKILL.md 已更新到來源庫版本。`,
+      toggleFailedTitle: '無法切換 Skill',
+      toggleFallback: '無法切換 Skill，請稍後重試。',
+      enabledTitle: '已啟用 Skill',
+      disabledTitle: '已停用 Skill',
+      pinnedTitle: '已固定到技能上下文',
+      unpinnedTitle: '已取消固定',
+      runtimeDescription: (name: string) => `${name} 已更新目前專案的執行狀態。`,
+      deleteFailedTitle: '無法刪除 Skill',
+      deleteFallback: '無法刪除 Skill，請稍後重試。',
+      deletedTitle: '已刪除 Skill',
+      deletedDescription: (id: string) => `${id} 已移除。`,
+      openFailedTitle: '無法開啟 Skill',
+      openFallback: '無法開啟 Skill，請稍後重試。',
+      openFailures: {
+        invalid_id: 'Skill 名稱不在允許範圍內。',
+        missing: '沒有找到對應的 SKILL.md。',
+        blocked_path: 'Skill 路徑不在工作區 skills 目錄內，已阻止開啟。',
+        not_file: '目標不是一個可開啟的 SKILL.md 檔案。',
+        not_directory: '目標不是一個可開啟的目錄。',
+        open_failed: '系統開啟檔案失敗。',
+      },
+      sourceFailures: {
+        invalid_skill: '請選擇有效的 SKILL.md 檔案。',
+        already_exists: '來源庫裡已經有同名 Skill。',
+        blocked_path: '該檔案路徑不允許匯入。',
+        write_failed: '寫入來源庫失敗，請檢查檔案權限。',
+        cancelled: '已取消。',
+      },
+      installFailures: {
+        not_found: '沒有找到這個 Skill 來源。',
+        already_exists: '目前工作區已經有同名 Skill。',
+        blocked_path: '目標路徑不允許寫入。',
+        write_failed: '寫入工作區失敗，請檢查檔案權限。',
+      },
+      updateFailures: {
+        not_managed: '這個 Skill 不是受管理來源。',
+        source_missing: '來源庫中找不到對應來源。',
+        local_modified: '工作區副本已經被修改。請開啟本地檔案和來原始檔手動比較後再更新。',
+        metadata_error: 'Skill 後設資料異常，不能安全更新。',
+        blocked_path: '目標路徑不允許寫入。',
+        write_failed: '寫入工作區失敗，請檢查檔案權限。',
+      },
+      previewFailures: {
+        not_managed: '這個 Skill 不是受管理來源。',
+        source_missing: '來源庫中找不到對應來源。',
+        metadata_error: 'Skill 後設資料異常，不能安全預覽。',
+        blocked_path: '目標路徑不允許讀取。',
+        read_failed: '讀取 Skill 內容失敗，請檢查檔案權限。',
+      },
+      deleteFailures: {
+        not_found: '目前工作區找不到這個 Skill。',
+        blocked_path: 'Skill 路徑不允許刪除。',
+        blocked_scope: '專案內的 Skill 由倉庫管理，請直接在專案裡刪除。',
+        delete_failed: '刪除 Skill 失敗，請檢查檔案權限。',
+      },
+      runtimeFailures: {
+        not_found: '目前工作區找不到這個 Skill。',
+        blocked_path: 'Skill 狀態路徑不允許寫入。',
+        state_error: '目前工作區的 Skill 狀態檔案異常，需要先修復。',
+        write_failed: '寫入目前專案的 Skill 狀態失敗，請檢查檔案權限。',
+      },
+    },
+    sessionSettingsActions: {
+      permissionLabels: {
+        ask: '自動',
+        bypass: '完全權限',
+      },
+      permissionDescriptions: {
+        explore: '只讀：只讀取和搜尋，寫入檔案和存取網路會先來問你。',
+        ask: '自動：在 Maka 的保護層內執行；需要超出目前權限範圍時會先來問你。',
+        bypass: '本地工具直接存取你的檔案和網路，不經 Maka 的保護層。',
+      },
+      bypassConfirmTitle: '切換到完全權限？',
+      bypassConfirmDescription:
+        '本地工具將直接讀寫你的檔案並存取網路，不經 Maka 的保護層。僅用於你完全信任、或已在外部隔離環境中執行的任務。',
+      bypassConfirmLabel: '開啟完全權限',
+      bypassCancelLabel: '保持自動',
+      permissionSwitched: (label: string) => `已切到 ${label}`,
+      permissionFailedTitle: '切換權限模式失敗',
+      permissionFallback: '權限模式暫時無法切換，請稍後重試。',
+      modelSwitchedTitle: '已切換目前任務模型',
+      modelSwitchedDescription: (from, to) => `${from} → ${to}`,
+      modelFailedTitle: '切換模型失敗',
+      modelFallback: '模型暫時無法切換，請稍後重試。',
+      thinkingUpdatedTitle: '已更新思考級別',
+      thinkingDefault: '預設',
+      thinkingLabels: {
+        off: '關',
+        minimal: '最少',
+        low: '低',
+        medium: '中',
+        high: '高',
+        xhigh: '超高',
+        max: '最高',
+      },
+      thinkingFailedTitle: '切換思考級別失敗',
+      thinkingFallback: '思考級別暫時無法切換，請稍後重試。',
+    },
+    goalDialog: {
+      title: '設定 Goal',
+      description: 'Goal 會在每輪結束後自動續行，直到達成、判定不可行，或觸及下面的預算。隨時可在輸入框上方停止。',
+      conditionLabel: '達成條件',
+      conditionDescription: '用一句話說明什麼算做完；Maka 每輪都據此判斷。',
+      conditionPlaceholder: '例如：所有測試透過，且 lint 無告警',
+      maxIterationsLabel: '最多輪數',
+      maxIterationsDescription: '留空使用預設值。',
+      maxIterationsInvalid: (max) => `請填 1 到 ${max} 之間的整數，或留空。`,
+      tokenBudgetLabel: 'Token 預算',
+      tokenBudgetDescription: '留空表示不設 token 上限。',
+      tokenBudgetInvalid: (min) => `請填不小於 ${min} 的整數，或留空。`,
+      cancel: '取消',
+      close: '關閉',
+      submit: '開始',
+      failedFallback: '無法設定 Goal，請稍後重試。',
+      statusLabels: {
+        active: '進行中',
+        waiting: '等待中',
+        paused: '已暫停',
+        achieved: '已達成',
+        impossible: '不可行',
+        cleared: '已清除',
+        stalled: '已停滯',
+        budget_limited: '已達到 Token 預算',
+        max_iterations: '已達到最多輪數',
+      },
+      reconciledMatching: (condition, status) =>
+        `已重新讀取目前 Goal：“${condition}”（${status}）。它符合你的請求，但無法確認剛才的操作是否提交。`,
+      reconciledDifferent: (condition, status) =>
+        `已重新讀取目前 Goal：“${condition}”（${status}）。它與本次請求不同。`,
+      reconciledNoGoal: '已重新讀取目前狀態：目前未讀到 Goal。',
+      reconciliationUnavailable: '連線中斷後暫時無法確認目前 Goal 狀態。請關閉後重新開啟再檢查；此視窗不會重複提交。',
+    },
+    errorBoundary: {
+      copyPending: '複製中…',
+      copied: '已複製',
+      copyFailed: '複製失敗',
+      copyReport: '複製診斷資訊',
+      title: 'Maka 渲染層崩潰了',
+      descriptionBeforeRetry: '已捕獲一次未處理的 React 異常。下面是錯誤摘要；點',
+      retry: '重試',
+      descriptionBeforeReload: '清掉這次崩潰，',
+      reload: '重新載入',
+      descriptionAfterReload: '會重新整理整個視窗。需要交接時先複製診斷資訊。',
+      errorDetails: '錯誤詳情',
+      componentStack: '元件棧',
+      clipboardFailure: '剪貼簿不可用或被系統拒絕；可以手動選擇上面的錯誤摘要。',
+    },
+    commandPalette: {
+      label: '命令面板',
+      searchLabel: '命令面板搜尋',
+      placeholder: '搜尋命令、設定項或任務…',
+      closeLabel: '關閉命令面板',
+      resultsLabel: '命令面板結果',
+      emptyTitle: '沒有符合的命令',
+      emptyDescription: '換個關鍵詞，或按 Esc 關閉。',
+      selectHint: '選擇',
+      runHint: '執行',
+      closeHint: '關閉',
+      current: '目前',
+      groups: {
+        settings: '設定',
+        permissions: '權限',
+        connections: '連線',
+        conversations: '任務',
+      },
+      staticKeywords: STATIC_COMMAND_KEYWORDS,
+      commands: ZH_STATIC_COMMANDS,
+      settingsSections: ZH_SETTINGS_SECTIONS,
+      permissionModes: {
+        explore: { label: '權限 · 只讀', hint: '讀取和搜尋直通，寫入和網路仍需確認' },
+        ask: { label: '權限 · 自動', hint: '在 Maka 的保護層內執行；需要超出目前權限範圍時再詢問' },
+        bypass: {
+          label: '權限 · 完全權限',
+          hint: '不經 Maka 的保護層，直接存取你的檔案和網路',
+        },
+      },
+      settingsCommand: (section: string) => `設定 · ${section}`,
+      testDefaultConnection: (name: string) => `測試預設連線 · ${name}`,
+      setDefaultConnection: (name: string) => `設為預設 · ${name}`,
+      testConnection: (name: string) => `測試連線 · ${name}`,
+      settingsKeywords: (section: SettingsSection, label: string) => [section, label, 'settings', '設定'],
+      permissionKeywords: (mode: PermissionMode) => [mode, 'permission', 'mode', '權限', '模式'],
+      connectionKeywords: (action: 'default' | 'test', name: string, providerType: string) => [
+        action,
+        'connection',
+        '連線',
+        '預設',
+        '測試',
+        name,
+        providerType,
+      ],
+    },
+    keyboardHelp: {
+      title: '鍵盤快捷鍵',
+      sections: [
+        {
+          heading: '通用',
+          rows: [
+            {
+              keys: ['⌘', 'K'],
+              description: '開啟命令面板（跳任務 / 設定 / 主題等）',
+            },
+            { keys: ['?'], description: '開啟 / 關閉此快捷鍵面板' },
+            { keys: ['⌘', 'N'], description: '建立任務' },
+            { keys: ['⌘', ','], description: '開啟設定' },
+            {
+              keys: ['⌘', 'Shift', 'D'],
+              description: '複製目前上下文的診斷資訊',
+            },
+            { keys: ['Esc'], description: '關閉目前模態框' },
+          ],
+        },
+        {
+          heading: 'Composer 輸入',
+          rows: [
+            { keys: ['Enter'], description: '傳送訊息' },
+            { keys: ['Shift', 'Enter'], description: '插入換行' },
+            { keys: ['Alt', 'Enter'], description: '插入換行（備用）' },
+          ],
+        },
+        {
+          heading: '任務列表',
+          rows: [
+            { keys: ['Tab'], description: '在任務與導航之間移動焦點' },
+            { keys: ['↑', '↓'], description: '上下移動聚焦的任務' },
+            { keys: ['Home', 'End'], description: '跳到列表頂部 / 底部' },
+            { keys: ['Enter'], description: '開啟聚焦的任務' },
+            { keys: ['Delete'], description: '彈出刪除確認（永遠不靜默刪除）' },
+            { keys: ['F'], description: '聚焦任務列表搜尋框（按 Esc 清空）' },
+          ],
+        },
+        {
+          heading: '聊天區',
+          rows: [
+            { keys: ['Tab'], description: '聚焦工具活動 / 複製按鈕' },
+            { keys: ['Space', 'Enter'], description: '展開 / 摺疊工具呼叫' },
+          ],
+        },
+        {
+          heading: '面板調整',
+          rows: [
+            { keys: ['Tab'], description: '聚焦左右分割條' },
+            { keys: ['←', '→'], description: '微調任務列表寬度（±10 px）' },
+            { keys: ['Shift', '←', '→'], description: '快速調整（±50 px）' },
+            { keys: ['Home', 'End'], description: '直接拉到最小 / 最大寬度' },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    chrome: {
+      windowActions: '視窗快捷操作',
+      searchConversations: '搜尋任務',
+      expandSidebar: '展開側邊欄',
+      collapseSidebar: '收起側邊欄',
+      newTask: '新任務',
+      expandWorkbar: '展開任務工作欄',
+      collapseWorkbar: '收起任務工作欄',
+      workspaceActions: '工作區輔助操作',
+    },
+    app: {
+      loadingWorkbarLabel: '正在載入任務工作欄',
+      loadingWorkbar: '正在載入任務工作欄…',
+      useSkillPrompt: (skillName: string) => `使用 ${skillName} 技能：`,
+      newConversation: '建立任務',
+      compactSuccessTitle: '上下文已壓縮',
+      compactSuccessDescription: '較早的上下文已替換為檢查點摘要。',
+      compactStartedTitle: '正在壓縮上下文',
+      compactStartedDescription: '正在將較早的上下文整理為檢查點摘要。',
+      compactUnchangedTitle: '無需壓縮',
+      compactUnchangedDescription: '任務已使用最新的檢查點。',
+      compactErrorTitle: '壓縮失敗',
+      compactErrorFallback: '任務暫時無法壓縮，請稍後重試。',
+      slashCommands: {
+        compact: { name: '壓縮上下文', description: '壓縮舊歷史並保留目前任務' },
+        graph: { name: '使用 Graph', description: '檢視、切換或單次執行 Graph' },
+        side: { name: '開啟側聊', description: '在右側開始一個具體話題' },
+        swarm: { name: '使用 Swarm', description: '檢視、切換或單次執行 Swarm' },
+      },
+      sideChatUnavailableTitle: '暫時無法開啟側邊對話',
+      sideChatUnavailableDescription: '請先在主任務中傳送一條訊息，再使用 /side。',
+      sideChatContextPendingTitle: '先處理待發送的上下文',
+      sideChatContextPendingDescription:
+        '目前 Composer 還有附件、引用或檔案 mention。請先發送或移除它們，再使用 /side。',
+      resumeStartedTitle: '已開始安全恢復',
+      resumeStartedDescription: '正在從最後一個完整執行邊界繼續',
+      resumeFailedTitle: '恢復失敗',
+      resumeFailedFallback: '無法啟動安全恢復，請檢查任務狀態後重試。',
+      goalClearFailedTitle: '停止目標失敗',
+      goalClearFailedFallback: '目標仍可能繼續執行，請立即重試。',
+      goalPauseFailedTitle: '暫停目標失敗',
+      goalPauseFailedFallback: '目標可能仍在自動續行，請立即重試。',
+      goalResumeFailedTitle: '恢復目標失敗',
+      goalResumeFailedFallback: '目標仍處於暫停狀態，請重試。',
+      appearanceLoadErrorTitle: '載入外觀設定失敗',
+      appearanceLoadErrorFallback: '外觀設定暫時無法載入，請稍後重試。',
+      memoryRefreshErrorTitle: '重新整理本地記憶狀態失敗',
+      memoryLoadErrorTitle: '載入本地記憶狀態失敗',
+      memoryErrorFallback: '本地記憶狀態暫時無法重新整理，請稍後重試。',
+      openModelSettings: '開啟設定 · 模型',
+      configureModelsOnHost: (hostName: string) =>
+        `請先在 ${hostName} 上設定模型連線。`,
+      sidebarCollapsed: '側邊欄已收起',
+      resizeConversationList: '調整任務列表寬度',
+      skipErrorTitle: '跳過失敗',
+      tryAgainLater: '請稍後重試。',
+      updateInstallFailedTitle: '無法安裝更新',
+      updateInstallFailedFallback: '請稍後重試。',
+      updateInstallManualFallback: '請稍後重試，或手動下載最新版本。',
+      updateActiveTasksTitle: '仍有任務正在執行',
+      updateActiveTasksDescription: '仍有任務正在執行。更新會中斷這些任務，是否繼續？',
+      updateActiveTasksConfirm: '仍然更新',
+      updateActiveTasksCancel: '取消',
+      updateRetryFailedTitle: '無法重新下載更新',
+      updateRetryFailedFallback: '請稍後重試，或手動下載最新版本。',
+      loading: '載入中',
+      goToModels: '去模型',
+      boundaryUnreadableTitle: '暫時讀不到這個任務的權限',
+      boundaryUnreadableDetail: '在讀到之前，這裡暫時不能輸入。可以重試，或先切換到別的任務。',
+      boundaryUnreadableRetry: '重試',
+      boundaryUnreadableRetrying: '重試中…',
+      permissionModeChanging: '權限模式正在切換，完成後再繼續操作。',
+      permissionModeStreaming: '目前任務正在流式輸出，等結束後再切換權限模式。',
+      permissionModeRunning: '目前任務正在執行，等結束後再切換權限模式。',
+      permissionModeWaiting: '目前有工具呼叫正在等待確認，處理後再切換權限模式。',
+      modeChangeLoading: '會話還在載入，稍候即可切換模式。',
+      modeChanging: '模式正在切換，完成後再繼續操作。',
+      modeChangeStreaming: '目前任務正在流式輸出，等結束後再切換模式。',
+      modeChangeRunning: '目前任務正在執行，等結束後再切換模式。',
+      modeChangeWaiting: '目前有工具呼叫正在等待確認，處理後再切換模式。',
+      goalTurnActive: 'Goal 從下一輪開始生效。等目前這一輪結束後再設定。',
+      planModeFailedTitle: '切換 Plan 模式失敗',
+      planModeFallback: 'Plan 模式暫時無法切換，請稍後重試。',
+      orchestrationModeFailedTitle: '切換編排模式失敗',
+      orchestrationModeFallback: '編排模式暫時無法切換，請稍後重試。',
+      planModeExitPendingTitle: '放棄目前方案？',
+      planModeExitPendingDescription: (title: string) =>
+        `「${title}」尚未審批。退出 Plan Mode 後，該方案會標記為已放棄，但歷史記錄仍會保留。`,
+      planModeExitConfirm: '放棄並退出',
+      planModeExitCancel: '繼續規劃',
+      planModeExecutionActiveTitle: '計劃仍在執行',
+      planModeExecutionActiveDescription: '請先中斷目前執行，再進入 Plan Mode 調整方案。',
+      swarmModeEnabledTitle: 'Swarm Mode 已開啟',
+      swarmModeDisabledTitle: 'Swarm Mode 未開啟',
+      swarmModeStatusDescription: '使用 /swarm on、/swarm off，或 /swarm <任務> 單次執行。',
+      graphModeEnabledTitle: 'Graph Mode 已開啟',
+      graphModeDisabledTitle: 'Graph Mode 未開啟',
+      graphModeStatusDescription: '使用 /graph on、/graph off，或 /graph <任務> 單次執行。',
+      graphHistoryTitle: 'Graph 歷史',
+      graphHistoryDescription: '請在 Agent Graph 面板的執行輪次選單中檢視歷史記錄。',
+      resizeWorkbar: '調整任務工作欄寬度',
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     navigation: { settings: 'Settings' },
     actions: { retry: 'Retry' },
@@ -1845,5 +2367,5 @@ export function getShellCopy(locale: UiLocale): ShellCopy {
 }
 
 export function localizedShellErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback: string, locale: UiLocale): string {
-  return locale === 'zh' ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, fallback) : generalizedErrorMessage(error, fallback);
+  return generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, fallback, locale);
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/shell-remaining-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/shell-remaining-copy.ts
index 75ace87c6e..17fb805908 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/shell-remaining-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/locales/shell-remaining-copy.ts
@@ -97,6 +97,78 @@ const zhCopy = {
     intentSeparator: " — ",
   },
 } as const;
+const zhTwCopy = {
+  scheduledTaskActions: {
+    refreshFailed: "重新整理計劃失敗",
+    refreshFallback: "重新整理定時任務失敗，請稍後重試。",
+    created: "已建立定時任務",
+    createFailed: "建立計劃失敗",
+    createFallback: "建立定時任務失敗，請稍後重試。",
+    createIncognitoBlocked: "隱身模式開啟時不能建立定時任務。",
+    saved: "已儲存定時任務",
+    saveFailed: "儲存計劃失敗",
+    saveFallback: "儲存定時任務失敗，請稍後重試。",
+    enabled: "已啟用任務",
+    paused: "已暫停任務",
+    updateFailed: "更新計劃失敗",
+    updateFallback: "更新定時任務失敗，請稍後重試。",
+    triggered: "已觸發定時任務",
+    triggerFailed: "觸發計劃失敗",
+    triggerFallback: "觸發定時任務失敗，請稍後重試。",
+    snoozed: "已延後 10 分鐘",
+    snoozeFailed: "延後計劃失敗",
+    snoozeFallback: "延後定時任務失敗，請稍後重試。",
+    task: "定時任務",
+    clearTitle: (name: string) => `清空 “${name}” 的執行記錄`,
+    clearDescription: "定時任務本身會保留；只清空最近執行記錄和最近狀態。",
+    clear: "清空記錄",
+    cancel: "取消",
+    cleared: "已清空執行記錄",
+    clearFailed: "清空記錄失敗",
+    clearFallback: "清空定時任務記錄失敗，請稍後重試。",
+    deleteTitle: (name: string) => `刪除 “${name}”`,
+    deleteDescription: "該任務和最近執行記錄會被刪除。該操作不可撤銷。",
+    delete: "刪除",
+    deleted: "已刪除定時任務",
+    deleteFailed: "刪除計劃失敗",
+    deleteFallback: "刪除定時任務失敗，請稍後重試。",
+  },
+  dailyReview: {
+    yesterday: "昨天",
+    today: "今天",
+    followSettings: "跟隨設定",
+    unavailable: "每日回顧生成暫不可用",
+    historyUnavailable: "每日回顧歷史暫不可用",
+    archiveMissing: "找不到每日回顧報告",
+    settingsUnavailable: "每日回顧設定暫不可用",
+  },
+  connections: {
+    refreshFailed: "重新整理模型連線失敗",
+    refreshFallback: "模型連線暫時無法重新整理，請稍後重試。",
+  },
+  tasks: { loadFailed: "待辦載入失敗，請重試。" },
+  projects: { ungrouped: "未歸屬專案" },
+  models: { unavailable: "目前不可用" },
+  overlays: {
+    loadingSettings: "正在載入設定",
+    loadingSettingsProgress: "正在載入設定…",
+  },
+  notifications: {
+    scheduledTask: "定時任務",
+    viewScheduledTasks: "檢視定時任務",
+  },
+  previousMainProcessInterruption: {
+    title: "Maka 已恢復",
+    description: "上次退出未完成。",
+    copyDiagnostics: "複製報告",
+  },
+  conversationExport: {
+    exported: (date: string) => `由 Maka 於 ${date} 匯出。`,
+    you: "你",
+    toolCalls: "工具呼叫",
+    intentSeparator: " — ",
+  },
+} as const;
 
 export type ShellRemainingCopy = WidenCopy<typeof zhCopy>;
 
@@ -179,7 +251,11 @@ const enCopy: ShellRemainingCopy = {
   },
 };
 
-const COPY = { zh: zhCopy, en: enCopy } satisfies UiCatalog<ShellRemainingCopy>;
+const COPY = {
+  'zh-CN': zhCopy,
+  'zh-TW': zhTwCopy,
+  en: enCopy,
+} satisfies UiCatalog<ShellRemainingCopy>;
 
 export function getShellRemainingCopy(locale: UiLocale): ShellRemainingCopy {
   return COPY[locale];
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/mcp-catalog.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/mcp-catalog.ts
index 417c4c001e..9d5b834ecf 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/mcp-catalog.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/mcp-catalog.ts
@@ -240,9 +240,27 @@ const MCP_CATALOG_ENGLISH_COPY: Record<McpCatalogId, McpCatalogLocalizedCopy> =
   'sequential-thinking': { name: 'Sequential thinking', description: 'Provide revisable, verifiable structured reasoning for complex problems.', category: 'Reasoning and planning', setupLabel: undefined },
 };
 
+const MCP_CATALOG_TRADITIONAL_COPY: Record<McpCatalogId, McpCatalogLocalizedCopy> = {
+  dingtalk: { name: 'DingTalk', description: '管理聯絡人、行事曆、任務和協作資料。', category: '通訊', setupLabel: '需要 Client ID 和 Client Secret' },
+  feishu: { name: '飛書', description: '存取飛書文件、行事曆、訊息和 OpenAPI。', category: '通訊', setupLabel: '需要 App ID 和 App Secret' },
+  slack: { name: 'Slack', description: '傳送訊息、管理頻道，並在 Slack 工作區協作。', category: '通訊', setupLabel: '需要 Bot Token 和 Team ID' },
+  line: { name: 'LINE', description: '透過 LINE Bot Messaging API 傳送和管理訊息。', category: '通訊', setupLabel: '需要 Channel Access Token' },
+  notion: { name: 'Notion', description: '搜尋、讀取和更新 Notion 工作區。', category: '知識與文件', setupLabel: '需要登入授權' },
+  'macos-apps': { name: 'macOS 應用程式', description: '透過原生系統權限連接「行事曆」與「提醒事項」。', category: '系統與生產力', setupLabel: undefined },
+  'google-calendar': { name: 'Google 日曆', description: '管理活動、建立會議並檢查可用時間。', category: '系統與生產力', setupLabel: '需要 OAuth 憑證檔案' },
+  figma: { name: 'Figma', description: '讀取設計檔案、元件和開發交付資料。', category: '設計與開發', setupLabel: '需要 Personal Access Token' },
+  vercel: { name: 'Vercel', description: '檢查專案、部署、記錄和平台文件。', category: '設計與開發', setupLabel: '需要登入授權' },
+  supabase: { name: 'Supabase', description: '管理資料庫、專案設定、移轉和 Edge Functions。', category: '設計與開發', setupLabel: '需要登入授權' },
+  filesystem: { name: '本機檔案', description: '在選取的資料夾中安全地讀取、寫入和管理檔案。', category: '檔案與知識', setupLabel: '需要選擇允許存取的資料夾' },
+  memory: { name: '持久記憶', description: '使用結構化知識圖譜記住實體、關係和重要事實。', category: '檔案與知識', setupLabel: undefined },
+  playwright: { name: '瀏覽器自動化', description: '讓 Maka 透過 Playwright 讀取和操作實際網頁。', category: '設計與開發', setupLabel: undefined },
+  'sequential-thinking': { name: '循序思考', description: '為複雜問題提供可修正、可驗證的結構化推理。', category: '推理與規劃', setupLabel: undefined },
+};
+
 export function getMcpCatalog(locale: UiLocale): McpCatalogEntry[] {
-  if (locale === 'zh') return MCP_CATALOG;
-  return MCP_CATALOG.map((entry) => ({ ...entry, ...MCP_CATALOG_ENGLISH_COPY[entry.id] }));
+  if (locale === 'zh-CN') return MCP_CATALOG;
+  const copy = locale === 'zh-TW' ? MCP_CATALOG_TRADITIONAL_COPY : MCP_CATALOG_ENGLISH_COPY;
+  return MCP_CATALOG.map((entry) => ({ ...entry, ...copy[entry.id] }));
 }
 
 export function catalogEntryMatches(entry: McpCatalogEntry, normalizedQuery: string): boolean {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/model-catalog-choices.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/model-catalog-choices.ts
index cb7f1fe809..adde692f7f 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/model-catalog-choices.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/model-catalog-choices.ts
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ export function buildCatalogRecommendedDefaultModel(providerType: ProviderType):
 export function buildCatalogDailyReviewModelOptions(
   connections: readonly LlmConnection[],
   currentModelKey: string,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): Array<readonly [string, string]> {
   const current = parseDailyReviewModelKey(currentModelKey);
   const candidates: Array<{ key: string; label: string; safeSourceLabel: string }> = [];
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ function modelDisplayLabel(entry: Pick<ModelCatalogEntry, 'id' | 'displayName'>)
 
 function dailyReviewModelDisplayLabel(
   entry: Pick<ModelCatalogEntry, 'id' | 'displayName' | 'canUseAsChatDefault'>,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   const label = modelDisplayLabel(entry);
   return entry.canUseAsChatDefault ? label : `${label} · ${getShellRemainingCopy(locale).models.unavailable}`;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/model-connection-errors.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/model-connection-errors.ts
index cb9a34de3f..ddbe4011df 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/model-connection-errors.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/model-connection-errors.ts
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ export function noRealConnectionReasonFromEvent(event: Extract<SessionEvent, { t
   ).reason;
 }
 
