1313by Nicholas H. Steneck, David Zinn, and Tommy G. Thompson :cite:p: `stenek_ori_2007 `
1414
1515**********
16- Foreward
16+ Forward
1717**********
1818
1919This book is published by the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) [1 ]_ as
2020supplemental material to assist in the teaching of the responsible
2121conduct of research. The ORI oversees and directs the Public Health
22- Service (PHS) [2 ]_ research integrety on behalf of the Secretary of Health
22+ Service (PHS) [2 ]_ research integrity on behalf of the Secretary of Health
2323and Human Services [3 ]_ and the American public.
2424
2525This book stems from the ethical concerns that were raised in biology related
26- fields in 1989 :cite:p: `lawrence_bioethics_2025 ` and has sinced expanded to
26+ fields in 1989 :cite:p: `lawrence_bioethics_2025 ` and has since expanded to
2727become more general and applicable to other disciplines.
2828
2929*********
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Chapter 1: Rules of the Road
4949There aren't clear rules laid out to for researcher's to easily
5050understand what is and isn't responsible research conduct. Rather, there
5151are many organizing bodies, both official and non-official, that govern
52- this [4 ]_. Furthermore, a researcher's personal judgement contributes to this
52+ this [4 ]_. Furthermore, a researcher's personal judgment contributes to this
5353ethical calculus.
5454
5555Some of the ethical and legal guidelines researchers have to adhere to include:
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Some of the ethical and legal guidelines researchers have to adhere to include:
5858- federal,
5959- State,
6060- institutional policies, and
61- - personal judgement .
61+ - personal judgment .
6262
6363Not all professions have Professional Codes. federal regulations have to first
6464be made available for public comment in the *federal Register * [5 ]_, and once
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ these three areas:
7878
7979 1. Establish definitions for misconduct in research,
8080 2. Outline procedures for reporting and investigating misconduct, and
81- 3. Provide protection for whistleblowers and person accused of misconduct.
81+ 3. Provide protection for whistle blowers and person accused of misconduct.
8282
8383federal regulations for research misconduct technically only apply at
8484the federal level, but many institutions incorporate and expand it
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ when proven guilty.
113113
114114OSTP puts the responsibility of research misconduct
115115reporting and investigation on both *researchers * and *their research
116- institutions *. Research misconduct whistleblowers run the risk of illegal
116+ institutions *. Research misconduct whistle blowers run the risk of illegal
117117retaliation when reporting to governing bodies.
118118
119119*********
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ include:
145145- Research involving the use of educational tests,
146146- Research involving the collection or study of existing data, documents,
147147 records, pathological specimens, or diagnostic specimens, if unidentifiable or
148- publicly availible ,
148+ publicly available ,
149149- Research and demonstration projects which are conducted by or subject to the
150150 approval of department or agency heads, and
151151- Taste and food quality evaluation and consumer acceptance studies.
@@ -173,13 +173,13 @@ animals for biomedical and behavioral research is subject to the Secretary of
173173Health and Human Services (HHS) [3 ]_, acting through the National Institutes of
174174Health (NIH) and the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) [12 ]_.
175175Furthermore, activists have put together guidelines through the Animal
176- Care Panel (ACP), commonly reffered to as the *Guide * :cite:p: `national_research_council_guide_2011 `.
176+ Care Panel (ACP), commonly refereed to as the *Guide * :cite:p: `national_research_council_guide_2011 `.
177177The Guide is widely accepted both in public and private institutions and
178178federal laboratories.
179179
180180The definition of an animal from the PHS Policy is:
181181
182- "any live, vertebrate animals used or inteded for use in research, research
182+ "any live, vertebrate animals used or intended for use in research, research
183183 training, experimentation, or biological testing or for related
184184 purposes." :cite:p: `us_department_of_health_and_human_services_phs_2015 `
185185
@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ animals (mammals) but excludes:
193193Prior to using animal subjects, researchers must defend the usage of
194194animal subjects against the "three R's":
195195
196- 1. **Replacement ** - using non-animal models such asmicroorganisms or cell culture
197- techniques, computer simulations, or species lower on the phulogenetic scale,
196+ 1. **Replacement ** - using non-animal models such as microorganisms or cell culture
197+ techniques, computer simulations, or species lower on the phylogenetic scale,
198198
1991992. **Reduction ** - using methods aimed at reducing the numbers of animals such as
200200 minimization of variability, appropriate selection of animal model,
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ animal subjects against the "three R's":
205205
206206Institutions testing on animals must create an Institutional Animal Care
207207and Use Committee (IACUC) which acts similarly to an IRB but for
208- animals. These, along with the OLAW, USDA, and accrediation programs,
208+ animals. These, along with the OLAW, USDA, and accreditation programs,
209209are responsible for the proper care and respect of animal subjects.
