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@Article{Burauel2017,
author={Patrick Burauel and Marco Caliendo and Alexandra Fedorets and Markus M. Grabka and Carsten Schröder and Jürgen Schupp and Linda Wittbrodt},
title={{Minimum Wage Not yet for Everyone: On the Compensation of Eligible Workers before and after the Minimum Wage Reform from the Perspective of Employees}},
journal={DIW Economic Bulletin},
year=2017,
volume={7},
number={49},
pages={509-522},
month={},
keywords={Minimum wage; inequality; employment; SOEP},
doi={},
abstract={Calculations based on data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) show that after the introduction of a statutory minimum wage in Germany in January 2015, the wage growth of eligible employees with low wages accelerated significantly. Before the reform, the nominal growth in contractual hourly wages in the lowest decile, the bottom tenth of the pay distribution, was less than two percent in the long-term two-year average, while from 2014 to 2016 it was around 15 percent. Nevertheless, in the first half of 2016, around 1.8 million employees who were eligible for the minimum wage of 8.50 euros gross per hour still earned contractual hourly wages below this level. In 2015, the count was approximately 2.1 million workers, and in the year before the introduction of the minimum wage, almost 2.8 million. The figures for 2015 and 2016 reported here are thus higher than corresponding figures from company surveys. Despite the disproportionate increase in wages in the lowest wage decile, many workers are still not earning the minimum wage. The objectives of the German Minimum Wage Act (Mindestlohngesetz) are often not being met, especially among the marginally employed. Instruments for better enforcement of the Minimum Wage Act include more frequent inspections, stricter sanctioning, more effective grievance procedures for workers, and stricter requirements for the documentation systems (especially timekeeping).},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/a/diw/diwdeb/2017-49-1.html}
}
@article{OECDmw,
author = "OECD",
title = "Minimum wages relative to median wages",
year = "2018",
url = "https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/data/data-00313-en",
doi = "https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00313-en"
}
@article{Draca2011,
ISSN = {19457782, 19457790},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25760249},
abstract = {We study the impact of minimum wages on firm profitability, exploiting the changes induced by the introduction of a UK national minimum wage in 1999. We use pre-policy information on the distribution of wages to implement a difference-in-differences approach. Minimum wages raise wages, but also significantly reduce profitability (especially in industries with relatively high market power). This is consistent with a simple model where wage gains from minimum wages map directly into profit reductions. There is some suggestive evidence of longer run adjustment to the minimum wage through falls in net entry rates.},
author = {Mirko Draca and Stephen Machin and John Van Reenen},
journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
number = {1},
pages = {129--151},
publisher = {American Economic Association},
title = {Minimum Wages and Firm Profitability},
volume = {3},
year = {2011}
}
@TechReport{Cengiz2018,
author={Doruk Cengiz and Arindrajit Dube and Attila Lindner and Ben Zipperer},
title={{The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs: Evidence from the United States Using a Bunching Estimator}},
year=2018,
month=Feb,
institution={Centre for Economic Performance, LSE},
type={CEP Discussion Papers},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/cepdps/dp1531.html},
number={dp1531},
abstract={We propose a novel method that infers the employment effect of a minimum wage increase by comparing the number of excess jobs paying at or slightly above the new minimum wage to the missing jobs paying below it. Using state-level variation in U.S. minimum wages, we implement our method by providing new estimates on the effect of the minimum wage on the frequency distribution of hourly wages. First, we present a case study of a large, indexed minimum wage increase using administrative data on hourly wages from Washington state. Then we implement an event study analysis pooling 138 minimum wage increases between 1979 and 2016. In both cases, we find that the overall number of low-wage jobs remained essentially unchanged. At the same time, the direct effect of the minimum wage on average earnings was amplified by modest wage spillovers at the bottom of the wage distribution. Our estimates by detailed demographic groups show that the lack of job loss is not explained by labor-labor substitution at the bottom of the wage distribution. We also find no evidence of disemployment when we consider higher levels of minimum wages. However, we do find some evidence of reduced employment in tradable sectors. In contrast to our bunching-based estimates, we show that conventional studies can produce misleading inference due to spurious changes in employment higher up in the wage distribution.},
keywords={minimum wage policy; bunching estimator; labor demand elasticity; wage distribution},
doi={},
}
@article{Abadie2006,
author = {Alberto Abadie and Guido W. Imbens},
title = {Large Sample Properties of Matching Estimators for Average Treatment Effects},
journal = {Econometrica},
volume = {74},
year = {2006},
number = {1},
pages = {235-267},
keywords = {Matching estimators, average treatment effects, unconfoundedness, selection on observables, potential outcomes},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00655.x},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00655.x},
eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00655.x},
abstract = {Matching estimators for average treatment effects are widely used in evaluation research despite the fact that their large sample properties have not been established in many cases. The absence of formal results in this area may be partly due to the fact that standard asymptotic expansions do not apply to matching estimators with a fixed number of matches because such estimators are highly nonsmooth functionals of the data. In this article we develop new methods for analyzing the large sample properties of matching estimators and establish a number of new results. We focus on matching with replacement with a fixed number of matches. First, we show that matching estimators are not N1/2‐consistent in general and describe conditions under which matching estimators do attain N1/2‐consistency. Second, we show that even in settings where matching estimators are N1/2‐consistent, simple matching estimators with a fixed number of matches do not attain the semiparametric efficiency bound. Third, we provide a consistent estimator for the large sample variance that does not require consistent nonparametric estimation of unknown functions. Software for implementing these methods is available in Matlab, Stata, and R.}
}
@article{Abadie2003,
author = {Abadie, Alberto and Gardeazabal, Javier},
doi = {10.1257/000282803321455188},
file = {:S$\backslash$:/Staff{\_}files/Wursten/MW Germany/papers/synth Abadie Gardeazabal 2003.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {00028282},
issn = {0002-8282},
journal = {American Economic Review},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {113--132},
title = {{The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country}},
url = {http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/000282803321455188},
volume = {93},
year = {2003}
}
@phdthesis{Muller2013,
title = {The Economic Effects of a Federal Minimum Wage in Germany: Empirical Studies on Its Consequences for Earnings, Income, and Employment},
school = {Freien Universit{\"a}t Berlin},
author = {M{\"u}ller, Kai-Uwe},
year = {2013},
}
@TechReport{Garloff2016,
author={Garloff, Alfred},
title={{Side effects of the new German minimum wage on (un-)employment : first evidence from regional data}},
year=2016,
month=Oct,
institution={Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), N{\"u}rnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany]},
type={IAB Discussion Paper},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/iab/iabdpa/201631.html},
number={201631},
abstract={\"In Germany, decreasing collective bargaining coverage and rising wage inequality led to the introduction of a new statutory minimum wage of EURO 8.50 per hour of work. We analyze the relationship between the bite of the minimum wage and employment/ unemployment growth using regional data of the Federal Employment Agency for prime age individuals. We use difference-in-differences type of specifications using a panel of region-age-sex cells. The results do not provide evidence in favor of a reduced employment growth for the analysed groups, nor do they provide evidence for an increase in unemployment growth due to the minimum wage. However, we find an increase in growth of regular employment at the expense of marginal employment.\" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))},