-export function noRealConnectionSetupDescription(reason: string | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function noRealConnectionSetupDescription(reason: string | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(locale).model;
   return reason && Object.hasOwn(copy.configurationReason, reason)
     ? copy.configurationReason[reason as ChatConfigurationReason]
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ export function noRealConnectionSetupDescription(reason: string | undefined, loc
 
 export function sessionEventErrorMessage(
   event: Extract<SessionEvent, { type: 'error' }>,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   if (isNoRealConnectionEvent(event)) {
     return noRealConnectionSetupDescription(noRealConnectionReasonFromEvent(event), locale);
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ export function cleanEventMessage(message: string): string {
 export function modelSetupToastCopy(
   reason: string | undefined,
   fallback: string,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): { title: string; description: string } {
   const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(locale).model;
   if (reason === 'connection_missing') {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/session-error-presentation.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/session-error-presentation.ts
index 3dde9920c1..e3190d5ab8 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/session-error-presentation.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/session-error-presentation.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import { getDesktopConversationCopy } from './locales/conversation-copy.js';
  * runtime. Unknown reasons intentionally return undefined so callers can use
  * their existing safe fallback instead of displaying raw provider text.
  */
-export function describeSessionErrorReason(reason: string | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string | undefined {
+export function describeSessionErrorReason(reason: string | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string | undefined {
   const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(locale).turnError;
   switch (reason?.toLowerCase()) {
     case 'context_overflow':
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/session-status-presentation.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/session-status-presentation.ts
index 74deaa7cb8..9e57b5a9af 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/session-status-presentation.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/session-status-presentation.ts
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ export function normalizeSessionSummaryForDisplay<T extends SessionSummary>(sess
  * the UI; they just fall through to the catch-all until the mapping
  * is extended.
  */
-export function describeTurnErrorClass(errorClass: string | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function describeTurnErrorClass(errorClass: string | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(locale).turnError;
   if (!errorClass) return copy.unknown;
   const reasonDescription = describeSessionErrorReason(errorClass, locale);
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ export interface FailedTurnRecoveryInput {
  * do not ask the user to blindly retry if a tool already ran or partial output
  * was retained.
  */
-export function deriveFailedTurnRecovery(input: FailedTurnRecoveryInput, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): FailedTurnRecoveryPresentation {
+export function deriveFailedTurnRecovery(input: FailedTurnRecoveryInput, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): FailedTurnRecoveryPresentation {
   const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(locale).turnError.recovery;
   const lower = input.errorClass?.toLowerCase() ?? '';
   if (lower === SANDBOX_BOUNDARY_RESTART_CLOSURE_CLASS) {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/about-settings-page.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/about-settings-page.tsx
index 6b5c0c056e..40a32531fd 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/about-settings-page.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/about-settings-page.tsx
@@ -128,7 +128,10 @@ export function AboutSettingsPage(props: { onOpenKeyboardHelp?(): void }) {
       const status = await window.maka.app.checkForUpdates();
       if (aboutPageMountedRef.current) setUpdateStatus(status);
       if (status.state === 'error') {
-        toast.error(copy.updateCheckFailed, copy.updateCheckFailedDetail(status.message));
+        toast.error(
+          copy.updateCheckFailed,
+          copy.updateCheckFailedDetail(settingsActionErrorMessage(status.message, locale)),
+        );
       }
     } catch (error) {
       if (aboutPageMountedRef.current) {
@@ -219,6 +222,7 @@ export function AboutSettingsPage(props: { onOpenKeyboardHelp?(): void }) {
             title={copy.checkForUpdates}
             detail={aboutUpdateStatusDetail(updateStatus, copy, {
               isDevBuild: info.buildMode === 'dev',
+              errorDetail: (message) => settingsActionErrorMessage(message, locale),
             })}
             action={(
               <Button
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/about-update-status.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/about-update-status.ts
index 005e63ad8d..df36c94fc6 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/about-update-status.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/about-update-status.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,10 @@ type AboutCopy = SettingsPreferencesCopy['about'];
 export function aboutUpdateStatusDetail(
   status: AppUpdateStatus | null,
   copy: AboutCopy,
-  options: { readonly isDevBuild: boolean },
+  options: {
+    readonly isDevBuild: boolean;
+    readonly errorDetail?: (message: string) => string;
+  },
 ): string {
   if (options.isDevBuild) return copy.updateDevBuildHelp;
   if (!status || status.state === 'idle') return copy.updateIdle;
@@ -38,5 +41,7 @@ export function aboutUpdateStatusDetail(
   }
   if (status.state === 'downloaded') return copy.updateDownloaded(status.latestVersion);
   if (status.state === 'installing') return copy.updateInstalling(status.latestVersion);
-  return copy.updateCheckFailedDetail(status.message);
+  return copy.updateCheckFailedDetail(
+    options.errorDetail ? options.errorDetail(status.message) : status.message,
+  );
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-detail.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-detail.tsx
index 2e443a042e..ae9ee1aeaf 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-detail.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-detail.tsx
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ export function BotChatChannelDetail(props: {
           title={detailCopy.latestFailure}
           description={(
             <span className="settingsBotBannerDescription">
-              {locale === 'zh' ? viewState.currentError : detailCopy.latestFailureDetail}
+              {locale === 'zh-CN' ? viewState.currentError : detailCopy.latestFailureDetail}
             </span>
           )} />
       )}
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ export function BotChatChannelDetail(props: {
             if (snapshot.warning) {
               toast.warning(
                 detailCopy.credentialsSaved(providerPresentation.label),
-                locale === 'zh' ? snapshot.warning : detailCopy.savedButNotConnected,
+                locale === 'zh-CN' ? snapshot.warning : detailCopy.savedButNotConnected,
               );
               return;
             }
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ function BotAllowedUserIdsField(props: {
     if (!same) props.onChange(next);
   };
   const warning = invalidEntries.length > 0
-    ? `${copy.invalidUsers(invalidEntries.slice(0, 3).join(locale === 'zh' ? '、' : ', '))}${invalidEntries.length > 3 ? copy.moreInvalid(invalidEntries.length) : ''}`
+    ? `${copy.invalidUsers(invalidEntries.slice(0, 3).join(locale !== 'en' ? '、' : ', '))}${invalidEntries.length > 3 ? copy.moreInvalid(invalidEntries.length) : ''}`
     : undefined;
 
   return (
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ function BotAllowedUserIdsField(props: {
   );
 }
 
-function botConnectionLabel(connection: BotStatus['connection'], locale: 'zh' | 'en'): string {
+function botConnectionLabel(connection: BotStatus['connection'], locale: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en'): string {
   const copy = getBotSettingsCopy(locale).status;
   switch (connection) {
     case 'polling': return copy.polling;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-overview.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-overview.tsx
index f3f096fe99..b2e248a006 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-overview.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-overview.tsx
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ function botOverviewDetail(
   currentError: string | undefined,
   fallback: string,
   liveOperational: boolean,
-  locale: 'zh' | 'en',
+  locale: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en',
 ): ReactNode {
   const copy = getBotSettingsCopy(locale).overview;
   const identity = status?.identity?.username ?? status?.identity?.displayName;
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ function botOverviewDetail(
       </>
     );
   }
-  if (currentError) return locale === 'zh' ? currentError : fallback;
+  if (currentError) return locale === 'zh-CN' ? currentError : fallback;
   if (status?.reason) return botStatusDetail(status, locale);
   return fallback;
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-shared.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-shared.tsx
index 101d069aa7..0a8b7a7ff9 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-shared.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-chat-shared.tsx
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export const BOT_LABELS: Record<BotProvider, { support: 'runtime' | 'credentials
   slack: { support: 'runtime' },
 };
 
-export function botReadinessCopyForSupport(support: 'runtime' | 'credentials' | 'planned', readiness: BotReadinessState, locale: UiLocale = 'zh') {
+export function botReadinessCopyForSupport(support: 'runtime' | 'credentials' | 'planned', readiness: BotReadinessState, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN') {
   const copy = getBotSettingsCopy(locale);
   if (support === 'planned') return copy.planned;
   return copy.readiness[readiness] ?? copy.readiness.scaffolded;
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ export function BotBrandLogo(props: { provider: BotProvider; size?: 'compact' |
 export type BotPendingActionName = 'test' | 'connect' | 'restart' | 'disconnect';
 export type BotPendingAction = { provider: BotProvider; action: BotPendingActionName };
 
-export function botStatusDetail(status: BotStatus, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function botStatusDetail(status: BotStatus, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   const copy = getBotSettingsCopy(locale).status;
   switch (status.reason) {
     case 'disabled': return copy.disabled;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-onboarding-modal.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-onboarding-modal.tsx
index 05d99c09af..90496c3070 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-onboarding-modal.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/bot-onboarding-modal.tsx
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ function statusCopy(
   starting: boolean,
   error: string | null,
   copy: BotSettingsCopy['onboarding']['providers'][BotOnboardingProvider],
-  locale: 'zh' | 'en' = 'zh',
+  locale: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en' = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   const shared = getBotSettingsCopy(locale).onboarding;
   if (starting) return shared.generating;
@@ -263,12 +263,12 @@ function statusCopy(
     // PR1197 review (P0-3): honour the honest "saved but not connected" notice
     // instead of claiming a healthy connection.
     case 'connected': return snapshot.warning
-      ? (locale === 'zh' ? snapshot.warning : shared.connectedWarning)
+      ? (locale === 'zh-CN' ? snapshot.warning : shared.connectedWarning)
       : shared.connected(getBotSettingsCopy(locale).providers[snapshot.provider].label);
     case 'expired': return shared.expired;
     case 'denied': return shared.denied;
     case 'cancelled': return shared.cancelled;
-    case 'error': return locale === 'zh' ? (snapshot.error ?? shared.failed) : shared.failed;
+    case 'error': return locale === 'zh-CN' ? (snapshot.error ?? shared.failed) : shared.failed;
     default: return shared.preparing;
   }
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/daily-review-settings-page.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/daily-review-settings-page.tsx
index a26a9ee009..66b11f7673 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/daily-review-settings-page.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/daily-review-settings-page.tsx
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ function buildDailyReviewModelOptions(
   connections: readonly LlmConnection[],
   currentModelKey: string,
   copy: DailyReviewSettingsCopy,
-  locale: 'zh' | 'en',
+  locale: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en',
 ): Array<{ value: string; label: string }> {
   return [
     { value: DAILY_REVIEW_DEFAULT_MODEL_VALUE, label: copy.defaultModel },
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/data-settings-page.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/data-settings-page.tsx
index 517563eb0f..7ab341d52d 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/data-settings-page.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/data-settings-page.tsx
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ export function DataSettingsPage(props: {
       if (res.ok) {
         toast.success(copy.imported, summarizeImportResult(res.result, copy));
       } else if (res.reason !== 'canceled') {
-        const detail = res.message && (locale === 'zh' || !/[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(res.message))
+        const detail = res.message && (locale === 'zh-CN' || !/[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(res.message))
           ? res.message
           : copy.invalidFile;
         toast.error(copy.importFailed, detail, undefined, diagnosticTarget);
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/memory-settings-view-model.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/memory-settings-view-model.ts
index 2359bd57cb..d64ef28e79 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/memory-settings-view-model.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/memory-settings-view-model.ts
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ export function deriveMemorySettingsViewModel(input: {
   query: string;
   copy?: MemorySettingsCopy;
 }) {
-  const copy = input.copy ?? getMemorySettingsCopy('zh');
+  const copy = input.copy ?? getMemorySettingsCopy('zh-CN');
   const effective = input.state ?? {
     path: '',
     enabled: input.localMemorySettings.enabled,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/permission-center-page.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/permission-center-page.tsx
index 990026f785..518f30134d 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/permission-center-page.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/permission-center-page.tsx
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ function localizedCapabilityLabel(capability: CapabilitySnapshot, locale: UiLoca
 }
 
 function localizedSnapshotText(value: string | undefined, locale: UiLocale): string | undefined {
-  if (!value || (locale === 'en' && /[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(value))) return undefined;
+  if (!value || (locale !== 'zh-CN' && /[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(value))) return undefined;
   return value;
 }
 
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ function localizedCapabilityGuidance(
   locale: UiLocale,
   copy: PermissionCenterCopy,
 ): readonly string[] {
-  return capability.guidance.filter((item) => locale === 'zh' || !/[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(item));
+  return capability.guidance.filter((item) => locale === 'zh-CN' || !/[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(item));
 }
 
 function featureTone(state: CapabilitySnapshot['feature']['state']): StatusSemantic {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/personalization-settings-section.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/personalization-settings-section.tsx
index 1ba7fedee8..7328350266 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/personalization-settings-section.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/personalization-settings-section.tsx
@@ -28,13 +28,12 @@
 // another. It is one section of someone else's page: named, filed, and shaped
 // as one.
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { SegmentedControl, SegmentedControlItem } from '@astryxdesign/core';
 import { SettingsField, SettingsRow, SettingsSection } from './settings-section';
 import { SettingsExpandableRow } from './settings-expandable-row';
 import { getSettingsSharedCopy } from '../locales/settings-shared-copy';
 import type { AppSettings, PersonalizationSettings, UpdateAppSettingsResult } from '@maka/core/settings';
 import type { UiLocalePreference } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
-import { TextArea, TextInput, useMountedRef, useToast, useUiLocale } from '@maka/ui';
+import { Selector, TextArea, TextInput, useMountedRef, useToast, useUiLocale } from '@maka/ui';
 import { settingsActionErrorMessage } from './settings-error-copy';
 import { getSettingsPreferencesCopy } from '../locales/settings-preferences-copy.js';
 import { useOptionalRuntimeHostSettingsTarget } from './runtime-host-settings-target.js';
@@ -232,22 +231,22 @@ export function PersonalizationSettingsSection(props: {
       ) : null}
       {/*
         PR-LANG-PREF-0 (WAWQAQ msg `edc9cb41` + kenji `7e532892`
-        acceptance criteria): 自动 / 中文 / English. User explicit
+        acceptance criteria): automatic / Simplified Chinese / Traditional Chinese / English. User explicit
         choice wins over the temporary auto -> zh fallback;
         e2e-fixture override wins over both (deterministic baselines).
       */}
       <SettingsRow
         label={copy.interfaceLanguage}
         description={copy.interfaceLanguageHelp}
-        end={<SegmentedControl
-          value={uiLocale}
-          onChange={(next) => persistLocale(next as UiLocalePreference)}
-          label={copy.interfaceLanguage}
-        >
-          {copy.localeOptions.map(([value, label]) => (
-            <SegmentedControlItem key={value} value={value} label={label} />
-          ))}
-        </SegmentedControl>}
+        end={
+          <Selector
+            label={copy.interfaceLanguage}
+            isLabelHidden
+            value={uiLocale}
+            options={copy.localeOptions.map(([value, label]) => ({ value, label }))}
+            onChange={(next) => persistLocale(next as UiLocalePreference)}
+          />
+        }
       />
       {props.runtimeHostSettingsAvailable ? <SettingsField>
         {/* No fixed height style: it lands as inline style on the wrapper,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-add-form.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-add-form.tsx
index a3f9c592d6..e269f08a49 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-add-form.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-add-form.tsx
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ export function AddProviderForm(props: {
     if (issue.field === 'slug') {
       return issue.reason === 'duplicate'
         ? copy.duplicateSlug
-        : locale === 'zh'
+        : locale === 'zh-CN'
           ? issue.detail
           : copy.invalidSlug;
     }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-catalog-page.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-catalog-page.tsx
index 364407fcfa..7edd4a6ca4 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-catalog-page.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-catalog-page.tsx
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ export function ProviderSetupPage(props: {
   );
 }
 
-function providersForCategory(category: CatalogCategory, query: string, locale: 'zh' | 'en'): ProviderType[] {
+function providersForCategory(category: CatalogCategory, query: string, locale: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en'): ProviderType[] {
   // 'accounts' is the OAuth-only category: every row in it comes from
   // useOAuthCards, so the keyed catalog contributes nothing.
   if (category === 'accounts') return [];
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-connection-detail.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-connection-detail.tsx
index a004f541f0..49ec86d6e6 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-connection-detail.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-connection-detail.tsx
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ import {
   useRuntimeHostSettingsTarget,
 } from './runtime-host-settings-target.js';
 import { useOAuthLoginFlow } from './use-oauth-login-flow';
+import { subscriptionResultMessage } from './subscription-result-message.js';
 import {
   providerPanelActionErrorMessage,
   type CredentialPresenceStatus,
@@ -1051,7 +1052,10 @@ function GitHubCopilotReloginNoticeForCurrentGeneration(props: {
       // refresh, the connection detail now owned by the replacement Host.
       if (!mountedRef.current) return;
       if (!result.ok) {
-        reportHostError(copy.copilotImportFailed, result.message);
+        reportHostError(
+          copy.copilotImportFailed,
+          subscriptionResultMessage(result.message, copy.copilotImportFailed, locale),
+        );
         return;
       }
       await props.onRelogin();
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-connection-status.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-connection-status.ts
index 1fbb461a5c..60d210c99c 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-connection-status.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-connection-status.ts
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ export interface ConnectionChipStatus {
  *   readiness, fixed to credential-only language. Matches the doc warning
  *   at SettingsModal `验证通过 ≠ 运行可用`.
  */
-export function connectionChipStatus(connection: LlmConnection, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): ConnectionChipStatus | null {
+export function connectionChipStatus(connection: LlmConnection, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): ConnectionChipStatus | null {
   const copy = getProviderSettingsCopy(locale).shared.connectionStatuses;
   // Ahead of every other branch, including needs_reauth: a retired provider
   // has no sign-in left to return to, so any repair-shaped status here would
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-display-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-display-copy.ts
index 077cf893e9..14de01deda 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-display-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-display-copy.ts
@@ -48,217 +48,270 @@ export interface ProviderCopy {
 }
 
 export const UNKNOWN_PROVIDER_DESCRIPTION = {
-  zh: '该 provider 在当前版本未注册。',
+  'zh-CN': '该 provider 在当前版本未注册。',
+  'zh-TW': '該 provider 在目前版本未註冊。',
   en: 'This provider is not registered in the current build.',
 } satisfies UiCatalog<string>;
 
 export const PROVIDER_DISPLAY_COPY = {
   'kimi-coding-plan': {
-    zh: { name: 'Kimi Coding Plan', description: '月之暗面 · Anthropic 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Kimi Coding Plan', description: '月之暗面 · Anthropic 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Kimi Coding Plan', description: '月之暗面 · Anthropic 相容', badge: 'Coding' },
     en: { name: 'Kimi Coding Plan', description: 'Moonshot · Anthropic-compatible', badge: 'Coding' },
   },
   'minimax-coding-plan': {
-    zh: { name: 'MiniMax Coding Plan', description: 'MiniMax Coding 套餐 · Anthropic 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'MiniMax Coding Plan', description: 'MiniMax Coding 套餐 · Anthropic 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'MiniMax Coding Plan', description: 'MiniMax Coding 套餐 · Anthropic 相容', badge: 'Coding' },
     en: { name: 'MiniMax Coding Plan', description: 'MiniMax coding plan · Anthropic-compatible', badge: 'Coding' },
   },
   deepseek: {
-    zh: { name: 'DeepSeek', description: 'DeepSeek 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'DeepSeek', description: 'DeepSeek 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'DeepSeek', description: 'DeepSeek 官方 API 連線', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'DeepSeek', description: 'Official DeepSeek API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   moonshot: {
-    zh: { name: 'Moonshot', description: 'Moonshot 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Moonshot', description: 'Moonshot 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Moonshot', description: 'Moonshot 官方 API 連線', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Moonshot', description: 'Official Moonshot API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   'zai-coding-plan': {
-    zh: { name: 'Z.AI Coding Plan', description: '智谱 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Z.AI Coding Plan', description: '智谱 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Z.AI Coding Plan', description: '智譜 · OpenAI 相容', badge: 'Coding' },
     en: { name: 'Z.AI Coding Plan', description: 'Zhipu · OpenAI-compatible', badge: 'Coding' },
   },
   MiniMax: {
-    zh: { name: 'MiniMax', description: 'MiniMax · Anthropic 兼容', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'MiniMax', description: 'MiniMax · Anthropic 兼容', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'MiniMax', description: 'MiniMax · Anthropic 相容', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'MiniMax', description: 'MiniMax · Anthropic-compatible', badge: 'API' },
   },
   'MiniMax-cn': {
-    zh: { name: 'MiniMax 中国站', description: 'MiniMax 中国站 · Anthropic 兼容', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'MiniMax 中国站', description: 'MiniMax 中国站 · Anthropic 兼容', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'MiniMax 中國站', description: 'MiniMax 中國站 · Anthropic 相容', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'MiniMax China', description: 'MiniMax China · Anthropic-compatible', badge: 'API' },
   },
   siliconflow: {
-    zh: { name: 'SiliconFlow', description: '硅基流动多模型 API，支持精确模型 ID。', badge: '聚合' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'SiliconFlow', description: '硅基流动多模型 API，支持精确模型 ID。', badge: '聚合' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'SiliconFlow', description: '矽基流動多模型 API，支援精確模型 ID。', badge: '聚合' },
     en: { name: 'SiliconFlow', description: 'Hosted multi-model API with exact upstream model ids.', badge: 'Aggregator' },
   },
   anthropic: {
-    zh: { name: 'Anthropic', description: 'Anthropic 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Anthropic', description: 'Anthropic 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Anthropic', description: 'Anthropic 官方 API 連線', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Anthropic', description: 'Official Anthropic API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   openai: {
-    zh: { name: 'OpenAI', description: 'OpenAI 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'OpenAI', description: 'OpenAI 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'OpenAI', description: 'OpenAI 官方 API 連線', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'OpenAI', description: 'Official OpenAI API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   google: {
-    zh: { name: 'Google Gemini', description: 'Google AI Studio 接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Google Gemini', description: 'Google AI Studio 接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Google Gemini', description: 'Google AI Studio API 連線', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Google Gemini', description: 'Google AI Studio API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   xai: {
-    zh: { name: 'xAI', description: 'xAI 官方接入，Grok 系列模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'xAI', description: 'xAI 官方接入，Grok 系列模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'xAI', description: 'xAI 官方 API 連線，支援 Grok 系列模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'xAI', description: 'Official xAI API access for Grok models.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   zai: {
-    zh: { name: 'Z.AI', description: '智谱官方接入，GLM 系列模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Z.AI', description: '智谱官方接入，GLM 系列模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Z.AI', description: '智譜官方 API 連線，支援 GLM 系列模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Z.AI', description: 'Official Z.AI API access for GLM models.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   xiaomi: {
-    zh: { name: 'Xiaomi', description: '小米官方接入，MiMo 系列模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Xiaomi', description: '小米官方接入，MiMo 系列模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Xiaomi', description: '小米官方 API 連線，支援 MiMo 系列模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Xiaomi', description: 'Official Xiaomi API access for MiMo models.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   'xiaomi-token-plan-cn': {
-    zh: { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan 中国', description: '小米 MiMo Token Plan 订阅 · 中国 · 编码工具', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan 中国', description: '小米 MiMo Token Plan 订阅 · 中国 · 编码工具', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan 中國', description: '小米 MiMo Token Plan 訂閱 · 中國 · 編碼工具', badge: 'Token' },
     en: { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan (China)', description: 'Xiaomi MiMo Token Plan subscription (China) for coding tools.', badge: 'Token' },
   },
   'xiaomi-token-plan-sgp': {
-    zh: { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan 新加坡', description: '小米 MiMo Token Plan 订阅 · 新加坡 · 编码工具', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan 新加坡', description: '小米 MiMo Token Plan 订阅 · 新加坡 · 编码工具', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan 新加坡', description: '小米 MiMo Token Plan 訂閱 · 新加坡 · 編碼工具', badge: 'Token' },
     en: { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan (Singapore)', description: 'Xiaomi MiMo Token Plan subscription (Singapore) for coding tools.', badge: 'Token' },
   },
   'xiaomi-token-plan-ams': {
-    zh: { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan 欧洲', description: '小米 MiMo Token Plan 订阅 · 欧洲 · 编码工具', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan 欧洲', description: '小米 MiMo Token Plan 订阅 · 欧洲 · 编码工具', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan 歐洲', description: '小米 MiMo Token Plan 訂閱 · 歐洲 · 編碼工具', badge: 'Token' },
     en: { name: 'Xiaomi Token Plan (Europe)', description: 'Xiaomi MiMo Token Plan subscription (Europe) for coding tools.', badge: 'Token' },
   },
   cerebras: {
-    zh: { name: 'Cerebras', description: '高速推理托管开源模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Cerebras', description: '高速推理托管开源模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Cerebras', description: '高速推理託管開源模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Cerebras', description: 'Fast hosted open-model inference.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   mistral: {
-    zh: { name: 'Mistral', description: 'Mistral 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Mistral', description: 'Mistral 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Mistral', description: 'Mistral 官方 API 連線', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Mistral', description: 'Official Mistral API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   togetherai: {
-    zh: { name: 'Together AI', description: '托管开源模型 API', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Together AI', description: '托管开源模型 API', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Together AI', description: '託管開源模型 API', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Together AI', description: 'Hosted open models over one API.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   ollama: {
-    zh: { name: 'Ollama', description: '本机运行 · 离线可用', badge: 'Local' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Ollama', description: '本机运行 · 离线可用', badge: 'Local' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Ollama', description: '本機執行 · 離線可用', badge: 'Local' },
     en: { name: 'Ollama', description: 'Runs locally · works offline', badge: 'Local' },
   },
   'lm-studio': {
-    zh: { name: 'LM Studio', description: '本机 LM Studio 服务 · 离线可用', badge: 'Local' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'LM Studio', description: '本机 LM Studio 服务 · 离线可用', badge: 'Local' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'LM Studio', description: '本機 LM Studio 服務 · 離線可用', badge: 'Local' },
     en: { name: 'LM Studio', description: 'Local models served by LM Studio.', badge: 'Local' },
   },
   localai: {
-    zh: { name: 'LocalAI', description: '本机 LocalAI 服务，可选密钥保护', badge: 'Local' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'LocalAI', description: '本机 LocalAI 服务，可选密钥保护', badge: 'Local' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'LocalAI', description: '本機 LocalAI 服務，可選金鑰保護', badge: 'Local' },
     en: { name: 'LocalAI', description: 'Local models served by LocalAI, with optional API key.', badge: 'Local' },
   },
   'openai-compatible': {
-    zh: { name: '自定义中转站（OpenAI Chat）', description: 'OpenAI Chat Completions 兼容中转站、代理服务或自部署网关。', badge: '中转' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: '自定义中转站（OpenAI Chat）', description: 'OpenAI Chat Completions 兼容中转站、代理服务或自部署网关。', badge: '中转' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: '自訂中轉站（OpenAI Chat）', description: 'OpenAI Chat Completions 相容中轉站、代理服務或自部署閘道器。', badge: '中轉' },
     en: { name: 'Custom relay (OpenAI Chat)', description: 'OpenAI Chat Completions-compatible relay, proxy, or self-hosted gateway.', badge: 'Relay' },
   },
   'openai-responses-compatible': {
-    zh: { name: '自定义中转站（OpenAI Responses）', description: 'OpenAI Responses API 兼容中转站、代理服务或自部署网关。', badge: 'Responses' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: '自定义中转站（OpenAI Responses）', description: 'OpenAI Responses API 兼容中转站、代理服务或自部署网关。', badge: 'Responses' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: '自訂中轉站（OpenAI Responses）', description: 'OpenAI Responses API 相容中轉站、代理服務或自部署閘道器。', badge: 'Responses' },
     en: { name: 'Custom relay (OpenAI Responses)', description: 'OpenAI Responses-compatible relay, proxy, or self-hosted gateway.', badge: 'Responses' },
   },
   'anthropic-compatible': {
-    zh: { name: '自定义中转站（Anthropic）', description: 'Anthropic Messages 兼容中转站、代理服务或自部署网关。', badge: 'Anthropic' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: '自定义中转站（Anthropic）', description: 'Anthropic Messages 兼容中转站、代理服务或自部署网关。', badge: 'Anthropic' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: '自訂中轉站（Anthropic）', description: 'Anthropic Messages 相容中轉站、代理服務或自部署閘道器。', badge: 'Anthropic' },
     en: { name: 'Custom relay (Anthropic)', description: 'Anthropic Messages-compatible relay, proxy, or self-hosted gateway.', badge: 'Anthropic' },
   },
   'fireworks-ai': {
-    zh: { name: 'Fireworks AI', description: 'Serverless 开源模型托管', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Fireworks AI', description: 'Serverless 开源模型托管', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Fireworks AI', description: 'Serverless 開源模型託管', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Fireworks AI', description: 'Serverless open models with exact Fireworks model paths.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   nvidia: {
-    zh: { name: 'NVIDIA', description: 'NVIDIA 官方托管模型接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'NVIDIA', description: 'NVIDIA 官方托管模型接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'NVIDIA', description: 'NVIDIA 官方託管模型服務', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'NVIDIA', description: 'NVIDIA-hosted models API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   'tencent-tokenhub': {
-    zh: { name: 'Tencent TokenHub', description: '腾讯云 TokenHub 按量接入，混元等模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Tencent TokenHub', description: '腾讯云 TokenHub 按量接入，混元等模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Tencent TokenHub', description: '騰訊雲 TokenHub 按量計費模型服務，包含混元等模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Tencent TokenHub', description: 'Tencent Cloud TokenHub pay-as-you-go access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   stepfun: {
-    zh: { name: 'StepFun 中国站', description: '阶跃星辰官方接入 · 中国站', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'StepFun 中国站', description: '阶跃星辰官方接入 · 中国站', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'StepFun 中國站', description: '階躍星辰官方 API 連線 · 中國站', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'StepFun (China)', description: 'Official StepFun China API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   'tencent-coding-plan': {
-    zh: { name: 'Tencent Coding Plan', description: '腾讯云 Coding 套餐 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Tencent Coding Plan', description: '腾讯云 Coding 套餐 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Tencent Coding Plan', description: '騰訊雲 Coding 套餐 · OpenAI 相容', badge: 'Coding' },
     en: { name: 'Tencent Coding Plan', description: 'Tencent Cloud coding plan · OpenAI-compatible', badge: 'Coding' },
   },
   'stepfun-ai': {
-    zh: { name: 'StepFun 国际站', description: '阶跃星辰官方接入 · 国际站', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'StepFun 国际站', description: '阶跃星辰官方接入 · 国际站', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'StepFun 國際站', description: '階躍星辰官方 API 連線 · 國際站', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'StepFun (Global)', description: 'Official StepFun Global API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   'volcengine-ark': {
-    zh: { name: '火山方舟', description: '火山引擎官方接入，豆包等模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: '火山方舟', description: '火山引擎官方接入，豆包等模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: '火山方舟', description: '火山引擎官方 API 連線，包含豆包等模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Volcengine Ark (China)', description: 'Volcengine Ark direct API access in China.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   'volcengine-coding-plan': {
-    zh: { name: '火山方舟 Coding Plan', description: '火山引擎 Coding 订阅 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: '火山方舟 Coding Plan', description: '火山引擎 Coding 订阅 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: 'Coding' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: '火山方舟 Coding Plan', description: '火山引擎 Coding 訂閱 · OpenAI 相容', badge: 'Coding' },
     en: { name: 'Volcengine Ark Coding Plan (China)', description: 'Volcengine Ark coding subscription · OpenAI-compatible', badge: 'Coding' },
   },
   'volcengine-agent-plan': {
-    zh: { name: '火山方舟 Agent Plan', description: '火山引擎 Agent 订阅 · Responses API', badge: 'Agent' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: '火山方舟 Agent Plan', description: '火山引擎 Agent 订阅 · Responses API', badge: 'Agent' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: '火山方舟 Agent Plan', description: '火山引擎 Agent 訂閱 · Responses API', badge: 'Agent' },
     en: { name: 'Volcengine Ark Agent Plan (China)', description: 'Volcengine Ark agent subscription · Responses API', badge: 'Agent' },
   },
   'tencent-token-plan': {
-    zh: { name: 'Tencent Token Plan', description: '腾讯云 Token 套餐，个人智能体与编码工具', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Tencent Token Plan', description: '腾讯云 Token 套餐，个人智能体与编码工具', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Tencent Token Plan', description: '騰訊雲 Token 套餐，個人智慧體與編碼工具', badge: 'Token' },
     en: { name: 'Tencent Token Plan', description: 'Tencent Cloud token plan for personal agents and coding tools.', badge: 'Token' },
   },
   'stepfun-step-plan': {
-    zh: { name: 'StepFun Step Plan 中国站', description: '阶跃星辰订阅套餐 · 中国站', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'StepFun Step Plan 中国站', description: '阶跃星辰订阅套餐 · 中国站', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'StepFun Step Plan 中國站', description: '階躍星辰訂閱套餐 · 中國站', badge: 'Plan' },
     en: { name: 'StepFun Step Plan (China)', description: 'StepFun China subscription for coding and agent tools.', badge: 'Plan' },
   },
   deepinfra: {
-    zh: { name: 'DeepInfra', description: '开源模型托管推理 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'DeepInfra', description: '开源模型托管推理 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'DeepInfra', description: '開源模型託管推理 · OpenAI 相容', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'DeepInfra', description: 'Hosted open-model inference · OpenAI-compatible', badge: 'API' },
   },
   cohere: {
-    zh: { name: 'Cohere', description: 'Cohere 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Cohere', description: 'Cohere 官方接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Cohere', description: 'Cohere 官方 API 連線', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Cohere', description: 'Official Cohere Chat API access.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   vercel: {
-    zh: { name: 'Vercel AI Gateway', description: '一个密钥接入多家托管模型', badge: '网关' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Vercel AI Gateway', description: '一个密钥接入多家托管模型', badge: '网关' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Vercel AI Gateway', description: '使用一組金鑰連線多家託管模型', badge: '閘道器' },
     en: { name: 'Vercel AI Gateway', description: 'One API key for hosted models with exact creator/model ids.', badge: 'Gateway' },
   },
   'stepfun-ai-step-plan': {
-    zh: { name: 'StepFun Step Plan 国际站', description: '阶跃星辰订阅套餐 · 国际站', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'StepFun Step Plan 国际站', description: '阶跃星辰订阅套餐 · 国际站', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'StepFun Step Plan 國際站', description: '階躍星辰訂閱套餐 · 國際站', badge: 'Plan' },
     en: { name: 'StepFun Step Plan (Global)', description: 'StepFun Global subscription for coding and agent tools.', badge: 'Plan' },
   },
   'cloudflare-workers-ai': {
-    zh: { name: 'Cloudflare Workers AI', description: 'Cloudflare 托管模型，账户级接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Cloudflare Workers AI', description: 'Cloudflare 托管模型，账户级接入', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Cloudflare Workers AI', description: 'Cloudflare 託管模型，使用帳號層級連線', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Cloudflare Workers AI', description: 'Cloudflare-hosted models over the account-scoped API.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   huggingface: {
-    zh: { name: 'Hugging Face', description: 'Inference Providers 路由，聚合多家托管模型', badge: '路由' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Hugging Face', description: 'Inference Providers 路由，聚合多家托管模型', badge: '路由' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Hugging Face', description: 'Inference Providers 路由，聚合多家託管模型', badge: '路由' },
     en: { name: 'Hugging Face', description: 'Inference Providers router across hosted models.', badge: 'Router' },
   },
   'ollama-cloud': {
-    zh: { name: 'Ollama Cloud', description: 'Ollama 官方云端托管模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Ollama Cloud', description: 'Ollama 官方云端托管模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Ollama Cloud', description: 'Ollama 官方雲端託管模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Ollama Cloud', description: 'Ollama-hosted cloud models over the official remote API.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   zenmux: {
-    zh: { name: 'ZenMux', description: '模型路由网关，一个密钥接入多家模型', badge: '网关' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'ZenMux', description: '模型路由网关，一个密钥接入多家模型', badge: '网关' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'ZenMux', description: '模型路由閘道器，使用一組金鑰連線多家模型', badge: '閘道器' },
     en: { name: 'ZenMux', description: 'One API key for routed models with exact creator/model ids.', badge: 'Gateway' },
   },
   opencode: {
-    zh: { name: 'OpenCode Zen', description: '面向编码智能体的按量模型精选', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'OpenCode Zen', description: '面向编码智能体的按量模型精选', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'OpenCode Zen', description: '面向編碼智慧體的按量模型精選', badge: 'Plan' },
     en: { name: 'OpenCode Zen', description: 'Curated pay-as-you-go models for coding agents.', badge: 'Plan' },
   },
   'opencode-go': {
-    zh: { name: 'OpenCode Go', description: '低价订阅制的开源编码模型精选', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'OpenCode Go', description: '低价订阅制的开源编码模型精选', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'OpenCode Go', description: '低價訂閱制的開源編碼模型精選', badge: 'Plan' },
     en: { name: 'OpenCode Go', description: 'Low-cost subscription to curated open coding models.', badge: 'Plan' },
   },
   'opencode-free': {
-    zh: { name: 'OpenCode Free', description: '免费匿名 OpenCode Zen 模型，无需密钥，按 IP 限速', badge: 'Free' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'OpenCode Free', description: '免费匿名 OpenCode Zen 模型，无需密钥，按 IP 限速', badge: 'Free' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'OpenCode Free', description: '免費匿名 OpenCode Zen 模型，無需金鑰，按 IP 限速', badge: 'Free' },
     en: { name: 'OpenCode Free', description: 'Free anonymous OpenCode Zen models — no API key, IP-limited.', badge: 'Free' },
   },
   groq: {
-    zh: { name: 'Groq', description: 'LPU 高速推理托管开源模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Groq', description: 'LPU 高速推理托管开源模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Groq', description: 'LPU 高速推理託管開源模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Groq', description: 'Ultra-fast LPU-hosted open models.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   openrouter: {
-    zh: { name: 'OpenRouter', description: '一个密钥接入各大模型厂商 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: '聚合' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'OpenRouter', description: '一个密钥接入各大模型厂商 · OpenAI 兼容', badge: '聚合' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'OpenRouter', description: '使用一組金鑰連線各大模型廠商 · OpenAI 相容', badge: '聚合' },
     en: { name: 'OpenRouter', description: 'One API key across all major model labs · OpenAI-compatible', badge: 'Aggregator' },
   },
   alibaba: {
-    zh: { name: 'Alibaba', description: '阿里云百炼接入，通义千问 Qwen 模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Alibaba', description: '阿里云百炼接入，通义千问 Qwen 模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Alibaba', description: '阿里雲百鍊 API 連線，支援通義千問 Qwen 模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: { name: 'Alibaba', description: 'Alibaba Cloud API access for Qwen models.', badge: 'API' },
   },
   'alibaba-cn': {
-    zh: { name: 'Alibaba 中国站', description: '阿里云百炼中国站接入，通义千问 Qwen 模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Alibaba 中国站', description: '阿里云百炼中国站接入，通义千问 Qwen 模型', badge: 'API' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Alibaba 中國站', description: '阿里雲百鍊中國站 API 連線，支援通義千問 Qwen 模型', badge: 'API' },
     en: {
       name: 'Alibaba (China)',
       description: 'Alibaba Cloud China-platform API access for Qwen models.',
@@ -266,37 +319,45 @@ export const PROVIDER_DISPLAY_COPY = {
     },
   },
   'alibaba-coding-plan-cn': {
-    zh: { name: 'Alibaba Coding Plan 中国站', description: '阿里云百炼 Coding Plan 订阅 · 中国站', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Alibaba Coding Plan 中国站', description: '阿里云百炼 Coding Plan 订阅 · 中国站', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Alibaba Coding Plan 中國站', description: '阿里雲百鍊 Coding Plan 訂閱 · 中國站', badge: 'Plan' },
     en: { name: 'Alibaba Coding Plan (China)', description: 'Alibaba Cloud Model Studio Coding Plan for interactive coding tools · China.', badge: 'Plan' },
   },
   'alibaba-coding-plan': {
-    zh: { name: 'Alibaba Coding Plan 国际站', description: '阿里云百炼 Coding Plan 订阅 · 国际站', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Alibaba Coding Plan 国际站', description: '阿里云百炼 Coding Plan 订阅 · 国际站', badge: 'Plan' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Alibaba Coding Plan 國際站', description: '阿里雲百鍊 Coding Plan 訂閱 · 國際站', badge: 'Plan' },
     en: { name: 'Alibaba Coding Plan', description: 'Alibaba Cloud Model Studio Coding Plan for interactive coding tools.', badge: 'Plan' },
   },
   'alibaba-token-plan-cn': {
-    zh: { name: 'Alibaba Token Plan（团队版）', description: '阿里云百炼 Token Plan 订阅，交互式智能体与编码工具 · 北京', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Alibaba Token Plan（团队版）', description: '阿里云百炼 Token Plan 订阅，交互式智能体与编码工具 · 北京', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Alibaba Token Plan（團隊版）', description: '阿里雲百鍊 Token Plan 訂閱，互動式智慧體與編碼工具 · 北京', badge: 'Token' },
     en: { name: 'Alibaba Token Plan (China)', description: 'Alibaba Cloud Model Studio Token Plan for interactive agents and coding tools, Beijing region.', badge: 'Token' },
   },
   'alibaba-token-plan': {
-    zh: { name: 'Alibaba Token Plan（团队版）', description: '阿里云百炼 Token Plan 订阅，交互式智能体与编码工具 · 新加坡', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Alibaba Token Plan（团队版）', description: '阿里云百炼 Token Plan 订阅，交互式智能体与编码工具 · 新加坡', badge: 'Token' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Alibaba Token Plan（團隊版）', description: '阿里雲百鍊 Token Plan 訂閱，互動式智慧體與編碼工具 · 新加坡', badge: 'Token' },
     en: { name: 'Alibaba Token Plan', description: 'Alibaba Cloud Model Studio Token Plan for interactive agents and coding tools, Singapore region.', badge: 'Token' },
   },
   // OAuth account providers (not in CATALOG_PROVIDER_TYPES; shown in the
   // accounts section and on connection rows).
   'github-copilot': {
-    zh: { name: 'GitHub Copilot', description: 'GitHub Copilot 订阅接入，复用本机 GitHub 登录', badge: 'Account' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'GitHub Copilot', description: 'GitHub Copilot 订阅接入，复用本机 GitHub 登录', badge: 'Account' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'GitHub Copilot', description: '透過 GitHub Copilot 訂閱連線，沿用本機 GitHub 登入', badge: 'Account' },
     en: { name: 'GitHub Copilot', description: 'GitHub Copilot subscription access using an existing GitHub login.', badge: 'Account' },
   },
   'claude-subscription': {
-    zh: { name: 'Claude Subscription', description: 'Claude Pro / Max 订阅账号登录；登录后自动成为可用模型连接。' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'Claude Subscription', description: 'Claude Pro / Max 订阅账号登录；登录后自动成为可用模型连接。' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'Claude Subscription', description: 'Claude Pro / Max 訂閱帳號登入；登入後自動成為可用模型連線。' },
     en: { name: 'Claude Subscription', description: 'Sign in with a Claude Pro / Max subscription; it becomes an available model connection once signed in.' },
   },
   'openai-codex': {
-    zh: { name: 'OpenAI OAuth', description: 'ChatGPT / Codex 账号登录；登录后自动成为可用模型连接。' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'OpenAI OAuth', description: 'ChatGPT / Codex 账号登录；登录后自动成为可用模型连接。' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'OpenAI OAuth', description: 'ChatGPT / Codex 帳號登入；登入後自動成為可用模型連線。' },
     en: { name: 'OpenAI OAuth', description: 'Sign in with a ChatGPT / Codex account; it becomes an available model connection once signed in.' },
   },
   'xai-oauth': {
-    zh: { name: 'xAI OAuth', description: '使用 SuperGrok 或 X Premium 账号登录。', badge: 'Account' },
+    'zh-CN': { name: 'xAI OAuth', description: '使用 SuperGrok 或 X Premium 账号登录。', badge: 'Account' },
+    'zh-TW': { name: 'xAI OAuth', description: '使用 SuperGrok 或 X Premium 帳號登入。', badge: 'Account' },
     en: { name: 'xAI OAuth', description: 'Sign in with SuperGrok or X Premium.', badge: 'Account' },
   },
 } satisfies Record<ProviderType, UiCatalog<ProviderCopy>>;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-oauth-section.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-oauth-section.tsx
index 10d86d72f6..5d8d53e68e 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-oauth-section.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-oauth-section.tsx
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ import { getProviderSettingsCopy, type ProviderSettingsCopy } from '../locales/s
 import {
   useOAuthLoginFlow,
   subscriptionActionErrorMessage,
-  subscriptionResultMessage,
   type OAuthLoginFlowBridge,
   type SubscriptionSnapshot,
 } from './use-oauth-login-flow';
+import { subscriptionResultMessage } from './subscription-result-message.js';
 import {
   RuntimeHostSettingsGenerationBoundary,
   useRuntimeHostSettingsGenerationKey,
@@ -276,7 +276,8 @@ function SubscriptionLoginPanel(props: {
 
