synsets500-subgraph.txt

0,ABO_antibodies,blood type antibodies  
1,C-reactive_protein CRP,a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation  
2,Christmas_factor factor_IX,coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B  
3,DNA_polymerase,the enzyme responsible for DNA replication  
4,Ghedda_wax,wax from Indian and African bees  
5,HMG-CoA_reductase 5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme_A_reductase,a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol  
6,Hageman_factor factor_XII,coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood  
7,Japan_wax Japan_tallow,a yellow wax obtained from sumac berries; used in polishes  
8,Otaheite_arrowroot Otaheite_arrowroot_starch,a starch obtained from the root of the pia  
9,Rh_antibody,rhesus factor antibody  
10,acetyl acetyl_group acetyl_radical ethanoyl_group ethanoyl_radical,the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-)  
11,actin,one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form  
12,actomyosin,a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions  
13,acyl acyl_group,any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group; "an example of the acyl group is the acetyl group"  
14,adenosine_deaminase ADA,an enzyme found in mammals that can catalyze the deamination of adenosine into inosine and ammonia; "ADA deficiency can lead to one form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease"; "the gene encoding ADA was one of the earlier human genes to be isolated and cloned for study"  
15,agglutinin,an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen  
16,albumin albumen,a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids  
17,alcohol_group alcohol_radical,the chemical group -OH  
18,aldehyde_group aldehyde_radical,the chemical group -CHO  
19,aldohexose,a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group  
20,aldose,a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal  
21,aleurone,granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains  
22,alkyl alkyl_group alkyl_radical,any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons  
23,allyl allyl_group allyl_radical,the univalent unsaturated organic radical C3H5; derived from propylene  
24,almond_oil expressed_almond_oil sweet_almond_oil,pale yellow fatty oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds  
25,alpha_globulin,a globulin in blood plasma or serum that is alkaline and has great electrophoretic mobility  
26,amino amino_group,the radical -NH2  
27,aminomethane,a methyl with the hydrogen atom replaced by an amino radical  
28,amyl,a hydrocarbon radical that occurs in many organic compounds  
29,amylase,any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar  
30,amyloid,a non-nitrogenous food substance consisting chiefly of starch; any substance resembling starch  
31,amyloid,(pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue  
32,angiotensin_converting_enzyme angiotensin-converting_enzyme ACE,proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II  
33,animal_fat,any fat obtained from animals; "animal fat is high in saturated fatty acids"  
34,animal_oil,any oil obtained from animal substances  
35,animal_tissue,the tissue in the bodies of animals  
36,antibody,any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response  
37,antihemophilic_factor antihaemophilic_factor antihemophilic_globulin antihaemophilic_globulin factor_VIII Hemofil,a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A  
38,antitoxin,an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin  
39,antivenin antivenene,an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal  
40,apoenzyme,a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme  
41,arrowroot,a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant  
42,arum,starch resembling sago that is obtained from cuckoopint root  
43,attar atar athar ottar,essential oil or perfume obtained from flowers  
44,attar_of_roses rose_oil,a volatile fragrant oil obtained from fresh roses by steam distillation  
45,autoantibody,an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it  
46,axle_grease,a thick heavy grease used to lubricate axles  
47,azido_group azido_radical,the univalent group N3- derived from hydrazoic acid  
48,azo_group azo_radical,the bivalent group -N=N- united to two hydrocarbon groups  
49,babassu_oil babacu_oil,fatty oil from kernels of babassu nuts similar to coconut oil  
50,bagasse,the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants  
51,bayberry_wax bayberry_tallow,a fragrant green wax obtained from the wax myrtle and used in making candles  
52,beef_tallow,tallow obtained from a bovine animal  
53,beeswax,a yellow to brown wax secreted by honeybees to build honeycombs  
54,beet_sugar,sugar made from sugar beets  
55,belly,the underpart of the body of certain vertebrates such as snakes or fish  
56,benzoyl_group benzoyl_radical,the univalent radical derived from benzoic acid  
57,benzyl benzyl_group benzyl_radical,the univalent radical derived from toluene  
58,bit chip flake fleck scrap,a small fragment of something broken off from the whole; "a bit of rock caught him in the eye"  
59,bitter_almond_oil,pale yellow essential oil obtained from bitter almonds by distillation from almond cake or meal  
60,blood_sugar blood_glucose,glucose in the bloodstream  
61,blubber,an insulating layer of fat under the skin of whales and other large marine mammals; used as a source of oil  
62,body_part,any part of an organism such as an organ or extremity  
63,bone_fat,fatty matter in bones extracted with solvents or by boiling or steaming; used chiefly in candles and cheap soaps and in lubricating greases  
64,bone_oil,the liquid portion of bone fat; used as a lubricant and in leather manufacture  