keywords={Mindestlohn - Auswirkungen; Besch{\"a}ftigungseffekte; Arbeitslosigkeitsentwicklung; Besch{\"a}ftigungsentwi},
doi={},
}
@Article{Caliendo2018le,
author={Caliendo, Marco and Fedorets, Alexandra and Preuss, Malte and Schröder, Carsten and Wittbrodt, Linda},
title={{The short-run employment effects of the German minimum wage reform}},
journal={Labour Economics},
year=2018,
volume={53},
number={C},
pages={46-62},
month={},
keywords={Minimum wage; Regional bite; Employment effects},
doi={10.1016/j.labeco.2018.05.},
abstract={We assess the short-term employment effects of the introduction of a national statutory minimum wage in Germany in 2015. For this purpose, we exploit variation in the regional treatment intensity, assuming that the stronger a minimum wage ‘bites’ into the regional wage distribution, the stronger the regional labour market will be affected. In contrast to previous studies, we construct two regional bite indicators based upon detailed individual wage data from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) 2014 and combine it with administrative information on regional employment. Moreover, using the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we are able to affirm the absence of anticipation effects and verify the assumption of a common trend in wages before the reform. In sum, we find only moderate negative effects on overall employment of about 140,000 (0.4\%) jobs, which are mainly driven by a sharp decline of marginal employment (‘mini-jobs’), while we do not find pronounced significant effects for regular employment in most specifications. Our results are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests.},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/labeco/v53y2018icp46-62.html}
}
@TechReport{Caliendo2017wp,
author={Caliendo, Marco and Fedorets, Alexandra and Preuß, Malte and Schr{\"o}der, Carsten and Wittbrodt, Linda},
title={{The Short-Run Employment Effects of the German Minimum Wage Reform}},
year=2017,
month=Dec,
institution={Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)},
type={IZA Discussion Papers},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp11190.html},
number={11190},
abstract={We assess the short-term employment effects of the introduction of a national statutory minimum wage in Germany in 2015. For this purpose, we exploit variation in the regional treatment intensity, assuming that the stronger a minimum wage \"bites\" into the regional wage distribution, the stronger the regional labour market will be affected. In contrast to previous studies, we draw upon detailed individual wage data from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) 2014 and combine it with administrative information on regional employment. Moreover, using the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we are able to affirm the absence of anticipation effects and verify the assumption of a common trend in wages before the reform. Based on hourly wages, we compute two regional bite indicators – the share of affected employees and the Kaitz index – for 141 regional labour markets. In order to get a broader picture, we construct and compare a variety of these measures, including a bite based on full-time workers only. All of these display a considerably strong correlation. Overall, we do not find a pronounced significant effect on regular (full- and part-time) employment in most specifications, although some estimations yield a small significant reduction amounting to 78,000 (roughly 0.3\% of all regular jobs). The results concerning marginal employment are more pronounced. We find evidence that mini-jobs dropped substantially from 2014 to 2015, making for a reduction of about 180,000 jobs (about 2.4\% of all mini-jobs). This result is robust to a variety of sensitivity tests.},
keywords={minimum wage; regional bite; employment effects},
doi={},
}
@TECHREPORT{Bossler2016,
title = {Employment effects of the new German minimum wage: evidence from establishment-level micro data},
author = {Bossler, Mario and Gerner, Hans-Dieter},
year = {2016},
month = {10},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), N{\"u}rnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany]},
type = {IAB Discussion Paper},
number = {201610},
abstract = {"In Germany a new statutory minimum wage of EURO 8.50 per hour of work was introduced on 1 January 2015. We identify employment effects using variation in the establishment-level affectedness. The data allow us to address anticipatory wage adjustments as well as spillover effects within and across workplaces. Difference-indifferences estimation reveals an increase in average wages by 4.8 percent and an employment reduction by about 1.9 percent in affected establishments. These estimates imply an employment elasticity with respect to wages of about -0.3. Looking at the associated labor flows, the employment effect seems mostly driven by a reduction in hires but also by a small increase in separations. Moreover, the employment neutral turnover rate decreases. When analyzing alternative adjustment margins, we observe a reduction in the typical contracted working hours but no effects on freelance employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))},
keywords = {Mindestlohn; Besch{\"a}ftigungseffekte; IAB-Betriebspanel; Besch{\"a}ftigerverhalten; Lohnh{\"o}he; Besch{\"a}ftigungsform; Personalanpassung; Arbeitszeit; Selbst{\"a}ndige},
url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:iab:iabdpa:201610}
}
@TechReport{Muller2010,
author={M{\"u}ller, Kai-Uwe and Steiner, Viktor},
title={{Labor market and income effects of a legal minimum wage in Germany}},
year=2010,
month=11,
institution={Free University Berlin, School of Business \& Economics},
type={Discussion Papers},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/fubsbe/201011.html},
number={2010/11},
abstract={In view of rising wage and income inequality, the introduction of a legal minimum wage has recently become an important policy issue in Germany. We analyze the distributional effects of a nationwide legal minimum wage of 7.50 € per hour on the basis of a microsimulation model which accounts for the complex interactions between individual wages, the tax-benefit system and net household incomes, also taking into account potential employment effects as well as indirect effects on consumption. Simulation results show that the minimum wage would be rather ineffective in raising net household incomes and reducing income inequality, even if it led to a substantial increase in hourly wages at the bottom of the wage distribution. The ineffectiveness of a minimum wage in Germany is mainly due to the existing system of means-tested income support and the position of minimum wage earners in the income distribution.},
keywords={minimum wage; wage distribution; employment effects; income distribution; inequality; microsimulatio},
doi={},
}
@TECHREPORT{Knabe2008,
title = {Minimum Wage Incidence: The Case for Germany},
author = {Knabe, Andreas and Sch{\"o}b, Ronnie},
year = {2008},
institution = {CESifo Group Munich},
type = {CESifo Working Paper Series},
number = {2432},
abstract = {Using data from the 2006 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), this paper analyzes how a minimum wage affects employment, wage inequality, public expenditures, and aggregate income in the low-wage sector. It is shown that a statutory minimum wage of EUR 7.50 per hour would cost 840,000 low-paid jobs and increases the fiscal burden by about EUR 4 billion per year, while household income rises only by EUR 1.1 billion per year. Poor households, i.e. those eligible for Unemployment Benefits II, do not benefit from a minimum wage at all. Comparing the effects of a minimum wage with different types of wage subsidies that require the same additional public expenditures, the government can ensure more favorable employment – depending on the subsidies’ incidence – and income effects. Wage subsidies also allow a more equal income distribution than statutory minimum wages. Combining a minimum wage with a wage subsidy, similar to the French minimum wage system, is extremely costly while such a policy is inferior to wage subsidies in all respects.},
keywords = {minimum wage incidence; statutory minimum wage; welfare system; wage subsidies},
url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ces:ceswps:_2432}
}
@article{Bauer2009,
author = {Thomas K. Bauer and Jochen Kluve and Sandra Schaffner and Christoph M. Schmidt},
year = {2009},
title = {Fiscal Effects of Minimum Wages: An Analysis for Germany},
journal = {German Economic Review},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {224-242},