 function GitHubCopilotLoginPanel(props: { onLoginSuccess(): void | Promise<void> }) {
   const host = useRuntimeHostSettingsTarget();
-  const copy = getProviderSettingsCopy(useUiLocale()).oauthSection;
+  const locale = useUiLocale();
+  const copy = getProviderSettingsCopy(locale).oauthSection;
   // The shared login-flow controller owns the snapshot refresh, the
   // synchronous one-shot pending guard, and the unmount safety; Copilot
   // rides it through the direct account flow (one bridge call per action,
@@ -302,7 +303,13 @@ function GitHubCopilotLoginPanel(props: { onLoginSuccess(): void | Promise<void>
         {loggedIn
           ? copy.copilotImported
           : flow.state?.runtimeState === 'refresh_failed' || flow.state?.runtimeState === 'storage_failed'
-            ? flow.state.errorMessage
+            ? subscriptionResultMessage(
+                flow.state.errorMessage,
+                flow.state.runtimeState === 'refresh_failed'
+                  ? copy.refreshTokenFailed
+                  : copy.storageFailed('GitHub Copilot'),
+                locale,
+              )
             : copy.copilotSetup}
       </Text>
       <HStack gap={2} hAlign="end">
@@ -337,7 +344,7 @@ interface SubscriptionDisplay {
   detail: string;
 }
 
-function presentSnapshotDetail(state: SubscriptionSnapshot | null, display: SubscriptionDisplay, locale: 'zh' | 'en'): string {
+function presentSnapshotDetail(state: SubscriptionSnapshot | null, display: SubscriptionDisplay, locale: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en'): string {
   const copy = getProviderSettingsCopy(locale).oauthSection;
   if (!state) return copy.loadingAccount;
   switch (state.runtimeState) {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-panel-shared.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-panel-shared.ts
index ec77a98ce6..3db62ff518 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-panel-shared.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/provider-panel-shared.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
  * under the License.
  */
 
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese, redactSecrets } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale, redactSecrets } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import {
   type ConnectionTestResult,
   type CreateConnectionInput,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ export interface ConnectionsBridge {
 
 export type CredentialPresenceStatus = boolean | 'loading' | 'error';
 
-export function providerPanelActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function providerPanelActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   const shared = getProviderSettingsCopy(locale).shared;
   // Electron wraps ipcMain.handle rejections as "Error invoking remote method
   // '<channel>': Error: <message>". Classify the original message, not the
@@ -64,15 +64,13 @@ export function providerPanelActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale
   if (known) return known;
   // Main-process handlers throw display-ready Chinese copy; keep it instead
   // of flattening it into a coarser classification or the generic fallback.
-  if (/[\u3400-\u9fff]/.test(cleaned)) return cleaned;
+  if (locale === 'zh-CN' && /[\u3400-\u9fff]/.test(cleaned)) return cleaned;
   if (/connection_stale|Unable to delete Connection: connection_stale/i.test(cleaned)) {
-    return locale === 'zh'
-      ? '连接状态已更新，请刷新列表后再删除。'
-      : 'The connection changed while deleting. Refresh the list and try again.';
+    if (locale === 'zh-CN') return '连接状态已更新，请刷新列表后再删除。';
+    if (locale === 'zh-TW') return '連線狀態已更新，請重新整理清單後再刪除。';
+    return 'The connection changed while deleting. Refresh the list and try again.';
   }
-  const classified = locale === 'zh'
-    ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(new Error(cleaned), '')
-    : generalizedErrorMessage(new Error(cleaned), '');
+  const classified = generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(new Error(cleaned), '', locale);
   return classified || shared.actionFallback;
 }
 
@@ -89,7 +87,7 @@ export interface ConnectionTestTroubleshootingCopy {
 export function connectionTestFailureFallback(
   result: ConnectionTestResult,
   copy: ConnectionTestTroubleshootingCopy,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   const shared = getProviderSettingsCopy(locale).shared;
   if (result.statusCode === 429) return shared.rateLimit;
@@ -107,16 +105,14 @@ export function connectionTestFailureFallback(
 export function connectionTestFailureMessage(
   result: ConnectionTestResult,
   copy: ConnectionTestTroubleshootingCopy,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   const fallback = connectionTestFailureFallback(result, copy, locale);
   if (!result.errorMessage) return fallback;
-  return locale === 'zh'
-    ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(new Error(result.errorMessage), fallback)
-    : generalizedErrorMessage(new Error(result.errorMessage), fallback);
+  return generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(new Error(result.errorMessage), fallback, locale);
 }
 
-export function connectionLastTestMessageDisplay(message: string | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string | undefined {
+export function connectionLastTestMessageDisplay(message: string | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string | undefined {
   if (!message) return undefined;
   const trimmed = message.trim();
   if (!trimmed) return undefined;
@@ -124,12 +120,10 @@ export function connectionLastTestMessageDisplay(message: string | undefined, lo
   const copy = getProviderSettingsCopy(locale).shared;
   const known = (copy.lastTest as Readonly<Record<string, string>>)[normalized];
   if (known) return known;
-  const classified = locale === 'zh'
-    ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(new Error(trimmed), '')
-    : generalizedErrorMessage(new Error(trimmed), '');
+  const classified = generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(new Error(trimmed), '', locale);
   return classified || copy.statusUnavailable;
 }
 
-export function categoryLabel(category: ProviderCategory, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function categoryLabel(category: ProviderCategory, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   return getProviderSettingsCopy(locale).shared.categories[category];
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/providers-panel.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/providers-panel.tsx
index f38af09d46..9f27a05e52 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/providers-panel.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/providers-panel.tsx
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ export function ProvidersPanel({ bridge, initialPage = 'connections', initialCon
 }
 
 /** Provider · default model — the row's second line, and the detail's subtitle. */
-function connectionSubtitle(connection: LlmConnection, locale: 'zh' | 'en'): string {
+function connectionSubtitle(connection: LlmConnection, locale: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en'): string {
   const providerName = providerDisplay(connection.providerType, locale).name;
   const parts = [providerName];
   if (connection.defaultModel) parts.push(connection.defaultModel);
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-management-dialog.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-management-dialog.tsx
index 95585c395e..7ddaeb3ece 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-management-dialog.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-management-dialog.tsx
@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ export function RuntimeHostManagementDialog(props: {
   const [coordinationRelays, setCoordinationRelays] = useState('');
   const nextDirectoryRootId = useRef(1);
   const logsRef = useRef<HTMLPreElement>(null);
+  const localizedError = (message: string): string =>
+    settingsActionErrorMessage(new Error(message), locale);
 
   const profile = props.profile;
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ export function RuntimeHostManagementDialog(props: {
           reconcileDirectoryPolicy(response.service);
           shouldLoadUpdatePolicy = response.service.state !== 'not_installed';
         }
-        else if (response.kind === 'error') setError(response.error.message);
+        else if (response.kind === 'error') setError(localizedError(response.error.message));
         else setUninstalledRoot(response.retainedStateRoot);
       } catch (failure) {
         if (!disposed) setError(settingsActionErrorMessage(failure, locale));
@@ -185,9 +187,10 @@ export function RuntimeHostManagementDialog(props: {
     try {
       const response = await window.maka.runtimeHostManagement.run(profile.id, action);
       if (response.kind === 'error') {
+        const message = localizedError(response.error.message);
         setUpdatePolicy(undefined);
-        setError(response.error.message);
-        toast.error(copy.managementActionFailed, response.error.message);
+        setError(message);
+        toast.error(copy.managementActionFailed, message);
         return;
       }
       if (response.kind === 'uninstalled') {
@@ -287,9 +290,10 @@ export function RuntimeHostManagementDialog(props: {
         allowInterruptActiveTasks,
       );
       if (response.kind === 'error') {
+        const message = localizedError(response.error.message);
         setUpdatePolicy(undefined);
-        setError(response.error.message);
-        toast.error(copy.managementActionFailed, response.error.message);
+        setError(message);
+        toast.error(copy.managementActionFailed, message);
         return;
       }
       if (response.kind === 'uninstalled') {
@@ -374,8 +378,9 @@ export function RuntimeHostManagementDialog(props: {
         allowInterruptActiveTasks,
       );
       if (response.kind === 'error') {
-        setError(response.error.message);
-        toast.error(copy.managementActionFailed, response.error.message);
+        const message = localizedError(response.error.message);
+        setError(message);
+        toast.error(copy.managementActionFailed, message);
         return;
       }
       if (response.kind === 'uninstalled' || response.action !== 'configure') {
@@ -457,9 +462,10 @@ export function RuntimeHostManagementDialog(props: {
     try {
       const response = await window.maka.runtimeHostManagement.reconcileUpdate(profile.id);
       if (response.kind === 'error') {
+        const message = localizedError(response.error.message);
         setUpdatePolicy(undefined);
-        setUpdatePolicyError(response.error.message);
-        toast.error(copy.managementActionFailed, response.error.message);
+        setUpdatePolicyError(message);
+        toast.error(copy.managementActionFailed, message);
         return;
       }
       setLastUpdateOutcome(response.reconciliation);
@@ -499,9 +505,9 @@ export function RuntimeHostManagementDialog(props: {
   function applyReconnectWarning(
     reconnectError: { readonly message: string } | undefined,
   ): void {
-    setReconnectWarning(reconnectError?.message);
+    setReconnectWarning(reconnectError ? localizedError(reconnectError.message) : undefined);
     if (reconnectError) {
-      toast.warning(copy.managementReconnectFailed, reconnectError.message);
+      toast.warning(copy.managementReconnectFailed, localizedError(reconnectError.message));
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-onboarding-dialog.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-onboarding-dialog.tsx
index c806c30b0a..5fbcfe3d2d 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-onboarding-dialog.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-onboarding-dialog.tsx
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import {
   RuntimeHostProjectDirectoryEditor,
   type ProjectDirectoryRootDraft,
 } from './runtime-host-project-directory-editor.js';
+import { settingsActionErrorMessage } from './settings-error-copy.js';
 
 export function RuntimeHostOnboardingDialog(props: {
   readonly isOpen: boolean;
@@ -129,7 +130,10 @@ export function RuntimeHostOnboardingDialog(props: {
           <LayoutContent padding={4}>
             <FormLayout>
               {snapshot.kind === 'failed' ? (
-                <Banner status="error" title={snapshot.message} />
+                <Banner
+                  status="error"
+                  title={settingsActionErrorMessage(snapshot.message, locale)}
+                />
               ) : null}
               {snapshot.kind === 'complete' ? (
                 <Banner status="success" title={copy.setupComplete} />
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-profiles-section.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-profiles-section.tsx
index 8d1b305786..3fdf84d873 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-profiles-section.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/runtime-host-profiles-section.tsx
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ export function RuntimeHostProfilesSection(props: {
       if (result.kind === "unavailable") {
         toast.error(
           copy.selectFailed,
-          result.message,
+          settingsActionErrorMessage(result.message, locale),
           undefined,
           { profileId },
         );
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/settings-error-copy.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/settings-error-copy.ts
index d222b76f8d..8e759e7b8f 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/settings-error-copy.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/settings-error-copy.ts
@@ -17,20 +17,20 @@
  * under the License.
  */
 
-import { generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { type UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 import { redactSecrets } from '@maka/ui';
 import { getSettingsSharedCopy } from '../locales/settings-shared-copy.js';
 
-export function settingsActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function settingsActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   const raw = error instanceof Error
     ? error.message
     : typeof error === 'string'
       ? error
       : '';
-  const classified = locale === 'zh' ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(new Error(raw), '') : '';
+  const classified = generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(new Error(raw), '', locale);
   if (classified) return classified;
   const redacted = redactSecrets(raw).trim();
-  if (locale === 'zh' && redacted && /[\u4E00-\u9FFF]/.test(redacted)) return redacted;
+  if (locale === 'zh-CN' && redacted && /[\u4E00-\u9FFF]/.test(redacted)) return redacted;
   return getSettingsSharedCopy(locale).unknownError;
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/subscription-result-message.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/subscription-result-message.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac0a107854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/subscription-result-message.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale, redactSecrets } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
+
+export function subscriptionResultMessage(
+  message: string | undefined,
+  fallback: string,
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
+): string {
+  const raw = redactSecrets(message ?? '').trim();
+  if (!raw) return fallback;
+  if (/already in progress|superseded by a new attempt/i.test(raw)) {
+    if (locale === 'zh-CN') return '上一轮浏览器登录仍在进行或已切换，请再点一次登录，或稍后再试。';
+    if (locale === 'zh-TW') return '上一輪瀏覽器登入仍在進行或已切換，請再按一次登入，或稍後再試。';
+    return 'A previous browser login is still running or was superseded. Try logging in again shortly.';
+  }
+  if (/did not present OAuth|no matching OAuth presentation/i.test(raw)) {
+    if (locale === 'zh-CN') return '无法打开系统浏览器完成登录，请检查是否拦截了弹窗后重试。';
+    if (locale === 'zh-TW') return '無法開啟系統瀏覽器完成登入，請檢查是否封鎖了彈出式視窗後再試。';
+    return 'Could not open the system browser for login. Check popup blockers and try again.';
+  }
+  const classified = generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(new Error(raw), '', locale);
+  if (classified) return classified;
+  return locale === 'zh-CN' || !/[\u4e00-\u9fff]/.test(raw) ? raw : fallback;
+}
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/use-memory-settings-controller.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/use-memory-settings-controller.ts
index 40bec015cd..2bfa9a4732 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/use-memory-settings-controller.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/use-memory-settings-controller.ts
@@ -689,5 +689,5 @@ export function useMemoryDocumentController(props: MemoryDocumentControllerProps
 }
 
 function memoryResultMessage(message: string, locale: UiLocale, fallback: string): string {
-  return locale === 'zh' || !/[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(message) ? message : fallback;
+  return locale === 'zh-CN' || !/[\u3400-\u9fff]/u.test(message) ? message : fallback;
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/use-oauth-login-flow.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/use-oauth-login-flow.ts
index 57006a0c82..52247a6b73 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/use-oauth-login-flow.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/settings/use-oauth-login-flow.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese, redactSecrets } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { redactSecrets } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { type UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 import {
   useMountedRef,
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import {
 import { createOneShotActionGuard, teardownPendingAuthorization } from './oauth-login-flow-guard';
 import { getProviderSettingsCopy } from '../locales/settings-provider-copy';
 import { useRuntimeHostSettingsErrorReporter } from './runtime-host-settings-target.js';
+import { subscriptionResultMessage } from './subscription-result-message.js';
 
 // Shared browser-assisted OAuth login-flow controller (device-code polling).
 //
@@ -361,7 +362,7 @@ export function useOAuthLoginFlow(params: {
   };
 }
 