65,bone_oil Dippel's_oil,dark-colored ill-smelling oil obtained by carbonizing bone; used especially in sheep dips and in denaturing alcohol  
66,branched_chain,an open chain of atoms with one or more side chains attached to it  
67,brickbat,a fragment of brick used as a weapon  
68,butterfat,the fatty substance of milk from which butter is made  
69,butyl,a hydrocarbon radical (C4H9)  
70,cacodyl cacodyl_group cacodyl_radical arsenic_group,the univalent group derived from arsine  
71,calamus_oil,carcinogenic oil from calamus root used as a perfume  
72,calcium_ion factor_IV,ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood  
73,camphor_oil,oil distilled from camphor resin  
74,candelilla_wax,a hard brown wax that occurs as a coating on candelilla shrubs  
75,cane_sugar,sucrose obtained from sugar cane  
76,canola_oil canola,vegetable oil made from rapeseed; it is high in monounsaturated fatty acids  
77,capsid,the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus  
78,carbohydrate saccharide sugar,an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain  
79,carbonyl_group,the bivalent radical CO  
80,carboxyl carboxyl_group,the univalent radical -COOH; present in and characteristic of organic acids  
81,carboxymethyl_cellulose,an acid derivative of cellulose  
82,carnauba_wax carnauba,hard yellowish to brownish wax from leaves of the carnauba palm used especially in floor waxes and polishes  
83,casein,a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives  
84,caspase,any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis  
85,cassava cassava_starch manioc manioca,a starch made by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant; the source of tapioca; a staple food in the tropics  
86,catalase,enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water  
87,cellulose,a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers  
88,ceresin,a white wax extracted from ozokerite  
89,cerumen earwax,a soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal  
90,chain chemical_chain,(chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule)  
91,change,a thing that is different; "he inspected several changes before selecting one"  
92,chaulmoogra_oil,an oil from chaulmoogra trees; used in treatment of skin diseases and leprosy  
93,chitin,a tough semitransparent horny substance; the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of certain fungi  
94,cholinesterase,an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid)  
95,chondrin,a substance that resembles gelatin and is obtained by boiling cartilage in water  
96,chromophore,the chemical group that gives color to a molecule  
97,cinder clinker,a fragment of incombustible matter left after a wood or coal or charcoal fire  
98,clast,(geology) a constituent fragment of a clastic rock  
99,closed_chain ring,(chemistry) a chain of atoms in a molecule that forms a closed loop  
100,clove_oil oil_of_cloves,essential oil obtained from cloves and used to flavor medicines  
101,cluster_of_differentiation_4 CD4,a glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of helper T cells; "CD4 is a receptor for HIV in humans"  
102,cluster_of_differentiation_8 CD8,a membrane glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of cytotoxic T cells  
103,coagulase,an enzyme that induces coagulation  
104,coagulation_factor clotting_factor,any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation  
105,cocarboxylase thiamine_pyrophosphate,a coenzyme important in respiration in the Krebs cycle  
106,cocoa_butter,a yellow-white fat from cocoa beans  
107,coconut_oil copra_oil,oil from coconuts  
108,cod-liver_oil cod_liver_oil,an oil obtained from the livers of cod and similar fishes; taken orally as a source of vitamins A and D  
109,cod_oil,an inferior cod-liver oil that is used in leather manufacturing  
110,coenzyme,a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes  
111,coenzyme_A,a coenzyme present in all living cells; essential to metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and some amino acids  
112,cohune-nut_oil cohune_oil cohune_fat,semisolid fat from nuts of the cohune palm; used in cooking and soap making  
113,collagen,a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling  
114,collagenase,any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of collagen and gelatin  
115,complement,one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response  
116,conjugated_protein compound_protein,a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances  
117,cooking_oil,any of numerous vegetable oils used in cooking  
118,corn_gluten,gluten prepared from corn  
119,corn_oil,oil from the germs of corn grains  
120,corn_sugar,dextrose made by hydrolysis of cornstarch  
121,corner,a projecting part where two sides or edges meet; "he knocked off the corners"  
122,cornstarch cornflour,starch prepared from the grains of corn; used in cooking as a thickener  
123,corpus,the main part of an organ or other bodily structure  
124,costus_oil,a yellow volatile essential oil obtained from costusroot; used in perfumes  
125,cottonseed_oil,edible oil pressed from cottonseeds  
126,couple,(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines  
127,cracklings,the crisp residue left after lard has been rendered  
128,craton,the part of a continent that is stable and forms the central mass of the continent; typically Precambrian  
129,croton_oil,viscid acrid brownish-yellow oil from the seeds of Croton tiglium having a violent cathartic action  
130,cutting,a piece cut off from the main part of something  
131,cyano_group cyano_radical cyanide_group cyanide_radical,the monovalent group -CN in a chemical compound  
132,cyclooxygenase Cox,either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin  
133,cyclooxygenase-1 Cox-1,an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys; "an unfortunate side effect of NSAIDs is that they block Cox-1"  
