Indeed FMUs for "co-simulation" are now the standard for BOPTEST and I guess here too and indeed that means the solver is baked into the FMU. I think this PR is key context. https://github.com/ibpsa/project1-boptest/pull/536 _Originally posted by @kbenne in https://github.com/NREL/alfalfa/pull/541#discussion_r1937774146_