-export function subscriptionActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function subscriptionActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   const message = error instanceof Error
     ? error.message
     : typeof error === 'string'
@@ -369,26 +370,3 @@ export function subscriptionActionErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale
       : '';
   return subscriptionResultMessage(message, getProviderSettingsCopy(locale).oauthFlow.serviceUnavailable, locale);
 }
-
-export function subscriptionResultMessage(message: string | undefined, fallback: string, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
-  const raw = redactSecrets(message ?? '').trim();
-  if (!raw) return fallback;
-  // Host conflict / supersede copy before the coarse keyword classifier turns
-  // "authorization" into a generic 鉴权失败 that does not tell the user what to do.
-  // This is error-path copy: do not claim a new login already started.
-  if (/already in progress|superseded by a new attempt/i.test(raw)) {
-    return locale === 'zh'
-      ? '上一轮浏览器登录仍在进行或已切换，请再点一次登录，或稍后再试。'
-      : 'A previous browser login is still running or was superseded. Try logging in again shortly.';
-  }
-  if (/did not present OAuth|no matching OAuth presentation/i.test(raw)) {
-    return locale === 'zh'
-      ? '无法打开系统浏览器完成登录，请检查是否拦截了弹窗后重试。'
-      : 'Could not open the system browser for login. Check popup blockers and try again.';
-  }
-  const classified = locale === 'zh'
-    ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(new Error(raw), '')
-    : generalizedErrorMessage(new Error(raw), '');
-  if (classified) return classified;
-  return locale === 'zh' || !/[\u4e00-\u9fff]/.test(raw) ? raw : fallback;
-}
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/task-readiness-notice.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/task-readiness-notice.ts
index 5c4d2a12ab..2702d926dd 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/task-readiness-notice.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/task-readiness-notice.ts
@@ -94,36 +94,56 @@ function noticeForBlocker(
   locale: UiLocale,
 ): TaskReadinessNotice {
   if (blocker.id === 'runtime') {
-    return locale === 'zh'
-      ? {
-          tone: 'destructive',
-          title: 'Maka 运行服务暂时不可用。',
-          description: '任务尚未提交。重新检测运行服务后再试。',
-          actionLabel: '重新检测',
-          action: 'retry',
-        }
-      : {
-          tone: 'destructive',
-          title: 'The Maka runtime is unavailable.',
-          description: 'The task was not submitted. Check the runtime again before retrying.',
-          actionLabel: 'Check again',
-          action: 'retry',
-        };
-  }
-  const action = blocker.repairTarget?.kind === 'workspace_picker' ? 'workspace_picker' : 'retry';
-  return locale === 'zh'
-    ? {
+    if (locale === 'zh-CN') {
+      return {
         tone: 'destructive',
-        title: '当前任务的工作区不可用。',
-        description: '原目录可能已移动、删除或无法访问。请选择可用工作区。',
-        actionLabel: action === 'workspace_picker' ? '选择工作区' : '重新检测',
-        action,
-      }
-    : {
+        title: 'Maka 运行服务暂时不可用。',
+        description: '任务尚未提交。重新检测运行服务后再试。',
+        actionLabel: '重新检测',
+        action: 'retry',
+      };
+    }
+    if (locale === 'zh-TW') {
+      return {
         tone: 'destructive',
-        title: 'This task workspace is unavailable.',
-        description: 'The folder may have moved, been deleted, or become inaccessible. Choose an available workspace.',
-        actionLabel: action === 'workspace_picker' ? 'Choose workspace' : 'Check again',
-        action,
+        title: 'Maka 執行服務暫時無法使用。',
+        description: '任務尚未送出。重新檢查執行服務後再試。',
+        actionLabel: '重新檢查',
+        action: 'retry',
       };
+    }
+    return {
+      tone: 'destructive',
+      title: 'The Maka runtime is unavailable.',
+      description: 'The task was not submitted. Check the runtime again before retrying.',
+      actionLabel: 'Check again',
+      action: 'retry',
+    };
+  }
+  const action = blocker.repairTarget?.kind === 'workspace_picker' ? 'workspace_picker' : 'retry';
+  if (locale === 'zh-CN') {
+    return {
+      tone: 'destructive',
+      title: '当前任务的工作区不可用。',
+      description: '原目录可能已移动、删除或无法访问。请选择可用工作区。',
+      actionLabel: action === 'workspace_picker' ? '选择工作区' : '重新检测',
+      action,
+    };
+  }
+  if (locale === 'zh-TW') {
+    return {
+      tone: 'destructive',
+      title: '目前任務的工作區無法使用。',
+      description: '原始資料夾可能已移動、刪除或無法存取。請選擇可用的工作區。',
+      actionLabel: action === 'workspace_picker' ? '選擇工作區' : '重新檢查',
+      action,
+    };
+  }
+  return {
+    tone: 'destructive',
+    title: 'This task workspace is unavailable.',
+    description: 'The folder may have moved, been deleted, or become inaccessible. Choose an available workspace.',
+    actionLabel: action === 'workspace_picker' ? 'Choose workspace' : 'Check again',
+    action,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/turn-footer-actions.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/turn-footer-actions.ts
index 3d60ef76f5..ffc02bf7ea 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/turn-footer-actions.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/turn-footer-actions.ts
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ export interface TurnFooterContext {
  */
 export function deriveTurnFooterActions(input: TurnFooterContext): TurnFooterAction[] {
   const { status, hasContent, alreadyRegenerated, pendingActions, metaSummary } = input;
-  const copyText = getDesktopConversationCopy(input.locale ?? 'zh').footer;
+  const copyText = getDesktopConversationCopy(input.locale ?? 'zh-CN').footer;
   const actionLabel = copyText.labels;
   const isPending = (id: TurnFooterActionId) => pendingActions?.has(id) ?? false;
   const PENDING_TOOLTIP = copyText.pending;
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/use-onboarding-snapshot.ts b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/use-onboarding-snapshot.ts
index 16e19cf7b4..0fbc379554 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/use-onboarding-snapshot.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/use-onboarding-snapshot.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
  */
 
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { type LlmConnection } from '@maka/core/llm-connections';
 import { type SessionSummary } from '@maka/core/session';
 import { type UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ export function createOnboardingSnapshotPoller(
 
 export function onboardingSnapshotErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale): string {
   const fallback = getOnboardingCopy(locale).snapshotErrorFallback;
-  return locale === 'zh' ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, fallback) : generalizedErrorMessage(error, fallback);
+  return generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, fallback, locale);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/work-board-panel.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/work-board-panel.tsx
index cec058ea1c..df6dd39056 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/work-board-panel.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/work-board-panel.tsx
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import { Banner, EmptyState, Spinner } from '@astryxdesign/core';
 import { Button } from '@astryxdesign/core/Button';
 import { TextInput } from '@astryxdesign/core/TextInput';
 import { useUiLocale } from '@maka/ui';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import type {
   CreateWorkBoardItemInput,
   WorkBoardItem,
@@ -139,7 +140,10 @@ export function WorkBoardPanel(props: {
   projectId: string | null;
   projectAliases?: readonly string[];
 }) {
-  const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(useUiLocale()).workBoardPanel;
+  const locale = useUiLocale();
+  const copy = getDesktopConversationCopy(locale).workBoardPanel;
+  const localizedError = (message: string): string =>
+    generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(new Error(message), copy.loadFailed, locale);
   const [filter, setFilter] = useState<'inbox' | 'project'>('inbox');
   const projectScopeIds = useMemo(() => {
     if (props.projectId === null) return undefined;
@@ -233,7 +237,12 @@ export function WorkBoardPanel(props: {
       aria-label={filter === 'project' ? copy.project : copy.inbox}
     >
       {actionError && (
-        <Banner status="error" role="alert" className="maka-work-board-message" title={actionError} />
+        <Banner
+          status="error"
+          role="alert"
+          className="maka-work-board-message"
+          title={localizedError(actionError)}
+        />
       )}
       <div className="maka-work-board-filters">
         <Button
@@ -283,7 +292,7 @@ export function WorkBoardPanel(props: {
           role="alert"
           className="maka-work-board-message"
           title={copy.loadFailed}
-          description={board.error}
+          description={localizedError(board.error)}
           endContent={
             <Button size="sm" variant="ghost" label={copy.retry} onClick={board.retry} />
           }
@@ -296,7 +305,7 @@ export function WorkBoardPanel(props: {
               role="alert"
               className="maka-work-board-message"
               title={copy.loadFailed}
-              description={board.continuationError}
+              description={localizedError(board.continuationError)}
               endContent={
                 <Button
                   size="sm"
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/workhub-surface.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/workhub-surface.tsx
index 71f0179a6d..355638fc48 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/renderer/workhub-surface.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/renderer/workhub-surface.tsx
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ function SubmittedWorkView(props: {
 }
 
 function workHubCopy(locale: UiLocale) {
-  if (locale === 'zh') {
+  if (locale === 'zh-CN') {
     return {
       locale,
       subtitle: '在一个入口里继续、创建和查看普通 Session',
@@ -648,6 +648,45 @@ function workHubCopy(locale: UiLocale) {
       turnStates: { running: '进行中', completed: '已完成', aborted: '已中止', failed: '失败' },
     } as const;
   }
+  if (locale === 'zh-TW') {
+    return {
+      locale,
+      subtitle: '在一個入口繼續、建立和檢視一般 Session',
+      emptyTitle: '從這裡繼續所有工作',
+      emptyBody: (count: number) => count > 0
+        ? `WorkHub 會根據現有 ${count} 個 Session 判斷目標；不確定時會先詢問你。`
+        : '提出一個明確目標，WorkHub 會建立一般 Session 並將結果帶回這裡。',
+      workCount: (count: number) => `${count} 項工作`, clarification: '選擇工作',
+      chooseWork: '這則輸入可能與多項工作有關，請選擇目標：',
+      discussionStayed: '這則內容暫時保留在 WorkHub，沒有建立或變更 Session。',
+      discussionHint: '提出明確的執行目標後，我會將它交給對應的 Session。',
+      answering: '正在回答…',
+      choseWork: (name: string) => `選擇「${name}」`,
+      correctedWork: (name: string) => `將目標更正為「${name}」`,
+      sentTo: '已交給：', accepted: '已接收', sessionFallback: '一般 Session',
+      correctTarget: '更正目標',
+      correctedFrom: (name: string) => `已從「${name}」更正`,
+      waitingForDecision: '這項工作正在等待你的決定。',
+      requestNotSent: '新請求尚未傳送；處理原 Session 中的互動後可以再次傳送。',
+      routing: '正在判斷應該交給哪個 Session…', loadFailed: '無法讀取現有工作。',
+      loading: '正在讀取現有工作…',
+      preparing: '正在準備 WorkHub…', unavailable: '暫時無法使用',
+      coordinationFailedTitle: 'WorkHub 暫時無法啟動',
+      coordinationFailedBody: '請檢查目前 Runtime Host 的預設模型設定，然後重試。',
+      retry: '重試',
+      submitFailed: '輸入未能送達，請重試。',
+      submitFailures: {
+        candidates_changed: '工作清單已變更，請重新傳送以使用最新目標。',
+        linked_correction_unavailable: '跨 Session 更正將於持久委派關聯完成後開放；請先開啟原 Session 並停止目前工作。',
+        target_waiting: '目標 Session 正在等待你的處理；請先開啟並完成該互動。',
+        action_changed: '這次操作已變更，請重新傳送。',
+        delivery_failed: '輸入未能送達，請重試。',
+      },
+      scrollToBottom: '捲動到底部', archived: '已封存',
+      states: { active: '使用中', running: '進行中', waiting_for_user: '等待你', blocked: '受阻', aborted: '已中止' },
+      turnStates: { running: '進行中', completed: '已完成', aborted: '已中止', failed: '失敗' },
+    } as const;
+  }
   return {
     locale,
     subtitle: 'Continue, create, and review ordinary Sessions from one place',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/stories/app-shell.stories.tsx b/apps/desktop/stories/app-shell.stories.tsx
index cd451bd1a9..34e53fd5a0 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/stories/app-shell.stories.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/stories/app-shell.stories.tsx
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ function ComposedShell(props: {
     deriveAppShellTurnPresentation(turns, {
       activeId: active?.id,
       pendingTurnActions: new Set<string>(),
-      uiLocale: 'zh',
+      uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
       pendingKeyOf: (sessionId, turnId, actionId) => `${sessionId}:${turnId}:${actionId}`,
     });
   const projectGroups: SessionGroup[] = catalogProjects.map((item) => ({
diff --git a/apps/desktop/stories/settings/settings-pages.stories.tsx b/apps/desktop/stories/settings/settings-pages.stories.tsx
index f60373cd3a..b061da18eb 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/stories/settings/settings-pages.stories.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/stories/settings/settings-pages.stories.tsx
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ import { getUsageSettingsCopy } from '../../src/renderer/locales/settings-usage-
  * function, so CI could not tell us. A story that drives the UI by its visible
  * text has to source that text where the UI does.
  */
-const DAILY_REVIEW_DEFAULT_MODEL_LABEL = getDailyReviewSettingsCopy('zh').defaultModel;
+const DAILY_REVIEW_DEFAULT_MODEL_LABEL = getDailyReviewSettingsCopy('zh-CN').defaultModel;
 /** A 1×1 transparent PNG: the picker needs a valid data URL, not real art. */
 const STORY_ICON_PREVIEW =
   'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mNk+M9QDwADhgGAWjR9awAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==';
@@ -1983,8 +1983,10 @@ export const UsageLongTail: Story = {
   render: () => <SettingsStory section="usage" />,
   play: async ({ canvasElement, globals }) => {
     const canvas = within(canvasElement);
-    const usageCopy = getUsageSettingsCopy(globals.locale === 'en' ? 'en' : 'zh');
-    expect(
+    const usageCopy = getUsageSettingsCopy(
+      globals.locale === 'en' ? 'en' : globals.locale === 'zh-TW' ? 'zh-TW' : 'zh-CN',
+    );
+      expect(
       await canvas.findByText(usageCopy.totalRequests, {
         selector: '[data-slot="stat-tile-label"]',
       }),
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/cli-ui-locale.test.ts b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/cli-ui-locale.test.ts
index e92a26fb18..41b180d09c 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/cli-ui-locale.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/cli-ui-locale.test.ts
@@ -23,9 +23,13 @@ import { resolveCliUiLocale } from '../cli-ui-locale.js';
 
 describe('CLI TUI locale authority', () => {
   test('an explicit MAKA_LOCALE wins over the POSIX locale', () => {
-    assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ MAKA_LOCALE: 'zh', LC_ALL: 'en_US.UTF-8' }), {
+    assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ MAKA_LOCALE: 'zh-CN', LC_ALL: 'en_US.UTF-8' }), {
       ok: true,
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ MAKA_LOCALE: 'ZH-TW', LC_ALL: 'zh_CN.UTF-8' }), {
+      ok: true,
+      locale: 'zh-TW',
     });
     assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ MAKA_LOCALE: 'EN', LANG: 'zh_CN.UTF-8' }), {
       ok: true,
@@ -33,6 +37,21 @@ describe('CLI TUI locale authority', () => {
     });
   });
 
+  test('preserves legacy and POSIX-style Chinese aliases', () => {
+    assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ MAKA_LOCALE: 'zh' }), {
+      ok: true,
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ MAKA_LOCALE: 'zh_CN' }), {
+      ok: true,
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ MAKA_LOCALE: 'zh_TW' }), {
+      ok: true,
+      locale: 'zh-TW',
+    });
+  });
+
   test('auto honors POSIX locale authority order', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(
       resolveCliUiLocale({
@@ -45,19 +64,23 @@ describe('CLI TUI locale authority', () => {
     );
     assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ LC_MESSAGES: 'zh_CN.UTF-8', LANG: 'en_US.UTF-8' }), {
       ok: true,
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
     });
     assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ LANG: 'en_US.UTF-8' }), {
       ok: true,
       locale: 'en',
     });
+    assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ LANG: 'zh_TW.UTF-8' }), {
+      ok: true,
+      locale: 'zh-TW',
+    });
     assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({}), { ok: true, locale: 'en' });
   });
 
   test('rejects an unsupported explicit preference with a configuration error', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(resolveCliUiLocale({ MAKA_LOCALE: 'fr' }), {
       ok: false,
-      message: 'Invalid MAKA_LOCALE "fr". Expected zh, en, or auto.',
+      message: 'Invalid MAKA_LOCALE "fr". Expected zh-CN, zh-TW, en, or auto.',
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/cli.test.ts b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/cli.test.ts
index 4748d53558..72f737446d 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/cli.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/cli.test.ts
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ describe('Maka CLI args', () => {
   });
 
   test('does not add a discoverable global locale flag', () => {
-    assert.deepEqual(parseMakaCliArgs(['--locale', 'zh'], '0.1.0'), {
+    assert.deepEqual(parseMakaCliArgs(['--locale', 'zh-CN'], '0.1.0'), {
       kind: 'error',
       message: 'Unexpected argument: --locale',
       exitCode: 2,
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-transcript.test.ts b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-transcript.test.ts
index e186074a19..3247088b15 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-transcript.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-transcript.test.ts
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ describe('Maka Pi TUI transcript', () => {
     assert.match(english, /Type a message to start/);
     assert.match(english, /\/session\s+Switch or resume a session/);
 
-    const chinese = renderMakaPiTranscript(state, { ...meta(), uiLocale: 'zh' }, 100)
+    const chinese = renderMakaPiTranscript(state, { ...meta(), uiLocale: 'zh-CN' }, 100)
       .map(stripAnsi)
       .join('\n');
     assert.match(chinese, /陪你把事做完/);
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ describe('Maka Pi TUI transcript', () => {
     assert.equal(
       stripAnsi(
         renderMakaPiStatusLine(
-          { ...meta(), uiLocale: 'zh', sideConversation: { view: 'side' } },
+          { ...meta(), uiLocale: 'zh-CN', sideConversation: { view: 'side' } },
           200,
         ),
       ),
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ describe('Maka Pi TUI transcript', () => {
           renderMakaPiStatusLine(
             {
               ...meta(),
-              uiLocale: 'zh',
+              uiLocale: 'zh-CN',
               sideConversation: { view: 'side', parentStatus },
             },
             200,
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ describe('Maka Pi TUI transcript', () => {
     assert.match(
       stripAnsi(
         renderMakaPiStatusLine(
-          { ...meta(), uiLocale: 'zh', sideConversation: { view: 'parent' } },
+          { ...meta(), uiLocale: 'zh-CN', sideConversation: { view: 'parent' } },
           200,
         ),
       ),
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-tui-mcp-status.test.ts b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-tui-mcp-status.test.ts
index e7f43d7c19..adf8b7e5d6 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-tui-mcp-status.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-tui-mcp-status.test.ts
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('MCP status overlay', () => {
 
   test('states the remote limitation instead of implying an empty local config', () => {
     const overlay = new McpStatusOverlay({
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       viewportRows: () => 6,
       onClose: () => undefined,
       onChange: () => undefined,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ describe('MCP status overlay', () => {
 
   test('localizes manager states without changing their source values', () => {
     const overlay = new McpStatusOverlay({
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       surface: surface({
         initialization: 'ready',
         publication: 'not_published',
@@ -86,6 +86,36 @@ describe('MCP status overlay', () => {
     assert.doesNotMatch(text, /needs-auth/u);
   });
 
+  test('renders Traditional Chinese without Simplified fallbacks', () => {
+    const overlay = new McpStatusOverlay({
+      locale: 'zh-TW',
+      surface: surface({
+        initialization: 'ready',
+        publication: 'not_published',
+        toolCount: 0,
+        servers: [
+          {
+            serverId: 'oauth',
+            state: 'disconnected',
+            transport: 'streamable-http',
+            toolCount: 0,
+            error: '连接失败。',
+          },
+        ],
+      }),
+      viewportRows: () => 7,
+      onClose: () => undefined,
+      onChange: () => undefined,
+    });
+
+    const text = overlay.render(100).map(stripAnsi).join('\n');
+    assert.match(text, /MCP 伺服器/u);
+    assert.match(text, /未發佈 · 0 個工具/u);
+    assert.match(text, /oauth  未連線/u);
+    assert.match(text, /MCP 伺服器連線失敗/u);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(text, /连接|发布/u);
+  });
+
   test('subscribes only for the overlay lifetime', () => {
     let subscribed = 0;
     let disposed = 0;
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-tui-runner.test.ts b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-tui-runner.test.ts
index a3b5239894..9e8a09e966 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-tui-runner.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/pi-tui-runner.test.ts
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ describe('Maka Pi TUI runner', () => {
     const driver = new SlashCommandDriver();
     const run = runMakaPiTui({
       title: 'Maka',
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       driver,
       cwd: '/repo',
       model: 'claude-sonnet-4-5',
@@ -6368,7 +6368,7 @@ describe('Maka Pi TUI runner', () => {
       model: 'claude-sonnet-4-5',
       connectionSlug: 'claude-subscription',
       permissionMode: 'ask',
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
       terminal,
     });
 
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/tui-primary-guidance.test.ts b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/tui-primary-guidance.test.ts
index bb6330b9cf..01d49a06ff 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/tui-primary-guidance.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/tui-primary-guidance.test.ts
@@ -28,26 +28,26 @@ describe('TUI primary guidance catalog', () => {
       .map((command) => command.id)
       .sort();
 
-    for (const locale of ['zh', 'en'] as const) {
+    for (const locale of ['zh-CN', 'en'] as const) {
       assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(getTuiPrimaryGuidance(locale).commands).sort(), expected);
     }
   });
 
   test('keeps keybinding tokens identical across locales', () => {
-    const tokens = (locale: 'zh' | 'en') =>
+    const tokens = (locale: 'zh-CN' | 'en') =>
       getTuiPrimaryGuidance(locale).help.keybindings.flatMap((line) => {
         const match = /^\s*(.*?)\s*—/u.exec(line);
         return match ? [match[1]!.replace(/\s*[（(].*$/u, '')] : [];
       });
 
-    assert.deepEqual(tokens('zh'), tokens('en'));
+    assert.deepEqual(tokens('zh-CN'), tokens('en'));
   });
 
   test('renders Option shortcut labels on macOS and Alt labels elsewhere', () => {
-    const guidanceFor = (locale: 'zh' | 'en', platform: NodeJS.Platform) =>
+    const guidanceFor = (locale: 'zh-CN' | 'en', platform: NodeJS.Platform) =>
       getTuiPrimaryGuidance(locale, platform);
 
-    for (const locale of ['zh', 'en'] as const) {
+    for (const locale of ['zh-CN', 'en'] as const) {
       const macKeybindings = guidanceFor(locale, 'darwin').help.keybindings.join('\n');
       assert.match(macKeybindings, /⌥\+Enter/u);
       assert.match(macKeybindings, /⌥\+↑/u);
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/tui-session-status.test.ts b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/tui-session-status.test.ts
index 1336d599e6..dd2d59f33c 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/__tests__/tui-session-status.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/__tests__/tui-session-status.test.ts
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('TUI Session status badge', () => {
       ),
       'needs permission',
     );
-    assert.equal(sessionStatusBadge(session({ status: 'waiting_for_user' }), 'zh'), '等你确认');
+    assert.equal(sessionStatusBadge(session({ status: 'waiting_for_user' }), 'zh-CN'), '等你确认');
   });
 
   test('marks only actionable blocked reasons and keeps resting rows unmarked', () => {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('TUI Session status badge', () => {
     }
     assert.equal(sessionStatusBadge(session({ status: 'active' }), 'en'), undefined);
     assert.equal(sessionStatusBadge(session({ status: 'aborted' }), 'en'), 'stopped');
-    assert.equal(sessionStatusBadge(session({ status: 'aborted' }), 'zh'), '已中止');
+    assert.equal(sessionStatusBadge(session({ status: 'aborted' }), 'zh-CN'), '已中止');
   });
 });
 
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/cli-ui-locale.ts b/packages/cli/src/cli-ui-locale.ts
index 21dcf979dd..01b7fa0fb1 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/cli-ui-locale.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/cli-ui-locale.ts
@@ -33,11 +33,17 @@ export type CliUiLocaleResolution =
 /** Resolve the interactive TUI locale without changing the top-level CLI grammar. */
 export function resolveCliUiLocale(environment: CliEnvironment): CliUiLocaleResolution {
   const rawPreference = environment.MAKA_LOCALE?.trim();
-  const preference = rawPreference ? rawPreference.toLowerCase() : 'auto';
+  const normalizedPreference = rawPreference?.replaceAll('_', '-').toLowerCase();
+  const preference =
+    normalizedPreference === 'zh' || normalizedPreference === 'zh-cn'
+      ? 'zh-CN'
+      : normalizedPreference === 'zh-tw'
+        ? 'zh-TW'
+        : (normalizedPreference ?? 'auto');
   if (!isUiLocalePreference(preference)) {
     return {
       ok: false,
-      message: `Invalid MAKA_LOCALE ${JSON.stringify(rawPreference)}. Expected zh, en, or auto.`,
+      message: `Invalid MAKA_LOCALE ${JSON.stringify(rawPreference)}. Expected zh-CN, zh-TW, en, or auto.`,
     };
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/pi-tui-mcp-status.ts b/packages/cli/src/pi-tui-mcp-status.ts
index 105a8b0a89..1eabf3b405 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/pi-tui-mcp-status.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/pi-tui-mcp-status.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import {
   type Component,
 } from '@earendil-works/pi-tui';
 import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import type { TuiMcpServerSnapshot, TuiMcpSurface } from './tui-mcp-control.js';
 import { ansi } from './tui-ansi.js';
 
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ export class McpStatusOverlay implements Component {
     const visible = document.slice(this.top, this.top + this.bodyRows);
     const start = visible.length === 0 ? 0 : this.top + 1;
     const end = visible.length === 0 ? 0 : this.top + visible.length;
-    const title = this.input.locale === 'zh' ? 'MCP 服务器' : 'MCP SERVERS';
+    const title = localized(this.input.locale, 'MCP 服务器', 'MCP 伺服器', 'MCP SERVERS');
     const header = padLine(
       `${ansi.bold(title)} ${ansi.dim(`${start}-${end} / ${document.length}`)}`,
       safeWidth,
@@ -87,48 +88,68 @@ export class McpStatusOverlay implements Component {
       ),
     ];
     if (!showFooter) return [header, ...body];
-    const footer =
-      this.input.locale === 'zh'
-        ? '↑/↓ 滚动 · PgUp/PgDn 翻页 · Home/End 跳转 · q/Esc 关闭'
-        : '↑/↓ scroll · PgUp/PgDn page · Home/End jump · q/Esc close';
+    const footer = localized(
+      this.input.locale,
+      '↑/↓ 滚动 · PgUp/PgDn 翻页 · Home/End 跳转 · q/Esc 关闭',
+      '↑/↓ 捲動 · PgUp/PgDn 翻頁 · Home/End 跳至 · q/Esc 關閉',
+      '↑/↓ scroll · PgUp/PgDn page · Home/End jump · q/Esc close',
+    );
     return [header, ...body, padLine(ansi.dim(footer), safeWidth)];
   }
 
   private document(): string[] {
     const snapshot = this.input.surface?.snapshot();
     if (!snapshot) {
-      return this.input.locale === 'zh'
-        ? [
-            ansi.yellow('当前 TUI 未连接本地 MCP 控制面。'),
-            '远程 Runtime Host 的客户端 MCP 工具关联将在后续版本提供。',
-          ]
-        : [
-            ansi.yellow('This TUI is not connected to a local MCP control plane.'),
-            'Client MCP tool association for remote Runtime Hosts is planned for a later release.',
-          ];
+      return [
+        ansi.yellow(
+          localized(
+            this.input.locale,
+            '当前 TUI 未连接本地 MCP 控制面。',
+            '目前 TUI 未連線至本機 MCP 控制介面。',
+            'This TUI is not connected to a local MCP control plane.',
+          ),
+        ),
+        localized(
+          this.input.locale,
+          '远程 Runtime Host 的客户端 MCP 工具关联将在后续版本提供。',
+          '遠端 Runtime Host 的用戶端 MCP 工具關聯將於後續版本提供。',
+          'Client MCP tool association for remote Runtime Hosts is planned for a later release.',
+        ),
+      ];
     }
     const lines = [publicationLine(snapshot, this.input.locale)];
     if (snapshot.initialization === 'loading') {
       lines.push(
-        this.input.locale === 'zh'
-          ? '正在读取 mcp.json 并发现工具…'
-          : 'Loading mcp.json and discovering tools…',
+        localized(
+          this.input.locale,
+          '正在读取 mcp.json 并发现工具…',
+          '正在讀取 mcp.json 並探索工具…',
+          'Loading mcp.json and discovering tools…',
+        ),
       );
       return lines;
     }
     if (snapshot.initialization === 'error') {
       lines.push(
-        this.input.locale === 'zh'
-          ? ansi.red('无法读取或应用 MCP 配置；没有向 Runtime Host 发布工具。')
-          : ansi.red(
-              'MCP configuration could not be loaded; no tools were published to the Runtime Host.',
-            ),
+        ansi.red(
+          localized(
+            this.input.locale,
+            '无法读取或应用 MCP 配置；没有向 Runtime Host 发布工具。',
+            '無法讀取或套用 MCP 設定；未向 Runtime Host 發佈任何工具。',
+            'MCP configuration could not be loaded; no tools were published to the Runtime Host.',
+          ),
+        ),
       );
       return lines;
     }
     if (snapshot.servers.length === 0) {
       lines.push(
-        this.input.locale === 'zh' ? '尚未配置 MCP 服务器。' : 'No MCP servers are configured.',
+        localized(
+          this.input.locale,
+          '尚未配置 MCP 服务器。',
+          '尚未設定 MCP 伺服器。',
+          'No MCP servers are configured.',
+        ),
       );
       return lines;
     }
@@ -156,14 +177,19 @@ function publicationLine(
   locale: UiLocale,
 ): string {
   const publication = {
-    waiting: locale === 'zh' ? '等待发布' : 'waiting to publish',
-    host_unavailable: locale === 'zh' ? 'Runtime Host 重连中' : 'Runtime Host reconnecting',
-    publishing: locale === 'zh' ? '正在发布' : 'publishing',
-    published: locale === 'zh' ? '已发布' : 'published',
-    not_published: locale === 'zh' ? '未发布' : 'not published',
-    error: locale === 'zh' ? '发布失败' : 'publication failed',
+    waiting: localized(locale, '等待发布', '等待發佈', 'waiting to publish'),
+    host_unavailable: localized(
+      locale,
+      'Runtime Host 重连中',
+      'Runtime Host 重新連線中',
+      'Runtime Host reconnecting',
+    ),
+    publishing: localized(locale, '正在发布', '正在發佈', 'publishing'),
+    published: localized(locale, '已发布', '已發佈', 'published'),
+    not_published: localized(locale, '未发布', '未發佈', 'not published'),
+    error: localized(locale, '发布失败', '發佈失敗', 'publication failed'),
   }[snapshot.publication];
-  const tools = locale === 'zh' ? `${snapshot.toolCount} 个工具` : `${snapshot.toolCount} tools`;
+  const tools = locale === 'en' ? `${snapshot.toolCount} tools` : `${snapshot.toolCount} 個工具`;
   return `${ansi.bold(publication)} · ${tools}`;
 }
 
@@ -171,13 +197,23 @@ function serverLines(server: TuiMcpServerSnapshot, locale: UiLocale): string[] {
   const protocol = server.negotiatedProtocol
     ? `${server.negotiatedProtocol.era} ${server.negotiatedProtocol.revision}`
     : undefined;
-  const tools = locale === 'zh' ? `${server.toolCount} 个工具` : `${server.toolCount} tools`;
+  const tools = locale === 'en' ? `${server.toolCount} tools` : `${server.toolCount} 個工具`;
   const details = [stateLabel(server.state, locale), server.transport, protocol, tools]
     .filter(Boolean)
     .join(' · ');
   return [
     `${statusMarker(server.state)} ${ansi.bold(server.serverId)}  ${details}`,
-    ...(server.error ? [`  ${ansi.red(server.error)}`] : []),
+    ...(server.error
+      ? [
+          `  ${ansi.red(
+            generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(
+              new Error(server.error),
+              localized(locale, 'MCP 服务器连接失败', 'MCP 伺服器連線失敗', server.error),
+              locale,
+            ),
+          )}`,
+        ]
+      : []),
   ];
 }
 