keywords = {H60, J31, J88, Minimum wages, employment, public budget, fiscal effects},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00467.x},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00467.x},
eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00467.x},
abstract = {Abstract. Against the background of the current discussion of statutory minimum wages in Germany, this paper analyzes the potential employment and fiscal effects of such a policy. Based on estimated labor demand elasticities obtained from a structural labor demand model, the empirical results imply that minimum wages in Germany will be associated with significant employment losses among marginal and low‐ and semi‐skilled full‐time workers. Even though minimum wages will lead to increased public revenues from income taxes and social security benefits, they will result in a significant fiscal burden, due to increased unemployment benefits and decreased revenues from corporate taxes.}
}
@TECHREPORT{Bachmann2008,
title = {Mindestl{\"o}hne in Deutschland: Besch{\"a}ftigungswirkungen und fiskalische Effekte},
author = {Bachmann, Ronald and Bauer, Thomas and Kluve, Jochen and Schaffner, Sandra and Schmidt, Christoph},
year = {2008},
institution = {RWI - Leibniz-Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung},
type = {RWI Materialien},
number = {43},
abstract = {In Deutschland wird bereits seit einiger Zeit eine lebhafte Debatte um die Einf{\"u}hrung von Mindestl{\"o}hnen gef{\"u}hrt. Kritiker des Mindestlohns verweisen insbesondere auf zu erwartende erhebliche Besch{\"a}ftigungsverluste durch Einf{\"u}hrung einer Lohnuntergrenze, Bef{\"u}rworter dagegen argumentieren mit erh{\"o}hter Kaufkraft der Arbeitnehmer bei gleichbleibender oder gar erh{\"o}hter Besch{\"a}ftigung durch eine Reduzierung der Marktmacht von Arbeitgebern. Die neoklassische Arbeitsmarkttheorie st{\"u}tzt das erstgenannte Argument, die Theorie des monopsonistischen Arbeitsmarktes das letztgenannte, so dass auf rein theoretischer Basis eine eindeutige Vorhersage der Wirkungen eines Mindestlohns nicht m{\"o}glich ist. Daher wird in der Debatte oft auf empirische Studien aus anderen L{\"a}ndern verwiesen, in denen Mindestl{\"o}hne bereits in Kraft sind. Obwohl die Mehrzahl dieser Studien Evidenz f{\"u}r Besch{\"a}ftigungsverluste findet, sind die Ergebnisse uneinheitlich und insbesondere aufgrund des jeweils spezifischen Arbeitsmarktkontextes nicht unmittelbar auf Deutschland {\"u}bertragbar. F{\"u}r Deutschland selbst existieren an wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten bislang nur eine Studie zum Mindestlohn im Baugewerbe sowie einige Simulationsrechnungen zu Auswirkungen von Lohnuntergrenzen. Die vorliegende Arbeit erg{\"a}nzt die bisherigen Erkenntnisse zu Mindestl{\"o}hnen in Deutschland wesentlich und bringt neue Ergebnisse in die Debatte ein. Dies erfolgt in zwei zentralen Schritten. Zum einen liefert der Beitrag eine detaillierte Analyse der Auswirkungen verschiedener Mindestlohnh{\"o}hen auf die Besch{\"a}ftigung einzelner Arbeitnehmergruppen sowie die {\"o}ffentlichen Finanzen. Diese Simulationsrechnungen basieren dabei im Gegensatz zur existierenden Literatur in Deutschland nicht schlicht auf gesetzten Annahmen, sondern auf {\"o}konometrisch gesch{\"a}tzten Arbeitsnachfrageelastizit{\"a}ten. Die dergestalt ermittelten Besch{\"a}ftigungseffekte verbinden wir mit den Auswirkungen auf Einkommensteueraufkommen, Sozialversicherung, Unternehmenssteuer und Transferleistungsbezug (ALG I, ALG II, sowie Aufstocker), um so die gesamten fiskalischen Effekte potenzieller Mindestlohnregelungen abzubilden. In einem zweiten Schritt erg{\"a}nzen wir diese Analyse durch eine aktuelle Unternehmensbefragung in acht Branchen: Friseurhandwerk, Wachgewerbe, Kfz-Handwerk, Einzelhandel (Herrenausstatter), Floristik, Sanit{\"a}rtechnik, Großhandel (Baum{\"a}rkte), und Gastst{\"a}tten Neben der Einsch{\"a}tzung von Mindestlohnregelungen steht hierbei insbesondere die Frage im Vordergrund, welche Auswirkungen auf betrieblicher Ebene durch Lohnuntergrenzen zu erwarten sind.},
url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:zbw:rwimat:43}
}
@ARTICLE{Ragnitz2007,
title = {The empirical relevance of minimum wages for the low-wage sector},
author = {Ragnitz, Joachim and Thum, Marcel},
year = {2007},
journal = {CESifo Forum},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {35-37},
keywords = {Niedriglohn; Mindestlohn; Wirtschaftlichkeit; Arbeitsplatz; Deutschland; Low wages; Minimum wage; Economic effectiveness; Job; Germany},
url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ces:ifofor:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:35-37}
}
@article{Dustmann2014,
Author = {Dustmann, Christian and Fitzenberger, Bernd and Sch{\"o}nberg, Uta and Spitz-Oener, Alexandra},
Title = {From Sick Man of Europe to Economic Superstar: Germany's Resurgent Economy},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Volume = {28},
Number = {1},
Year = {2014},
Month = {February},
Pages = {167-88},
DOI = {10.1257/jep.28.1.167},
URL = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.28.1.167}}
@TechReport{Weinkopf2015,
author = {Weinkopf, Claudia},
year = {2015},
month = {09},
pages = {97-110},
title = {The bumpy road to a national minimum wage in Germany - toward revitalizing collective bargaining},
institution = {Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung}
}
@TechReport{Bersch2014,
author={Bersch, Johannes and Gottschalk, Sandra and M{\"u}ller, Bettina and Niefert, Michaela},
title={{The Mannheim Enterprise Panel (MUP) and firm statistics for Germany}},
year=2014,
month=1,
institution={ZEW},
type={ZEW Discussion Papers},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/zewdip/14104.html},
number={14-104},
abstract={The Mannheim Enterprise Panel (Mannheimer Unternehmenspanel - MUP) of the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) is the most comprehensive micro database of companies in Germany outside the official business register (which is not accessible to the public). The MUP is based on the firm data pool of Creditreform e.V., which is the largest credit rating agency in Germany. At the end of 2013, the MUP contained information on 7.7 Mio firms, of which about 3.2 Mio were still active. Comparisons of the active stock of firms in the MUP with the Business Register of the Federal Statistical Office indicate that the MUP gives by and large a representative picture of the corporate landscape in Germany. The MUP is a valuable database for analyzing the number of start-ups and firm closures on a yearly basis for Germany. Further, the MUP is the sampling frame for the ZEW firm surveys and it is used for analyzing the development of firms over time.},
keywords={firm data; start-ups; firm closures; stock of firms in Germany},
doi={},
}
@phdthesis{Steven2017,
author = {Steven Vanhaverbeke},
title = {Disclosure and financial reporting regulation},
school = {KU Leuven},
year = 2017,
address = {Leuven, Belgium},
month = 5,
}
@article{Feliciano1998,
ISSN = {00945056, 19394632},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40325835},
author = {Zadia M. Feliciano},
journal = {Eastern Economic Journal},
number = {2},
pages = {165--180},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan Journals},
title = {Does the Minimum Wage Affect Employment in Mexico?},
volume = {24},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Metcalf2008,
author = {David Metcalf},
title ={Why has the British National Minimum Wage had Little or No Impact on Employment?},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Relations},
volume = {50},
number = {3},
pages = {489-512},
year = {2008},
doi = {10.1177/0022185608090003},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185608090003},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185608090003},
abstract = { A century has passed since the first call for a British national minimum wage (NMW). The NMW was finally introduced in 1999. It has raised the real and relative pay of low wage workers, narrowed the gender pay gap and now covers around 1-worker-in-10. The consequences for employment have been extensively analysed using information on individuals, areas and firms. There is little or no evidence of any employment effects. The reasons for this include: an impact on hours rather than workers; employer wage setting and labour market frictions; offsets via the tax credit system; incomplete compliance; improvements in productivity; an increase in the relative price of minimum wage-produced consumer services; and a reduction in the relative profits of firms employing low paid workers. }
}
@article{Machin2003,
