GH-46576: [C++] Suppress codecvt_utf8 deprecation warning (#46622)

### Rationale for this change

Resolve warnings that get treated as errors by suppressing the warning.

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Add `ARROW_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING` to code that use `codecvt_utf8`
2. Add explicit conversions for integer values in `cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbcabstraction/include/odbcabstraction/odbc_impl/attribute_utils.h`

### Are these changes tested?
They are tested locally on my Windows environment. The build succeeds. 

### Are there any user-facing changes?

None

* GitHub Issue: #46576

Authored-by: Alina (Xi) Li <alina.li@improving.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

Author: alinaliBQ

cpp/cmake_modules/DefineOptions.cmake

@@ -107,6 +107,10 @@ macro(tsort_bool_option_dependencies)
 endmacro()
 
 macro(resolve_option_dependencies)
+  # Arrow Flight SQL ODBC is available only for Windows for now.
+  if(NOT MSVC_TOOLCHAIN)
+    set(ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC OFF)
+  endif()
   if(MSVC_TOOLCHAIN)
     set(ARROW_USE_GLOG OFF)
   endif()

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbcabstraction/include/odbcabstraction/encoding.h

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <locale>
 #include <vector>
 #include "arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbcabstraction/include/odbcabstraction/exceptions.h"
+#include "arrow/util/macros.h"
 
 #if defined(__APPLE__)
 #  include <atomic>
@@ -77,18 +78,21 @@ inline size_t wcsstrlen(const void* wcs_string) {
 namespace driver {
 namespace odbcabstraction {
 
+// GH-46576: suppress unicode warnings
+ARROW_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING
 template <typename CHAR_TYPE>
 inline void Utf8ToWcs(const char* utf8_string, size_t length,
                       std::vector<uint8_t>* result) {
   thread_local std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<CHAR_TYPE>, CHAR_TYPE> converter;
   auto string = converter.from_bytes(utf8_string, utf8_string + length);
 
-  uint32_t length_in_bytes = string.size() * GetSqlWCharSize();
+  uint32_t length_in_bytes = static_cast<uint32_t>(string.size() * GetSqlWCharSize());
   const uint8_t* data = (uint8_t*)string.data();
 
   result->reserve(length_in_bytes);
   result->assign(data, data + length_in_bytes);
 }
+ARROW_UNSUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING
 
 inline void Utf8ToWcs(const char* utf8_string, size_t length,
                       std::vector<uint8_t>* result) {
@@ -108,19 +112,22 @@ inline void Utf8ToWcs(const char* utf8_string, std::vector<uint8_t>* result) {
   return Utf8ToWcs(utf8_string, strlen(utf8_string), result);
 }
 
+// GH-46576: suppress unicode warnings
+ARROW_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING
 template <typename CHAR_TYPE>
 inline void WcsToUtf8(const void* wcs_string, size_t length_in_code_units,
                       std::vector<uint8_t>* result) {
   thread_local std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<CHAR_TYPE>, CHAR_TYPE> converter;
   auto byte_string = converter.to_bytes((CHAR_TYPE*)wcs_string,
                                         (CHAR_TYPE*)wcs_string + length_in_code_units);
 
-  uint32_t length_in_bytes = byte_string.size();
+  uint32_t length_in_bytes = static_cast<uint32_t>(byte_string.size());
   const uint8_t* data = (uint8_t*)byte_string.data();
 
   result->reserve(length_in_bytes);
   result->assign(data, data + length_in_bytes);
 }
+ARROW_UNSUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING
 
 inline void WcsToUtf8(const void* wcs_string, size_t length_in_code_units,
                       std::vector<uint8_t>* result) {

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbcabstraction/include/odbcabstraction/odbc_impl/attribute_utils.h

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ inline SQLRETURN GetAttributeUTF8(const std::string& attributeValue, SQLPOINTER
     *outputLenPtr = static_cast<O>(attributeValue.size());
   }
 
-  if (output && outputSize < attributeValue.size() + 1) {
+  if (output && outputSize < static_cast<O>(attributeValue.size() + 1)) {
     return SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO;
   }
   return SQL_SUCCESS;
@@ -87,7 +87,8 @@ inline SQLRETURN GetAttributeSQLWCHAR(const std::string& attributeValue,
     *outputLenPtr = static_cast<O>(isLengthInBytes ? result : result / GetSqlWCharSize());
   }
 
-  if (output && outputSize < result + (isLengthInBytes ? GetSqlWCharSize() : 1)) {
+  if (output &&
+      outputSize < static_cast<O>(result + (isLengthInBytes ? GetSqlWCharSize() : 1))) {
     return SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO;
   }
   return SQL_SUCCESS;