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‎docs/cpp/thread.md‎

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---
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# thread
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**Microsoft Specific**
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The **thread** extended storage-class modifier is used to declare a thread local variable. For the portable equivalent in C++11, use the [thread_local](../cpp/storage-classes-cpp.md#thread_local) storage class specifier.
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## Syntax
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```
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__declspec( thread ) declarator
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```
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## Remarks
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Thread Local Storage (TLS) is the mechanism by which each thread in a multithreaded process allocates storage for thread-specific data. In standard multithreaded programs, data is shared among all threads of a given process, whereas thread local storage is the mechanism for allocating per-thread data. For a complete discussion of threads, see [Multithreading](../parallel/multithreading-support-for-older-code-visual-cpp.md).
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Declarations of thread local variables must use [extended attribute syntax](../cpp/declspec.md) and the `__declspec` keyword with the **thread** keyword. For example, the following code declares an integer thread local variable and initializes it with a value:
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```
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The **thread** extended storage-class modifier is used to declare a thread local variable. For the portable equivalent in C++11 and later, use the [thread_local](../cpp/storage-classes-cpp.md#thread_local) storage class specifier.
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## Syntax
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```
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__declspec( thread ) declarator
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```
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## Remarks
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Thread Local Storage (TLS) is the mechanism by which each thread in a multithreaded process allocates storage for thread-specific data. In standard multithreaded programs, data is shared among all threads of a given process, whereas thread local storage is the mechanism for allocating per-thread data. For a complete discussion of threads, see [Multithreading](../parallel/multithreading-support-for-older-code-visual-cpp.md).
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Declarations of thread local variables must use [extended attribute syntax](../cpp/declspec.md) and the `__declspec` keyword with the **thread** keyword. For example, the following code declares an integer thread local variable and initializes it with a value:
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```cpp
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__declspec( thread ) int tls_i = 1;
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```
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You must observe these guidelines when declaring thread local objects and variables:
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- You can apply the **thread** attribute only to class and data declarations and definitions; **thread** cannot be used on function declarations or definitions.
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- The use of the **thread** attribute may interfere with [delay loading](../build/reference/linker-support-for-delay-loaded-dlls.md) of DLL imports**.**
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- On XP systems, `thread` may not function correctly if a DLL uses __declspec(thread) data and it is loaded dynamically via LoadLibrary.
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- You can specify the **thread** attribute only on data items with static storage duration. This includes global data objects (both **static** and `extern`), local static objects, and static data members of classes. You cannot declare automatic data objects with the **thread** attribute.
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- You must use the **thread** attribute for the declaration and the definition of a thread local object, whether the declaration and definition occur in the same file or separate files.
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- You cannot use the **thread** attribute as a type modifier.
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- Because the declaration of objects that use the **thread** attribute is permitted, these two examples are semantically equivalent:
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```
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// declspec_thread_2.cpp
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// compile with: /LD
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__declspec( thread ) class B {
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public:
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int data;
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} BObject; // BObject declared thread local.
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class B2 {
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public:
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int data;
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};
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__declspec( thread ) B2 BObject2; // BObject2 declared thread local.
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```
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- Standard C permits initialization of an object or variable with an expression involving a reference to itself, but only for objects of nonstatic extent. Although C++ normally permits such dynamic initialization of an object with an expression involving a reference to itself, this type of initialization is not permitted with thread local objects. For example:
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```
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// declspec_thread_3.cpp
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// compile with: /LD
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#define Thread __declspec( thread )
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int j = j; // Okay in C++; C error
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Thread int tls_i = sizeof( tls_i ); // Okay in C and C++
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```
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Note that a `sizeof` expression that includes the object being initialized does not constitute a reference to itself and is allowed in C and C++.
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**END Microsoft Specific**
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## See Also
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[__declspec](../cpp/declspec.md)
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[Keywords](../cpp/keywords-cpp.md)
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[Thread Local Storage (TLS)](../parallel/thread-local-storage-tls.md)
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```
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You must observe these guidelines when declaring thread local objects and variables:
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- You can apply the **thread** attribute only to class and data declarations and definitions; **thread** cannot be used on function declarations or definitions.
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- The use of the **thread** attribute may interfere with [delay loading](../build/reference/linker-support-for-delay-loaded-dlls.md) of DLL imports.
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- On XP systems, **thread** may not function correctly if a DLL uses __declspec(thread) data and it is loaded dynamically via LoadLibrary.
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- You can specify the **thread** attribute only on data items with static storage duration. This includes global data objects (both **static** and **extern**), local static objects, and static data members of classes. You cannot declare automatic data objects with the **thread** attribute.
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- You must use the **thread** attribute for the declaration and the definition of a thread local object, whether the declaration and definition occur in the same file or separate files.
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- You cannot use the **thread** attribute as a type modifier.
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- Because the declaration of objects that use the **thread** attribute is permitted, these two examples are semantically equivalent:
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```cpp
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// declspec_thread_2.cpp
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// compile with: /LD
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__declspec( thread ) class B {
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public:
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int data;
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} BObject; // BObject declared thread local.
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class B2 {
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public:
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int data;
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};
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__declspec( thread ) B2 BObject2; // BObject2 declared thread local.
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```
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- Standard C permits initialization of an object or variable with an expression involving a reference to itself, but only for objects of nonstatic extent. Although C++ normally permits such dynamic initialization of an object with an expression involving a reference to itself, this type of initialization is not permitted with thread local objects. For example:
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```cpp
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// declspec_thread_3.cpp
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// compile with: /LD
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#define Thread __declspec( thread )
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int j = j; // Okay in C++; C error
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Thread int tls_i = sizeof( tls_i ); // Okay in C and C++
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```
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Note that a **sizeof** expression that includes the object being initialized does not constitute a reference to itself and is allowed in C and C++.
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**END Microsoft Specific**
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## See Also
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[__declspec](../cpp/declspec.md)
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[Keywords](../cpp/keywords-cpp.md)
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[Thread Local Storage (TLS)](../parallel/thread-local-storage-tls.md)