abstract = {Between 1993 and April 1999 there was no minimum wage in the United Kingdom (except in agriculture). In this paper we study the effects of the introduction of a National Minimum Wage (NMW) in April 1999 on one heavily affected sector, the residential care homes industry. This sector contains a large number of low paid workers and as such can be viewed as being very vulnerable to minimum wage legislation. We look at the impact on both wages and employment. Our results suggest that the minimum wage raised the wages of a large number of care home workers, causing a very big wage compression of the lower end of the wage distribution, thereby strongly reducing wage inequality. There is some evidence of employment and hours reductions after the minimum wage introduction, though the estimated effects are not that sizable given how heavily the wage structure was affected.},
author = {Machin, Stephen and Manning, Alan and Rahman, Lupin},
doi = {10.1162/154247603322256792},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/u0091548.LUNA/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Machin, Manning, Rahman - 2003 - Where the minimum wage bites hard the introduction of the UK National Minimum Wage to a low wage sector.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {15424766},
issn = {1542-4766},
journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
keywords = {++},
number = {1},
pages = {154--180},
title = {{Where the minimum wage bites hard: the introduction of the UK National Minimum Wage to a low wage sector}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1162/154247603322256792/pdf},
volume = {1},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Long2016,
title = "How do firms respond to minimum wage regulation in China? Evidence from Chinese private firms",
journal = "China Economic Review",
volume = "38",
pages = "267 - 284",
year = "2016",
issn = "1043-951X",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.01.003",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043951X16000043",
author = "Cheryl Long and Jin Yang",
keywords = "Minimum wage regulation, Offsetting behavior, China"
}
@article{Yamada2016,
title = "Tracing the impact of large minimum wage changes on household welfare in Indonesia",
journal = "European Economic Review",
volume = "87",
pages = "287 - 303",
year = "2016",
issn = "0014-2921",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.05.008",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292116301015",
author = "Ken Yamada",
keywords = "Minimum wage, Earnings and consumption inequality, Formal and informal employment, Household welfare, Quantile regression"
}
@article{Lemos2009,
title = "Minimum wage effects in a developing country",
journal = "Labour Economics",
volume = "16",
number = "2",
pages = "224 - 237",
year = "2009",
issn = "0927-5371",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2008.07.003",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537108000547",
author = "Sara Lemos",
keywords = "Minimum wage, Labour costs, Employment, Informal sector, Brazil"
}
@article {Comola2011,
author = {Comola, Margherita and De Mello, Luiz},
title = {HOW DOES DECENTRALIZED MINIMUM WAGE SETTING AFFECT EMPLOYMENT AND INFORMALITY? THE CASE OF INDONESIA},
journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},
volume = {57},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
issn = {1475-4991},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2011.00451.x},
doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4991.2011.00451.x},
pages = {S79--S99},
keywords = {J23, J31, J64, Indonesia, minimum wage, informality, employment, unemployment},
year = {2011},
}
@article {Hirsch2015,
author = {Hirsch, Barry T. and Kaufman, Bruce E. and Zelenska, Tetyana},
title = {Minimum Wage Channels of Adjustment},
journal = {Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society},
volume = {54},
number = {2},
issn = {1468-232X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irel.12091},
doi = {10.1111/irel.12091},
pages = {199--239},
year = {2015},
}
@article{Allegretto2018,
author = {Sylvia Allegretto and Michael Reich},
title ={Are Local Minimum Wages Absorbed by Price Increases? Estimates from Internet-Based Restaurant Menus},
journal = {ILR Review},
volume = {71},
number = {1},
pages = {35-63},
year = {2018},
doi = {10.1177/0019793917713735},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793917713735},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793917713735},
abstract = { The authors analyze 884 Internet-based restaurant menus from inside and outside San Jose, California, which they collected before and after the city implemented a 25\% minimum wage increase in 2013. Their findings suggest that nearly all of the cost increase was passed through to consumers, as prices rose 1.45\% on average. Minimum wage price elasticities averaged 0.058 for all restaurants and ranged from 0.044 to 0.109, depending on the type of restaurant. The authors’ estimate of payroll cost increases net of turnover savings is consistent with these findings. Equally important, border effects for restaurants are smaller than is often conjectured. Price differences among restaurants that are one-half mile from either side of the policy border are not competed away, indicating that restaurant demand is spatially inelastic. These results imply that citywide minimum wage policies need not result in substantive negative employment effects nor shifts of economic activity to nearby areas. }
}
@article{Pratomo2016,
abstract = {Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of minimum wage on youth employment across employment statuses in Indonesia. This study uses the National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) from 2010 to 2012. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a multinomial logit model to see the youth distribution across different employment status changes as a result of an increase in the minimum wage. Five categories of youth employment statuses are examined including self-employed; unpaid family workers; paid employees in the covered sector; paid employees in the uncovered sectors; and unemployed. The model is examined separately for urban and rural areas, as well as for the male and female youth labour market. Findings – The results generally suggest that an increase in minimum wage decrease the probability of youth being employed in the covered sector, i.e. paid employment in the covered sector and increase the probability of youth being employed in the uncovered sectors, including self-employed, unpaid family workers, and paid employment in the uncovered sectors. This study indicates a displacement effect for youths from the covered sector into the uncovered sector as suggested by the two-sector model. The specific results are different across urban and rural labour markets, as well as across males and females. Originality/value – Compared to the developed country studies, the studies on the effects of minimum wage on youth employment in developing countries is relatively limited. The sample from Indonesian labour market with a large informal sector has never been used for these purposes. This study also contributes to the literature by using the particular definition of the covered-uncovered sector to the Indonesian labour market based on the employment status and individual wage data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
author = {Pratomo, Devanto Shasta},
doi = {10.1108/JES-07-2014-0131},
isbn = {0120130009},
issn = {0144-3585},
journal = {Journal of Economic Studies},
title = {{How does the minimum wage affect employment statuses of youths?: evidence of Indonesia}},
year = {2016}
}
@article {Allegretto2011,
author = {Allegretto, Sylvia A. and Dube, Arindrajit and Reich, Michael},
title = {Do Minimum Wages Really Reduce Teen Employment? Accounting for Heterogeneity and Selectivity in State Panel Data},
journal = {Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society},
volume = {50},
number = {2},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
issn = {1468-232X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00634.x},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00634.x},
pages = {205--240},
year = {2011},
}
@article{BLS2013,
author = {{Bureau of Labor Statistics}},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/A profile of the working poor 2011 - BLS.pdf:pdf},
title = {{A Profile of the Working Poor, 2011}},
type ={BLS Reports},
number={1041},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Brady2010,
