diff --git a/learning/courses/basics-of-quantum-information/_toc.json b/learning/courses/basics-of-quantum-information/_toc.json index 6569c003531..393e6e4d24c 100644 --- a/learning/courses/basics-of-quantum-information/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/basics-of-quantum-information/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Basics of quantum information", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/foundations-of-quantum-error-correction/_toc.json b/learning/courses/foundations-of-quantum-error-correction/_toc.json index 1990323d464..86547c40467 100644 --- a/learning/courses/foundations-of-quantum-error-correction/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/foundations-of-quantum-error-correction/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Foundations of quantum error correction", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/fundamentals-of-quantum-algorithms/_toc.json b/learning/courses/fundamentals-of-quantum-algorithms/_toc.json index 19fb4a19082..4cf9f6329a2 100644 --- a/learning/courses/fundamentals-of-quantum-algorithms/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/fundamentals-of-quantum-algorithms/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Fundamentals of quantum algorithms", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/general-formulation-of-quantum-information/_toc.json b/learning/courses/general-formulation-of-quantum-information/_toc.json index cccfceccb70..57cf6fb309d 100644 --- a/learning/courses/general-formulation-of-quantum-information/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/general-formulation-of-quantum-information/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "General formulation of quantum information", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/quantum-business-foundations/_toc.json b/learning/courses/quantum-business-foundations/_toc.json index 4dca7d24c86..ea667550471 100644 --- a/learning/courses/quantum-business-foundations/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/quantum-business-foundations/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Quantum business foundations", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/quantum-chem-with-vqe/_toc.json b/learning/courses/quantum-chem-with-vqe/_toc.json index c68d7344f54..7aaae7638ed 100644 --- a/learning/courses/quantum-chem-with-vqe/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/quantum-chem-with-vqe/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Quantum chemistry with VQE", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/quantum-computing-in-practice/_toc.json b/learning/courses/quantum-computing-in-practice/_toc.json index d35d8bd5165..77febf22f5b 100644 --- a/learning/courses/quantum-computing-in-practice/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/quantum-computing-in-practice/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Quantum computing in practice", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/quantum-diagonalization-algorithms/_toc.json b/learning/courses/quantum-diagonalization-algorithms/_toc.json index b12baa02601..cc79314a079 100644 --- a/learning/courses/quantum-diagonalization-algorithms/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/quantum-diagonalization-algorithms/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Quantum diagonalization algorithms", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/_toc.json b/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/_toc.json index f788c928e08..d3f30be6eda 100644 --- a/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Quantum machine learning", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/classical-ml-review.ipynb b/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/classical-ml-review.ipynb index 3832a6c43b5..c9290b289f9 100644 --- a/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/classical-ml-review.ipynb +++ b/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/classical-ml-review.ipynb @@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ "source": [ "## Types of machine learning\n", "\n", - "### Supervision\n", - "\n", "As a simple definition, machine learning is a collection of algorithms that analyze and draw inferences from patterns and relationships in data. Broadly speaking, machine learning algorithms can be grouped into three main categories depending on the type of data involved and how algorithms learn without being explicitly programmed:\n", "1. __Supervised learning:__ In supervised learning, the data that is used to train the model is labeled. The goal of these algorithms is to learn the relationship between data and their corresponding labels or outputs and to generalize this to unseen data. Common tasks in this class are classification and regression.\n", "2. __Unsupervised learning:__ In contrast to supervised learning, unsupervised learning uses unlabeled data to train the machine learning model. The goal of such algorithms is to discover hidden patterns and structure in data. Some algorithms in this class are clustering and dimensionality reduction algorithms. Some generative models such as generative adversarial networks and variational autoencoders can also be considered in this category.