134,cyclooxygenase-2 Cox-2,an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; "the beneficial effects of NSAIDs result from their ability to block Cox-2"  
135,cytochrome,(biochemistry) a class of hemoprotein whose principal biological function is electron transfer (especially in cellular respiration)  
136,cytochrome_c,the most abundant and stable cytochrome; involved in energy transfer  
137,cytokine,any of various protein molecules secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system  
138,dander,small scales from animal skins or hair or bird feathers that can cause allergic reactions in some people  
139,dandruff,loose scales shed from the scalp; "I could see the dandruff on her shoulders"  
140,de-iodinase,an enzyme that removes the iodine radical  
141,decarboxylase,any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group  
142,demerara,a light brown raw cane sugar from Guyana  
143,deoxyribose,a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids  
144,dextrin,any of various polysaccharides obtained by hydrolysis of starch; a tasteless and odorless gummy substance that is used as a thickening agent and in adhesives and in dietary supplements  
145,dextrose dextroglucose grape_sugar,an isomer of glucose that is found in honey and sweet fruits  
146,diethylaminoethyl_cellulose DEAE_cellulose,used for chromatography  
147,dipole,a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles separated by a small distance  
148,dipole_molecule,a molecule that is a permanent dipole  
149,disaccharidase,an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharides into monosaccharides  
150,disaccharide,any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis  
151,dolphin_oil,an unsaturated fatty oil obtained from dolphins and used as a fine lubricant  
152,drippings,fat that exudes from meat and drips off while it is being roasted or fried  
153,drying_oil,an oil that hardens in air due to oxidation and is often used as a paint or varnish base  
154,dubbin,tallow mixed with oil; used to make leather soft and waterproof  
155,edible_fat,oily or greasy matter making up the bulk of fatty tissue in animals and in seeds and other plant tissue  
156,elastase,a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of elastin  
157,elastin,a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries  
158,electric_dipole electric_doublet,a dipole with equal and opposite electric charges  
159,ember coal,a hot fragment of wood or coal that is left from a fire and is glowing or smoldering  
160,endonuclease,a nuclease that cleaves nucleic acids at interior bonds and so produces fragments of various sizes  
161,enterokinase,enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin  
162,entity,that which is perceived or known or inferred to have its own distinct existence (living or nonliving)  
163,enzyme,any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions  
164,erythropoietin,a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells  
165,essential_oil volatile_oil,an oil having the odor or flavor of the plant from which it comes; used in perfume and flavorings  
166,ethyl ethyl_group ethyl_radical,the univalent hydrocarbon radical C2H5 derived from ethane by the removal of one hydrogen atom  
167,ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid EDTA,a complex molecule used medically to chelate metal ions in cases of lead or heavy metal poisoning  
168,eucalyptus_oil,an essential oil obtained from the leaves of eucalypts  
169,exonuclease,a nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) beginning at one of a nucleic acid  
170,fat,a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides); "pizza has too much fat"  
171,ferritin,a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen; it is one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body  
172,fibrin,a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets  
173,fibrinase factor_XIII,in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot  
174,fibrinogen factor_I,a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots  
175,filaggrin,the main protein of the keratohyalin granules; "the specific target of the immune response in rheumatoid arthritis is filaggrin"  
176,filing,a fragment rubbed off by the use of a file  
177,fish-liver_oil fish_oil,a fatty oil obtained from the livers of various fish  
178,fixed_oil fatty_oil,nonvolatile animal or plant oil  
179,floor_wax,a preparation containing wax and used to polish and preserve the finish of floors  
180,foryml,(chemistry) the negative univalent acyl radical CHO that occurs in aldehydes  
181,fragment,a piece broken off or cut off of something else; "a fragment of rock"  
182,freshener,anything that freshens  
183,fructose fruit_sugar levulose laevulose,a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits  
184,fuel_oil heating_oil,a petroleum product used for fuel  
185,fusel_oil,a mixture of amyl alcohols and propanol and butanol formed from distillation of fermented liquors  
186,galactose brain_sugar,a simple sugar found in lactose  
187,gamma_globulin human_gamma_globulin,a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses  
188,gas_oil,an oil formed through distillation of petroleum of intermediate boiling range and viscosity  
189,gelatin gelatine,a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin  
190,geode,(mineralogy) a hollow rock or nodule with the cavity usually lined with crystals  
191,globin hematohiston haematohiston,a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells  
192,globulin,a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed  
193,glucosamine,an amino derivative of glucose that is a component of many polysaccharides  
194,glucose,a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy  
