GH-49552: [C++][FlightRPC][ODBC] Enable ODBC test build on Linux #6546

Job	Run time
check-labels / Check labels	26s
JNI macOS	36m 8s
ODBC Linux	51m 33s
AMD64 Ubuntu Large Memory Tests	45m 55s
JNI ubuntu-24.04-arm arm64v8	29m 34s
JNI ubuntu-latest amd64	37m 24s
AMD64 Alpine Linux	41m 46s
AMD64 Debian C++23	16m 33s
ODBC release AMD64 macOS 15-intel	1h 22m 6s
ODBC debug ARM64 macOS 14	31m 14s
ODBC debug AMD64 macOS 15-intel	1h 16m 5s
AMD64 Ubuntu Meson	53m 30s
ODBC release ARM64 macOS 14	34m 44s
ODBC Windows	2h 41m 41s
ARM64 Windows 11 MSVC / windows	28m 37s
ODBC release	0s
ODBC nightly	0s
report-extra-cpp	0s
	12h 7m 16s

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