abstract = {Despite its centrality to contemporary inequality, working poverty is often popularly discussed but rarely studied by sociologists. Using the Luxembourg Income Study (2009), we analyze whether an individual is working poor across 18 affluent democracies circa 2000. We demonstrate that working poverty does not simply mirror overall poverty and that there is greater cross-national variation in working than overall poverty. We then examine four explanations for working poverty: demographic characteristics, economic performance, unified theory, and welfare generosity. We utilize Heckman probit models to jointly model the likelihood of employment and poverty among the employed. Our analyses provide the least support for the economic performance explanation. There is modest support for unified theory as unionization reduces working poverty in some models. However, most of these effects appear to be mediated by welfare generosity. More substantial evidence exists for the demographic characteristics and welfare generosity explanations. An individual's likelihood of being working poor can be explained by (a) a lack of multiple earners or other adults in one's household, low education, single motherhood, having children and youth; and (b) the generosity of the welfare state in which he or she resides. Also, welfare generosity does not undermine employment and reduces working poverty even among demographically vulnerable groups. Ultimately, we encourage a greater role for the welfare state in debates about working poverty.},
author = {Brady, David and Fullerton, Andrew S and Cross, Jennifer Moren},
doi = {10.1525/sp.2010.57.4.559},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/Bradyetal2010.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0037-7791 (Print)$\backslash$r0037-7791 (Linking)},
issn = {00377791},
journal = {Social problems},
keywords = {labor markets,poverty,social policy,work,working poor},
number = {4},
pages = {559--585},
pmid = {20976971},
title = {{More than just nickels and dimes: a cross-national analysis of working poverty in affluent democracies}},
volume = {57},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Macrosty1898,
annote = {MW led to increase of labour productivity (strong dockworkers instead of wretches)
MW tied to prices (mining)
Higher MW reduces wage erosion due to labour competition from poorer regions
Government contracts only awarded if wages paid by contractor are sufficiently high.
Public sentiment played an essential role.},
author = {Macrosty, Henry W.},
doi = {10.2307/2140048},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/The Recent History of the Living Wage Movement - Macrosty 1898.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0032-3195},
journal = {Political Science Quarterly},
number = {3},
pages = {413--441},
title = {{The Recent History of the Living Wage Movement}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2140048{\%}5Cnhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2140048.pdf?acceptTC=true},
volume = {13},
year = {1898}
}
@article{Bonica2014,
ISSN = {00925853, 15405907},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/24363491},
abstract = {I develop a method to measure the ideology of candidates and contributors using campaign finance data. Combined with a data set of over 100 million contribution records from state and federal elections, the method estimates ideal points for an expansive range of political actors. The common pool of contributors who give across institutions and levels of politics makes it possible to recover a unified set of ideological measures for members of Congress, the president and executive branch, state legislators, governors, and other state officials, as well as the interest groups and individuals who make political donations. Since candidates fundraise regardless of incumbency status, the method estimates ideal points for both incumbents and nonincumbents. After establishing measure validity and addressing issues concerning strategic behavior, I present results for a variety of political actors and discuss several promising avenues of research made possible by the new measures.},
author = {Adam Bonica},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {2},
pages = {367-386},
publisher = {[Midwest Political Science Association, Wiley]},
title = {Mapping the Ideological Marketplace},
volume = {58},
year = {2014}
}
@TECHREPORT{Wursten2017,
title = {The employment elasticity of the minimum wage. Is it just politics after all?},
author = {Wursten, Jesse},
year = {2017},
institution = {KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business},
type = {Working Papers Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy and Innovation (MSI)},
number = {591940},
abstract = {The effect of minimum wages on employment is highly disputed. The main questions in the literature are on how to deal with spatial heterogeneity and dynamics. We use statistical (multi-factor error models) and economic (political ideology as control variable) methods to address the first. Furthermore, we extend the models to a dynamic setting to estimate more long term effects. We find that these enriched models all suggest there are no economically significant negative employment effects attached to moderate increases in the minimum wage.},
keywords = {economics; labour market; minimum wages; employment},
url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ete:msiper:591940}
}
@article{Richard2014,
author= {Pidles, Richard H.},
title={Romanticizing Democracy, Political Fragmentation, and the Decline of American Government Feature},
journal={Yale Law Journal},
volume={124},
pages={804},
year={2014},
}
@article{McGhee2014,
ISSN = {00925853, 15405907},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/24363489},
abstract = {Many theoretical and empirical accounts of representation argue that primary elections are a polarizing influence. Likewise, many reformers advocate opening party nominations to nonmembers as a way of increasing the number of moderate elected officials. Data and measurement constraints, however, have limited the range of empirical tests of this argument. We marry a unique new data set of state legislator ideal points to a detailed accounting of primary systems in the United States to gauge the effect of primary systems on polarization. We find that the openness of a primary election has little, if any, effect on the extremism of the politicians it produces.},
author = {Eric McGhee and Seth Masket and Boris Shor and Steven Rogers and Nolan McCarty},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {2},
pages = {337-351},
publisher = {[Midwest Political Science Association, Wiley]},
title = {A Primary Cause of Partisanship? Nomination Systems and Legislator Ideology},
volume = {58},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Stigler1946,
ISSN = {00028282},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1801842},
author = {George J. Stigler},
journal = {The American Economic Review},
number = {3},
pages = {358-365},
publisher = {American Economic Association},
title = {The Economics of Minimum Wage Legislation},
volume = {36},
year = {1946}
}
@TechReport{Ipums2017,
author = {Flood, Sarah and King, Miriam and Ruggles, Steven and Warren, Robert J.},
type = {Dataset},
institution = {Minneapolis: University of Minnesota},
title = {Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 5.0},
doi = {10.18128/D030.V5.0},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Dube2016a,
abstract = {We provide the first estimates of the effects of minimum wages on employment flows in the US labor market, identifying the impact by using policy discontinuities at state borders. We find that minimum wages have a sizable negative effect on employment flows but not on stocks. Separations and accessions fall among affected workers, especially those with low tenure. We do not find changes in the duration of nonemployment for separations or hires. This evidence is consistent with search models with endogenous separations.},
author = {Dube, Arindrajit and Lester, T. William and Reich, Michael},
doi = {10.1086/685449},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/DLR2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0734-306X},
journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
number = {3},
pages = {663--704},
title = {{Minimum Wage Shocks, Employment Flows, and Labor Market Frictions}},
url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/685449},
volume = {34},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Neumark2014a,
author = {Neumark, David and Salas, J. M. Ian and Wascher, William},
doi = {10.1177/00197939140670S307},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/neumark2014 baby bathwater.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0019-7939},
journal = {ILR Review},
month = {may},
number = {3{\_}suppl},
pages = {608--648},
title = {{Revisiting the Minimum Wage—Employment Debate: Throwing Out the Baby with the Bathwater?}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00197939140670S307},
volume = {67},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Allegretto2013,