195,glutamic_oxalacetic_transaminase glutamic_oxaloacetic_transaminase,an enzyme involved in transamination  
196,glutathione_peroxidase,an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals  
197,glutelin,a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals  
198,gluten,a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough  
199,glyceride acylglycerol,an ester of glycerol and fatty acids that occurs naturally as fats and fatty oils; "fresh fats contain glycerides of fatty acids and very little free acid"  
200,glyceryl,a trivalent radical derived from glycerol by removing the three hydroxyl radicals  
201,glycogen animal_starch,one form in which body fuel is stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body  
202,glycoprotein,a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component  
203,gondang_wax fig_wax,a hard cream-colored wax obtained from a Javanese fig tree  
204,goose_grease,grease derived from geese  
205,grease lubricating_oil,a thick fatty oil (especially one used to lubricate machinery)  
206,group radical chemical_group,(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule  
207,growth_factor,a protein that is involved in cell differentiation and growth  
208,halibut-liver_oil,a fatty oil from halibut livers that is used as a source of vitamin A  
209,haptoglobin,a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds)  
210,hemoglobin haemoglobin Hb,a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; "fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals"  
211,hemoprotein haemoprotein,a conjugated protein linked to a compound of iron and porphyrin  
212,heparin Lipo-Hepin Liquaemin,a polysaccharide produced in basophils (especially in the lung and liver) and that inhibits the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood; it (trade names Lipo-Hepin and Liquaemin) is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis and in heart surgery  
213,heterocyclic_ring heterocycle,a ring of atoms of more than one kind; especially a ring of carbon atoms containing at least one atom that is not carbon  
214,heterophil_antibody heterophile_antibody Forssman_antibody,an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis  
215,hexose,a monosaccharide that contains six carbon atoms per molecule  
216,high-density_lipoprotein HDL alpha-lipoprotein,a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis  
217,histaminase,enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine  
218,histone,a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids  
219,horror,something that inspires horror; something horrible; "the painting that others found so beautiful was a horror to him"  
220,horseradish_peroxidase,an enzyme used in immunohistochemistry to label antigens and their antibodies  
221,hunk lump,a large piece of something without definite shape; "a hunk of bread"; "a lump of coal"  
222,hyaluronic_acid,a viscous mucopolysaccharide found in the connective tissue space and the synovial fluid of movable joints and the humors of the eye; a cementing and protective substance  
223,hyaluronidase spreading_factor Hyazyme,an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids  
224,hydnocarpus_oil,oil from seeds of trees of the genus Hydnocarpus especially Hydnocarpus wightiana (Hydnocarpus laurifolia)  
225,hydrazo_group hydrazo_radical,the bivalent group -HNNH- derived from hydrazine  
226,hydroxyl hydroxyl_group hydroxyl_radical,the monovalent group -OH in such compounds as bases and some acids and alcohols  
227,hydroxymethyl,a methyl with hydroxide replacing the hydrogen atoms  
228,hyssop_oil,used chiefly in liqueurs  
229,ilang-ilang,oil distilled from flowers of the ilang-ilang tree; used in perfumery  
230,immunoglobulin Ig immune_serum_globulin immune_gamma_globulin immune_globulin,a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response  
231,immunoglobulin_A IgA,one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts  
232,immunoglobulin_D IgD,one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts  
233,immunoglobulin_E IgE,one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes  
234,immunoglobulin_G IgG,one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria  
235,immunoglobulin_M IgM,one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G  
236,infliximab Remicade,a monoclonal antibody (trade name Remicade) used to treat Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis; administered by infusion; use and dosage must be determined by a physician  
237,interleukin,any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system  
238,internode,a segment of a stem between two nodes  
239,inulin,used to manufacture fructose and in assessing kidney function  
240,invert_sugar,a mixture of equal parts of glucose and fructose resulting from the hydrolysis of sucrose; found naturally in fruits; sweeter than glucose  
241,invertase saccharase sucrase,an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose  
242,iodoprotein iodinated_protein,a protein that contains iodine  
243,iron_filing,a fragment of iron rubbed off by the use of a file  
244,isoagglutinin,an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species  
245,isoantibody alloantibody,an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species  
246,isomerase,an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form  
247,isthmus band,a cord-like tissue connecting two larger parts of an anatomical structure  
248,jaggery jagghery jaggary,unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap  
249,jimdandy jimhickey crackerjack,something excellent of its kind; "the bike was a jimdandy"  
250,keratin ceratin,a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair, feathers, nails, and hooves  
251,ketohexose,a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group  