‎docs/cppcx/visual-c-language-reference-c-cx.md‎

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---
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title: "Visual C++ Language Reference (C++/CX) | Microsoft Docs"
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ms.date: "12/30/2016"
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ms.date: "09/15/2017"
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---
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# Visual C++ Language Reference (C++/CX)
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C++/CX is a set of extensions to the C++ language that enable the creation of Windows apps and Windows Runtime components in an idiom that is as close as possible to modern C++. Use C++/CX to write Windows apps and components in native code that easily interact with Visual C#, Visual Basic, and JavaScript, and other languages that support the Windows Runtime. In those rare cases that require direct access to the raw COM interfaces, or non-exceptional code, you can use the [Windows Runtime C++ Template Library (WRL)](../windows/windows-runtime-cpp-template-library-wrl.md).
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The new model represents the next generation of native C++ programming on Windows. By using it, you can create:
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- C++ Windows apps that use XAML to define the user interface and use the native stack. For more information, see [Create a "hello world" app in C++ (Windows 10)](http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/dn996906.aspx).
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- C++ Windows Runtime components that can be consumed by JavaScript-based Windows apps. For more information, see [Creating Windows Runtime Components in C++](/MicrosoftDocs/windows-uwp/blob/docs/windows-apps-src/winrt-components/creating-windows-runtime-components-in-cpp.md).
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- Windows DirectX games and graphics-intensive apps. For more information, see [Create a simple Universal Windows Platform (UWP) Game with DirectX](http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/xaml/mt210793.aspx).
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## Related articles
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|||
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|-|-|
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|[Quick Reference](../cppcx/quick-reference-c-cx.md)|Table of keywords and operators for C++/CX.|
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|[Type System](../cppcx/type-system-c-cx.md)|Describes basic C++/CX types and programming constructs, and how to utilize C++/CX to consume and create Windows Runtime types.|
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|[Building apps and libraries](../cppcx/building-apps-and-libraries-c-cx.md)|Discusses how to use the IDE to build apps and link to static libraries aned DLLs.|
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|[Interoperating with Other Languages](../cppcx/interoperating-with-other-languages-c-cx.md)|Discusses how components that are written by using C++/CX can be used with components that are written in JavaScript, any managed language, or the [!INCLUDE[cppwrl](../cppcx/includes/cppwrl-md.md)].|
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|[Threading and Marshaling](../cppcx/threading-and-marshaling-c-cx.md)|Discusses how to specify the threading and marshaling behavior of components that you create.|
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|[Namespaces Reference](../cppcx/namespaces-reference-c-cx.md)|Reference documentation for the default namespace, the Platform namespace, Platform::Collections, and related namespaces.|
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|[CRT functions not supported in Universal Windows Platform apps](../cppcx/crt-functions-not-supported-in-universal-windows-platform-apps.md)|Lists the CRT functions that are not available for use in Windows Runtime apps.|
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|[How to guides for Windows 10 apps](http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/xaml/mt244352.aspx)|Provides high-level guidance about Windows 10 apps and links to more information.|
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1. [C++/CX Part 0 of \[n\]: An Introduction](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2012/08/29/cxxcxpart00anintroduction.aspx)
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2. [C++/CX Part 0 of \[n\]: An Introduction](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2012/08/29/cxxcxpart00anintroduction.aspx)
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3. [C++/CX Part 2 of \[n\]: Types That Wear Hats](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2012/09/17/cxxcxpart02typesthatwearhats.aspx)