210210
211211Chapter 5: Conflicts of Interest
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ interest:
2182182. Work commitments, and
2192193. Intellectual and personal matters.
220220
221- Financial gains involve reciving money from an institute that the
221+ Financial gains involve receiving money from an institute that the
222222researcher has a vested in. This could involve having stock in the
223223company, or being a member of the company.
224224
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ work is being used to further a research objective or vice versa, it is
228228a conflict of interest.
229229
230230Intellectual and personal matter conflicts of interest occur when the
231- idealogy , beliefs, or viewpoint of a researcher could interfere with
231+ ideology , beliefs, or viewpoint of a researcher could interfere with
232232their research objectives.
233233
234234**********
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ Data can be owned by one or many sources. This includes:
252252
253253Typically, government funded research allows the data to be shared for the
254254public good, privately funded research retain the right to disseminate the data,
255- and philinthropic funding sources retain or give away their data ownership
255+ and philanthropic funding sources retain or give away their data ownership
256256rights depending on their motive.
257257
258258Data must be collected responsibly through appropriate and reliable methods If
@@ -263,12 +263,12 @@ metadata must be captured to include the date, time, source, and other important
263263facts about the source of the data.
264264
265265After collecting the data, it must be stored properly so as to prevent
266- the theivery or loss of data. This includes securing lab notebooks and
266+ the thievery or loss of data. This includes securing lab notebooks and
267267regularly backing up data files. Additionally, any data that includes
268268personal identifying information or is otherwise confidential, must go
269269through a process of anonymizing the data so as to respect the source's
270270privacy. Furthermore, some data may be subject to a period of retention
271- and if not, data should otherwise be retained indefinetly .
271+ and if not, data should otherwise be retained indefinitely .
272272
273273Finally, future considerations about the data must be taken into
274274account. For example, the generated data of an experiment can be larger
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ Whereas mentors expect from their trainees that they:
300300- Live by agreements established for authorship and ownership
301301
302302To make sure these expectations are clear, the mentor should lay them
303- out initally . Furthermore, mentors have are expected to supervise the
303+ out initially . Furthermore, mentors have are expected to supervise the
304304work of a trainee. This results in the monitoring, support, and review
305305of a trainees work, as well as imparting the ethos of being a researcher
306306onto them.
@@ -325,9 +325,9 @@ Chapter 8: Collaborative Research
325325
326326Collaborative research involves any time when two or more researchers
327327collaborate on the same project. This could involve researchers from the
328- same institution or different insititutions . This work is led by a
328+ same institution or different institutions . This work is led by a
329329primary investigator (PI) who heads the project and is responsible for
330- the compliance of rules and responsible research conduct, financials ,
330+ the compliance of rules and responsible research conduct, financial ,
331331and training.
332332
333333Collaborative research projects need to initially solve many problems
@@ -341,8 +341,8 @@ with respect to:
341341- The criteria to identify and rank authorship,
342342- Who is responsible for submitting reports and meeting other requirements,
343343- Who is responsible for publicly speaking about the work,
344- - How intellectural property rights and ownership issues will be resolved, and
345- - How collaboration can be changed and when it comes ot an end.
344+ - How intellectual property rights and ownership issues will be resolved, and
345+ - How collaboration can be changed and when it comes to an end.
346346
347347With respect to compliance, it is best practice to work under the
348348compliance guidelines of the institution or state that has the strictest
@@ -408,9 +408,9 @@ A manuscript should include:
408408The following authorship practices should be avoided:
409409
410410- Honorary authorship,
411- - Salami publications (using the same data/ study in two seperate papers),
411+ - Salami publications (using the same data/ study in two separate papers),
412412- Duplicate publications, and
413- - Premature public statments
413+ - Premature public statements
414414
415415Chapter 10: Peer Review
416416=======================
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ reference any sources or prior work that shaped their assessments.
452452Confidentiality is a cornerstone of the peer-review process, protecting both
453453authors and reviewers and encouraging frank, honest evaluations without fear of
454454personal or professional repercussions. Many venues employ double-blind review
455- systems in which neither the authors nor the reviewers know one another 's
455+ systems in which neither the authors nor the reviewers know one anther 's
456456identities. To maintain the integrity of this system, reviewers must follow
457457strict ethical guidelines. It is inappropriate to delegate a review to students
458458or colleagues, to use ideas or information from a confidential proposal or
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ formally part of the review process.
469469It is well understood that many people early in their career have
470470irresponsible research conduct. Additionally, what might be considered
471471responsible conduct in one field may not apply to all fields. None the
472- less, there is no justification for comprimising the core tennants of
472+ less, there is no justification for compromising the core tenants of
473473research: honesty, accuracy, efficiency, and objectivity. Upholding
474474these is the responsibility of all researchers.
475475
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