abstract = {We assess alternative research designs for minimum wage studies. States in the U.S. with larger minimum wage increases differ from others in business cycle severity, increased inequality and polarization, political economy, and regional distribution. The resulting time-varying heterogeneity biases the canonical two-way fixed effects estimator. We consider alternatives including border discontinuity designs, dynamic panel data models, and the synthetic control estimator. Results from four datasets and six approaches all suggest employment effects are small. Covariates are more similar in neighboring counties, and the synthetic control estimator assigns greater weights to nearby donors. These findings also support using local area controls.},
annote = {Notes the difference in democratic tendencies. Uses GMM},
author = {Allegretto, Sylvia and Dube, Arindrajit and Reich, Michael and Zipperer, Ben},
doi = {DOI:},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/u0091548.LUNA/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Allegretto et al. - 2013 - Credible Research Designs for Minimum Wage Studies.pdf:pdf},
journal = {IZA Discussion Paper Series},
keywords = {border discontinuity,minimum wage,policy evaluation,youth employment},
number = {7638},
pages = {1--79},
title = {{Credible Research Designs for Minimum Wage Studies}},
url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp7638.html},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Allegretto2017,
author = {Allegretto, Sylvia and Dube, Arindrajit and Reich, Michael and Zipperer, Ben},
doi = {10.1177/0019793917692788},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/adrz2017.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {7638},
issn = {0019-7939},
journal = {ILR Review},
keywords = {border discontinuity,minimum wage,policy evaluation,youth employment},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {559--592},
title = {{Credible Research Designs for Minimum Wage Studies: A Response to Neumark, Salas, and Wascher}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793917692788},
volume = {70},
year = {2017}
}
@article {Liu2016,
author = {Liu, Shanshan and Hyclak, Thomas J. and Regmi, Krishna},
title = {Impact of the Minimum Wage on Youth Labor Markets},
journal = {LABOUR},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
issn = {1467-9914},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/labr.12071},
doi = {10.1111/labr.12071},
pages = {18--37},
keywords = {J21, J23, J38, J63},
year = {2016},
}
@article{Neumark2017,
annote = {Argue that it would be better to include the potentially omitted variables than to proxy statistically.
Disagree with using local controls.},
author = {Neumark, David and Wascher, William},
doi = {10.1177/0019793917698429},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/Reply to credible research designs - Neumark Wascher 2017.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0019-7939},
journal = {ILR Review},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {593--609},
title = {{Reply to “Credible Research Designs for Minimum Wage Studies”}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793917698429},
volume = {70},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Autor2016,
Author = {Autor, David H. and Manning, Alan and Smith, Christopher L.},
Title = {The Contribution of the Minimum Wage to US Wage Inequality over Three Decades: A Reassessment},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
Pages = {58-99},
DOI = {10.1257/app.20140073},
URL = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20140073}}
@article{Battista2012,
abstract = {We present a new unified dataset of common-space ideal points, committee assignments, and financial interests for all state legislators in 1999. We describe the compilation of the dataset and offer a few possible applications.},
author = {Battista, James C. and Peress, Michael and Richman, Jesse},
doi = {10.1177/1532440012455525},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/common space ideal points discussion.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1532-4400},
journal = {State Politics {\&} Policy Quarterly},
keywords = {committee assignments,common space,financial interests,ideal point,state legislatures},
number = {1},
pages = {70--87},
title = {{Common-Space Ideal Points, Committee Assignments, and Financial Interests in the State Legislatures}},
volume = {13},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Bjornskov2013,
abstract = {We investigate empirically how party ideology influences size and scope of government as measured by the size of government, tax structure, and labor market regulation. Our dataset comprises 49 US states over the 1993-2009 period. We employ the new data on the ideological mapping of US legislatures by Shor and McCarty (2011) that considers spatial and temporal differences in Democratic and Republican Party ideology. We distinguish between three types of divided government: overall divided government, proposal division, and approval division. The main result suggests that Republican governors have been more active in deregulating labor markets. We find that ideology-induced policies were counteracted under overall divided government and proposal division.},
annote = {Mention that Shor {\&} McCarty measure is meant to be consistent across time {\&} space},
author = {Bj{\o}rnskov, Christian and Potrafke, Niklas},
doi = {10.1007/s10797-013-9284-x},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/sizeandscope of us government.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09275940},
journal = {International Tax and Public Finance},
keywords = {Political ideology,Size and scope of government,US states},
number = {4},
pages = {687--714},
title = {{The size and scope of government in the US states: Does party ideology matter?}},
volume = {20},
year = {2013}
}
@Article{Moon2015,
author={Hyungsik Roger Moon and Martin Weidner},
title={{Linear Regression for Panel With Unknown Number of Factors as Interactive Fixed Effects}},
journal={Econometrica},
year=2015,
volume={83},
number={4},
pages={1543-1579},
month={07},
keywords={},
doi={},
abstract={ In this paper, we study the least squares (LS) estimator in a linear panel regression model with unknown number of factors appearing as interactive fixed effects. Assuming that the number of factors used in estimation is larger than the true number of factors in the data, we establish the limiting distribution of the LS estimator for the regression coefficients as the number of time periods and the number of cross‐sectional units jointly go to infinity. The main result of the paper is that under certain assumptions, the limiting distribution of the LS estimator is independent of the number of factors used in the estimation as long as this number is not underestimated. The important practical implication of this result is that for inference on the regression coefficients, one does not necessarily need to estimate the number of interactive fixed effects consistently.},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/emetrp/v83y2015i4p1543-1579.html}
}
@Misc{Gomez2015,
author={Matthieu Gomez},
title={{REGIFE: Stata module to estimate linear models with interactive fixed effects}},
year=2015,
month=Jul,
howpublished={Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics},
abstract={regife fits a model with interactive fixed effects following Bai (Econometrica, 2009). Optionally, it saves the estimated factors. Errors are computed following the regressions indicated in Section 6, but Monte Carlo evidence suggest bootstraps performs better in finite sample. The program requires reghdfe and hdfe to be installed from SSC.},
keywords={interactive fixed effects; Bai},
doi={},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s458042.html},
}
@article{Shor2011,
abstract = {The development and elaboration of the spatial theory of voting has contributed greatly to the study of legislative decision making and elections. Statistical models that estimate the spatial locations of individual decision-makers have made a key contribution to this success. Spatial models have been estimated for the U.S. Congress, the Supreme Court, U.S. presidents, a large number of non-U.S. legislatures, and supranational organizations. Yet one potentially fruitful laboratory for testing spatial theories, the individual U.S. states, has remained relatively unexploited, for two reasons. First, state legislative roll call data have not yet been systematically collected for all states over time. Second, because ideal point models are based on latent scales, comparisons of ideal points across states or even between chambers within a state are difficult. This article reports substantial progress on both fronts. First, we have obtained the roll call voting data for all state legislatures from the mid-1990s onward. Second, we exploit a recurring survey of state legislative candidates to allowcomparisons across time, chambers, and states as well as with the U.S. Congress. The resulting mapping of America's state legislatures has great potential to address numerous questions not only about state politics and policymaking, but also about legislative politics in general.},