252,ketone_group,a group having the characteristic properties of ketones  
253,ketose,any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal  
254,kinase,an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme  
255,lactalbumin,albumin occurring in milk  
256,lactase Lactaid,any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose  
257,lactose milk_sugar,a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk; "cow's milk contains about 4.7% lactose"  
258,lanolin wool_fat wool_grease,a yellow viscous animal oil extracted from wool; a mixture of fatty acids and esters; used in some ointments and cosmetics  
259,lard,soft white semisolid fat obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of the hog  
260,lard_oil,oil consisting chiefly of olein that is expressed from lard and used especially as a lubricant, cutting oil or illuminant  
261,leaf_fat leaf_lard,fat lining the abdomen and kidneys in hogs which is used to make lard  
262,lecithin,a yellow phospholipid essential for the metabolism of fats; found in egg yolk and in many plant and animal cells; used commercially as an emulsifier  
263,lectin,any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus  
264,lemongrass lemon_grass lemongrass_oil,an aromatic oil that smells like lemon and is widely used in Asian cooking and in perfumes and medicines  
265,linalool,a colorless fragrant liquid found in many essential oils  
266,linseed_oil flaxseed_oil,a drying oil extracted from flax seed and used in making such things as oil paints  
267,lipase,an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream  
268,lipid lipide lipoid,an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates)  
269,lipoprotein,a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood  
270,long_chain long-chain_molecule,(chemistry) a relatively long chain of atoms in a molecule  
271,low-density_lipoprotein LDL beta-lipoprotein,a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis  
272,lymphokine,a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that acts on other cells of the immune system (as by activating macrophages)  
273,lysozyme muramidase,an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria  
274,macromolecule supermolecule,any very large complex molecule; found only in plants and animals  
275,madia_oil,used as a substitute for olive oil  
276,magnetic_dipole,a dipole with opposing magnetic poles  
277,maltose malt_sugar,a white crystalline sugar formed during the digestion of starches  
278,maple_sugar,sugar made from the sap of the sugar maple tree  
279,marbling,the intermixture of fat and lean in a cut of meat  
280,matchwood,fragments of wood; "it was smashed into matchwood"  
281,menhaden_oil,a fatty oil obtained from the menhaden fish and used in paint and ink and in treating leather  
282,metal_filing,a fragment of metal rubbed off by the use of a file  
283,metamere somite,one of a series of similar body segments into which some animals are divided longitudinally  
284,methyl methyl_group methyl_radical,the univalent radical CH3- derived from methane  
285,methylene_group methylene_radical methylene,the bivalent radical CH2 derived from methane  
286,mineral_oil,a distillate of petroleum (especially one used medicinally as a laxative or stool softener)  
287,molecule,(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound  
288,monoamine_oxidase MAO,an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)  
289,monoclonal_antibody monoclonal,any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by a single clone of cells or a cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules  
290,monosaccharide monosaccharose simple_sugar,a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates  
291,montan_wax,a hard wax obtained from lignite  
292,motor_oil,oil used to lubricate the moving parts of a motor  
293,mucin,a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces  
294,mucoid,any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin  
295,mucopolysaccharide,complex polysaccharides containing an amino group; occur chiefly as components of connective tissue  
296,mustard_oil,oil obtained from mustard seeds and used in making soap  
297,mutton_tallow,tallow from the body of a mature sheep  
298,myelin myeline medulla,a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers  
299,myoglobin,a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed  
300,myosin,the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin  
301,neat's-foot_oil,a pale yellow oil made from the feet and legs of cattle; used as a dressing for leather  
302,neroli_oil,an odoriferous yellow oil found in orange flowers and used in perfumery and as a flavoring  
303,nerve_growth_factor NGF,a protein that is involved in the growth of peripheral nerve cells  
304,nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide NAD,a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; serves as a reductant in various metabolic processes  
305,nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate NADP,a coenzyme similar to NAD and present in most living cells but serves as a reductant in different metabolic processes  
306,nitrite,the radical -NO2 or any compound containing it (such as a salt or ester of nitrous acid)  
307,nitro_group,the group -NO3  
308,nitrogenase,an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia  
309,nodule,(mineralogy) a small rounded lump of mineral substance (usually harder than the surrounding rock or sediment)  
310,nub stub,a small piece; "a nub of coal"; "a stub of a pencil"  
311,nubbin,a small nub (especially an undeveloped fruit or ear of corn)  
312,nuclease,general term for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units  
313,nucleic_acid,(biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells  