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4. [C++/CX Part 3 of \[n\]: Under Construction](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2012/10/05/cxxcxpart03underconstruction.aspx)
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5. [C++/CX Part 4 of \[n\]: Static Member Functions](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2012/10/19/cxxcxpart04staticmemberfunctions.aspx)
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C++/CX is a set of extensions to the C++ language that enable the creation of Windows apps and Windows Runtime components in an idiom that is as close as possible to modern C++. Use C++/CX to write Windows apps and components in native code that easily interact with Visual C#, Visual Basic, and JavaScript, and other languages that support the Windows Runtime. In those rare cases that require direct access to the raw COM interfaces, or non-exceptional code, you can use the [Windows Runtime C++ Template Library (WRL)](../windows/windows-runtime-cpp-template-library-wrl.md).
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The new model represents the next generation of native C++ programming on Windows. By using it, you can create:
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- C++ Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps that use XAML to define the user interface and use the native stack. For more information, see [Create a "hello world" app in C++ (UWP)](/windows/uwp/get-started/create-a-basic-windows-10-app-in-cpp).
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- C++ Windows Runtime components that can be consumed by JavaScript-based Windows apps. For more information, see [Creating Windows Runtime Components in C++](/windows/uwp/winrt-components/creating-windows-runtime-components-in-cpp).
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- Windows DirectX games and graphics-intensive apps. For more information, see [Create a simple UWP Game with DirectX](/windows/uwp/gaming/tutorial--create-your-first-metro-style-directx-game).
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## Related articles
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|-|-|
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|[Quick Reference](../cppcx/quick-reference-c-cx.md)|Table of keywords and operators for C++/CX.|
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|[Type System](../cppcx/type-system-c-cx.md)|Describes basic C++/CX types and programming constructs, and how to utilize C++/CX to consume and create Windows Runtime types.|
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|[Building apps and libraries](../cppcx/building-apps-and-libraries-c-cx.md)|Discusses how to use the IDE to build apps and link to static libraries aned DLLs.|
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|[Interoperating with Other Languages](../cppcx/interoperating-with-other-languages-c-cx.md)|Discusses how components that are written by using C++/CX can be used with components that are written in JavaScript, any managed language, or the [!INCLUDE[cppwrl](../cppcx/includes/cppwrl-md.md)].|
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|[Threading and Marshaling](../cppcx/threading-and-marshaling-c-cx.md)|Discusses how to specify the threading and marshaling behavior of components that you create.|
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|[Namespaces Reference](../cppcx/namespaces-reference-c-cx.md)|Reference documentation for the default namespace, the Platform namespace, Platform::Collections, and related namespaces.|
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|[CRT functions not supported in Universal Windows Platform apps](../cppcx/crt-functions-not-supported-in-universal-windows-platform-apps.md)|Lists the CRT functions that are not available for use in Windows Runtime apps.|
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|[How to guides for Windows 10 apps](http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/xaml/mt244352.aspx)|Provides high-level guidance about Windows 10 apps and links to more information.|
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|[C++/CX Part 0 of \[n\]: An Introduction](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vcblog/2012/08/29/ccx-part-0-of-n-an-introduction/)<br /><br />[C++/CX Part 1 of \[n\]: A Simple Class](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vcblog/2012/09/05/ccx-part-1-of-n-a-simple-class/)<br /><br />[C++/CX Part 2 of \[n\]: Types That Wear Hats](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vcblog/2012/09/17/ccx-part-2-of-n-types-that-wear-hats/)<br /><br />[C++/CX Part 3 of \[n\]: Under Construction](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vcblog/2012/10/05/ccx-part-3-of-n-under-construction/)<br /><br />[C++/CX Part 4 of \[n\]: Static Member Functions](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vcblog/2012/10/19/ccx-part-4-of-n-static-member-functions/)|An introductory Visual C++ blog series on C++/CX.|