\n", @@ -29,6 +27,8 @@ "\n", "![A diagrammatic representation of supervised and unsupervised learning.](/learning/images/courses/quantum-machine-learning/classical-ml-review/qml-cr-background-sup-unsup.avif)\n", "\n", + "The left image shows two categories of labeled data as in supervised learning. In this case, the categories are linearly separable. The right image shows clusters of data. In an unsupervised learning task, these data would not initially be labeled and the algorithm would study the distribution, perhaps looking for clusters. For the purposes of visualizing example clusters the algorithm might identify, the data points have now been labeled. A key difference between the two is that the supervised learning process starts with the data already labeled and the unsupervised process starts with unlabeled data, even if the data are labeled at the end.\n", + "\n", "\n", "### Introducing “quantum” to machine learning\n", "\n", diff --git a/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/introduction.ipynb b/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/introduction.ipynb index 1325c83105f..93ab12d956e 100644 --- a/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/introduction.ipynb +++ b/learning/courses/quantum-machine-learning/introduction.ipynb @@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ "\n", "![QML_CR_background_Sup_Unsup.avif](/learning/images/courses/quantum-machine-learning/introduction/qml-cr-background-sup-unsup.avif)\n", "\n", + "The left image shows two categories of labeled data as in supervised learning. In this case, the categories are linearly separable. The right image shows clusters of data. In an unsupervised learning task, these data would not initially be labeled and the algorithm would study the distribution, perhaps looking for clusters. For the purposes of visualizing example clusters the algorithm might identify, the data points have now been labeled. A key difference between the two is that the supervised learning process starts with the data already labeled and the unsupervised process starts with unlabeled data, even if the data are labeled at the end.\n", + "\n", "Those with background in machine learning will already know that many solution methods involve mapping data into higher-dimensional spaces. This is especially well-explored in the context of kernels. As a brief reminder, sometimes data may be separable into categories by a line, plane, or hyperplane (we will often simply say \"hyperplane\" for compactness), in the same number of dimensions as the data are given. This is shown in the first image above. Other times, data may not be separable by a hyperplane in those dimensions, as shown in the second image. But there can still be structure to the data that can be exploited in a mapping to higher dimensions, which then leaves the data separable in that higher-dimensional space. This is illustrated in the mapping of the 2D data with circular symmetry into the 3D space in which the data points are arranged along a paraboloid surface.\n", "\n", "![QML_CR_background_2D-3D.avif](/learning/images/courses/quantum-machine-learning/introduction/qml-cr-background-2d-3d.avif)\n", diff --git a/learning/courses/quantum-safe-cryptography/_toc.json b/learning/courses/quantum-safe-cryptography/_toc.json index cb14979cb6d..90c36c93fdd 100644 --- a/learning/courses/quantum-safe-cryptography/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/quantum-safe-cryptography/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "A practical introduction to quantum-safe cryptography", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/utility-scale-quantum-computing/_toc.json b/learning/courses/utility-scale-quantum-computing/_toc.json index a4ae5464a01..c92f0028480 100644 --- a/learning/courses/utility-scale-quantum-computing/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/utility-scale-quantum-computing/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Utility-scale quantum computing", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/courses/variational-algorithm-design/_toc.json b/learning/courses/variational-algorithm-design/_toc.json index 1dbefa1be72..648419c78b2 100644 --- a/learning/courses/variational-algorithm-design/_toc.json +++ b/learning/courses/variational-algorithm-design/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/courses", "title": "Variational algorithm design", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/modules/computer-science/_toc.json b/learning/modules/computer-science/_toc.json index e52a0ec78ed..445df3c6022 100644 --- a/learning/modules/computer-science/_toc.json +++ b/learning/modules/computer-science/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/modules", "title": "Qiskit in the classroom - computer science", "collapsed": true, "children": [ diff --git a/learning/modules/quantum-mechanics/_toc.json b/learning/modules/quantum-mechanics/_toc.json index e608cfc9f04..1271817dc67 100644 --- a/learning/modules/quantum-mechanics/_toc.json +++ b/learning/modules/quantum-mechanics/_toc.json @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ { - "parentUrl": "/learning", + "parentUrl": "/learning/modules", "title": "Qiskit in the classroom - quantum mechanics", "collapsed": true, "children": [