@@ -190,7 +226,7 @@ function statusMarker(state: TuiMcpServerSnapshot['state']): string {
 
 function stateLabel(state: TuiMcpServerSnapshot['state'], locale: UiLocale): string {
   if (locale === 'en') return state;
-  return {
+  const simplified = {
     disabled: '已停用',
     disconnected: '未连接',
     connecting: '连接中',
@@ -198,6 +234,25 @@ function stateLabel(state: TuiMcpServerSnapshot['state'], locale: UiLocale): str
     'needs-auth': '需要登录',
     error: '错误',
   }[state];
+  if (locale === 'zh-CN') return simplified;
+  return {
+    disabled: '已停用',
+    disconnected: '未連線',
+    connecting: '連線中',
+    connected: '已連線',
+    'needs-auth': '需要登入',
+    error: '錯誤',
+  }[state];
+}
+
+function localized(
+  locale: UiLocale,
+  simplified: string,
+  traditional: string,
+  english: string,
+): string {
+  if (locale === 'zh-CN') return simplified;
+  return locale === 'zh-TW' ? traditional : english;
 }
 
 function clamp(value: number, min: number, max: number): number {
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/tui-primary-guidance.ts b/packages/cli/src/tui-primary-guidance.ts
index 408d1c9235..bb570d683c 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/tui-primary-guidance.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/tui-primary-guidance.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export interface TuiPrimaryGuidanceCopy {
 }
 
 const TUI_PRIMARY_GUIDANCE = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     welcome: {
       tagline: '陪你把事做完',
       start: '输入消息开始对话',
@@ -89,6 +89,55 @@ const TUI_PRIMARY_GUIDANCE = {
       ],
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    welcome: {
+      tagline: '陪你把事做完',
+      start: '輸入訊息開始對話',
+      session: '切換或恢復會話',
+      model: '切換模型',
+      setup: '設定模型提供商',
+    },
+    commands: {
+      compact: '壓縮會話上下文',
+      context: '檢視最近一次請求的上下文用量',
+      exit: '退出 Maka',
+      goal: '檢視自主目標狀態',
+      graph: '檢視、啟用、停用 Graph 模式，或執行一次 Graph 任務',
+      help: '檢視命令和快捷鍵',
+      mcp: '檢視用戶端管理的 MCP 伺服器與工具發佈狀態',
+      model: '選擇模型',
+      move: '將目前會話移到其他目錄',
+      new: '建立會話',
+      permissions: '設定會話權限',
+      recap: '用一句話總結目前會話',
+      rename: '重新命名目前會話',
+      resume: '從安全邊界恢復最近一次中斷的執行',
+      rewind: '回退到較早的對話輪次',
+      session: '切換或恢復會話',
+      setup: '設定模型提供商（API Key）',
+      side: '開啟臨時 Side Conversation',
+      skill: '呼叫 Skill（也可直接輸入 /skill:<name>）',
+      swarm: '檢視、啟用、停用 Swarm 模式，或執行一次 Swarm 任務',
+      thinking: '設定思考級別',
+      transcript: '在 Maka 內瀏覽完整對話記錄',
+    },
+    help: {
+      commandsHeading: '命令',
+      keybindingsHeading: '快捷鍵',
+      keybindings: [
+        '  Ctrl+O — 展開或摺疊所有工具輸出',
+        '  Ctrl+T — 展開或摺疊檢視中的所有思考塊',
+        '  使用終端或觸控板滾動對話記錄',
+        '  Enter（任務執行中）— 將訊息注入目前任務',
+        '  Alt+Enter（任務執行中）— 將訊息排入下一輪',
+        '  Alt+↑ — 將已排隊訊息取回編輯器重新編輯',
+        '  Esc Esc（任務執行中）— 中斷目前任務',
+        '  Esc Esc（空閒時）— 回退到較早的輪次',
+        '  Ctrl+C — 停止任務、清空輸入，或連續按兩次退出',
+        '  Ctrl+D — 輸入為空時退出',
+      ],
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     welcome: {
       tagline: 'Get things done together',
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/tui-session-status.ts b/packages/cli/src/tui-session-status.ts
index 40747880d9..526164a933 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/tui-session-status.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/tui-session-status.ts
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ interface TuiSessionStatusCopy {
 }
 
 const TUI_SESSION_STATUS_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     running: '进行中',
     waitingForUser: '等你确认',
     permissionRequired: '需要权限',
@@ -38,6 +38,14 @@ const TUI_SESSION_STATUS_COPY = {
     signInRequired: '需要重新登录',
     stopped: '已中止',
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    running: '進行中',
+    waitingForUser: '等你確認',
+    permissionRequired: '需要權限',
+    connectionRequired: '需要連線',
+    signInRequired: '需要重新登入',
+    stopped: '已中止',
+  },
   en: {
     running: 'running',
     waitingForUser: 'waiting for you',
diff --git a/packages/core/src/__tests__/redaction.test.ts b/packages/core/src/__tests__/redaction.test.ts
index ef1ee85a80..a43106bf53 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/__tests__/redaction.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/__tests__/redaction.test.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ import { describe, test } from 'node:test';
 import {
   generalizedErrorMessage,
   generalizedErrorMessageChinese,
+  generalizedErrorMessageForLocale,
+  generalizedErrorMessageTraditionalChinese,
   redactSecrets,
 } from '../redaction.js';
 
@@ -367,3 +369,38 @@ describe('generalizedErrorMessageChinese', () => {
     );
   });
 });
+
+describe('localized generalized error messages', () => {
+  test('routes one shared classification through each locale catalog', () => {
+    const error = new Error('HTTP 503 from provider');
+    assert.equal(
+      generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, 'fallback', 'en'),
+      'Provider returned an error',
+    );
+    assert.equal(generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, '後備', 'zh-CN'), '模型服务返回错误');
+    assert.equal(generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, '備援', 'zh-TW'), '模型服務傳回錯誤');
+  });
+
+  test('uses Taiwan terminology for Traditional Chinese categories', () => {
+    for (const [raw, expected] of [
+      ['Request timeout after 30s', '請求逾時'],
+      ['HTTP 429 Too Many Requests', '已達模型速率限制'],
+      ['401 Unauthorized', '驗證失敗'],
+      ['HTTP 500 Internal Server Error', '模型服務傳回錯誤'],
+      ['network unreachable', '網路錯誤'],
+      ['something weird happened', '操作失敗'],
+    ]) {
+      assert.equal(generalizedErrorMessageTraditionalChinese(new Error(raw)), expected);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('routes each resolved locale without changing the supplied fallback', () => {
+    const error = new Error('something weird happened');
+    assert.equal(generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, '简中后备', 'zh-CN'), '简中后备');
+    assert.equal(generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, '繁中備援', 'zh-TW'), '繁中備援');
+    assert.equal(
+      generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, 'English fallback', 'en'),
+      'English fallback',
+    );
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/core/src/__tests__/relative-time.test.ts b/packages/core/src/__tests__/relative-time.test.ts
index 008c4b740e..9c0013ae44 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/__tests__/relative-time.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/__tests__/relative-time.test.ts
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ describe('relative timestamp labels', () => {
     resetRelativeTimeFormatters();
 
     for (const ageMs of [0, 1_000, 30_000, 59_999]) {
-      assert.equal(formatRelativeTimestamp(NOW - ageMs, NOW, 'zh'), '刚刚');
+      assert.equal(formatRelativeTimestamp(NOW - ageMs, NOW, 'zh-CN'), '刚刚');
       assert.equal(formatRelativeTimestamp(NOW - ageMs, NOW, 'en'), 'just now');
-      assert.equal(formatCompactTimestamp(NOW - ageMs, NOW, 'zh'), '刚刚');
-      assert.equal(formatSidebarTimestamp(NOW - ageMs, NOW, 'zh'), '刚刚');
+      assert.equal(formatCompactTimestamp(NOW - ageMs, NOW, 'zh-CN'), '刚刚');
+      assert.equal(formatSidebarTimestamp(NOW - ageMs, NOW, 'zh-CN'), '刚刚');
     }
 
-    assert.equal(formatRelativeTimestamp(NOW - 60_000, NOW, 'zh'), '1分钟前');
+    assert.equal(formatRelativeTimestamp(NOW - 60_000, NOW, 'zh-CN'), '1分钟前');
     assert.equal(formatRelativeTimestamp(NOW - 60_000, NOW, 'en'), '1 minute ago');
   });
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('relative timestamp labels', () => {
   });
 
   it('uses scan-friendly units for sidebar timestamps', () => {
-    for (const locale of ['zh', 'en'] as const) {
+    for (const locale of ['zh-CN', 'en'] as const) {
       for (const [ageMs, expected] of [
         [60_000, '1min'],
         [46 * 60_000, '46min'],
diff --git a/packages/core/src/__tests__/settings.test.ts b/packages/core/src/__tests__/settings.test.ts
index 3192715e14..50467ce9c4 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/__tests__/settings.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/__tests__/settings.test.ts
@@ -95,6 +95,32 @@ describe('custom pet selection settings', () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe('UI locale preferences', () => {
+  test('preserves every supported preference and migrates the former generic zh value', () => {
+    for (const uiLocale of ['auto', 'zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'en'] as const) {
+      const normalized = normalizeSettings({
+        personalization: {
+          displayName: '',
+          assistantTone: '',
+          uiLocale,
+          selectedPetId: null,
+        },
+      });
+      expect(normalized.personalization.uiLocale).toBe(uiLocale);
+    }
+
+    const normalizedLegacy = normalizeSettings({
+      personalization: {
+        displayName: '',
+        assistantTone: '',
+        uiLocale: 'zh',
+        selectedPetId: null,
+      },
+    });
+    expect(normalizedLegacy.personalization.uiLocale).toBe('zh-CN');
+  });
+});
+
 test('shell settings default, normalize, and merge through their shared boundary', () => {
   const defaults = createDefaultSettings();
   expect(defaults.shell).toEqual({ preference: 'auto', executable: '' });
diff --git a/packages/core/src/__tests__/ui-locale.test.ts b/packages/core/src/__tests__/ui-locale.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59e216400a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/__tests__/ui-locale.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import { describe, test } from 'node:test';
+import { expect } from './test-helpers.js';
+import {
+  isUiLocale,
+  isUiLocalePreference,
+  normalizeUiLocalePreference,
+  resolveSystemUiLocale,
+  resolveUiLocale,
+  uiLocaleToIntlLocale,
+} from '../ui-locale.js';
+
+describe('UI locale', () => {
+  test('accepts only the supported resolved locales and preferences', () => {
+    expect(['zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'en'].every(isUiLocale)).toBe(true);
+    expect(isUiLocale('zh')).toBe(false);
+    expect(['auto', 'zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'en'].every(isUiLocalePreference)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test('normalizes the legacy persisted preference without widening the locale contract', () => {
+    expect(normalizeUiLocalePreference('zh')).toBe('zh-CN');
+    expect(normalizeUiLocalePreference('zh-TW')).toBe('zh-TW');
+    expect(normalizeUiLocalePreference('unsupported')).toBe('auto');
+  });
+
+  for (const [languages, expected] of [
+    [['zh-CN'], 'zh-CN'],
+    [['zh-SG'], 'zh-CN'],
+    [['zh-Hans'], 'zh-CN'],
+    [['zh-TW'], 'zh-TW'],
+    [['zh-Hant-TW'], 'zh-TW'],
+    [['zh-HK'], 'zh-TW'],
+    [['zh_MO'], 'zh-TW'],
+    [['zh_TW.UTF-8'], 'zh-TW'],
+    [['fr-FR', 'en-US'], 'en'],
+    [[], 'en'],
+  ] as const) {
+    test(`resolves system languages ${languages.join(',')} to ${expected}`, () => {
+      expect(resolveSystemUiLocale(languages)).toBe(expected);
+    });
+  }
+
+  test('resolves explicit preferences and overrides before the system locale', () => {
+    expect(resolveUiLocale('auto', 'zh-TW')).toBe('zh-TW');
+    expect(resolveUiLocale('zh-CN', 'zh-TW')).toBe('zh-CN');
+    expect(resolveUiLocale('zh-CN', 'zh-CN', 'en')).toBe('en');
+  });
+
+  for (const locale of ['zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'en'] as const) {
+    test(`uses ${locale} for Intl formatting`, () => {
+      expect(uiLocaleToIntlLocale(locale)).toBe(locale);
+    });
+  }
+});
diff --git a/packages/core/src/redaction.ts b/packages/core/src/redaction.ts
index cfef5482a5..c84e379c9f 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/redaction.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/redaction.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
  * under the License.
  */
 
+import type { UiCatalog, UiLocale } from './ui-locale.js';
+
 const SENSITIVE_KEY_SUFFIXES = new Set([
   'auth',
   'authorization',
@@ -206,23 +208,62 @@ function isAssignmentSensitiveKey(key: string): boolean {
   return suffix !== 'auth' && suffix !== 'authorization';
 }
 
-export function generalizedErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback = 'Operation failed'): string {
+type GeneralizedErrorCategory = 'timeout' | 'rateLimit' | 'authentication' | 'provider' | 'network';
+
+const GENERALIZED_ERROR_COPY: UiCatalog<Record<GeneralizedErrorCategory, string>> = {
+  'zh-CN': {
+    timeout: '请求超时',
+    rateLimit: '触发模型速率限制',
+    authentication: '鉴权失败',
+    provider: '模型服务返回错误',
+    network: '网络错误',
+  },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    timeout: '請求逾時',
+    rateLimit: '已達模型速率限制',
+    authentication: '驗證失敗',
+    provider: '模型服務傳回錯誤',
+    network: '網路錯誤',
+  },
+  en: {
+    timeout: 'Request timed out',
+    rateLimit: 'Rate limit exceeded',
+    authentication: 'Authentication failed',
+    provider: 'Provider returned an error',
+    network: 'Network error',
+  },
+};
+
+function classifyGeneralizedError(error: unknown): GeneralizedErrorCategory | null {
   const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
   const redacted = redactSecrets(message);
   const lower = redacted.toLowerCase();
-  if (lower.includes('timeout')) return 'Request timed out';
-  if (lower.includes('429') || lower.includes('rate')) return 'Rate limit exceeded';
+  if (lower.includes('timeout')) return 'timeout';
+  if (lower.includes('429') || lower.includes('rate')) return 'rateLimit';
   if (lower.includes('401') || lower.includes('403') || isAuthenticationErrorText(lower))
-    return 'Authentication failed';
-  if (lower.includes('5') && /\b5\d\d\b/.test(lower)) return 'Provider returned an error';
+    return 'authentication';
+  if (lower.includes('5') && /\b5\d\d\b/.test(lower)) return 'provider';
   if (
     lower.includes('network') ||
     lower.includes('fetch') ||
     lower.includes('econn') ||
     lower.includes('enotfound')
   )
-    return 'Network error';
-  return fallback;
+    return 'network';
+  return null;
+}
+
+function localizedGeneralizedErrorMessage(
+  error: unknown,
+  fallback: string,
+  locale: UiLocale,
+): string {
+  const category = classifyGeneralizedError(error);
+  return category ? GENERALIZED_ERROR_COPY[locale][category] : fallback;
+}
+
+export function generalizedErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback = 'Operation failed'): string {
+  return localizedGeneralizedErrorMessage(error, fallback, 'en');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -239,22 +280,22 @@ export function generalizedErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback = 'Operation fa
  * UX when the classifier can't categorize.
  */
 export function generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error: unknown, fallback = '操作失败'): string {
-  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-  const redacted = redactSecrets(message);
-  const lower = redacted.toLowerCase();
-  if (lower.includes('timeout')) return '请求超时';
-  if (lower.includes('429') || lower.includes('rate')) return '触发模型速率限制';
-  if (lower.includes('401') || lower.includes('403') || isAuthenticationErrorText(lower))
-    return '鉴权失败';
-  if (lower.includes('5') && /\b5\d\d\b/.test(lower)) return '模型服务返回错误';
-  if (
-    lower.includes('network') ||
-    lower.includes('fetch') ||
-    lower.includes('econn') ||
-    lower.includes('enotfound')
-  )
-    return '网络错误';
-  return fallback;
+  return localizedGeneralizedErrorMessage(error, fallback, 'zh-CN');
+}
+
+export function generalizedErrorMessageTraditionalChinese(
+  error: unknown,
+  fallback = '操作失敗',
+): string {
+  return localizedGeneralizedErrorMessage(error, fallback, 'zh-TW');
+}
+
+export function generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(
+  error: unknown,
+  fallback: string,
+  locale: UiLocale,
+): string {
+  return localizedGeneralizedErrorMessage(error, fallback, locale);
 }
 
 export function isAuthenticationErrorText(message: string): boolean {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/relative-time.ts b/packages/core/src/relative-time.ts
index b794ccc7b3..6c22f443a0 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/relative-time.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/relative-time.ts
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ const SIDEBAR_TIME_BUCKETS = [
 ] as const;
 
 const JUST_NOW: UiCatalog<string> = {
-  zh: '刚刚',
+  'zh-CN': '刚刚',
+  'zh-TW': '剛剛',
   en: 'just now',
 };
 
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ function getAbsoluteFormat(uiLocale: UiLocale): Intl.DateTimeFormat {
 export function formatRelativeTimestamp(
   ts: number,
   now: number = Date.now(),
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   const diffMs = relativeAgeMs(ts, now);
   if (diffMs < JUST_NOW_MS) {
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ function getCompactFormats(uiLocale: UiLocale): {
 export function formatCompactTimestamp(
   ts: number,
   now: number = Date.now(),
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   const diffMs = relativeAgeMs(ts, now);
   if (diffMs <= RELATIVE_HORIZON_MS) return formatRelativeTimestamp(ts, now, locale);
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ export function formatCompactTimestamp(
 export function formatSidebarTimestamp(
   ts: number,
   now: number = Date.now(),
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   const diffMs = relativeAgeMs(ts, now);
   if (diffMs < JUST_NOW_MS) return JUST_NOW[locale];
diff --git a/packages/core/src/settings.ts b/packages/core/src/settings.ts
index ac47f3515d..df496f44a7 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/settings.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/settings.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import type { UsageProvenance } from './usage-ledger-merge.js';
 import {
   UI_LOCALE_PREFERENCES,
   isUiLocalePreference,
+  normalizeUiLocalePreference,
   type UiLocalePreference,
 } from './ui-locale.js';
 import { normalizeSubagentSettings, type SubagentSettings } from './subagent-settings.js';
@@ -877,13 +878,12 @@ export function normalizeSettings(input: unknown): AppSettings {
     // PR-LANG-PREF-0: closed-enum fail-closed for the new
     // `personalization.uiLocale` preference. mergeSettings spreads
     // raw user values, so an unknown value would otherwise reach the
-    // renderer outside the closed reactive-locale contract. Fall back to
-    // 'auto' on any miss.
+    // renderer outside the closed reactive-locale contract. Preserve the
+    // former generic `zh` preference as Simplified Chinese, then fall back to
+    // 'auto' on any other miss.
     personalization: {
       ...base.personalization,
-      uiLocale: isUiLocalePreference(base.personalization.uiLocale)
-        ? base.personalization.uiLocale
-        : 'auto',
+      uiLocale: normalizeUiLocalePreference(base.personalization.uiLocale),
       selectedPetId: normalizeSelectedPetId(base.personalization.selectedPetId),
     },
     botChat: normalizeBotChatSettings(base.botChat, value.botChat),
diff --git a/packages/core/src/tool-quiet-preview.ts b/packages/core/src/tool-quiet-preview.ts
index f59d1ce93b..49d5110b5f 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/tool-quiet-preview.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/tool-quiet-preview.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ interface QuietPreviewStrings {
 }
 
 const STRINGS_BY_LOCALE: Record<UiLocale, QuietPreviewStrings> = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     backgroundTerminal: '后台终端交互',
     empty: '（空）',
     done: '已完成',
@@ -59,6 +59,15 @@ const STRINGS_BY_LOCALE: Record<UiLocale, QuietPreviewStrings> = {
     written: '已写入',
     bytes: (n) => `共 ${n} 字节`,
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    backgroundTerminal: '後臺終端互動',
+    empty: '（空）',
+    done: '已完成',
+    notDone: '未完成',
+    replacements: (n) => `${n} 處`,
+    written: '已寫入',
+    bytes: (n) => `共 ${n} 位元組`,
+  },
   en: {
     backgroundTerminal: 'Background terminal interaction',
     empty: '(empty)',
@@ -71,7 +80,7 @@ const STRINGS_BY_LOCALE: Record<UiLocale, QuietPreviewStrings> = {
 };
 
 function strings(locale: UiLocale): QuietPreviewStrings {
-  return STRINGS_BY_LOCALE[locale] ?? STRINGS_BY_LOCALE.zh;
+  return STRINGS_BY_LOCALE[locale] ?? STRINGS_BY_LOCALE['zh-CN'];
 }
 
 // ── Tool command extraction ──────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -226,7 +235,7 @@ export interface ToolInvocationInput {
  */
 export function formatToolInvocationLine(
   item: ToolInvocationInput,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string | undefined {
   const s = strings(locale);
   const args = asRecord(item.args);
@@ -303,7 +312,7 @@ export interface QuietPreview {
  * Primary list/text fields become the main body; remaining fields (error, ok,
  * truncated, …) are appended so diagnostics cannot vanish.
  */
-export function formatQuietJsonValue(value: unknown, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): QuietPreview {
+export function formatQuietJsonValue(value: unknown, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): QuietPreview {
   const s = strings(locale);
   if (value === null || value === undefined) {
     return { body: s.empty };
@@ -462,7 +471,7 @@ function formatArrayAsBody(values: unknown[], locale: UiLocale): string {
 export function formatAsKeyValueLines(
   record: Record<string, unknown>,
   depth = 0,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   const s = strings(locale);
   if (depth > 3) return redactSecrets(String(record));
diff --git a/packages/core/src/ui-locale.ts b/packages/core/src/ui-locale.ts
index 1f58e75036..7b1929cdc5 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/ui-locale.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/ui-locale.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 /** Resolved locales supported by human-facing Maka clients. */
-export const UI_LOCALES = ['zh', 'en'] as const;
+export const UI_LOCALES = ['zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'en'] as const;
 
 export type UiLocale = (typeof UI_LOCALES)[number];
 
@@ -31,19 +31,29 @@ export const UI_LOCALE_PREFERENCES = ['auto', ...UI_LOCALES] as const;
 export type UiCatalog<T> = Record<UiLocale, T>;
 
 export function isUiLocale(value: unknown): value is UiLocale {
-  return value === 'zh' || value === 'en';
+  return value === 'zh-CN' || value === 'zh-TW' || value === 'en';
 }
 
 export function isUiLocalePreference(value: unknown): value is UiLocalePreference {
   return value === 'auto' || isUiLocale(value);
 }
 
+/** Decode persisted or externally supplied preferences into the closed locale vocabulary. */
+export function normalizeUiLocalePreference(value: unknown): UiLocalePreference {
+  if (value === 'zh') return 'zh-CN';
+  return isUiLocalePreference(value) ? value : 'auto';
+}
+
 /** Resolve the first supported language in the operating system preference list. */
 export function resolveSystemUiLocale(languages: readonly string[] | null | undefined): UiLocale {
   for (const language of languages ?? []) {
-    const normalized = language.trim();
-    if (/^zh(?:[-_]|$)/iu.test(normalized)) return 'zh';
-    if (/^en(?:[-_]|$)/iu.test(normalized)) return 'en';
+    const normalized = language.trim().replaceAll('_', '-');
+    if (/^zh(?:[-.]|$)/iu.test(normalized)) {
+      if (/^zh-(?:tw|hk|mo)(?:[-.]|$)/iu.test(normalized)) return 'zh-TW';
+      if (/^zh-hant(?:[-.]|$)/iu.test(normalized)) return 'zh-TW';
+      return 'zh-CN';
+    }
+    if (/^en(?:[-.]|$)/iu.test(normalized)) return 'en';
   }
   return 'en';
 }
@@ -65,6 +75,6 @@ export function resolveUiLocale(
 }
 
 /** Locale identifier used by every locale-sensitive Intl formatter. */
-export function uiLocaleToIntlLocale(locale: UiLocale): 'zh-CN' | 'en' {
-  return locale === 'zh' ? 'zh-CN' : 'en';
+export function uiLocaleToIntlLocale(locale: UiLocale): UiLocale {
+  return locale;
 }
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/conversation-copy.test.ts b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/conversation-copy.test.ts
index 9f165f92bd..50ddde7105 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/conversation-copy.test.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/conversation-copy.test.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ import test from 'node:test';
 import { getConversationCopy } from '../conversation-copy.js';
 
 test('labels the Chinese default thinking level as default', () => {
-  assert.equal(getConversationCopy('zh').model.defaultLevel, '默认');
+  assert.equal(getConversationCopy('zh-CN').model.defaultLevel, '默认');
+  assert.equal(getConversationCopy('zh-TW').model.defaultLevel, '預設');
 });
 
 /**
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@ test('labels the Chinese default thinking level as default', () => {
  * five-digit second count that reads as a frozen hang (#3401).
  */
 test('providerRetryScheduled humanizes hour-scale delays in both locales', () => {
-  const zh = getConversationCopy('zh').messages.providerRetryScheduled;
+  const zh = getConversationCopy('zh-CN').messages.providerRetryScheduled;
+  const zhTw = getConversationCopy('zh-TW').messages.providerRetryScheduled;
   const en = getConversationCopy('en').messages.providerRetryScheduled;
 
   // Sub-second and zero inputs still read as one second (never "0秒后重试").
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ test('providerRetryScheduled humanizes hour-scale delays in both locales', () =>
   assert.equal(zh(75, 2, 10), '1分 15秒后重试（2/10）');
   assert.equal(en(75, 2, 10), 'Retrying in 1m 15s (2/10)');
   assert.equal(zh(16_083, 2, 10), '4小时 28分 3秒后重试（2/10）');
+  assert.equal(zhTw(16_083, 2, 10), '4小時 28分 3秒後重試（2/10）');
   assert.equal(en(16_083, 2, 10), 'Retrying in 4h 28m 3s (2/10)');
   assert.equal(zh(90_061, 2, 10), '1天 1小时 1分 1秒后重试（2/10）');
   assert.equal(en(90_061, 2, 10), 'Retrying in 1d 1h 1m 1s (2/10)');
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/live-turn-projection.test.ts b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/live-turn-projection.test.ts
index 66fd53ca77..91bfccfccb 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/live-turn-projection.test.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/live-turn-projection.test.ts
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('the unconfirmed claim an arm carries', () => {
 
 describe('provider retry copy', () => {
   it('describes capacity retries without collapsing them into generic unavailability', () => {
-    assert.match(getConversationCopy('zh').messages.providerRetryReason.provider_capacity, /满载/);
+    assert.match(getConversationCopy('zh-CN').messages.providerRetryReason.provider_capacity, /满载/);
     assert.match(
       getConversationCopy('en').messages.providerRetryReason.provider_capacity,
       /capacity/,
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/markdown-body.test.ts b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/markdown-body.test.ts
index ab4b8d8f1b..1deb5baf50 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/markdown-body.test.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/markdown-body.test.ts
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ it('does not force the single-line scrollbar layout on multiline code', () => {
 it('gives collapsible plaintext code a localized accessible name', () => {
   const code = Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, index) => `line ${index + 1}`);
 
-  for (const [locale, label] of [['en', 'Code'], ['zh', '代码']] as const) {
+  for (const [locale, label] of [['en', 'Code'], ['zh-CN', '代码']] as const) {
     const markup = renderToStaticMarkup(createElement(LocaleProvider, {
       locale,
       children: createElement(AstryxLocaleProvider, {
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/materialize.test.ts b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/materialize.test.ts
index 179be9ea18..a7a2a76a3a 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/materialize.test.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/materialize.test.ts
@@ -209,11 +209,11 @@ describe("materializeChat message metadata", () => {
       "Context compacted to keep this session within the model window.",
     );
     assert.equal(
-      materializeChat(messages, "zh")[0]?.text,
+      materializeChat(messages, "zh-CN")[0]?.text,
       "已压缩较早的对话内容，以适应模型上下文窗口。",
     );
     assert.equal(
-      materializeTurns(messages, "zh")[0]?.notes[0]?.text,
+      materializeTurns(messages, "zh-CN")[0]?.notes[0]?.text,
       "已压缩较早的对话内容，以适应模型上下文窗口。",
     );
   });
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/tool-activity-presentation.test.ts b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/tool-activity-presentation.test.ts
index ecb7ef2aa9..00c9b1d07b 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/tool-activity-presentation.test.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/tool-activity-presentation.test.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import {
   isComputerTool,
 } from '../tool-activity/computer-action-label.js';
 