‎docs/error-messages/compiler-errors-1/compiler-error-c2482.md‎

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title: "Compiler Error C2482 | Microsoft Docs"
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ms.date: "09/15/2017"
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---
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# Compiler Error C2482
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'identifier' : dynamic initialization of 'thread' data not allowed
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Variables declared with the `thread` attribute cannot be initialized with an expression that requires run-time evaluation. A static expression is required to initialize `thread` data.
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The following sample generates C2482:
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```
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// C2482.cpp
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// compile with: /c
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#define Thread __declspec( thread )
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Thread int tls_i = tls_i; // C2482
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int j = j; // OK in C++; C error
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Thread int tls_i = sizeof( tls_i ); // Okay in C and C++
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```
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>'*identifier*' : dynamic initialization of 'thread' data not allowed
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This error message is obsolete in Visual Studio 2015 and later versions. In previous versions, variables declared by using the `thread` attribute cannot be initialized with an expression that requires run-time evaluation. A static expression is required to initialize `thread` data.
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## Example
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The following sample generates C2482 in Visual Studio 2013 and earlier:
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```cpp
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// C2482.cpp
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// compile with: /c
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#define Thread __declspec( thread )
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Thread int tls_i = tls_i; // C2482
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int j = j; // OK in C++; C error
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Thread int tls_i = sizeof( tls_i ); // Okay in C and C++
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```

‎docs/error-messages/compiler-errors-1/compiler-error-c2483.md‎

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title: "Compiler Error C2483 | Microsoft Docs"
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ms.date: "09/15/2017"
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# Compiler Error C2483
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'identifier' : object with constructor or destructor cannot be declared 'thread'
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Variables declared with the `thread` attribute cannot be initialized with a constructor or other expression that requires run-time evaluation. A static expression is required to initialize `thread` data.
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## Example
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The following sample generates C2483.
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```
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// C2483.cpp
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// compile with: /c
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__declspec(thread) struct A {
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A(){}
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~A(){}
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>'*identifier*' : object with constructor or destructor cannot be declared 'thread'
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This error message is obsolete in Visual Studio 2015 and later versions. In previous versions, variables declared with the `thread` attribute cannot be initialized with a constructor or other expression that requires run-time evaluation. A static expression is required to initialize `thread` data.
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## Example
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The following sample generates C2483 in Visual Studio 2013 and earlier versions.
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```cpp
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// C2483.cpp
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// compile with: /c
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__declspec(thread) struct A {
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A(){}
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~A(){}
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} aa; // C2483 error
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__declspec(thread) struct B {} b; // OK
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```
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## See Also
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[thread](../../cpp/thread.md)
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__declspec(thread) struct B {} b; // OK
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```
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## See Also
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[thread](../../cpp/thread.md)

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