314,nucleoprotein,any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid  
315,nugget,a solid lump of a precious metal (especially gold) as found in the earth  
316,oil,a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water  
317,oleo_oil,obtained from beef fat; used in making margarine and soap and in lubrication  
318,oligosaccharide,any of the carbohydrates that yield only a few monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis  
319,olive_oil,oil from olives  
320,open_chain,a chain of atoms in a molecule whose ends are not joined to form a ring  
321,opsin,retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin  
322,opsonin,an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes  
323,oxidase,any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation  
324,oxidoreductase,an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction  
325,oxygenase,an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen  
326,oxyhemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin,the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs; "oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body"  
327,pacifier,anything that serves to pacify  
328,palm_oil,oil from nuts of oil palms especially the African oil palm  
329,papain,a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer  
330,paraffin paraffin_wax,from crude petroleum; used for candles and for preservative or waterproof coatings  
331,paring sliver shaving,a thin fragment or slice (especially of wood) that has been shaved from something  
332,part piece,a portion of a natural object; "they analyzed the river into three parts"; "he needed a piece of granite"  
333,peanut_oil groundnut_oil,an oil from peanuts; used in cooking and making soap  
334,pearl_sago,sago ground into small round grains  
335,pectin,any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables; used in making fruit jellies and jams  
336,penicillinase beta-lactamase,enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic  
337,pennyroyal_oil,oil from European pennyroyal having an odor like mint; used chiefly in soaps  
338,pennyroyal_oil hedeoma_oil,aromatic oil from American pennyroyal  
339,pentose,any monosaccharide sugar containing five atoms of carbon per molecule  
340,pepsin,an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones  
341,pepsinogen,precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach  
342,peroxidase,any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide  
343,petroleum crude_oil crude rock_oil fossil_oil oil,a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons  
344,phosphatase,any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates  
345,phospholipid,any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes  
346,phosphoprotein,containing chemically bound phosphoric acid  
347,physical_entity,an entity that has physical existence  
348,pisang_wax,a wax obtained from the leaves of a plantain  
349,plasma_protein,any of the proteins in blood plasma  
350,plasma_thromboplastin_antecedent factor_XI,coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency  
351,plasmin fibrinolysin,an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots  
352,plasminogen,an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents  
353,plasminogen_activator urokinase,protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis  
354,polymerase,an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA  
355,polysaccharide polyose,any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules  
356,polyunsaturated_fat,a class of fats having long carbon chains with many double bonds unsaturated with hydrogen atoms; used in some margarines; supposedly associated with low blood cholesterol  
357,porpoise_oil,a yellow fatty oil obtained from porpoises and used as a fine lubricant  
358,precipitin,an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen  
359,proaccelerin prothrombin_accelerator accelerator_factor factor_V,a coagulation factor  
360,proconvertin cothromboplastin stable_factor factor_VII,a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K  
361,prolamine,a simple protein found in plants  
362,propyl propyl_group propyl_radical,the monovalent organic group C3H7- obtained from propane  
363,prostate_specific_antigen PSA,a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer  
364,protamine,a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin  
365,protease peptidase proteinase proteolytic_enzyme,any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis  
366,protein,any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"  
367,protein_molecule,any large molecule containing chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds  
368,proteome,the full complement of proteins produced by a particular genome  
369,prothrombin factor_II,a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin  
370,prothrombinase factor_X,coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors  
371,pruning,something that has been pruned off of a plant  
372,ptyalin,an amylase secreted in saliva  
373,pulp,a mixture of cellulose fibers  
374,raffinose,a trisaccharide that occurs in sugar beets and cotton seeds and certain cereals  
375,rape_oil rapeseed_oil colza_oil,edible light yellow to brown oil from rapeseed used also as a lubricant or illuminant  
376,reagin,an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy  
377,recombinant_protein,a protein derived from recombinant DNA  
378,reductase,an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance  
379,renin,a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure  
380,rennin chymosin,an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate  
381,reservoir source,anything (a person or animal or plant or substance) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies; "an infectious agent depends on a reservoir for its survival"  