annote = {To summarise a state, how do we aggregate over politicians and chambers?},
author = {Shor, Boris and McCarty, Nolan M.},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055411000153},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/u0091548.LUNA/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Shor, McCarty - 2011 - The Ideological Mapping of American Legislatures.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1537-5943},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {political data,state legislatures,us},
mendeley-groups = {MW Prices},
mendeley-tags = {political data,state legislatures,us},
number = {August},
pages = {530--551},
pmid = {887896211},
title = {{The Ideological Mapping of American Legislatures}},
volume = {105},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Moon2017,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater} We analyze linear panel regression models with interactive fixed effects and predetermined regressors, for example lagged-dependent variables. The first-order asymptotic theory of the least squares (LS) estimator of the regression coefficients is worked out in the limit where both the cross-sectional dimension and the number of time periods become large. We find two sources of asymptotic bias of the LS estimator: bias due to correlation or heteroscedasticity of the idiosyncratic error term, and bias due to predetermined (as opposed to strictly exogenous) regressors. We provide a bias-corrected LS estimator. We also present bias-corrected versions of the three classical test statistics (Wald, LR, and LM test) and show their asymptotic distribution is a $\chi$ {\textless}sup{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} -distribution. Monte Carlo simulations show the bias correction of the LS estimator and of the test statistics also work well for finite sample sizes. {\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Moon, Hyungsik Roger and Weidner, Martin},
doi = {10.1017/S0266466615000328},
file = {:Z$\backslash$:/Minimum Wage Project/Paperwork/Papers/dynamic{\_}linear{\_}panel{\_}regression{\_}models{\_}with{\_}interactive{\_}fixed{\_}effects.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0266-4666},
journal = {Econometric Theory},
number = {01},
pages = {158--195},
title = {{Dynamic Linear Panel Regression Models With Interactive Fixed Effects}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0266466615000328},
volume = {33},
year = {2017}
}
@TechReport{Chudik2013,
author = {Chudik, Alexander and Mohaddes, Kamiar and {Hashem Pesaran}, M and Raissi, Mehdi},
number = {162},
type = {Working Paper},
institution = {Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas},
title = {{Debt, Inflation and Growth Robust Estimation of Long-Run Effects in Dynamic Panel Data Models}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Chudik2015,
abstract = {This paper extends the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) approach developed by Pesaran (2006) to heterogeneous panel data models with lagged dependent variables and/or weakly exogenous regressors. We show that the CCE mean group estimator continues to be valid but the following two conditions must be satisfied to deal with the dynamics: a sufficient number of lags of cross section averages must be included in individual equations of the panel, and the number of cross section averages must be at least as large as the number of unobserved common factors. We establish consistency rates, derive the asymptotic distribution, suggest using covariates to deal with the effects of multiple unobserved common factors, and consider jackknife and recursive de-meaning bias correction procedures to mitigate the small sample time series bias. Theoretical findings are accompanied by extensive Monte Carlo experiments, which show that the proposed estimators perform well so long as the time series dimension of the panel is sufficiently large.},
author = {Chudik, Alexander and Pesaran, M. Hashem},
doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.03.007},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/u0091548.LUNA/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chudik, Pesaran - 2015 - Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel data models with weakly exogenous regressor.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0304-4076},
issn = {18726895},
journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
keywords = {Coefficient heterogeneity,Common correlated effects,Cross section dependence,Estimation and inference,Lagged dependent variable,Large panels,Unobserved common factors},
number = {2},
pages = {393--420},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel data models with weakly exogenous regressors}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.03.007},
volume = {188},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Neumark2000,
Author = {Neumark, David and Wascher, William},
Title = {Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Comment},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Volume = {90},
Number = {5},
Year = {2000},
Month = {December},
Pages = {1362-1396},
DOI = {10.1257/aer.90.5.1362},
URL = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.90.5.1362}}
@article {Ropponen2011,
author = {Ropponen, Olli},
title = {Reconciling the evidence of Card and Krueger (1994) and Neumark and Wascher (2000)},
journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
issn = {1099-1255},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jae.1258},
doi = {10.1002/jae.1258},
pages = {1051--1057},
year = {2011},
}
@ARTICLE{Dube2007,
title = {The Economic Effects of a Citywide Minimum Wage},
author = {Dube, Arindrajit and Naidu, Suresh and Reich, Michael},
year = {2007},
journal = {ILR Review},
volume = {60},
number = {4},
pages = {522-543},
abstract = {This paper presents the first study of the economic effects of a citywide minimum wage—San Francisco's adoption of an indexed minimum wage, set at $8.50 in 2004 and $9.14 by 2007. Compared to earlier benchmark studies by Card and Krueger and by Neumark and Wascher, this study surveys table-service as well as fast-food restaurants, includes more control groups, and collects data for more outcomes. The authors find that the policy increased worker pay and compressed wage inequality, but did not create any detectable employment loss among affected restaurants. The authors also find smaller amounts of measurement error than characterized the earlier studies, and so they can reject previous negative employment estimates with greater confidence. Fast-food and table-service restaurants responded differently to the policy, with a small price increase and substantial increases in job tenure and in the proportion of full-time workers among fast-food restaurants, but not among table-service restaurants.},
url = {http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:sae:ilrrev:v:60:y:2007:i:4:p:522-543}
}
@article{Card2000,
ISSN = {00028282},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2677856},
author = {David Card and Alan B. Krueger},
journal = {The American Economic Review},
number = {5},
pages = {1397-1420},
publisher = {American Economic Association},
title = {Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply},
volume = {90},
year = {2000}
}
@ARTICLE{Grossman1983,
title = {The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Other Wages},
author = {Grossman, Jean Baldwin},
year = {1983},
journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
volume = {18},
number = {3},
pages = {359-378},
abstract = {In this paper I explore how changes in the minimum wage affect various occupational wages. I postulate that other wages increase for two reasons: first, firms try to mitigate the deterioration in a worker's relative wage which would cause him to reduce his work effort, and second, there is an increase in the demand for nonminimum wage workers. Wage adjustment patterns are examined to ascertain whether wage comparisons play a role in the adjustment process. The empirical work shows a short-run wage compression among white-collar occupations which is consistent with the wage comparison model. However, large standard errors make inferences weak.},
url = {http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:uwp:jhriss:v:18:y:1983:i:3:p:359-378}
}
@article{Anderson1981,
author = { T. W. Anderson and Cheng Hsiao },
title = {Estimation of Dynamic Models with Error Components},
journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
volume = {76},
number = {375},
pages = {598-606},
year = {1981},
doi = {10.1080/01621459.1981.10477691},
URL = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01621459.1981.10477691},
eprint = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01621459.1981.10477691}
}
@article{Aaronson2008,
ISSN = {0022166X},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40057364},
