MINOR: [Release] Update versions for 24.0.0 #57549

Job	Run time
AMD64 macOS 15-intel Python 3	39m 52s
AMD64 Windows 2022 Python 3.13	33m 23s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.13 Pandas latest	22m 20s
ARM64 macOS 14 Python 3	43m 6s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.12 without NumPy	19m 55s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.10 Pandas 1.3.4	21m 22s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.11 Sphinx & Numpydoc	31m 16s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.11 Without Pandas	20m 28s
AMD64 macOS 15-intel Python 3	39m 52s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.11 Sphinx & Numpydoc	28m 54s
AMD64 Windows 2022 Python 3.13	33m 23s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.10 Pandas 1.3.4	21m 22s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.13 Pandas latest	22m 20s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.12 without NumPy	19m 55s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.11 Without Pandas	20m 28s
ARM64 macOS 14 Python 3	43m 6s
	7h 41m 2s

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