382,residual_oil resid,oil products that remain after petroleum has been distilled  
383,restriction_endonuclease restriction_nuclease restriction_enzyme,any of the enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites and produce restriction fragments; obtained from bacteria (where they cripple viral invaders); used in recombinant DNA technology  
384,restriction_fragment,the fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme  
385,reverse_transcriptase,a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses  
386,rheumatoid_factor,autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis  
387,ribonuclease ribonucleinase RNase,a transferase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid  
388,ribose,a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid  
389,ricin ricin_toxin,a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent; can be used as a bioweapon; "one milligram of ricin can kill an adult"  
390,row,a long continuous strip (usually running horizontally); "a mackerel sky filled with rows of clouds"; "rows of barbed wire protected the trenches"  
391,safflower_oil,oil from safflower seeds used as food as well as in medicines and paints  
392,safflower_oil,oil from seeds of the safflower plant  
393,sago,powdery starch from certain sago palms; used in Asia as a food thickener and textile stiffener  
394,salad_oil,any of several edible vegetable oils that can be used in salad dressings  
395,salmon_oil,a fatty oil obtained from the wastes in canning salmon; used in making soap and dressing leather  
396,sarcomere,one of the segments into which a myofibril is divided  
397,sardine_oil,oil obtained from sardines and used chiefly as a lubricant and in soap  
398,sassafras_oil,oil from root bark of sassafras trees; used in perfumery and as a disinfectant  
399,scale scurf exfoliation,a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin  
400,scale_wax paraffin_scale,partly refined paraffin wax  
401,scleroprotein albuminoid,a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye  
402,scraping,(usually plural) a fragment scraped off of something and collected; "they collected blood scrapings for analysis"  
403,scurf,(botany) a covering that resembles scales or bran that covers some plant parts  
404,seal_oil,a pale yellow to red-brown fatty oil obtained from seal blubber; used in making soap and dressing leather and as a lubricant  
405,secretase,a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)  
406,section,a very thin slice (of tissue or mineral or other substance) for examination under a microscope; "sections from the left ventricle showed diseased tissue"  
407,section,a segment of a citrus fruit; "he ate a section of the orange"  
408,security_blanket,anything that an adult person uses to reduce anxiety  
409,segment,one of the parts into which something naturally divides; "a segment of an orange"  
410,serum_albumin,albumin occurring in blood serum; serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood  
411,serum_globulin,globulins occurring in blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood  
412,sesame_oil,oil obtained from sesame seeds  
413,shale_oil,oil extracted from oil shale by heating  
414,shark_oil shark-liver_oil,a fatty yellow to brown oil obtained from the livers of sharks; used for dressing leather and as a source of vitamin A  
415,shellac_wax lac_wax,a hard wax separated from shellac by its insolubility in alcohol  
416,shortening,fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods  
417,simple_protein,a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed  
418,ski_wax,wax used on the bottom of skis  
419,slice,a thin flat piece cut off of some object  
420,sodium_nitrite,nitrite used to preserve and color food especially in meat and fish products; implicated in the formation of suspected carcinogens  
421,soybean_oil soyabean_oil,oil from soya beans  
422,spall spawl,a fragment broken off from the edge or face of stone or ore and having at least one thin edge; "a truck bearing a mound of blue spalls"  
423,spark,a small fragment of a burning substance thrown out by burning material or by friction  
424,sperm_oil,an animal oil found in the blubber of the sperm whale  
425,spermaceti,a white waxy substance from oil of the sperm whale  
426,spike_lavender_oil spike_oil,pale yellow essential oil obtained from spike lavender used in scenting soaps and cosmetics  
427,splint,a thin sliver of wood; "he lit the fire with a burning splint"  
428,splinter sliver,a small thin sharp bit or wood or glass or metal; "he got a splinter in his finger"; "it broke into slivers"  
429,stachyose,a tetrasaccharide found in the tubers of the Chinese artichoke  
430,stand_oil,a thick oil comprised of linseed, tung, or soya oils which have been heated to over 300 C  
431,starch amylum,a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice; an important foodstuff and used otherwise especially in adhesives and as fillers and stiffeners for paper and textiles  
432,stinker,anything that gives off an offensive odor (especially a cheap cigar)  
433,straight_chain,an open chain of atoms with no side chains  
434,streptodornase,an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase)  
435,streptokinase,an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism  
436,strip,a relatively long narrow piece of something; "he felt a flat strip of muscle"  
437,stroma,the supporting tissue of an organ (as opposed to parenchyma)  
438,subject content depicted_object,something (a person or object or scene) selected by an artist or photographer for graphic representation; "a moving picture of a train is more dramatic than a still picture of the same subject"  
439,sucrose saccharose,a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent  