abstract = {Using store-level and aggregated Consumer Price Index data, we show that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases under several sources of identifying variation. We introduce a general model of employment determination that implies minimum wage hikes cause prices to rise in competitive labor markets but potentially fall in monopsonistic environments. Furthermore, the model implies employment and prices are always negatively related. Therefore, our empirical results provide evidence against the importance of monopsony power for understanding small observed employment responses to minimum wage changes. Our estimated price responses challenge other explanations of the small employment response, too.},
author = {Daniel Aaronson, Eric French, James MacDonald},
journal = {The Journal of Human Resources},
number = {3},
pages = {688-720},
publisher = {[University of Wisconsin Press, Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System]},
title = {The Minimum Wage, Restaurant Prices, and Labor Market Structure},
volume = {43},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Harding2011,
title = "Least squares estimation of a panel data model with multifactor error structure and endogenous covariates ",
journal = "Economics Letters ",
volume = "111",
number = "3",
pages = "197 - 199",
year = "2011",
note = "",
issn = "0165-1765",
doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.02.001",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176511000516",
author = "Matthew Harding and Carlos Lamarche",
keywords = "Panel data",
keywords = "Instrumental variables",
keywords = "Interactive fixed effects ",
abstract = "We propose a method for estimating the slope parameter in an interactive effects panel data model with endogenous loadings and factors, and endogenous regressors. "
}
@TechReport{Breitung1999,
author={Breitung, J{\"o}rg},
title={{The local power of some unit root tests for panel data}},
year=1999,
institution={Humboldt University of Berlin, Interdisciplinary Research Project 373: Quantification and Simulation of Economic Processes},
type={SFB 373 Discussion Papers},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/sfb373/199969.html},
number={1999,69},
abstract={To test the hypothesis of a difference stationary time series against a trend stationary alternative, Levin and Lin (1993) and Im, Pesaran and Shin (1997) suggest bias adjusted t-statistics. Such corrections are necessary to account for the nonzero mean of the t-statistic in the case of an OLS detrending method. In this paper the local power of panel unit root statistics against a sequence of local alternatives is studied. It is shown that the local power of the test statistics is affected by two different terms. The first term represents the asymptotic effect on the bias due the detrending method and the second term is the usual location parameter of the limiting distribution under the sequence of local alternatives. It is argued that both terms can offset each other so that the test has no power against the sequence of local alternatives. This results suggest to construct test statistics based on alternative detrending methods. We consider a class of t-statistics that do not require a bias correction. The results of a Monte Carlo experiment suggest that avoiding the bias can improve the power of the test substantially.},
keywords={},
doi={},
}
@Article{Hadri2000,
author={Kaddour Hadri},
title={{Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data}},
journal={Econometrics Journal},
year=2000,
volume={3},
number={2},
pages={148-161},
month={},
keywords={Panel data; Unit roots; LBI test; LMtest; Central limit theorem; Brownian bridge.},
doi={},
abstract={ This paper proposes a residual-based Lagrange multiplier (LM) test for a null that the individual observed series are stationary around a deterministic level or around a deterministic trend against the alternative of a unit root in panel data. The tests which are asymptotically similar under the null, belong to the locally best invariant (LBI) test statistics. The asymptotic distributions of the statistics are derived under the null and are shown to be normally distributed. Finite sample sizes and powers are considered in a Monte Carlo experiment. The empirical sizes of the tests are close to the true size even in small samples. The testing procedure is easy to apply, including, to panel data models with fixed effects, individual deterministic trends and heterogeneous errors across cross-sections. It is also shown how to apply the tests to the more general case of serially correlated disturbance terms.},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/a/ect/emjrnl/v3y2000i2p148-161.html}
}
@TechReport{Pesaran2004,
author={M. Hashem Pesaran},
title={{General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels}},
year=2004,
institution={CESifo Group Munich},
type={CESifo Working Paper Series},
url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_1229.html},
number={1229},
abstract={This paper proposes simple tests of error cross section dependence which are applicable to a variety of panel data models, including stationary and unit root dynamic heterogeneous panels with short T and large N. The proposed tests are based on average of pair-wise correlation coefficients of the OLS residuals from the individual regressions in the panel, and can be used to test for cross section dependence of any fixed order p, as well as the case where no a priori ordering of the cross section units is assumed, referred to as CD(p) and CD tests, respectively. Asymptotic distribution of these tests are derived and their power function analyzed under different alternatives. It is shown that these tests are correctly centred for fixed N and T, and are robust to single or multiple breaks in the slope coefficients and/or error variances. The small sample properties of the tests are investigated and compared to the Lagrange multiplier test of Breusch and Pagan using Monte Carlo experiments. It is shown that the tests have the correct size in very small samples and satisfactory power, and as predicted by the theory, quite robust to the presence of unit roots and structural breaks. The use of the CD test is illustrated by applying it to study the degree of dependence in per capita output innovations across countries within a given region and across countries in different regions. The results show significant evidence of cross dependence in output innovations across many countries and regions in the World.},
keywords={},
doi={},
}
@article{Born2016,
author = {Benjamin Born and J{\"o}rg Breitung},
title = {Testing for Serial Correlation in Fixed-Effects Panel Data Models},
journal = {Econometric Reviews},
volume = {35},
number = {7},
pages = {1290-1316},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1080/07474938.2014.976524},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.976524},
eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.976524},
abstract = { In this article, we propose various tests for serial correlation in fixed-effects panel data regression models with a small number of time periods. First, a simplified version of the test suggested by Wooldridge (2002) and Drukker (2003) is considered. The second test is based on the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) statistic suggested by Baltagi and Li (1995), and the third test is a modification of the classical Durbin–Watson statistic. Under the null hypothesis of no serial correlation, all tests possess a standard normal limiting distribution as N tends to infinity and T is fixed. Analyzing the local power of the tests, we find that the LM statistic has superior power properties. Furthermore, a generalization to test for autocorrelation up to some given lag order and a test statistic that is robust against time dependent heteroskedasticity are proposed. }
}
@ARTICLE{Nickell1981,
title = {Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects},
author = {Nickell, Stephen},
year = {1981},
journal = {Econometrica},
volume = {49},
number = {6},
pages = {1417-26},
url = {http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ecm:emetrp:v:49:y:1981:i:6:p:1417-26}
}
@article{Groote2011,
author = {Gerdie Everaert and Tom De Groote},
title = {Common Correlated Effects Estimation of Dynamic Panels with Cross-Sectional Dependence},
journal = {Econometric Reviews},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {428-463},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1080/07474938.2014.966635},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.966635},
eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.96663}
}
@article{Pesaran2011,
title = "Large panels with common factors and spatial correlation",
journal = "Journal of Econometrics ",
volume = "161",
number = "2",
pages = "182 - 202",
year = "2011",
note = "",
issn = "0304-4076",
doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2010.12.003",