-function renderToStaticMarkup(node: ReactNode, locale: 'zh' | 'en' = 'zh'): string {
+function renderToStaticMarkup(node: ReactNode, locale: 'zh-CN' | 'en' = 'zh-CN'): string {
   return renderReactToStaticMarkup(createElement(LocaleProvider, {
     locale,
     children: node,
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ describe('tool activity presentation', () => {
     };
 
     assert.equal(isComputerTool(item), true);
-    assert.equal(computerActionLabel(item, 'zh'), '观察「计算器」窗口');
+    assert.equal(computerActionLabel(item, 'zh-CN'), '观察「计算器」窗口');
     const markup = renderToStaticMarkup(
       createElement(ToolTrow, { items: [item] }),
     );
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ describe('tool activity presentation', () => {
     assert.match(markup, /「计算器」窗口/);
     assert.match(markup, />7\/11</);
     assert.equal(
-      computerRunningLabel([observed, sequence], 'zh'),
+      computerRunningLabel([observed, sequence], 'zh-CN'),
       '正在操作「计算器」窗口 · 连续操作第 7/11 步',
     );
   });
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/tool-format.test.ts b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/tool-format.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5bfd6d93b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/tool-format.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { describeLoadToolResult } from '../tool-format.js';
+
+test('custom load-tool groups use Traditional Chinese action copy', () => {
+  const result = describeLoadToolResult(
+    { group: 'custom' },
+    {
+      activated: ['custom_tool'],
+      group: { id: 'custom', label: '自訂工具', description: '專案工具' },
+    },
+    'zh-TW',
+  );
+  assert.equal(result?.actionLabel, '啟用 自訂工具');
+  assert.equal(result?.title, '自訂工具 已啟用');
+});
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/transcript-projection.test.ts b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/transcript-projection.test.ts
index 559ce849fe..86715a0963 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/__tests__/transcript-projection.test.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/__tests__/transcript-projection.test.ts
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('incremental transcript projection', () => {
     const chinese = projection.project({
       sessionId: SESSION,
       messages,
-      locale: 'zh',
+      locale: 'zh-CN',
     });
 
     assert.equal(
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/artifact-preview-registry.ts b/packages/ui/src/artifact-preview-registry.ts
index bf26062a45..693f92a875 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/artifact-preview-registry.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/artifact-preview-registry.ts
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ function exceedsImagePayloadCap(base64: string): boolean {
   return base64.length > IMAGE_PAYLOAD_MAX_BASE64_LENGTH;
 }
 
-export function formatPreviewSize(sizeBytes: number | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function formatPreviewSize(sizeBytes: number | undefined, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   if (sizeBytes === undefined || sizeBytes < 0 || !Number.isFinite(sizeBytes)) return getSharedUiCopy(locale).artifact.unknownSize;
   if (sizeBytes < 1024) return `${sizeBytes} B`;
   if (sizeBytes < 1024 * 1024) return `${(sizeBytes / 1024).toFixed(1)} KB`;
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/assistant-stream.ts b/packages/ui/src/assistant-stream.ts
index 22e60848ed..4a40607a76 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/assistant-stream.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/assistant-stream.ts
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ export function applyAssistantDelta(
 ): ApplyAssistantResult {
   const maxDelta = options.maxDeltaChars ?? ASSISTANT_MAX_DELTA_CHARS;
   const maxTotal = options.maxTotalChars ?? ASSISTANT_MAX_TOTAL_CHARS;
-  const copy = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh').stream;
+  const copy = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh-CN').stream;
   const truncatedChunkMarker = copy.assistantChunkTruncated;
   const truncatedTailMarker = copy.assistantTailTruncated;
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ export function applyAssistantComplete(
   options: Pick<ApplyAssistantOptions, 'maxTotalChars' | 'locale'> = {},
 ): ApplyAssistantResult {
   const maxTotal = options.maxTotalChars ?? ASSISTANT_MAX_TOTAL_CHARS;
-  const truncatedTailMarker = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh').stream.assistantTailTruncated;
+  const truncatedTailMarker = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh-CN').stream.assistantTailTruncated;
 
   if (typeof rawText !== 'string') {
     return { text: '', redacted: false, truncated: false };
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/astryx-copy.ts b/packages/ui/src/astryx-copy.ts
index 31814ff206..30521baffb 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/astryx-copy.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/astryx-copy.ts
@@ -175,3 +175,75 @@ export const ASTRYX_COPY_ZH: AstryxCopy = {
   thumbnail: { fallbackName: '缩略图', open: '打开{accessibleName}', remove: '移除{accessibleName}' },
   token: { remove: '移除{label}' },
 };
+
+export const ASTRYX_COPY_ZH_TW: AstryxCopy = {
+  appShell: { mobileNavigation: '移動端導航', skipToContent: '跳到主要內容' },
+  banner: { collapse: '收起', expand: '展開' },
+  breadcrumbs: { label: '麵包屑導航' },
+  calendar: {
+    dayInRange: '{date}，在所選範圍內',
+    dayRangeEnd: '{date}，範圍結束',
+    dayRangeStart: '{date}，範圍開始',
+    dayRangeStartAndEnd: '{date}，範圍開始與結束',
+    daySelected: '{date}，已選擇',
+    nextMonth: '下個月',
+    previousMonth: '上個月',
+    rangeCompleteAnnounce: '已選擇範圍：{start} 至 {end}。',
+    rangeStartAnnounce: '開始日期 {date}。請選擇結束日期。',
+  },
+  chat: {
+    composerPlaceholder: '輸入訊息…',
+    composerDrawerLabel: '附加內容',
+    composerInputLabel: '訊息輸入框',
+    messageAriaLabel: '訊息：{status}',
+    pastedTextExpand: '展開',
+    statusDelivered: '已送達',
+    statusFailed: '傳送失敗',
+    statusRead: '已讀',
+    statusSending: '傳送中',
+    statusSent: '已傳送',
+    // «點選» is deliberate: the string doubles as the toggle band's visible
+    // hover tooltip (composer.css renders attr(aria-label)), where the click
+    // affordance is the whole point.
+    drawerCollapse: '點選收起{label}',
+    drawerExpand: '點選展開{label}',
+    newMessages: '跳到最新訊息',
+    scrollToBottom: '滾動到底部',
+    toolCallsError: '錯誤：{message}',
+    toolCallsGroupLabel: '{count} 次工具呼叫',
+    triggerSuggestions: '建議',
+  },
+  commandPalette: {
+    emptyBootstrap: '輸入以搜尋',
+    emptySearch: '無結果',
+    inputPlaceholder: '搜尋…',
+    label: '命令面板',
+    noResultsFor: '沒有與「{query}」符合的結果',
+    resultCount: '{count, number} 條結果',
+  },
+  dateTime: {
+    closeCalendar: '關閉日曆',
+    openCalendar: '開啟日曆',
+    dialogLabel: '選擇日期',
+    datePlaceholder: '選擇日期',
+    timePlaceholder: '選擇時間',
+    timeSuffix: '{label}時間',
+  },
+  inputStatus: { error: '錯誤詳情', success: '成功詳情', warning: '警告詳情' },
+  lightbox: { mediaViewer: '媒體檢視器', previous: '上一張', next: '下一張' },
+  menus: { dropdown: '選單', more: '更多選項' },
+  multiSelector: { clearAll: '清除全部{label}', selectAll: '全選' },
+  search: { options: '搜尋選項', placeholder: '搜尋…' },
+  sideNav: {
+    label: '側邊導航',
+    resizeSidebar: '調整側邊欄寬度',
+    collapseSidebar: '收起側邊欄',
+    expandSidebar: '展開側邊欄',
+    itemCollapse: '收起{label}',
+    itemExpand: '展開{label}',
+  },
+  tabList: { label: '標籤頁' },
+  table: { label: '表格' },
+  thumbnail: { fallbackName: '縮圖', open: '開啟{accessibleName}', remove: '移除{accessibleName}' },
+  token: { remove: '移除{label}' },
+};
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/astryx-i18n.tsx b/packages/ui/src/astryx-i18n.tsx
index c74861c1fe..8230e358c6 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/astryx-i18n.tsx
+++ b/packages/ui/src/astryx-i18n.tsx
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import {
 } from '@astryxdesign/core/i18n';
 import type { Overrides } from '@astryxdesign/core/i18n';
 import { getSharedUiCopy } from './shared-ui-copy.js';
-import { ASTRYX_COPY_ZH } from './astryx-copy.js';
+import { ASTRYX_COPY_ZH, ASTRYX_COPY_ZH_TW } from './astryx-copy.js';
 import { useUiLocale } from './locale-context.js';
 import type { UiLocale } from './locale-helpers.js';
 
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ export function astryxMessageOverrides(locale: UiLocale): Overrides | undefined
   }
   const shared = getSharedUiCopy(locale);
   const form = shared.formControls;
-  // `locale` is narrowed to 'zh' past the early return; the catalogue lives
+  // `locale` is narrowed to a Chinese locale past the early return; the catalogues live
   // off-barrel in astryx-copy.ts because nothing outside this map consumes it.
-  const astryx = ASTRYX_COPY_ZH;
+  const astryx = locale === 'zh-TW' ? ASTRYX_COPY_ZH_TW : ASTRYX_COPY_ZH;
   return {
     [locale]: {
       '@astryx.codeBlock.copyCode': shared.markdown.copyCode,
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/chat-model-helpers.ts b/packages/ui/src/chat-model-helpers.ts
index 65c286c006..7fb64b6dea 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/chat-model-helpers.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/chat-model-helpers.ts
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ export type { ChatModelChoice } from '@maka/core/chat-model-choice';
 
 export function modelChoiceDescription(
   choice: Pick<ChatModelChoice, 'description' | 'knowledgeCutoff'>,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string | undefined {
   const description = choice.description?.trim();
   const knowledge = choice.knowledgeCutoff?.trim();
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ export interface ModelMenuGroup {
  * account email `connection.name` carries for `claude-subscription` /
  * `openai-codex`.
  */
-export function modelMenuGroups(choices: ChatModelChoice[], locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): ModelMenuGroup[] {
+export function modelMenuGroups(choices: ChatModelChoice[], locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): ModelMenuGroup[] {
   const copy = getSharedUiCopy(locale).providers;
   const localizedLabels: Partial<Record<ProviderType, string>> = {
     'MiniMax-cn': copy.minimaxChina,
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/chat-turn.tsx b/packages/ui/src/chat-turn.tsx
index 1a5bff3fc7..d5344bb29c 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/chat-turn.tsx
+++ b/packages/ui/src/chat-turn.tsx
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ import { Marker, markerVariants } from './primitives/chat.js';
 import { ToolTrow, toolTrowHasVisibleSpinner } from './tool-activity.js';
 import { formatBytes } from './tool-activity/preview-utils.js';
 import { useUiLocale } from './locale-context.js';
+import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 import { getConversationCopy } from './conversation-copy.js';
 import { AstryxLocaleProvider } from './astryx-i18n.js';
 import { InlineReferenceText } from './inline-reference.js';
@@ -311,7 +312,7 @@ function accessibleTextExcerpt(text: string): string {
   return normalized.length > 48 ? `${normalized.slice(0, 47)}…` : normalized;
 }
 
-function accessibleActionContext(text: string, ts: number | undefined, locale: 'zh' | 'en'): string {
+function accessibleActionContext(text: string, ts: number | undefined, locale: UiLocale): string {
   return [
     accessibleTextExcerpt(text),
     ts === undefined ? undefined : formatAbsoluteTimestamp(ts, locale),
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/chat-view.tsx b/packages/ui/src/chat-view.tsx
index 0102d5f6e1..1d977755ad 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/chat-view.tsx
+++ b/packages/ui/src/chat-view.tsx
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ export function ChatView(props: {
 export function DeepResearchProgressPanel({
   run,
   onContinue,
-  copy = getConversationCopy('zh').chat.deepResearchProgress,
+  copy = getConversationCopy('zh-CN').chat.deepResearchProgress,
 }: {
   run: DeepResearchClientProgress;
   onContinue?: (run: DeepResearchClientProgress) => void;
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/conversation-copy.ts b/packages/ui/src/conversation-copy.ts
index 6be75b128b..5affdac370 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/conversation-copy.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/conversation-copy.ts
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ export function formatRetryDelay(seconds: number, locale: UiLocale): string {
   const h = Math.floor((s % 86_400) / 3_600);
   const m = Math.floor((s % 3_600) / 60);
   const sec = s % 60;
-  if (locale === 'zh') {
+  if (locale !== 'en') {
     const parts: string[] = [];
     if (d > 0) parts.push(`${d}天`);
-    if (h > 0) parts.push(`${h}小时`);
+    if (h > 0) parts.push(`${h}${locale === 'zh-TW' ? '小時' : '小时'}`);
     if (m > 0) parts.push(`${m}分`);
     if (sec > 0 || parts.length === 0) parts.push(`${sec}秒`);
     return parts.join(' ');
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ export interface ConversationCopy {
 }
 
 const CONVERSATION_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     empty: {
       ariaLabel: '开始任务',
       surfaceAriaLabel: '新任务对话',
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ const CONVERSATION_COPY = {
       chooseAriaLabel: (label, branch) => branch ? `选择项目：${label}，当前分支 ${branch}` : `选择项目：${label}`,
     },
     messages: {
-      you: '你', assistant: 'Maka', processing: '正在处理…', continuing: '继续中…', workingPhrases: ['正在琢磨…', '正在推敲…', '正在盘算…', '正在钻研…', '正在忙活…', '正在梳理…', '正在打磨…', '正在鼓捣…', '正在酝酿…', '正在攻坚…', '正在权衡…', '正在拾掇…'], providerRetryScheduled: (seconds, attempt, maxAttempts) => `${formatRetryDelay(seconds, 'zh')}后重试（${attempt}/${maxAttempts}）`, providerRetryStarted: (attempt, maxAttempts) => `正在重试（${attempt}/${maxAttempts}）`, providerRetryReason: { network: '网络中断', provider_capacity: '模型服务暂时满载', provider_unavailable: '模型服务暂时不可用', rate_limit: '触发模型速率限制', timeout: '请求超时', unknown: '模型请求失败' }, safeResumePending: '正在验证…', safeResume: '安全恢复', thinking: '深度思考', truncated: '已截断', copied: '已复制', copying: '复制中', copyFailed: '复制失败', copy: '复制', editMessage: '编辑并重发', editMessageDisabledRunning: '当前回答仍在进行中，结束后再编辑', editMessageDisabledAttachments: '包含附件的历史消息暂不支持编辑并重发', editMessageDisabledQuotes: '包含引用的历史消息暂不支持编辑并重发', editMessageDisabledTransformedText: '通过显式技能发送的历史消息暂不支持编辑并重发',
+      you: '你', assistant: 'Maka', processing: '正在处理…', continuing: '继续中…', workingPhrases: ['正在琢磨…', '正在推敲…', '正在盘算…', '正在钻研…', '正在忙活…', '正在梳理…', '正在打磨…', '正在鼓捣…', '正在酝酿…', '正在攻坚…', '正在权衡…', '正在拾掇…'], providerRetryScheduled: (seconds, attempt, maxAttempts) => `${formatRetryDelay(seconds, 'zh-CN')}后重试（${attempt}/${maxAttempts}）`, providerRetryStarted: (attempt, maxAttempts) => `正在重试（${attempt}/${maxAttempts}）`, providerRetryReason: { network: '网络中断', provider_capacity: '模型服务暂时满载', provider_unavailable: '模型服务暂时不可用', rate_limit: '触发模型速率限制', timeout: '请求超时', unknown: '模型请求失败' }, safeResumePending: '正在验证…', safeResume: '安全恢复', thinking: '深度思考', truncated: '已截断', copied: '已复制', copying: '复制中', copyFailed: '复制失败', copy: '复制', editMessage: '编辑并重发', editMessageDisabledRunning: '当前回答仍在进行中，结束后再编辑', editMessageDisabledAttachments: '包含附件的历史消息暂不支持编辑并重发', editMessageDisabledQuotes: '包含引用的历史消息暂不支持编辑并重发', editMessageDisabledTransformedText: '通过显式技能发送的历史消息暂不支持编辑并重发',
       userAriaLabel: '你发送的消息', systemAriaLabel: '系统消息', assistantAriaLabel: 'Maka 的回答', answerActionsAriaLabel: (context) => `回答操作${context ? `：${context}` : ''}`, answerActionAriaLabel: (action, context) => `${action}回答${context ? `：${context}` : ''}`, messageActionAriaLabel: (action, context) => `${action}消息${context ? `：${context}` : ''}`, sourceAriaLabel: '本轮回答的来源', derivativesAriaLabel: '本轮回答的衍生', scheduledTaskTriggered: '定时任务触发', scheduledTaskTitle: (id) => `由定时任务触发 · ${id}`, legacyAutomationTriggered: '旧版自动化（仅历史）', legacyAutomationTitle: (id) => `由旧版自动化触发 · ${id} · 仅保留历史，不会再次执行`, goalContinued: 'Goal 自动继续', goalTitle: (id) => `由 Goal 继续执行 · ${id}`, agentGraphTriggered: 'Agent Graph 自动继续', agentGraphTitle: (graphId) => `由 Agent Graph 调度器触发 · ${graphId}`,
       thinkingTruncatedTitle: '部分 reasoning 已截断；显示的是最近的内容', outputTruncatedTitle: '助手输出已超过单次回合上限，超出部分未渲染。如需完整内容请重新生成或查看持久化的任务日志。', removeAttachmentAriaLabel: (name) => `移除 ${name}`, quoteLabel: '引用', quoteExpandAriaLabel: '展开引用全文', quoteCollapseAriaLabel: '收起引用', removeQuoteAriaLabel: '移除引用', aborted: '(已中断)', abortedByStop: '(已中断 · 由停止按钮触发)',
       systemNotes: {
@@ -545,6 +545,128 @@ const CONVERSATION_COPY = {
       listAriaLabel: '任务列表', showMore: '显示更多', showMoreAriaLabel: (count) => `显示 ${count} 条更多任务`, renameAriaLabel: '重命名任务', renameProjectTitle: '重命名项目', renameSubmit: '保存', respondingAriaLabel: '正在响应', respondingTitle: '任务正在流式响应中', staleTitle: '此任务使用的模型连接已不可用，发送时会切换到默认连接', staleAriaLabel: '任务已过期', stale: '已过期', unreadAriaLabel: '未读消息', actionsAriaLabel: (name) => `${name} 任务操作`, pin: '置顶', unpin: '取消置顶', rename: '重命名', archive: '归档', unarchive: '取消归档', delete: '删除', pinned: '置顶', recent: '最近', groupByTime: '按时间', groupByProject: '按项目', groupingAriaLabel: '任务分组方式', projectActionsAriaLabel: (name) => `${name} 项目操作`, projectNewTask: '新建任务', projectRename: '重命名', projectArchive: '归档', projectRestore: '恢复', projectRelink: '重新定位', projectUnavailable: '项目目录不可用', archivedProjects: '已归档项目', archivedProjectsAriaLabel: '展开已归档项目', worktreeAriaLabel: 'Git 工作树', promptRailAriaLabel: '按提问跳转', emptyPrompt: '（空提问）', jumpToPrompt: (preview) => `跳到提问：${preview}`,
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    empty: {
+      ariaLabel: '開始任務',
+      surfaceAriaLabel: '新任務對話',
+      greeting: { morning: '早上好', noon: '中午好', afternoon: '下午好', evening: '晚上好' },
+      greetingTail: { morning: '清醒的早晨適合理清思路', noon: '專注的午間適合一鼓作氣', afternoon: '舒緩的下午適合慢慢推進', evening: '安靜的夜晚適合深度思考' },
+      headlineWithLabel: (greeting, label) => `${greeting} ${label}，今天想做點什麼？`, headlineFallback: (greeting, tail) => `${greeting}，${tail}。`,
+    },
+    deepResearchEmpty: {
+      ariaLabel: '深度研究空任務', eyebrow: '深度研究 · 只讀探索', title: '先把專案讀透，再決定怎麼改。', intro: '這個任務固定在只讀權限：優先閱讀、搜尋和分析程式碼；需要動手實現時，先輸出檔案、風險和驗證命令。',
+      workflowAriaLabel: '深度研究流程', workflow: DEEP_RESEARCH_WORKFLOW_STEPS,
+      reportAriaLabel: '深度研究輸出結構', reportTitle: '輸出必須能直接落地', report: DEEP_RESEARCH_REPORT_SECTIONS,
+      scopeAriaLabel: '深度研究範圍', scopeTitle: '預設按標準深度研究', scope: DEEP_RESEARCH_SCOPE_OPTIONS,
+      evidenceAriaLabel: '深度研究證據清單', evidenceTitle: '每次研究都要留證據', evidence: DEEP_RESEARCH_EVIDENCE_CHECKLIST,
+      progressAriaLabel: '深度研究檢查點', progressTitle: '多步研究要按檢查點推進', progress: DEEP_RESEARCH_PROGRESS_CHECKPOINTS,
+      startersAriaLabel: '深度研究起手式', starters: DEEP_RESEARCH_STARTER_PROMPTS,
+    },
+    composer: {
+      placeholder: '描述任務，@ 引用檔案，/ 選擇技能…', textareaAriaLabel: '訊息輸入框', pastedQuoteLabel: '貼上的文本', selectedSkillsAriaLabel: '已選擇的 Skill', removeSkillAriaLabel: (name) => `移除 Skill：${name}`, awaitingPermission: '等待你確認權限…',
+      sending: '正在傳送…', importing: '正在匯入…', sendLabel: '傳送',
+      queuedMessagesAriaLabel: (count) => `${count} 條待發送訊息`,
+      promoteQueuedEntry: '調整方向', editQueuedEntry: '編輯', saveQueuedEntry: '儲存', cancelQueuedEntryEdit: '取消編輯', deleteQueuedEntry: '刪除', reorderQueuedEntry: '拖動排序',
+      stopLabel: '停止', stopping: '停止中…',
+      streaming: 'Maka 正在回答…', processing: 'Maka 正在處理…', continuing: 'Maka 繼續中…',
+      interruptHint: '或點停止中斷', addContext: '新增上下文', stagedContext: '附加內容',
+      selectModel: '選擇模型', dropToImport: '鬆開以匯入檔案內容', addingAttachment: '正在新增附件', addFileOrDirectory: '新增檔案或目錄',
+      chooseSkill: '選擇技能', noSkillsAvailable: '目前沒有可用技能',
+      setGoal: '設定 Goal…', goalAlreadySet: '目前會話已有進行中的 Goal',
+      switchDisabledStreaming: '目前任務正在流式輸出，等結束後再切換模型。', switchDisabledRunning: '目前任務正在執行，等結束後再切換模型。', switchDisabledPermission: '目前有工具呼叫正在等待確認，處理後再切換模型。',
+      thinkingDisabledStreaming: '目前任務正在流式輸出，等結束後再切換思考級別。', thinkingDisabledRunning: '目前任務正在執行，等結束後再切換思考級別。', thinkingDisabledPermission: '目前有工具呼叫正在等待確認，處理後再切換思考級別。',
+      orchestrationModeAriaLabel: '編排模式',
+      planModeLabel: 'Plan', enablePlanMode: '開啟 Plan Mode', disablePlanMode: '退出 Plan Mode',
+      planModeOnTitle: 'Plan 模式已啟用，點選關閉',
+      swarmModeLabel: 'Swarm', swarmModeOnTitle: 'Swarm 模式已啟用，點選關閉',
+      graphModeLabel: 'Graph', graphModeOnTitle: 'Graph 模式已啟用，點選關閉',
+      noModelHint: '還沒有可用的模型連線，無法傳送。', noModelAction: '前往模型設定', noModelSendTitle: '先新增一個模型連線才能傳送。',
+    },
+    model: {
+      thinkingLevel: '思考級別', thinkingUnsupported: '目前模型不支援思考級別切換', changeThinkingLevel: '切換目前模型的思考級別', defaultLevel: '預設',
+      // Short single-token labels — trigger + popout size to content.
+      // Canonical per-chat ladder: 預設 (model default, overriding Settings) / 關 / 低 / 中 / 高 / 超高
+      // (minimal/max when offered).
+      level: { off: '關', minimal: '最少', low: '低', medium: '中', high: '高', xhigh: '超高', max: '最高' },
+      switching: '切換中', model: '模型', switchAriaLabel: '切換目前任務模型',
+      switchWarning: '切換模型可能需要重建服務商提示快取，使下一次請求更慢或成本更高。',
+      newChatAriaLabel: (label) => `選擇新任務模型，目前 ${label}`, newChatTitle: (label) => `新任務使用的模型：${label}`,
+      configureAriaLabel: (label) => `設定模型連線，目前 ${label}`, configureTitle: '設定模型連線',
+    },
+    permissions: {
+      mode: {
+        explore: { label: '只讀', hint: '只讀搜尋，不寫檔案、不上網；需要時先問你。' },
+        ask: { label: '自動', hint: '保護層內自動執行，越權先問你。' },
+        bypass: { label: '完全權限', hint: '直接存取檔案和網路，僅限可信任務。' },
+      },
+      modeAriaLabel: (label) => `權限模式：${label}`,
+    },
+    sandboxBoundary: {
+      title: '允許存取工作區以外的內容？',
+      access: { read: '讀取', write: '寫入' },
+      scope: { exact: '僅此路徑', subtree: '目錄及子目錄' },
+      network: '網路存取',
+      enabled: '已啟用',
+      reject: '拒絕',
+      allowSession: '本任務允許',
+    },
+    questions: { other: '其他', otherDescription: '輸入一個不同的答案。', otherAriaLabel: '其他答案', otherPlaceholder: '輸入你的答案', stop: '停止', stopping: '停止中…', previous: '上一題', submitting: '正在提交…', submit: '提交答案', next: '下一題' },
+    mentions: { noFiles: '未找到檔案', noSkills: '暫無技能', noCommandsOrSkills: '沒有符合的命令或技能', filesAriaLabel: '工作區檔案', skillsAriaLabel: '技能', commandsAndSkillsAriaLabel: '命令和技能', commandsGroup: '命令', skillsGroup: 'Skills', loading: '載入中…' },
+    workspace: {
+      choose: '選擇專案', current: '目前專案', addProject: '新增專案', noProject: '無專案', relink: '重新定位', unavailable: '不可用',
+      chooseTitle: (branch) => branch ? `選擇專案 · ${branch}` : '選擇專案',
+      chooseAriaLabel: (label, branch) => branch ? `選擇專案：${label}，目前分支 ${branch}` : `選擇專案：${label}`,
+    },
+    messages: {
+      you: '你', assistant: 'Maka', processing: '正在處理…', continuing: '繼續中…', workingPhrases: ['正在琢磨…', '正在推敲…', '正在盤算…', '正在鑽研…', '正在忙活…', '正在梳理…', '正在打磨…', '正在鼓搗…', '正在醞釀…', '正在攻堅…', '正在權衡…', '正在拾掇…'], providerRetryScheduled: (seconds, attempt, maxAttempts) => `${formatRetryDelay(seconds, 'zh-TW')}後重試（${attempt}/${maxAttempts}）`, providerRetryStarted: (attempt, maxAttempts) => `正在重試（${attempt}/${maxAttempts}）`, providerRetryReason: { network: '網路中斷', provider_capacity: '模型服務暫時滿載', provider_unavailable: '模型服務暫時不可用', rate_limit: '觸發模型速率限制', timeout: '請求超時', unknown: '模型請求失敗' }, safeResumePending: '正在驗證…', safeResume: '安全恢復', thinking: '深度思考', truncated: '已截斷', copied: '已複製', copying: '複製中', copyFailed: '複製失敗', copy: '複製', editMessage: '編輯並重發', editMessageDisabledRunning: '目前回答仍在進行中，結束後再編輯', editMessageDisabledAttachments: '包含附件的歷史訊息暫不支援編輯並重發', editMessageDisabledQuotes: '包含引用的歷史訊息暫不支援編輯並重發', editMessageDisabledTransformedText: '透過顯式技能傳送的歷史訊息暫不支援編輯並重發',
+      userAriaLabel: '你傳送的訊息', systemAriaLabel: '系統訊息', assistantAriaLabel: 'Maka 的回答', answerActionsAriaLabel: (context) => `回答操作${context ? `：${context}` : ''}`, answerActionAriaLabel: (action, context) => `${action}回答${context ? `：${context}` : ''}`, messageActionAriaLabel: (action, context) => `${action}訊息${context ? `：${context}` : ''}`, sourceAriaLabel: '本輪迴答的來源', derivativesAriaLabel: '本輪迴答的衍生', scheduledTaskTriggered: '定時任務觸發', scheduledTaskTitle: (id) => `由定時任務觸發 · ${id}`, legacyAutomationTriggered: '舊版自動化（僅歷史）', legacyAutomationTitle: (id) => `由舊版自動化觸發 · ${id} · 僅保留歷史，不會再次執行`, goalContinued: 'Goal 自動繼續', goalTitle: (id) => `由 Goal 繼續執行 · ${id}`, agentGraphTriggered: 'Agent Graph 自動繼續', agentGraphTitle: (graphId) => `由 Agent Graph 排程器觸發 · ${graphId}`,
+      thinkingTruncatedTitle: '部分 reasoning 已截斷；顯示的是最近的內容', outputTruncatedTitle: '助手輸出已超過單次回合上限，超出部分未渲染。如需完整內容請重新生成或檢視持久化的任務記錄。', removeAttachmentAriaLabel: (name) => `移除 ${name}`, quoteLabel: '引用', quoteExpandAriaLabel: '展開引用全文', quoteCollapseAriaLabel: '收起引用', removeQuoteAriaLabel: '移除引用', aborted: '(已中斷)', abortedByStop: '(已中斷 · 由停止按鈕觸發)',
+      systemNotes: {
+        contextCompacted: '已壓縮較早的對話內容，以適應模型上下文視窗。',
+        contextCompactionFailedOpen: '上下文摘要失敗；本輪已在未生成新摘要的情況下繼續。',
+        stepLimit: '已達到本輪工具步驟上限，任務可能尚未完成。傳送“繼續”即可接著處理。',
+      },
+    },
+    chat: {
+      conversationAriaLabel: (name) => `對話：${name}`,
+      memory: '記憶', memoryAriaLabel: '本地記憶已啟用', memoryTitle: '本地 MEMORY.md 已加入 agent 系統提示。點選進入設定 · 記憶管理。', deepResearch: '深度研究', deepResearchAriaLabel: '深度研究，只讀探索', deepResearchTitle: '深度研究任務使用只讀探索邊界：先閱讀和分析，預設不改檔案。',
+      deepResearchProgress: {
+        ariaLabel: '深度研究即時進度',
+        title: '研究進度',
+        completedSummary: '研究完成 · 原任務保持只讀',
+        activeSummary: (stage, scope, round) => `${stage} · ${scope} · 第 ${round} 輪`,
+        handoffTitle: '建立普通任務並填入研究 handoff；不會自動傳送，也不會改變原研究任務權限',
+        handoffAction: '在新任務中繼續實現',
+        checklistTitle: '檢查清單',
+        reportTitle: '報告草稿',
+        inspectedTitle: '已檢查位置',
+        inspectedEmpty: '等待記錄檔案、符號或來源。',
+        executionTitle: '執行與阻塞',
+        executionSummary: (steps, artifacts) => `${steps} 個研究步驟 · ${artifacts} 個持久化證據`,
+        workersLabel: 'Workers',
+        noBlockers: '目前無阻塞。',
+        sectionLabels: {
+          conclusion: '結論',
+          source_evidence: '證據',
+          borrow_diverge_risk_gate: '取捨與風險',
+          implementation_recommendations: '實施建議',
+          verification: '驗證',
+        },
+      },
+      clearGoal: (condition, iteration, max, status) => `自主執行目標進行中：「${condition}」（第 ${iteration}/${max} 輪，${status}）。系統每輪後自動續行；點選可清除目標、停止續行。`, clearGoalAriaLabel: (iteration, max) => `清除自主執行目標（已進行 ${iteration}/${max} 輪）`, goalProgress: (iteration, max) => `目標 ${iteration} / ${max}`, goalRunningAriaLabel: '自主目標正在執行', goalWaitingAriaLabel: '自主目標正在等待條件變化',
+      goalPausedAriaLabel: '自主目標已暫停', pauseGoalAriaLabel: (iteration, max) => `暫停自主執行目標（已進行 ${iteration}/${max} 輪）`, resumeGoalAriaLabel: (iteration, max) => `恢復自主執行目標（已進行 ${iteration}/${max} 輪）`, pauseGoal: (condition, iteration, max, status) => `暫停自主執行目標：「${condition}」（第 ${iteration}/${max} 輪，${status}）。暫停後立即停止自動續行，不再消耗權杖；可隨時恢復。`, resumeGoal: (condition, iteration, max) => `恢復自主執行目標：「${condition}」（第 ${iteration}/${max} 輪）。恢復後立即繼續自動續行。`, goalElapsed: (elapsedMs) => formatGoalElapsedUnits(elapsedMs, { second: ' 秒', minute: ' 分鐘', hour: ' 小時', day: ' 天' }), goalTokens: (spent, budget) => `${formatCompactTokenCount(spent)} / ${formatCompactTokenCount(budget)}`,
+      loadFailed: '任務載入失敗', loading: '載入中…', retryLoad: '重試載入', quoteSelection: '引用', askInSidePanel: '在側欄追問', noMessages: '暫無訊息',
+      branchBeforeInterrupt: '從中斷前分支', sessionContextAriaLabel: '任務上下文', sessionLineageAriaLabel: '任務來源', sessionContextMore: (count) => `更多工上下文（${count}）`,
+      titlebarIdentityAriaLabel: '目前任務', openProjectFolder: (name) => `在檔案管理器中開啟「${name}」`, openProjectFolderAction: '開啟專案資料夾',
+      openParentSession: (name) => `返回父任務「${name}」`, openParentSessionAction: '開啟父任務',
+      revisionVersionsAriaLabel: '任務版本', revisionVersion: (current, total) => `版本 ${current} / ${total}`, previousRevision: '檢視上一版本', nextRevision: '檢視下一版本',
+    },
+    sessions: {
+      status: { active: '可繼續', running: '進行中', waiting_for_user: '等你確認', blocked: '需要處理', aborted: '已中止' },
+      blockedReason: { NO_REAL_CONNECTION: '等待設定可用模型連線', auth: '需要重新登入', permission_required: '等待權限確認', tool_failed: '工具呼叫失敗', unknown: '執行中斷，可重試' },
+      listAriaLabel: '任務列表', showMore: '顯示更多', showMoreAriaLabel: (count) => `顯示 ${count} 條更多工`, renameAriaLabel: '重新命名任務', renameProjectTitle: '重新命名專案', renameSubmit: '儲存', respondingAriaLabel: '正在響應', respondingTitle: '任務正在流式響應中', staleTitle: '此任務使用的模型連線已不可用，傳送時會切換到預設連線', staleAriaLabel: '任務已過期', stale: '已過期', unreadAriaLabel: '未讀訊息', actionsAriaLabel: (name) => `${name} 任務操作`, pin: '置頂', unpin: '取消置頂', rename: '重新命名', archive: '歸檔', unarchive: '取消歸檔', delete: '刪除', pinned: '置頂', recent: '最近', groupByTime: '按時間', groupByProject: '按專案', groupingAriaLabel: '任務分組方式', projectActionsAriaLabel: (name) => `${name} 專案操作`, projectNewTask: '建立任務', projectRename: '重新命名', projectArchive: '歸檔', projectRestore: '恢復', projectRelink: '重新定位', projectUnavailable: '專案目錄不可用', archivedProjects: '已歸檔專案', archivedProjectsAriaLabel: '展開已歸檔專案', worktreeAriaLabel: 'Git 工作樹', promptRailAriaLabel: '按提問跳轉', emptyPrompt: '（空提問）', jumpToPrompt: (preview) => `跳到提問：${preview}`,
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     empty: {
       ariaLabel: 'Start a task',
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/daily-review-copy.ts b/packages/ui/src/daily-review-copy.ts
index 3afe0196f8..52e01ad934 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/daily-review-copy.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/daily-review-copy.ts
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ export interface DailyReviewCopy {
 }
 
 const DAILY_REVIEW_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     archive: {
       section: { summary: '任务摘要', gaps: '遗漏提醒', usage: '使用洞察', code: '代码建议' },
       status: { ok: '已生成', no_model: '缺少模型', no_data: '无数据', failed: '生成失败', skipped: '已跳过' },
@@ -139,6 +139,41 @@ const DAILY_REVIEW_COPY = {
       separator: '：', title: (dayLabel) => `# Maka · 每日回顾 · ${dayLabel}`, conversations: '任务', requests: '模型调用', tokens: 'Token', cost: '费用', errors: '错误', activeConversations: '活跃任务', modelUsage: '模型使用', toolCalls: '工具调用', requestCount: (count) => `${count} 次`,
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    archive: {
+      section: { summary: '任務摘要', gaps: '遺漏提醒', usage: '使用洞察', code: '程式碼建議' },
+      status: { ok: '已生成', no_model: '缺少模型', no_data: '無資料', failed: '生成失敗', skipped: '已跳過' },
+      trigger: { cron: '定時', manual: '手動' },
+      title: (date, mode) => `${date} · ${mode}`,
+      range: { 1: '單日', 7: '7 天', 30: '30 天' },
+      generated: (trigger, time) => `${trigger}生成 ${time}`,
+      sessionCount: (count) => `${count} 任務`,
+      defaultModel: '預設任務模型',
+      opening: '正在開啟這份報告…',
+      noContent: '這份報告沒有生成正文內容。',
+      noContentHelp: '這一天沒有歸檔內容。',
+    },
+    date: {
+      today: '今天', yesterday: '昨天', daysAgo: (count) => `${count} 天前`, recent7Days: '最近 7 天', recent30Days: '最近 30 天', shiftedRange: (range, days) => `${range}（往前 ${days} 天）`,
+      unit: { day: '天', week: '周', month: '月' }, earlier: (unit) => `檢視更早一${unit}`, later: (unit) => `檢視更晚一${unit}`,
+    },
+    emptyOverview: {
+      todayTitle: '等待記錄今天活動', rangeTitle: (label) => `${label}無活動`, todayBody: '今天還沒有發起任務，也沒有呼叫模型。', rangeBody: (label) => `${label}範圍內沒有發起任務，也沒有呼叫模型。`,
+    },
+    export: {
+      ariaLabel: '回顧匯出操作', copyTitle: '複製為 Markdown 摘要，方便分享 / 貼到筆記', copying: '複製中…', copy: '複製', appendTitle: '追加到目前輸入框草稿', appending: '追加中…', append: '粘到輸入框', saveTitle: '儲存為 Markdown 檔案', saving: '儲存中…', save: '儲存',
+    },
+    page: {
+      title: '每日回顧', generateAnalysis: '生成分析', retryAnalysis: '重新生成', viewAnalysis: '檢視分析', backToActivity: '返回活動', timeRange: '時間範圍', rangeOptions: [['1', '今日'], ['7', '最近 7 天'], ['30', '最近 30 天']], rangeSwitch: '時間範圍切換',
+    },
+    overview: {
+      ariaLabel: (label) => `${label}概覽`, refreshFailed: (error) => `每日回顧重新整理失敗：${error}`, retry: '重試', conversations: '任務', requests: '請求', tokens: 'Token', cost: '費用', activeConversations: '活躍任務',
+    },
+    errorFallback: '每日回顧暫時不可用，請稍後重試。',
+    markdown: {
+      separator: '：', title: (dayLabel) => `# Maka · 每日回顧 · ${dayLabel}`, conversations: '任務', requests: '請求', tokens: 'Token', cost: '費用', errors: '錯誤', activeConversations: '活躍任務', modelUsage: '模型使用', toolCalls: '工具呼叫', requestCount: (count) => `${count} 次`,
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     archive: {
       section: { summary: 'Task summary', gaps: 'Missed items', usage: 'Usage insights', code: 'Code suggestions' },
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/daily-review-helpers.ts b/packages/ui/src/daily-review-helpers.ts
index 04b3be6026..d40315068a 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/daily-review-helpers.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/daily-review-helpers.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ import type {
 } from '@maka/core/daily-review';
 
 import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import { uiLocaleToIntlLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
 import { getDailyReviewCopy } from './daily-review-copy.js';
 
@@ -54,9 +54,7 @@ export function dailyReviewScopeKey(offsetDays: number, range: DailyReviewRange)
 
 export function dailyReviewPanelErrorMessage(error: unknown, locale: UiLocale): string {
   const fallback = getDailyReviewCopy(locale).errorFallback;
-  return locale === 'zh'
-    ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, fallback)
-    : generalizedErrorMessage(error, fallback);
+  return generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, fallback, locale);
 }
 
 export function formatDailyReviewArchiveTitle(
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/live-turn-projection.ts b/packages/ui/src/live-turn-projection.ts
index 7d43cd7f34..2358c4d14b 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/live-turn-projection.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/live-turn-projection.ts
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ export function applyLiveTurnEvent(
 export function applyLiveTurnEvent(
   current: LiveTurnProjection | undefined,
   event: SessionEvent,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): LiveTurnProjection | undefined {
   if (event.type === 'steering_message') {
     const prior = current?.turnId === event.turnId
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/locale-helpers.ts b/packages/ui/src/locale-helpers.ts
index 5340e7400d..00a6045497 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/locale-helpers.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/locale-helpers.ts
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export type PromptSuggestion = { label: string; prompt: string };
  * general assistant first, a coding assistant second.
  */
 const PROMPT_SUGGESTIONS_BY_LOCALE: UiCatalog<PromptSuggestion[]> = {
-  zh: [
+  'zh-CN': [
     { label: '总结代码库', prompt: '帮我总结当前代码库的目录结构和关键模块。' },
     { label: '解释这段代码', prompt: '我贴一段代码进来，请帮我逐行解释它做什么、有没有坑：\n\n```\n\n```' },
     { label: '读一份长文', prompt: '我贴一篇文章/文档过来，请帮我提炼核心观点、列出关键事实、找出我可能漏看的地方：\n\n' },
@@ -78,6 +78,14 @@ const PROMPT_SUGGESTIONS_BY_LOCALE: UiCatalog<PromptSuggestion[]> = {
     { label: '起草一条消息', prompt: '帮我起草一条 ____ 风格的消息，对象是 ____，目的是 ____：\n\n要点：\n- \n- ' },
     { label: '代码审查', prompt: '请帮我审查这段代码，重点关注可读性、错误处理和潜在性能问题：\n\n```\n\n```' },
   ],
+  'zh-TW': [
+    { label: '總結程式碼庫', prompt: '幫我總結目前程式碼庫的目錄結構和關鍵模組。' },
+    { label: '解釋這段程式碼', prompt: '我貼一段程式碼進來，請幫我逐行解釋它做什麼、有沒有坑：\n\n```\n\n```' },
+    { label: '讀一份長文', prompt: '我貼一篇文章/文件過來，請幫我提煉核心觀點、列出關鍵事實、找出我可能漏看的地方：\n\n' },
+    { label: '翻譯並潤色', prompt: '把下面這段翻譯成英文，保持原意，語氣專業自然：\n\n' },
+    { label: '起草一條訊息', prompt: '幫我起草一條 ____ 風格的訊息，物件是 ____，目的是 ____：\n\n要點：\n- \n- ' },
+    { label: '程式碼審查', prompt: '請幫我審查這段程式碼，重點關注可讀性、錯誤處理和潛在效能問題：\n\n```\n\n```' },
+  ],
   en: [
     { label: 'Summarize codebase', prompt: 'Help me map this codebase: directory layout, key modules, and how they fit together.' },
     { label: 'Explain code', prompt: 'Paste a snippet — explain it line by line and flag any pitfalls:\n\n```\n\n```' },
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/scheduled-task-copy.ts b/packages/ui/src/scheduled-task-copy.ts
index 6ef0e41ec9..1b3ae7e74f 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/scheduled-task-copy.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/scheduled-task-copy.ts
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ export interface ScheduledTaskCopy {
 }
 
 const SCHEDULED_TASK_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     templates: [
       { id: 'daily-download-cleanup', title: '每日下载文件夹清理', note: '请帮我整理「下载」文件夹，把截图、安装包和临时文档按类型归档，并列出可删除项。', scheduleLabel: '每天 18:30', recurrence: 'cron', cronExpression: '30 18 * * *', nextRun: { hour: 18, minute: 30 } },
       { id: 'midday-reset', title: '午间充电站', note: '午休时间到了，帮我回顾上午完成了什么，并给下午列一个轻量可执行计划。', scheduleLabel: '工作日 12:30', recurrence: 'cron', cronExpression: '30 12 * * 1-5', nextRun: { hour: 12, minute: 30 } },
@@ -205,6 +205,41 @@ const SCHEDULED_TASK_COPY = {
       agentDelivery: '交给 Agent 执行',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    templates: [
+      { id: 'daily-download-cleanup', title: '每日下載資料夾清理', note: '請幫我整理「下載」資料夾，把截圖、安裝包和臨時文件按型別歸檔，並列出可刪除項。', scheduleLabel: '每天 18:30', recurrence: 'cron', cronExpression: '30 18 * * *', nextRun: { hour: 18, minute: 30 } },
+      { id: 'midday-reset', title: '午間充電站', note: '午休時間到了，幫我回顧上午完成了什麼，並給下午列一個輕量可執行計劃。', scheduleLabel: '工作日 12:30', recurrence: 'cron', cronExpression: '30 12 * * 1-5', nextRun: { hour: 12, minute: 30 } },
+      { id: 'weekend-todo-review', title: '週末待辦整理', note: '梳理這週完成 / 未完成的待辦，輸出下週計劃，並標記需要優先處理的 3 件事。', scheduleLabel: '每週日 20:00', recurrence: 'cron', cronExpression: '0 20 * * 0', nextRun: { weekday: 0, hour: 20, minute: 0 } },
+      { id: 'daily-news-brief', title: '每日新聞摘要', note: '總結今天科技 / AI / Maka 相關新聞 5 條，按重要性排序，並給出每條 1 句影響判斷。', scheduleLabel: '每天 09:30', recurrence: 'cron', cronExpression: '30 9 * * *', nextRun: { hour: 9, minute: 30 } },
+    ],
+    validation: { title: '填寫標題後才能儲存提醒。', timeInvalid: '選擇有效的提醒時間。', timePast: '提醒時間必須晚於目前時間。', cron: 'Cron 需要 5 段表示式，例如 0 9 * * 1-5。', chatId: '選擇機器人聊天時需要填寫 Chat ID。' },
+    status: { active: '待觸發', paused: '已暫停', completed: '已完成', expired: '已過期' },
+    duplicateSuffix: ' 副本',
+    countdown: { overdue: '已過期', soon: '馬上', minutes: (count) => `${count} 分鐘後`, hours: (count) => `${count} 小時後`, tomorrow: '明天', days: (count) => `${count} 天後`, weeks: (count) => `${count} 週後`, months: (count) => `${count} 個月後` },
+    recurrence: { once: '一次性提醒', cron: (expression) => `Cron：${expression}`, recurring: { daily: '每天', weekly: '每週', monthly: '每月' }, interval: (seconds) => `每 ${seconds} 秒` },
+    runStatus: { ok: '已觸發', blocked: '已阻止', failed: '失敗' },
+    delivery: { local: '本地提醒', bot: (provider, chatId) => `${provider} · ${chatId}`, fallback: (target) => `觸發後投遞到：${target}` },
+    form: {
+      editTitle: '編輯定時任務', createTitle: '建立定時任務', useTemplate: '使用模板', field: { title: '標題', time: '提醒時間', channel: '方式', recurrence: '重複', platform: '平臺', cron: 'Cron', chatId: 'Chat ID', note: '備註' }, titlePlaceholder: '例如：明天復盤專案進度', groupSchedule: '頻率', groupDelivery: '投遞', presetsAriaLabel: '快速設定提醒時間', presets: [['ten-minutes', '10 分鐘後'], ['one-hour', '1 小時後'], ['tomorrow-morning', '明天 9 點'], ['next-monday', '下週一 9 點']], recurrenceOptions: [['none', '不重複'], ['daily', '每天'], ['weekly', '每週'], ['monthly', '每月'], ['cron', 'Cron']], deliveryOptions: [['local', '本地提醒'], ['bot', '機器人聊天']], agentRunOption: '交給 Agent 執行', intervalOption: '固定間隔（由 Agent 建立）', cronPlaceholder: '例如 0 9 * * 1-5', chatIdPlaceholder: '例如 Telegram chat_id', deliveryHelp: (providers) => `目前可投遞到 ${providers}；其它機器人平臺不會出現在投遞目標裡。`, notePlaceholder: '可選：補充需要提醒的上下文', saving: '儲存中…', creating: '建立中…', save: '儲存', create: '建立',
+    },
+    page: {
+      title: '定時任務', refreshing: '正在重新整理定時任務', refresh: '重新整理定時任務', create: '建立定時任務', keepAwake: '保持系統喚醒', pageSettings: '定時任務頁面設定', keepAwakeErrorTitle: '無法更新保持系統喚醒', keepAwakeErrorFallback: '更新保持系統喚醒設定失敗，請稍後重試。', viewsAriaLabel: '定時任務檢視', tasks: '我的定時任務', runs: '執行記錄', filtersAriaLabel: '定時任務篩選', sort: '排序', sortOptions: [['created-desc', '按建立時間倒序'], ['next-run-asc', '按下次觸發升序'], ['updated-desc', '按更新時間倒序']], searchLabel: '搜尋定時任務', searchPlaceholder: '搜尋標題、備註、投遞或執行記錄…', state: '狀態', filterOption: (label, count) => `${label} ${count}`, active: '進行中', all: '全部', range: '範圍', rangeOptions: [['day', '今天'], ['week', '近 7 天'], ['month', '近 30 天'], ['all', '全部記錄']], searchMatches: (count) => `找到 ${count} 個符合提醒`, clearSearch: '清除搜尋', noSearchTitle: '沒有符合的提醒', noFilterTitle: '目前篩選沒有提醒', noSearchBody: '調整搜尋詞，或切換狀態篩選檢視其他提醒。', noFilterBody: '切換篩選檢視其他狀態，或建立新的定時任務。', emptyTitle: '還沒有定時任務', emptyBody: '建立一個提醒，讓 Maka 在指定時間繼續這項工作。', listAriaLabel: '定時任務列表', inspectorOpened: (title) => `已開啟「${title}」的任務詳情`, edit: '編輯', duplicate: '複製', triggering: '觸發中…', triggerNow: '立即觸發', snoozing: '延後中…', snooze: '延後 10 分鐘', clearing: '清空中…', clearRuns: '清空記錄', deleting: '刪除中…', delete: '刪除', nextRun: (time) => `下次觸發：${time}`, recentRun: (time) => `最近 ${time}`, unscheduled: '未安排', noRunsTitle: '暫無執行記錄', noRunsBody: '提醒觸發、手動執行或投遞失敗後，會在這裡保留最近記錄。', showAllTime: '顯示全部時間', runsAriaLabel: '定時任務執行記錄', activeCount: (count) => `${count} 個進行中`,
+    },
+    detail: {
+      label: '任務詳情',
+      enabled: '啟用',
+      recurrence: '重複',
+      nextRun: '下次觸發',
+      lastRun: '最近觸發',
+      delivery: '投遞',
+      created: '建立於',
+      runs: '執行記錄',
+      noRuns: '這個任務還沒有執行記錄。',
+      agentSource: 'Agent 定時任務',
+      agentSourceHint: '到點後，Maka 會使用建立時的執行設定啟動新任務。',
+      agentDelivery: '交給 Agent 執行',
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     templates: [
       { id: 'daily-download-cleanup', title: 'Clean up Downloads', note: 'Organize screenshots, installers, and temporary documents in Downloads by type, then list items that can be deleted.', scheduleLabel: 'Daily at 18:30', recurrence: 'cron', cronExpression: '30 18 * * *', nextRun: { hour: 18, minute: 30 } },
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/scheduled-task-panel.tsx b/packages/ui/src/scheduled-task-panel.tsx
index fc041986b9..a5d4a3795a 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/scheduled-task-panel.tsx
+++ b/packages/ui/src/scheduled-task-panel.tsx
@@ -22,10 +22,7 @@ import { useMountedRef } from './use-mounted-ref.js';
 import { useToast } from './toast.js';
 import { ICON_SIZE, Clock, MoreHorizontal, Plus, RefreshCcw } from './icons.js';
 import type { ScheduledTask, ScheduledTaskStatus } from '@maka/core/scheduled-task';
-import {
-  generalizedErrorMessage,
-  generalizedErrorMessageChinese,
-} from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import {
   type ScheduledTaskFormSeed,
   compareScheduledTaskBySort,
@@ -245,9 +242,10 @@ export function ScheduledTaskPanel(props: {
     } catch (error) {
       // Revert to reflect REALITY, and surface the failure in Chinese.
       if (scheduledTaskMountedRef.current) setKeepSystemAwakeChecked(!next);
-      toast.error(copy.page.keepAwakeErrorTitle, locale === 'zh'
-        ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, copy.page.keepAwakeErrorFallback)
-        : generalizedErrorMessage(error, copy.page.keepAwakeErrorFallback));
+      toast.error(
+        copy.page.keepAwakeErrorTitle,
+        generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, copy.page.keepAwakeErrorFallback, locale),
+      );
     } finally {
       keepSystemAwakePendingRef.current = false;
       if (scheduledTaskMountedRef.current) setKeepSystemAwakePending(false);
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/search-modal.tsx b/packages/ui/src/search-modal.tsx
index ac13374e1a..a2977254f9 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/search-modal.tsx
+++ b/packages/ui/src/search-modal.tsx
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react';
 import type { SearchErrorReason, SearchRequest, SearchResult } from '@maka/core/search';
 import type { UiLocale } from '@maka/core/ui-locale';
-import { generalizedErrorMessage, generalizedErrorMessageChinese } from '@maka/core/redaction';
+import { generalizedErrorMessageForLocale } from '@maka/core/redaction';
 import {
   CommandPalette as AstryxCommandPalette,
   CommandPaletteFooter,
@@ -128,9 +128,7 @@ function searchModalThrownErrorMessage(
   locale: UiLocale,
   fallback: string,
 ): string {
-  return locale === 'zh'
-    ? generalizedErrorMessageChinese(error, fallback)
-    : generalizedErrorMessage(error, fallback);
+  return generalizedErrorMessageForLocale(error, fallback, locale);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/session-status-presentation.ts b/packages/ui/src/session-status-presentation.ts
index a2f5c5cf9a..bae3fe7fb7 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/session-status-presentation.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/session-status-presentation.ts
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ const STATUS_SEMANTIC: Record<SessionStatus, StatusSemantic | undefined> = {
 
 export function presentSessionStatus(
   status: SessionStatus,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): SessionStatusPresentation {
   const semantic = STATUS_SEMANTIC[status];
   return {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ export function presentSessionStatus(
  */
 export function describeBlockedReason(
   reason: SessionBlockedReason | undefined,
-  locale: UiLocale = 'zh',
+  locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN',
 ): string {
   const copy = getConversationCopy(locale).sessions.blockedReason;
   return reason ? copy[reason] : copy.unknown;
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/shared-ui-copy.ts b/packages/ui/src/shared-ui-copy.ts
index ff7cce7cb3..c8e7fff0c6 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/shared-ui-copy.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/shared-ui-copy.ts
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ export interface SharedUiCopy {
 }
 
 const SHARED_UI_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     capabilityAudit: {
       ariaLabel: '能力风险提示',
       needsAuthorization: (count) => `${count} 个来源等待授权`,
@@ -216,6 +216,95 @@ const SHARED_UI_COPY = {
     artifact: { unknownSize: '未知大小' },
     providers: { minimaxChina: 'MiniMax 中国站', custom: '自定义', claudeSubscription: 'Claude 订阅' },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    capabilityAudit: {
+      ariaLabel: '能力風險提示',
+      needsAuthorization: (count) => `${count} 個來源等待授權`,
+      sourceErrors: (count) => `${count} 個來源異常`,
+      failedScheduledTasks: (count) => `${count} 個定時任務上次失敗`,
+      skippedScheduledTasks: (count) => `${count} 個定時任務上次跳過`,
+    },
+    markdown: {
+      invalidInternalLink: '內部連結無效',
+      unsafeLink: '連結不安全',
+      taskList: '任務列表',
+      table: '表格',
+      checkbox: '核取方塊',
+      code: '程式碼',
+      opensInNewTab: '（在新標籤頁中開啟）',
+      copyCode: '複製程式碼',
+      copiedCode: '已複製程式碼',
+      mermaidDiagram: 'Mermaid 圖表',
+      mermaidRendering: '正在渲染 Mermaid 圖表…',
+      mermaidRenderFailed: '無法渲染 Mermaid 圖表，已顯示原始碼。',
+      mermaidTooLarge: 'Mermaid 圖表原始碼過大，已顯示原始碼。',
+      mermaidDeferred: '為避免佔用過多資源，此圖表不會自動渲染。',
+      mermaidRender: '渲染圖表',
+      mermaidViewSource: '檢視 Mermaid 原始碼',
+      mermaidToolbar: 'Mermaid 圖表工具欄',
+      mermaidViewport: 'Mermaid 圖表視窗，可拖動平移，按加號或減號縮放',
+      mermaidZoomIn: '放大圖表',
+      mermaidZoomOut: '縮小圖表',
+      mermaidResetView: '適應視窗',
+      mermaidExpandView: '全屏檢視圖表',
+      mermaidCollapseView: '退出全屏圖表',
+      mermaidZoomLevel: (percent) => `縮放比例 ${percent}%`,
+    },
+    formControls: {
+      selectPlaceholder: '選擇…',
+      clear: '清除{label}',
+      required: '必填',
+      optional: '可選',
+    },
+    modelPicker: {
+      searchPlaceholder: '搜尋模型…',
+      knowledgeCutoff: (date) => `知識截止：${date}`,
+    },
+    moduleHubs: {
+      extensions: {
+        title: '擴充套件',
+        description: '管理 Maka 可呼叫的技能與外部工具。',
+        selectorLabel: (module) => `擴充套件內容：${module}`,
+        skills: '技能',
+        mcp: 'MCP',
+      },
+      automations: {
+        title: '定時任務',
+        description: '安排定時執行，並回顧本機任務的工作進展。',
+        selectorLabel: (module) => `定時任務內容：${module}`,
+        scheduledTasks: '定時任務',
+        dailyReview: '每日回顧',
+      },
+    },
+    modules: {
+      skills: '技能',
+      loadingSkills: '正在載入技能…',
+      automations: '定時任務',
+      loadingAutomations: '正在載入定時任務…',
+      dailyReview: '每日回顧',
+      loadingDailyReview: '正在載入每日回顧…',
+      dailyReviewDescription: '自動彙總本機任務，生成摘要、遺漏提醒與深度分析；可在設定中開啟定時執行。',
+      dailyReviewDisconnectedTitle: '等待連線每日回顧資料',
+      dailyReviewDisconnectedBody: '桌面端資料橋目前未連線。',
+    },
+    primitives: { loading: '載入中', close: '關閉', resizeHandle: '調整寬度' },
+    taskLedger: {
+      status: { pending: '待處理', in_progress: '進行中', blocked: '已阻塞', completed: '已完成', failed: '失敗', cancelled: '已取消' },
+      ariaLabel: '任務待辦',
+      retry: '重新載入待辦',
+      loading: '正在載入待辦…',
+      activeAriaLabel: '進行中的待辦',
+      empty: '這個任務還沒有待辦',
+      recent: '最近結束',
+      recentAriaLabel: '最近結束的待辦',
+      childAgent: (agentId) => `子代理${agentId ? ` ${agentId}` : ''}`,
+      mainAgent: '主代理',
+    },
+    toast: { notifications: '通知', closeNotification: '關閉通知', confirm: '確定', cancel: '取消' },
+    stream: { assistantChunkTruncated: '\n[…單條 delta 已截斷]\n', assistantTailTruncated: '\n\n[…後續已截斷]', thinkingHeadTruncated: '[…已截斷早期 reasoning]\n', thinkingChunkTruncated: '\n[…單條 delta 已截斷]\n', toolChunkTruncated: '\n[…已截斷]\n' },
+    artifact: { unknownSize: '未知大小' },
+    providers: { minimaxChina: 'MiniMax 中國站', custom: '自訂', claudeSubscription: 'Claude 訂閱' },
+  },
   en: {
     capabilityAudit: {
       ariaLabel: 'Capability risks',
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/shell-controls-copy.ts b/packages/ui/src/shell-controls-copy.ts
index 188ab3fe7b..0091549a86 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/shell-controls-copy.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/shell-controls-copy.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ type ShellControlsCopy = {
 };
 
 const SHELL_CONTROLS_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     shared: { close: '关闭' },
     navigation: {
       mainLabel: '主导航',
@@ -88,6 +88,38 @@ const SHELL_CONTROLS_COPY_BY_LOCALE = {
       resultsLabel: '搜索结果',
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    shared: { close: '關閉' },
+    navigation: {
+      mainLabel: '主導航',
+      newTask: '新任務',
+      automations: '定時任務',
+      extensions: '擴充套件',
+      settings: '設定',
+      buildStamp: (stamp: string) => `目前版本 ${stamp}`,
+      updateDownloaded: (version: string) => `新版本 ${version} 已下載，重啟後安裝`,
+      updateFailed: (version: string) => `新版本 ${version} 更新失敗，點選重試或手動下載`,
+      pendingTasks: (count: number) => `定時任務，${count} 條進行中`,
+    },
+    search: {
+      title: '搜尋',
+      conversationsLabel: '搜尋任務',
+      placeholder: '搜尋任務標題和內容…',
+      clearLabel: '清空搜尋',
+      statusRegionLabel: '搜尋狀態和結果',
+      unavailable: '目前環境無法連線搜尋後端，請稍後重試。',
+      privacyTitle: '隱私模式已關閉搜尋。',
+      privacyDetail: '關閉隱私模式後可以繼續按關鍵詞查詢歷史任務。',
+      errorTitle: '搜尋暫時無法完成。',
+      errorFallback: '搜尋服務需要重新整理，請重試。',
+      introduction: '開始輸入以按關鍵詞查詢歷史任務。結果只包含任務標題和內容文本，不進入網路。',
+      searching: '正在搜尋…',
+      empty: '沒有符合的任務標題或內容。換個關鍵詞試試。',
+      results: (count: number) => `找到 ${count} 條符合`,
+      truncatedResults: (count: number) => `結果較多，已顯示前 ${count} 條`,
+      resultsLabel: '搜尋結果',
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     shared: { close: 'Close' },
     navigation: {
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/skills-copy.ts b/packages/ui/src/skills-copy.ts
index 5f2f569563..34fbf0e820 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/skills-copy.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/skills-copy.ts
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ export interface SkillsCopy {
 }
 
 const SKILLS_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     categories: { '内容创作': '内容创作', '数据与AI': '数据与 AI', '设计与UI': '设计与 UI', 'DevOps与部署': 'DevOps 与部署', '文档与写作': '文档与写作', '效率工具': '效率工具', '研究与分析': '研究与分析' },
     market: { categoryAll: '全部分类', sortName: '排序：名称', sortRecent: '排序：最近', controls: '市场筛选与排序', categoryFilter: '按分类筛选市场技能', sortAriaLabel: '市场技能排序方式', ariaLabel: '技能市场', importLocal: '导入本地 Skill', emptySearchTitle: '没有匹配的市场技能', emptyTitle: '来源库还是空的', emptySearchBody: '换一个关键词，或清空搜索查看全部来源。', emptyBody: '导入一个含 SKILL.md 的本地文件，它会作为可安装的来源出现在这里。', emptyFilterBody: '换一个分类或关键词，或清空筛选查看全部来源。', clearSearch: '清空搜索', clearFilters: '清空筛选', sourceFallback: '本地来源库 Skill。' },
     tabs: { ariaLabel: '技能视图', market: '市场', builtin: '内置', installed: '已安装' },
@@ -174,6 +174,21 @@ const SKILLS_COPY = {
     page: { title: '技能', toolbarAria: '技能筛选与视图', metaInstalled: (count) => `${count} 个已安装`, metaUpdates: (count) => `${count} 个可更新`, metaAvailable: (count) => `${count} 个可安装`, searchMatches: (count) => `${count} 个匹配`, search: '搜索技能', openFolder: '打开目录', moreActions: '更多技能操作', refreshing: '刷新中…', refresh: '刷新' },
     detail: { label: '技能详情', enabled: '启用', pinned: '已固定', inspectorOpened: (name) => `已打开 ${name} 的详情`, idLabel: '标识', scopeLabel: '范围', sourceLabel: '来源', contextLabel: '上下文', runtimeLabel: '运行状态', toolsLabel: '声明工具', pathLabel: '路径' },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    categories: { '内容创作': '內容創作', '数据与AI': '資料與 AI', '设计与UI': '設計與 UI', 'DevOps与部署': 'DevOps 與部署', '文档与写作': '文件與寫作', '效率工具': '效率工具', '研究与分析': '研究與分析' },
+    market: { categoryAll: '全部分類', sortName: '排序：名稱', sortRecent: '排序：最近', controls: '市場篩選與排序', categoryFilter: '按分類篩選市場技能', sortAriaLabel: '市場技能排序方式', ariaLabel: '技能市場', importLocal: '匯入本地 Skill', emptySearchTitle: '沒有符合的市場技能', emptyTitle: '來源庫還是空的', emptySearchBody: '換一個關鍵詞，或清空搜尋檢視全部來源。', emptyBody: '匯入一個含 SKILL.md 的本地檔案，它會作為可安裝的來源出現在這裡。', emptyFilterBody: '換一個分類或關鍵詞，或清空篩選檢視全部來源。', clearSearch: '清空搜尋', clearFilters: '清空篩選', sourceFallback: '本地來源庫 Skill。' },
+    tabs: { ariaLabel: '技能檢視', market: '市場', builtin: '內建', installed: '已安裝' },
+    install: { action: (name) => `安裝 ${name}`, installedAction: (name) => `${name} 已安裝到目前工作區`, installedTitle: '已安裝到目前工作區', installed: '已安裝', notInstalled: '未安裝' },
+    builtin: { ariaLabel: '內建技能', emptyTitle: '暫無內建技能', emptyBody: '應用自帶的技能會出現在這裡。', noMatchTitle: '沒有符合的內建技能', noMatchBody: '換一個關鍵詞，或清空搜尋檢視全部內建技能。', fallback: '應用自帶 Skill。', toolCount: (count: number) => `${count} 個工具` },
+    installed: { emptySearchTitle: '沒有符合的 Skill', emptyTitle: '等待新增 Skill', emptySearchBody: '換一個關鍵詞，或清空搜尋檢視全部本地技能。', emptyBodyBeforeCode: '把一個含', emptyBodyAfterCode: '的資料夾放到工作區的 skills/ 目錄下，重新整理後會出現在這裡。', refreshPending: '重新整理中…', refresh: '重新整理技能', listAriaLabel: '技能列表' },
+    context: { scope: { project: '專案', workspace: '工作區', user: '使用者', custom: '自訂' }, decision: { advertised: '已進入上下文', disabled: '已停用', invalid: '後設資料無效', host_incompatible: '主機不相容', shadowed: '被高優先順序覆蓋', budget: '因預算省略' }, needsReview: '待確認', discoverySource: (scope, source) => `${scope}/${source} 發現源`, discoveryDiagnostic: { blocked_path: '路徑被安全策略阻止', read_failed: '來源不可讀取' } },
+    row: { opening: '開啟中…', reviewing: '審查中…', use: '使用', openTitle: '開啟 SKILL.md', pinTitle: '固定到技能上下文', unpinTitle: '取消固定', viewDiff: '檢視差異', viewUpdate: '檢視更新', confirmDeleteAriaLabel: (name) => `確認刪除 ${name}`, deleteDescription: '此操作會刪除這個 Skill 的檔案，且無法撤銷。', cancel: '取消', delete: '刪除' },
+    review: { ariaLabel: 'Skill 更新審查', title: '更新審查', source: (id) => `來源 ${id}`, managedSource: '受管理來源', hasBaseline: '已有基線', missingBaseline: '缺少基線', lineTransition: (current, source) => `${current} → ${source} 行`, changedLines: (count) => `${count} 行不同`, warning: '工作區副本已有本地修改。繼續更新會用來源庫版本覆蓋目前 SKILL.md。', workspace: '目前工作區', sourceVersion: '來源庫版本', cancel: '取消', overwrite: '覆蓋本地修改', update: '更新到來源版本' },
+    description: { document: '建立、編輯、檢查文件內容。', presentation: '建立、編輯、檢查簡報。', spreadsheet: '建立、編輯、分析表格資料。', image: '生成或編輯圖片素材。', browser: '開啟、檢查、操作網頁介面。', macos: '輔助構建和除錯 macOS 應用。', fallback: '開啟技能檔案檢視適用場景。' },
+    status: { metadataError: '後設資料異常', managed: { source_missing: '來源缺失', update_available: '可更新', local_modified: '本地已修改', metadata_error: '後設資料異常', up_to_date: '受管理', not_managed: '受管理' }, modified: '已修改', bundled: '內建', local: '本地', stateError: '狀態異常', enabled: '已啟用', disabled: '已停用' },
+    page: { title: '技能', toolbarAria: '技能篩選與檢視', metaInstalled: (count) => `${count} 個已安裝`, metaUpdates: (count) => `${count} 個可更新`, metaAvailable: (count) => `${count} 個可安裝`, searchMatches: (count) => `${count} 個符合`, search: '搜尋技能', openFolder: '開啟目錄', moreActions: '更多技能操作', refreshing: '重新整理中…', refresh: '重新整理' },
+    detail: { label: '技能詳情', enabled: '啟用', pinned: '已固定', inspectorOpened: (name) => `已開啟 ${name} 的詳情`, idLabel: '標識', scopeLabel: '範圍', sourceLabel: '來源', contextLabel: '上下文', runtimeLabel: '執行狀態', toolsLabel: '宣告工具', pathLabel: '路徑' },
+  },
   en: {
     categories: { '内容创作': 'Content creation', '数据与AI': 'Data & AI', '设计与UI': 'Design & UI', 'DevOps与部署': 'DevOps & deployment', '文档与写作': 'Documents & writing', '效率工具': 'Productivity', '研究与分析': 'Research & analysis' },
     market: { categoryAll: 'All categories', sortName: 'Sort: Name', sortRecent: 'Sort: Recent', controls: 'Marketplace filters and sorting', categoryFilter: 'Filter marketplace skills by category', sortAriaLabel: 'Marketplace skill sort order', ariaLabel: 'Skill marketplace', importLocal: 'Import local Skill', emptySearchTitle: 'No matching marketplace skills', emptyTitle: 'The source library is empty', emptySearchBody: 'Try another keyword or clear search to see all sources.', emptyBody: 'Import a local file containing SKILL.md to make it available as an installable source.', emptyFilterBody: 'Try another category or keyword, or clear the filters.', clearSearch: 'Clear search', clearFilters: 'Clear filters', sourceFallback: 'Local source-library Skill.' },
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/thinking-stream.ts b/packages/ui/src/thinking-stream.ts
index 17ffe94d53..95c77ba050 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/thinking-stream.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/thinking-stream.ts
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ export function applyThinkingDelta(
 ): ApplyThinkingResult {
   const maxDelta = options.maxDeltaChars ?? THINKING_MAX_DELTA_CHARS;
   const maxTotal = options.maxTotalChars ?? THINKING_MAX_TOTAL_CHARS;
-  const copy = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh').stream;
+  const copy = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh-CN').stream;
   const truncatedHeadMarker = copy.thinkingHeadTruncated;
   const truncatedChunkMarker = copy.thinkingChunkTruncated;
   const previousText = prev ?? '';
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ export function applyThinkingComplete(
   options: ApplyThinkingOptions = {},
 ): ApplyThinkingResult {
   const maxTotal = options.maxTotalChars ?? THINKING_MAX_TOTAL_CHARS;
-  const truncatedHeadMarker = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh').stream.thinkingHeadTruncated;
+  const truncatedHeadMarker = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh-CN').stream.thinkingHeadTruncated;
 
   // Same defensive guard as `applyThinkingDelta`.
   if (typeof rawText !== 'string') {
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity.tsx b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity.tsx
index f10cc2c7bd..1e28b555a3 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity.tsx
+++ b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity.tsx
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ function toolCallErrorMessage(item: ToolActivityItem, locale: UiLocale): string
   if (item.status !== 'errored') return undefined;
   if (isRequiresBypassToolResult(item.result)) {
     const copy = getToolActivityCopy(locale).requiresBypass;
-    return locale === 'zh'
+    return locale !== 'en'
       ? `${copy.title}。${copy.description}`
       : `${copy.title}. ${copy.description}`;
   }
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/agent-preview.tsx b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/agent-preview.tsx
index fcad99f557..63acec3062 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/agent-preview.tsx
+++ b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/agent-preview.tsx
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ export function ExploreAgentPreview(props: {
  * dist in tool-activity-result-preview-contract.test.ts, which knip cannot
  * trace through the runtime module URL.
  */
-export function buildExploreAgentCopyPayloads(result: ExploreAgentResult, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): Record<'summary' | 'process' | 'evidence' | 'report' | 'candidate' | 'matches' | 'continuation', string> {
+export function buildExploreAgentCopyPayloads(result: ExploreAgentResult, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): Record<'summary' | 'process' | 'evidence' | 'report' | 'candidate' | 'matches' | 'continuation', string> {
   return buildExploreAgentPreviewModel(result, locale).copyPayloads;
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/copy.ts b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/copy.ts
index 8dc204d075..7a2b71c19f 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/copy.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/copy.ts
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ export interface ToolActivityCopy {
 }
 
 const TOOL_ACTIVITY_COPY = {
-  zh: {
+  'zh-CN': {
     errorLabel: '错误',
     status: { sandboxBlocked: '可能被沙箱阻止', interrupted: '已中断' },
     output: { redacted: '[已脱敏]', truncated: '输出已截断' },
@@ -319,6 +319,116 @@ const TOOL_ACTIVITY_COPY = {
       continuationIntro: '继续这次只读探索，不要修改文件。', continuationCandidates: '优先补读候选：', continuationMatches: '已有命中片段：', continuationOutro: '请只读检查仍缺证据的部分，输出新的证据锚点、候选文件、结论和下一步 gate。', eventType: { started: '开始', scope_resolved: '范围', scan: '扫描', read: '读取', checkpoint: '进度', completed: '完成', failed: '失败', aborted: '取消' }, candidateReason: { 'content match': '内容命中', 'project manifest': '项目配置', 'project documentation': '项目文档', 'project entrypoint': '入口文件', 'project test surface': '测试线索', 'project source surface': '源码线索', fallback: '探索线索' }, pathMatch: (path) => `路径命中 ${path}`,
     },
   },
+  'zh-TW': {
+    errorLabel: '錯誤',
+    status: { sandboxBlocked: '可能被沙箱阻止', interrupted: '已中斷' },
+    output: { redacted: '[已脫敏]', truncated: '輸出已截斷' },
+    copy: {
+      idle: '複製',
+      pending: '複製中…',
+      copied: '已複製',
+      failed: '複製失敗',
+      actionAriaLabel: (action, identity) => `${action}：${identity}`,
+    },
+    sandboxBlocked: { title: '操作可能被沙箱阻止', description: '沙箱可能阻止了該呼叫中的至少一項操作。失敗前可能已經產生部分結果，請檢查輸出和工作區狀態後再決定是否重試。', copyAriaLabel: (label) => `${label}沙箱診斷資訊` },
+    requiresBypass: {
+      title: '需要“繞過”模式',
+      description: '此操作會直接控制本機應用，無法在沙箱模式下執行。',
+      action: '切換並重試',
+      pending: '正在切換…',
+    },
+    computer: {
+      fallback: '操作電腦',
+      listApps: '列出開啟的應用',
+      launchApp: (app) => `開啟「${app}」`,
+      launchAppUnknown: '開啟應用',
+      observe: '觀察目前視窗',
+      observeApp: (app) => `觀察「${app}」視窗`,
+      observeWindow: (windowId) => `觀察視窗 ${windowId}`,
+      observeMenu: (menu) => `檢視「${menu}」選單`,
+      screenshot: '截圖目前視窗',
+      screenshotApp: (app) => `截圖「${app}」視窗`,
+      screenshotWindow: (windowId) => `截圖視窗 ${windowId}`,
+      element: (elementId) => `元素 ${elementId}`,
+      elementUnknown: '該元素',
+      clickElement: (element) => `點選${element}`,
+      // The element phrase ends every clause it appears in: it is "元素 e12",
+      // and Chinese typography wants a space around the latin id, which a
+      // trailing 「的值」/「執行」 would either eat or leave dangling.
+      setValue: (element) => `設定值：${element}`,
+      selectText: (element) => `選擇文本：${element}`,
+      secondaryAction: (element) => `次要操作：${element}`,
+      scrollElement: (element) => `滾動${element}`,
+      elementSequence: (count) => `連續操作 ${count} 個控制元件`,
+      elementSequenceUnknown: '連續操作多個控制元件',
+      windowAction: '操作視窗',
+      windowMove: '移動視窗',
+      windowResize: '調整視窗大小',
+      windowMinimize: '最小化視窗',
+      targetApp: (app) => `「${app}」視窗`,
+      targetWindow: (windowId) => `視窗 ${windowId}`,
+      runningAction: (action, target) => target ? `正在${action} · ${target}` : `正在${action}`,
+      runningSequence: (current, total, target) =>
+        target
+          ? `正在操作${target} · 連續操作第 ${current}/${total} 步`
+          : `正在連續操作第 ${current}/${total} 步`,
+      scroll: '滾動',
+      pressKey: '按下按鍵',
+      type: '輸入文本',
+      holdKey: '按住按鍵',
+      wait: '等待',
+      zoom: '放大檢視區域',
+      cursorPosition: '讀取指標位置',
+      pointer: {
+        move: '移動指標',
+        left: '點選',
+        right: '右鍵點選',
+        middle: '中鍵點選',
+        double: '雙擊',
+        triple: '三擊',
+        down: '按下滑鼠',
+        up: '鬆開滑鼠',
+        drag: '拖動',
+      },
+    },
+    loadTools: {
+      displayName: '啟用能力',
+      genericAction: '啟用工具能力',
+      genericTitle: '工具能力已啟用',
+      genericDescription: '現在可以使用這組工具。',
+      count: (n) => `${n} 項能力可用`,
+      technicalDetails: '技術詳情',
+      groupId: '工具組',
+      toolIds: '工具',
+      groups: {
+        browser: { label: 'Browser', action: '啟用瀏覽器操作', title: '瀏覽器操作已啟用', description: '可以開啟頁面、讀取內容並與網頁互動。' },
+        computer_use: { label: 'Computer Use', action: '啟用桌面操作', title: '桌面操作已啟用', description: '可以檢視和操作已授權的本地應用。' },
+        mcp: { label: 'MCP', action: '連線 MCP', title: 'MCP 工具已連線', description: '可以呼叫目前客戶端連線的 MCP 服務。' },
+        rive: { label: 'Rive', action: '啟用 Rive 工作流', title: 'Rive 工作流已啟用', description: '可以執行可恢復的多智慧體工作流。' },
+        agent: { label: 'Agent', action: '啟用子智慧體', title: '子智慧體協作已啟用', description: '可以並行分派、跟蹤和彙總子任務。' },
+        settings: { label: '設定', action: '啟用設定工具', title: '設定工具已啟用', description: '可以讀取或更新目前客戶端設定。' },
+      },
+    },
+    permissionDenied: '使用者已拒絕權限請求',
+    result: {
+      hiddenLines: (n) => `… 已隱藏 ${n} 行`, ptyFailed: '後臺終端互動失敗', queued: '已輸入', notQueued: '未輸入', queuedPreview: (action, preview, bytes) => bytes === undefined ? `${action}：${preview}` : `${action}：${preview}… · 共 ${bytes} 位元組`, byteCount: (action, bytes) => `${action} ${bytes} 位元組`, resizeNotApplied: (size) => `未調整為 ${size}`, resized: (size) => `已調整為 ${size}`, sizeUnchanged: (size) => `尺寸已是 ${size}`, ptyCompleted: '後臺終端互動已完成', terminalUnavailable: '終端輸出不可用', noTerminalFrame: '（無可用終端畫面）', noOutputYet: '（尚無輸出）', noOutput: '（無輸出）', exitCode: (code) => `退出碼 ${code}`, managedBySource: '由源任務管理', sourceUnavailable: '源任務不可用', running: '執行中', success: '成功', failed: '失敗', timedOut: '已超時', cancelled: '已取消', disconnected: '已斷開', terminalTruncated: '終端輸出已截斷', terminalRedacted: '終端輸出已脫敏', streamHidden: (stream, n) => `… ${stream} 已隱藏 ${n} 行`, streamsTruncated: (limit) => `輸出已截斷 · 每路僅展示前 ${limit} 行`, outputTruncated: '輸出已截斷', outputRedacted: '輸出已脫敏',
+      backgroundStatus: { running: '後臺執行中', completed: '後臺已完成', failed: '後臺失敗', timed_out: '後臺超時', cancelled: '後臺已取消', orphaned: '後臺任務已斷開' }, backgroundUnknown: (status) => `後臺 · ${status}`,
+      workflow: { action: '動作', status: '狀態', error: '錯誤', nodes: '節點摘要', diagnostics: '診斷片段' }, webNoResults: '沒有結果', webResults: (n) => `${n} 條結果`, credentialSource: { env: '環境變數', settings: '本機已儲存 key', missing: '未設定', unknown: '來源未知' }, webFailure: '搜尋失敗', webSearch: '聯網搜尋', webGuidance: { env: '請檢查 TAVILY_API_KEY / MAKA_TAVILY_API_KEY 後重啟。', settings: '請在 設定 · 聯網搜尋 中更新 Tavily key。', rate_limited: 'Tavily 目前限流，請稍後重試或更換可用憑據。', not_configured: '請先完成聯網搜尋設定後再重試。', timed_out: '請求超時，請稍後重試。', privacy_mode: '隱私模式下不會發起聯網搜尋。', unknown: '請檢查網路或稍後重試。' },
+      workflowCompleted: 'Rive 工作流已完成',
+      workflowFailed: 'Rive 工作流執行失敗',
+      fileWritten: (bytes, path) => `已向 ${path} 寫入 ${bytes} 位元組`,
+    },
+    agent: {
+      subagentStatus: { completed: '已完成', failed: '失敗', cancelled: '已取消', running: '執行中', waiting_for_user: '等待使用者輸入' }, readOnly: '只讀', duration: (value) => `耗時 ${value}`,
+      copyState: { pending: '複製中…', copied: '已複製', failed: '複製失敗', pendingAria: (label) => `${label}中`, failedAria: (label) => `${label}失敗` },
+      copyButtons: { summary: { idle: '複製摘要', copied: '已複製探索摘要' }, continuation: { idle: '複製續研提示', copied: '已複製續研提示' }, process: { idle: '複製過程', copied: '已複製探索過程' }, evidence: { idle: '複製證據', copied: '已複製證據錨點' }, report: { idle: '複製報告', copied: '已複製研究報告' }, candidate: { idle: '複製候選', copied: '已複製候選檔案' }, matches: { idle: '複製片段', copied: '已複製命中片段' } },
+      objectiveFallback: '只讀探索', foundRead: (found, read) => `發現/讀 ${found} / ${read} 個檔案`, skipped: (count, sensitive) => sensitive ? `跳過 ${count} 個（含敏感 ${sensitive} 個）` : `跳過 ${count} 個`, budgetLimited: '受預算限制', continuationSuggested: (reason) => `建議續研：${reason}`, followupActionsAriaLabel: '只讀探索後續操作', continuationTitle: '複製一段可繼續只讀探索的提示', incompleteFallback: '只讀探索未完成。', detail: { terminal: '終態', foundRead: '發現/讀', scope: '範圍', queries: '查詢', ignored: '忽略', stopping: '停止', boundary: '邊界', next: '後續' }, files: (n) => `${n} 個檔案`,
+      section: { process: { ariaLabel: '探索過程', title: '過程' }, evidence: { ariaLabel: '證據錨點', title: '證據錨點' }, report: { ariaLabel: '研究報告', title: '研究報告' }, candidates: { ariaLabel: '候選檔案', title: '候選檔案' }, matches: { ariaLabel: '命中片段', title: '命中片段' }, notes: { ariaLabel: '探索說明', title: '說明' } }, score: (score) => `分數 ${score}`, complete: '已完成', cancelledPartial: '已取消 · 保留部分結果', incomplete: '未完成', notSpecified: '未指定',
+      field: { status: '狀態', terminal: '終態', objective: '目標', summary: '摘要', scope: '範圍', queries: '查詢', foundRead: '發現/讀取', duration: '耗時', ignored: '忽略', stopping: '停止條件', boundary: '預算邊界', events: '事件', evidence: '證據', candidates: '候選', matches: '命中片段', continuationReason: '續研原因', previousStatus: '上一輪狀態', previousTerminal: '上一輪終態', previousDuration: '上一輪耗時', previousBoundary: '上一輪預算邊界', previousSummary: '上一輪摘要' },
+      terminalStatus: { completed: '完成，有證據', completed_empty: '完成，無證據', failed: '失敗', canceled: '已取消', canceled_partial: '已取消，有部分結果', unknown: '未知終態' }, reason: { invalid_objective: '目標無效', invalid_root: '範圍無效', no_readable_roots: '沒有可讀取範圍', aborted: '已取消', unknown: '未知診斷' }, limitReason: { candidate_budget: '候選檔案預算已滿', file_budget: '讀取檔案預算已滿', match_budget: '命中預算已滿', byte_budget: '讀取位元組預算已滿' }, continuationReason: { partial: '已有部分結果，仍需補證據', failed: '上一輪未完成', budget: '達到預算邊界', empty: '沒有找到證據', missing: '仍缺證據' },
+      continuationIntro: '繼續這次只讀探索，不要修改檔案。', continuationCandidates: '優先補讀候選：', continuationMatches: '已有命中片段：', continuationOutro: '請只讀檢查仍缺證據的部分，輸出新的證據錨點、候選檔案、結論和下一步 gate。', eventType: { started: '開始', scope_resolved: '範圍', scan: '掃描', read: '讀取', checkpoint: '進度', completed: '完成', failed: '失敗', aborted: '取消' }, candidateReason: { 'content match': '內容命中', 'project manifest': '專案設定', 'project documentation': '專案文件', 'project entrypoint': '入口檔案', 'project test surface': '測試線索', 'project source surface': '原始碼線索', fallback: '探索線索' }, pathMatch: (path) => `路徑命中 ${path}`,
+    },
+  },
   en: {
     errorLabel: 'Error',
     status: { sandboxBlocked: 'Possibly blocked by sandbox', interrupted: 'Interrupted' },
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/preview-utils.ts b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/preview-utils.ts
index ce43242173..73efe24e39 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/preview-utils.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/preview-utils.ts
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ export function formatDuration(ms: number | undefined): string | null {
   return `${minutes}m ${seconds}s`;
 }
 
-export function formatUserVisibleToolText(text: string, locale: UiLocale = 'zh'): string {
+export function formatUserVisibleToolText(text: string, locale: UiLocale = 'zh-CN'): string {
   return text.replace(/\bUser denied permission(?: request)?\b|用户已拒绝权限请求/g, getToolActivityCopy(locale).permissionDenied);
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/result-projection.ts b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/result-projection.ts
index 4a47e471d1..522b82bb11 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/result-projection.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/tool-activity/result-projection.ts
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ export function withLiveStreamFallback(
   // Match live stream's "[已脱敏]" marker when a chunk was redacted
   // (including empty bodies that only suppressed secrets).
   if (anyRedacted) {
-    const marker = getToolActivityCopy(options?.locale ?? 'zh').output.redacted;
+    const marker = getToolActivityCopy(options?.locale ?? 'zh-CN').output.redacted;
     if (stdout.length > 0) stdout = `${stdout}${stdout.endsWith('\n') ? '' : '\n'}${marker}`;
     else if (stderr.length > 0) stderr = `${stderr}${stderr.endsWith('\n') ? '' : '\n'}${marker}`;
     else stdout = marker;
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/tool-format.ts b/packages/ui/src/tool-format.ts
index 30c8d44709..4d319bd30c 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/tool-format.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/tool-format.ts
@@ -89,13 +89,15 @@ export function describeLoadToolResult(
   }
 
   const label = suppliedLabel ?? (locale === 'en' ? 'Tools' : '工具');
+  const enableLabel = locale === 'en' ? 'Enable' : locale === 'zh-CN' ? '启用' : '啟用';
+  const enabledLabel = locale === 'en' ? 'enabled' : locale === 'zh-CN' ? '已启用' : '已啟用';
   return {
     kind,
     actionLabel: suppliedLabel
-      ? locale === 'en' ? `Enable ${suppliedLabel}` : `启用 ${suppliedLabel}`
+      ? `${enableLabel} ${suppliedLabel}`
       : copy.genericAction,
     title: suppliedLabel
-      ? locale === 'en' ? `${suppliedLabel} enabled` : `${suppliedLabel} 已启用`
+      ? `${suppliedLabel} ${enabledLabel}`
       : copy.genericTitle,
     description: suppliedDescription ?? copy.genericDescription,
     label,
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/tool-output-stream.ts b/packages/ui/src/tool-output-stream.ts
index 062c52de3e..ec7d56e019 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/tool-output-stream.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/tool-output-stream.ts
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ export function applyToolOutputChunk(
   const maxChunks = options.maxChunks ?? TOOL_STREAM_MAX_CHUNKS;
   const maxTotalChars = options.maxTotalChars ?? TOOL_STREAM_MAX_TOTAL_CHARS;
   const maxChunkChars = options.maxChunkChars ?? TOOL_STREAM_MAX_CHUNK_CHARS;
-  const truncatedChunkMarker = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh').stream.toolChunkTruncated;
+  const truncatedChunkMarker = getSharedUiCopy(options.locale ?? 'zh-CN').stream.toolChunkTruncated;
 
   const list = prevChunks ?? [];
 
diff --git a/scripts/fixture-env.mjs b/scripts/fixture-env.mjs
index 1e1876c0c2..5c275f4b5b 100644
--- a/scripts/fixture-env.mjs
+++ b/scripts/fixture-env.mjs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ function isDeniedEnvKey(key) {
  * @param {string} homeDir
  * @param {{
  *   scenario?: string,
- *   locale?: 'zh' | 'en',
+ *   locale?: 'zh-CN' | 'zh-TW' | 'en',
  *   platform?: 'darwin' | 'win32' | 'linux',
  *   theme?: 'light' | 'dark',
  *   scrollMotion?: 'auto' | 'smooth',