440,suet,hard fat around the kidneys and loins in beef and sheep  
441,sunflower_oil sunflower-seed_oil,oil from sunflower seeds  
442,superoxide_dismutase SOD,an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; "oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes"  
443,sweet_oil,mild vegetable oil when used as food; especially olive or edible rape oil  
444,tall_oil,an oil derived from wood pulp and used in making soaps or lubricants  
445,tallow,obtained from suet and used in making soap, candles and lubricants  
446,tallow_oil,an animal oil obtained by pressing tallow; used as a lubricant  
447,telomerase,an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that can add telomeres to the ends of chromosomes after they divide  
448,tetanus_antitoxin,antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus  
449,tetanus_immunoglobulin tetanus_immune_globulin,sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus  
450,tetrasaccharide,any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield four monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis  
451,tetrose,any monosaccharide sugar containing four atoms of carbon per molecule  
452,thing,an entity that is not named specifically; "I couldn't tell what the thing was"  
453,thing,a separate and self-contained entity  
454,thrombin,an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot  
455,thromboplastin thrombokinase factor_III,an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot  
456,thyroglobulin,an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins  
457,thyroprotein,a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine  
458,tissue,part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function  
459,toe,forepart of a hoof  
460,torso trunk body,the body excluding the head and neck and limbs; "they moved their arms and legs and bodies"  
461,transaminase aminotransferase aminopherase,a class of transferases that catalyze transamination (that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to another compound)  
462,transcriptase RNA_polymerase,the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA  
463,transferase,any of various enzymes that move a chemical group from one compound to another compound  
464,transferrin beta_globulin siderophilin,a globulin in blood plasma that carries iron  
465,triglyceride,glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body  
466,triose,any monosaccharide sugar containing three atoms of carbon per molecule  
467,triphosphopyridine_nucleotide,a coenzyme of several enzymes  
468,trisaccharide,any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield three monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis  
469,trypsin,an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units  
470,trypsinogen,inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine  
471,tumor_necrosis_factor tumour_necrosis_factor TNF,a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis)  
472,tuna_oil,an oil obtained from tuna  
473,tung_oil Chinese_wood_oil,a yellow oil obtained from the seeds of the tung tree  
474,turning,a shaving created when something is produced by turning it on a lathe  
475,turpentine oil_of_turpentine spirit_of_turpentine turps,volatile liquid distilled from turpentine oleoresin; used as paint thinner and solvent and medicinally  
476,ubiquinone coenzyme_Q,any of several quinones found in living cells and that function as coenzymes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another in cell respiration  
477,underpart,a part lying on the lower side or underneath an animal's body; "the warbler has a white throat and underparts"; "a woodland mouse with white underparts"  
478,unit building_block,a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else; "units of nucleic acids"  
479,unit_cell,the smallest group of atoms or molecules whose repetition at regular intervals in three dimensions produces the lattices of a crystal  
480,uranyl uranyl_group uranyl_radical,the bivalent radical UO2 which forms salts with acids  
481,urease,an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia; is present in intestinal bacteria  
482,variable,something that is likely to vary; something that is subject to variation; "the weather is one variable to be considered"  
483,vegetable_oil oil,any of a group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants  
484,vegetable_wax,a waxy substance obtained from plants (especially from the trunks of certain palms)  
485,venter,a bulging body part (as the belly of a muscle)  
486,very_low_density_lipoprotein VLDL,large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL  
487,vinyl vinyl_group vinyl_radical,a univalent chemical radical derived from ethylene  
488,walnut_oil,oil from walnuts  
489,wax,any of various substances of either mineral origin or plant or animal origin; they are solid at normal temperatures and insoluble in water  
490,whacker whopper,something especially big or impressive of its kind  
491,whale_oil train_oil,a white to brown oil obtained from whale blubber; formerly used as an illuminant  
492,wheat_gluten,gluten prepared from wheat  
493,withers,the highest part of the back at the base of the neck of various animals especially draft animals  
494,wood_pulp,wood that has been ground to a pulp; used in making cellulose products (as rayon or paper)  
495,wood_sugar xylose,a sugar extracted from wood or straw; used in foods for diabetics  
496,wool_oil,any oil used to oil wool before spinning  
497,world,a part of the earth that can be considered separately; "the outdoor world"; "the world of insects"  
498,wormwood_oil absinthe_oil,a dark bitter oil obtained from wormwood leaves; flavors absinthe liqueurs  
499,zymase,a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms